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Liu J, Cao Q, Huo Y. Cell phone distraction behavior of young pedestrians: evidence from China. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:216-224. [PMID: 38174698 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell phone use while walking escalates pedestrian safety risks, particularly among students, given their heavy reliance on these devices. Psychological factors wield significant influence on individual behavior, particularly among adolescents who navigate a blend of rational and social-reactive pathways in decision-making. Therefore, this paper employs the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to scrutinize psychological determinants of students' cell phone use while walking, drawing on data from 368 valid samples. Structural equation modeling (SEM) dissects the impact of psychological constructs on this behavior, highlighting the significance of both the social response and reasoning pathways within PWM. The study comprehensively analyzes direct, indirect, and overall effects of exogenous variables on behavioral intention and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongwen Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Huo
- Transportation Institute, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Mathematical Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Nahum-Shani I, Greer ZM, Trella AL, Zhang KW, Carpenter SM, Rünger D, Elashoff D, Murphy SA, Shetty V. Optimizing an adaptive digital oral health intervention for promoting oral self-care behaviors: Micro-randomized trial protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 139:107464. [PMID: 38307224 PMCID: PMC11007589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Dental disease continues to be one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States. Although oral self-care behaviors (OSCB), involving systematic twice-a-day tooth brushing, can prevent dental disease, this basic behavior is not sufficiently practiced. Recent advances in digital technology offer tremendous potential for promoting OSCB by delivering Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs)- interventions that leverage dynamic information about the person's state and context to effectively prompt them to engage in a desired behavior in real-time, real-world settings. However, limited research attention has been given to systematically investigating how to best prompt individuals to engage in OSCB in daily life, and under what conditions prompting would be most beneficial. This paper describes the protocol for a Micro-Randomized Trial (MRT) to inform the development of a JITAI for promoting ideal OSCB, namely, brushing twice daily, for two minutes each time, in all four dental quadrants (i.e., 2x2x4). Sensors within an electric toothbrush (eBrush) will be used to track OSCB and a matching mobile app (Oralytics) will deliver on-demand feedback and educational information. The MRT will micro-randomize participants twice daily (morning and evening) to either (a) a prompt (push notification) containing one of several theoretically grounded engagement strategies or (b) no prompt. The goal is to investigate whether, what type of, and under what conditions prompting increases engagement in ideal OSCB. The results will build the empirical foundation necessary to develop an optimized JITAI that will be evaluated relative to a suitable control in a future randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, United States of America.
| | - Zara M Greer
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Anna L Trella
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States of America
| | - Kelly W Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States of America
| | | | - Dennis Rünger
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Susan A Murphy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States of America
| | - Vivek Shetty
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
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Liu J, Han H. Applying a modified and extended theory of planned behavior to predict blood donation intentions among Chinese university students: An empirical investigation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18851. [PMID: 37576329 PMCID: PMC10412828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood shortage in China has become a nationwide issue, which poses a threat to critical medical treatments and puts patients at risk. To address this problem, blood donation recruitment and retention campaigns have been launched, with university students being recognized as an important target audience. To recruit this particular population effectively, it is crucial to comprehend their motivations for donating blood. Methods This study used a modified and extended Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior to explain the determinants of blood donation intention among N = 1165 China's young adults through an online cross-sectional survey, utilizing a snowball sampling technique to recruit participants. Results In line with previous TPB-based studies, we found positive associations between attitude (β = 0.071, p < .01), subjective norms (β = 0.264, p < .001), and self-efficacy (β = 0.536, p < .001) with blood donation intention. Attitude and self-efficacy mediated the relationships between anxiety, altruism, and social norm with blood donation intention (β = 0.817, p < .01, 95%CI [0.737, 0.909]; β = 1.31, p < .01, 95%CI [1.203, 1.409]; β = 1.301, p < .01, 95%CI [1.209, 1.403]). Attitude also mediated the relationship between altruism and social norm with blood donation intention (β = .456, p < .01, 95%CI [0.38, 0.53]; β = 0.447, p < .01, 95%CI [0.374, 0.52]). Conclusion Our results highlight the significance of utilizing communication strategies, such as promoting altruism and reducing donation anxiety, as well as creating a supportive social environment. These strategies can improve attitudes and intentions toward blood donation, leading to an increase in blood donation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaizhi Han
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Su F, Schwebel DC. Mobile phone use while cycling among e-bikers in China: Reasoned or social reactive? JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 85:8-14. [PMID: 37330903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION China has the largest number of e-bikers in the world, and e-bike crashes cause thousands of fatalities and tens of thousands of serious injuries annually. Mobile phone use while e-biking is a violation of Chinese law and associated with increased crash risk. The current study investigated mobile phone use behavior while cycling among Chinese e-bikers and the psychological factors surrounding why individuals might choose to engage in this risk-taking behavior. METHOD In particular, this study investigates whether the decision to use a mobile phone while cycling is explained through reasoned decision making or is a social reactive decision, or both, as defined by the prototype willingness model (PWM). Questionnaire data were collected from 784 Chinese adults with e-bike experience. RESULTS Results showed that 40.2 % of the participants reported mobile phone use while cycling e-bikes in the past month. Both behavioral intention and behavioral willingness were predictors of mobile phone while using e-bikes, and they were approximately equal in their magnitude of predictive power (βBI = 0.25; βBW = 0.26). E-bikers' attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and perception of prototype similarity and favorability were strong predictors of intention, willingness, and self-reported behavior to use mobile phones while e-biking. CONCLUSIONS Both social reactive decision-making and reasoned decision-making contribute to decisions to use a mobile phone while riding an e-bike. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Results have implications for guiding development of interventions to prevent and reduce mobile phone use when e-bike cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Wang
- Department of Traffic Psychology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019, China.
| | - Fen Su
- Department of Traffic Psychology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019, China
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH 415, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Rodwell D, Bates L, Larue GS, Watson B, Haworth N. The prototype willingness model: An application to adolescent driver speeding. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 84:155-166. [PMID: 36868643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many young drivers are involved in crashes due to speeding. Some studies have used the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to explain the risky driving behavior of young people. However, many have measured PWM constructs in a manner inconsistent with its formulation. The PWM asserts that the social reaction pathway is underpinned by a heuristic comparison of oneself with a cognitive prototype of someone who engages in a risky behavior. This proposition has not been comprehensively examined and few PWM studies specifically examine social comparison. The current study investigates intentions, expectations, and willingness to speed by teen drivers using operationalizations of PWM constructs more aligned with their original conceptualizations. Additionally, the influence of dispositional social comparison tendency on the social reaction pathway is examined to further test the original propositions underpinning the PWM. METHOD Two hundred and eleven independently driving adolescents completed an online survey including items measuring PWM constructs and social comparison tendency. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to investigate the influence of perceived vulnerability, descriptive and injunctive norms, and prototypes on speeding intentions, expectations, and willingness. A moderation analysis examined the effect of social comparison tendency on the association between prototype perceptions and willingness. RESULTS The regression models explained substantial amounts of variance in intentions (39%), expectations (49%), and willingness (30%) to speed. There was no evidence that social comparison tendency influences the relationship between prototypes and willingness. CONCLUSIONS The PWM is useful for predicting teenage risky driving. More studies should confirm that social comparison tendency does not moderate the social reaction pathway. However, there may be need for further theoretical development of the PWM. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The study suggests that it may be possible to develop interventions to reduce adolescent driver speeding based on manipulation of PWM constructs such as speeding driver prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodwell
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), School of Public Health and Social Work, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Faculty of Health, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Lyndel Bates
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University (GU), Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia
| | - Grégoire S Larue
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Road Safety Research Collaboration, School of Law and Society, University of Sunshine Coast (USC), 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Narelle Haworth
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
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Biskas M, Sirois FM, Webb TL. Using social cognition models to understand why people, such as perfectionists, struggle to respond with self-compassion. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1160-1182. [PMID: 35262948 PMCID: PMC9790291 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Responding with self-compassion to lapses in goal pursuit helps people to achieve their goals, yet evidence suggests that some people struggle to respond with self-compassion. The current research proposes that social cognition models such the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Prototype Willingness Model could explain why some people, such as those high in perfectionistic concerns, struggle to respond with self-compassion. We therefore conducted a pre-registered prospective study that measured participants' beliefs about self-compassion, difficulties enacting self-compassionate responding, perfectionistic concerns, and then tested their ability to be self-compassionate in response to a recalled and future lapse. The results showed that participants were less likely to respond with self-compassion to lapses if they held negative beliefs about self-compassion and experienced difficulties enacting self-compassion. Participants high in perfectionistic concerns were more likely to have negative beliefs about self-compassion and experience difficulties enacting self-compassion. Together, these findings provide evidence that social cognition models can be used to understand self-compassionate responding and identify why some people struggle to respond with self-compassion to goal lapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Biskas
- Department of PsychologyThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Thomas L. Webb
- Department of PsychologyThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Cathelyn F, Van Dessel P, De Houwer J. Predicting drunk driving using a variant of the implicit association test. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 81:134-142. [PMID: 35589284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drunk driving is one of the primary causes of road traffic injuries and fatalities. A possible approach to reduce drunk driving rates is to identify which individuals are at risk of such behavior and establish targeted prevention. Simply asking individuals about drunk driving in real-world contexts would be problematic because of potential deception. The use of implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) could overcome this problem because they are less controllable than self-reports and thus less susceptible to deception. However, previous studies have shown poor predictive utility of implicit measures for drunk driving behavior. The current studies aimed to test the predictive utility of a variant of the IAT designed to assess beliefs about past driving under the influence (the P-DUI-IAT). METHOD Study 1 (N = 216) tested whether the P-DUI-IAT could predict self-reported prior drunk driving and future likelihood of drunk driving. We also examined incremental predictive validity of the P-DUI-IAT for these outcomes. Study 2 (N = 159) examined whether results from Study 1 were reproducible. RESULTS In both studies, results showed that the P-DUI-IAT discriminated well between participants who had engaged in drunk driving and participants who had not. The P-DUI-IAT also showed independent and incremental predictive validity for past drunk driving and future likelihood of drunk driving. CONCLUSIONS These studies provided initial evidence for the predictive utility of the P-DUI-IAT for drunk driving. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The P-DUI-IAT is a promising tool for identifying which individuals are at risk of drunk driving. The application of this measure could especially be valuable for identifying young novice drivers at risk for drunk driving-related accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Cathelyn
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Dessel
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Television, News Media, Social Media and Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Violations of the COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: A Prototype Willingness Model. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022; 70:101817. [PMID: 35431424 PMCID: PMC9006402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, television and social media informed and entertained people. This cross-sectional study among adolescents and young adults (n = 859, 71.94% female, Mage = 20.55, SDage = 4.59) examined the associations between pro- and anti-governmental (social) media and youth’s violations of the lockdown measures following the prototype willingness model (PWM). Data were collected during Belgium’s first and strictest lockdown. The results largely confirmed the applicability of the PWM in a public health context. Posting of and exposure to anti-governmental social media messages positively related to violations of the regulations via higher descriptive norm perceptions of peers violating the measures and positive attitudes towards violations. Pro-governmental media interactions (i.e., exposure to news media and pro-governmental social media messages) negatively related to violations via negative attitudes towards violations. No support emerged for the role of (televised) series, prototype favorability, or subjective norms in the PWM. Differences in posting versus exposure of social media messages were found. Posting generally related stronger to risk cognitions and behaviors compared to exposure. Gender and age moderated some of the examined relations in the PWM. Implications for media research and health campaigns are discussed.
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Yadav AK, Choudhary SS, Pawar NM, Velaga NR. Are you willing to drink and drive? An investigation in Indian scenario using an extended prototype willingness model. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2021; 22:S134-S136. [PMID: 34672884 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1982592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is a significant threat to traffic safety worldwide, but little is known about the motivational factors behind the willingness to drink and drive especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as India. The present study applied an extended version of prototype willingness model (PWM) to investigate the factors predicting the willingness to drink and drive. METHODS One hundred and forty-three participants (77% males) responded to an online survey in India. The survey included the standard PWM constructs such as attitudes, subjective norms, prototype similarity and prototype favourability. Additionally, the measures of traffic fatalism and risk-perceptions were also incorporated to examine their effects on the willingness to drink and drive. RESULTS The hierarchical regression model showed that the PWM constructs explained 84% of the variance in willingness to drink and drive. When the additional measures (traffic fatalism and risk perception) were included along with the PWM variables, it resulted in an increase of additional 2% of the variance in explaining the willingness, thereby leading to a total of 86%. In both the steps, the variable "attitudes" was found to be the strongest predictor of willingness to drink and drive. CONCLUSIONS This study is first of its kind to evaluate the effectiveness of PWM model in Indian scenario for understanding the willingness to engage in the act of drunk driving. The study findings may prove useful to the stakeholders of educational and awareness programs, where the focus is required to be aimed at attitudes, subjective norms, prototype similarity and fatalistic beliefs of the drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Yadav
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sajid Shabir Choudhary
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nishant Mukund Pawar
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Calverley HLM, Petrass LA, Blitvich JD. "They don't think it will ever happen to them": Exploring factors affecting participation in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity among young Australian adults. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32 Suppl 2:229-237. [PMID: 33368700 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Young adults are over-represented in alcohol-related drownings in high-income countries; however, little research has investigated their behaviours and decision-making to inform prevention efforts. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 young Australian adults (aged 18-24 years). Questions, informed by previous research, inquired about behavioural practices in aquatic contexts and influences on involvement in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic and interpretative phenomenological analysis followed. RESULTS Two main themes: personal and contextual awareness, and the impact of other people affected perceptions and involvement in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity. Perceived control of situations and self-confidence affected how these influences impacted individuals' involvement. Participants acknowledged some young adults likely overestimate their aquatic abilities. This awareness was not discussed in relation to their own capabilities. CONCLUSION Drowning prevention efforts should inform young adults of the dangers of combining alcohol and aquatic activities, and make risks appear more immediate and applicable. Consideration should be given to measuring both perceived and actual aquatic abilities within various aquatic environments, to determine whether self-reported perceived competence is an accurate proxy measure for actual aquatic ability. The influence of alcohol should also be highlighted. Steps are required for a positive shift in Australian norms of alcohol use in aquatic settings and the social and cultural attitudes towards this. SO WHAT?: This study provides new insight into young adults' perceptions and involvement in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity. It enhances the evidence base for drowning prevention and health promotion practitioners and should inform more focused campaigns to prevent alcohol-related drownings among young Australian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren A Petrass
- School of Education, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer D Blitvich
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
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Olandoski G, Bianchi A, Delhomme P. Brazilian adaptation of the driving anger expression inventory: testing its psychometrics properties and links between anger behavior, risky behavior, sensation seeking, and hostility in a sample of Brazilian undergraduate students. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 70:233-241. [PMID: 31848000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, driver aggressiveness in road traffic is a critical issue and could be an important contributing factor to the high number of traffic accidents. Because no instruments are available in Portuguese to register driving aggressiveness or driving anger in Brazil, we adapted English instruments into the Brazilian context. The aims of this study were to provide a Brazilian adaptation of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and to try to validate it by testing its psychometric properties and investigating its relationships with risky driving behaviors (DBQ), road accidents, driving sensation seeking, and hostility. METHOD The Brazilian adaptations of the DAX, DBQ, the Driving Sensation Seeking Scale (DSSS) and the hostility Scale were administered to a sample of 512 undergraduate students (with a mean age of 23.7 years, 52.1% men). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian DAX (DAX-BR) items yielded a four-factor solution with 43 items, which obtained the best goodness-of-fit to the data. Cronbach's alpha for the DAX-BR factors ranged from 0.69 to 0.88. Other results on validity were a positive correlation (range 0.39-0.59) between the factors of the DAX-BR, DSSS, and DBQ. CONCLUSION DAX-BR as the same structure as the original and is a reliable instrument for use with young drivers. Other studies should be conducted to further validate the DAX-BR in different types of populations such as older and more experienced drivers, professional drivers, and traffic regulation offenders whose driver's license has been taken away. Practical applications: This Brazilian version can be recommended for the assessment of driving anger expression in Brazil among young drivers in view of helping them driver more safely, and in particular to reduce traffic violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Olandoski
- University of Paris VIII and French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (Ifsttar), AME-LPC, 25 allée des Marronniers, CS 90508, 78008 VERSAILLES Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Bianchi
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Psychology, Praça Santos Andrade, 50 - Prédio Histórico da UFPR, Sala 214, CEP 80020-300 Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Delhomme
- Ifsttar, AME-LPC, 25 allée des Marronniers, CS 90508, 78008 VERSAILLES Cedex, France.
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Harbeck EL, Glendon AI. Driver prototypes and behavioral willingness: Young driver risk perception and reported engagement in risky driving. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2018; 66:195-204. [PMID: 30121106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore perceived risk and reported willingness to engage in risky driving in a sample of young Australian drivers. The study also considered the influence of gender, driving experience, and risky driver prototypes on willingness to engage in risky driving. Within this context, a prototype is a social image of the type of person who engages in specific risk behaviors. In the prototype willingness model (PWM), willingness accounts for motivations that do not directly rely on planning or goal formation. METHODS The PWM was applied to a sample of 554 drivers (aged 17-25 years) to explore how risky driver prototypes: similarity (extent of identification with the prototype), favorability (how positive is the image), and behavioral willingness, may influence their perceived risk and reported engagement in risky driving behaviors. Drivers holding an Australian driver's license (Provisional 1, Provisional 2, or Open) anonymously completed an online survey measuring: 1) driver prototypes and behavioral willingness to engage in risky driving behaviors, 2) perceived risk of driving-related behaviors, and 3) the Behavior of Young Novice Drivers Scale transient and fixed violations subscales. RESULTS Path analysis explored relationships between prototypes and willingness variables, perceived risk, and reported driving engagement. Goodness-of-fit statistics supported the conceptual model. Behavioral willingness showed the strongest relationship with perceived risk (negative) and reported driving violation engagement (positive). CONCLUSIONS Risky driver prototypes and behavioral willingness, as well as driver's sex and driving experience, may help to explain individual differences in perceived risk, and young driver reported risky driving engagement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Identifying relevant factors that could be amenable to change, such as driver prototype and willingness variables, may contribute to improved road safety initiatives, and provide information and support to counter factors that might otherwise facilitate young drivers' risk perceptions and risky driving engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Harbeck
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
| | - A Ian Glendon
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; Work, Organisation, and Wellbeing Research Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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Branley DB, Covey J. Risky behavior via social media: The role of reasoned and social reactive pathways. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bayley JE, Baines D, Brown KE. Developing the evidence base for gender- and age-relevant school sex education: questionnaire findings from an adolescent sample using an augmented theory of planned behaviour. Sex Health 2017; 14:548-557. [PMID: 28835323 DOI: 10.1071/sh16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive adolescent sexual health is supported by effective school-based sex education. Methods to promote positive sexual health need to reflect determinants of contraception intention, which must include understanding gender and age (year group) differences. To date, there has been limited theory-based exploration of these determinants in school age participants, placing limitations on sexual health educators to tailor learning most effectively. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data were collected from UK school pupils (n=1378) aged 12-16 years. Measures included theory of planned behaviour, prototype willingness, anticipated regret and knowledge items. Linear regression determined significant predictors of intention to use condoms, the oral contraceptive pill and emergency contraception (EC). The significance of differences by gender and school year was evaluated using t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Three distinct predictive models emerged for condom, pill and EC use, predicting 36%, 18% and 23% of variance respectively. Attitude, gender and anticipated regret for unprotected sex significantly predicted intention for all types of contraception (P<0.001). The effects of other explanatory variables differed by contraceptive. Girls scored higher on all variables except condom intention, and intention scores peaked in Year 10. CONCLUSION Intention to use condoms, the pill and EC have different predictive profiles, with girls more strongly motivated and Year 10 a crucial stage for intention. Social comparisons and control beliefs exert different effects across contraceptive types, whereas attitudes and anticipated regret are consistently strong influences. The findings suggest clear scope for supporting sexual health and well being through modified school sex education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Bayley
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Darrin Baines
- Centre for Technology Enabled Health Research, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Katherine E Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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15
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Elliott MA, McCartan R, Brewster SE, Coyle D, Emerson L, Gibson K. An application of the prototype willingness model to drivers' speeding behaviour. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Elliott
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Rebecca McCartan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Sarah E. Brewster
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Dionne Coyle
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Lindsey Emerson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Kayleigh Gibson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
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16
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Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Ellithorpe M. Prototypes reflect normative perceptions: implications for the development of reasoned action theory. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 23:245-258. [PMID: 28612624 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1339896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The reasoned action approach is one of the most successful behavioral theories in the history of social psychology. This study outlines the theoretical principles of reasoned action and considers when it is appropriate to augment it with a new variable. To demonstrate, we use survey data collected from a 4 to 17 year old U.S. adolescents to test how the 'prototype' variables fit into reasoned action approach. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the prototype measures are normative pressure measures and when treated as a separate theoretical construct, prototype identity is not completely mediated by the proximal predictors of behavioral intention. We discuss the assumptions of the two theories and finally consider the distinction between augmenting a specific theory versus combining measures derived from different theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hennessy
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Amy Bleakley
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Morgan Ellithorpe
- b Department of Advertising and Public Relations , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
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17
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Lee CJ, Geiger-Brown J, Beck KH. Intentions and willingness to drive while drowsy among university students: An application of an extended theory of planned behavior model. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 93:113-123. [PMID: 27180286 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A web-based questionnaire was used to assess the utility of constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to predict intentions and willingness to engage in drowsy driving in a sample of 450 university students. Those students who reported more favorable attitudes and subjective norm and greater perceived control and willingness in relation to drowsy driving behavior were more likely to report stronger intentions to engage in drowsy driving behavior. Augmenting the TPB constructs with the PWM construct of willingness significantly explained up to an additional 8 percent of the variance in drowsy driving intention. Perceived behavioral control and willingness were consistently the strongest predictors of drowsy driving intention in the augmented model, which together with the control (personal) variables explained up to 70 percent of the variance in intention. Thus, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Prototype Willingness Model may be useful for understanding motivational influences on drowsy driving behavior in young people and present promising theoretical frameworks for designing more effective interventions against drowsy driving in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark J Lee
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 655 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Health and Homeland Security, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jeanne Geiger-Brown
- Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 655 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kenneth H Beck
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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18
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Redford L, Howell JL, Meijs MHJ, Ratliff KA. Implicit and explicit evaluations of feminist prototypes predict feminist identity and behavior. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430216630193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many people who endorse gender equality do not personally identify as feminists. The present research offers a novel explanation for this disconnect by examining people’s attitudes toward feminist prototypes—the central, representative feminist that comes to mind when they think of feminists as a group. Results from two samples support the hypothesis that both implicit and explicit attitudes toward feminist prototypes predict unique variance in feminist identity beyond gender-equality attitudes. Results from a second study show feminist identity to mediate between implicit prototypes and self-reported willingness to engage in feminist behaviors. Lastly, a third study shows feminist identity to mediate between implicit prototypes and actual feminist behavior. This is the first study to specifically examine the role of implicit attitudes and prototype favorability in understanding feminist identity and behavior, and the results suggest that promoting positive prototypes of feminists may be an effective route to encouraging feminist identity.
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Link AR, Cawkwell PB, Shelley DR, Sherman SE. An Exploration of Online Behaviors and Social Media Use Among Hookah and Electronic-Cigarette Users. Addict Behav Rep 2015; 2:37-40. [PMID: 26167519 PMCID: PMC4496793 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social norms and attitudes towards ENDS and hookah and use of these products. Methods We conducted surveys with hookah and ENDS users who regularly used the Internet and social media and analyzed the primary social media account (e.g. Facebook) of each participant, coding all references to nicotine or tobacco products. The survey included domains on perceived favorability, perceived vulnerability and subjective norms. Results We surveyed 21 ENDS users and 20 hookah users. Both groups used the Internet to look up information about their respective tobacco product (95% for hookah vs. 90% for ENDS). Seventy percent of hookah users had references to hookah on their social media profiles while 43% of ENDS users had references to ENDS on their page. The majority of both groups were exposed to content posted by friends in their social media network about their respective products online. Those who posted on social media about hookah and those who read about ENDS online had lower perceived vulnerability to the health risks associated with tobacco products. Conclusions Hookah and ENDS users actively use the Internet and social media to obtain and share information about nicotine/tobacco products. Study participants who use hookah were more likely to share photos and discuss hookah related activities via social media than those who use ENDS. Social networks also represent valuable and untapped potential resources for communicating with this group about risks and harm reduction related to emerging nicotine/tobacco products. We surveyed hookah & ENDS users exploring Internet use, attitudes and social norms. Internet & social media are used to obtain and share information on these products. Online-behavior related to tobacco was associated with low perceived vulnerability. Photos on social media enforce social acceptability and peer pressure to use hookah. Social media may be a good medium for interventions on alternative tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R Link
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, Section on Tobacco, Alcohol & Drug Use, 550 First Avenue, VZ30, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Philip B Cawkwell
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Donna R Shelley
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, Section on Tobacco, Alcohol & Drug Use, 550 First Avenue, VZ30, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Scott E Sherman
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, Section on Tobacco, Alcohol & Drug Use, 550 First Avenue, VZ30, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
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20
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Drinking and swimming: investigating young Australian males' intentions to engage in recreational swimming while under the influence of alcohol. J Community Health 2014; 39:139-47. [PMID: 23979669 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Drowning, a largely preventable problem, continues to be a serious issue worldwide, with young men particularly at risk. Alcohol and drugs are often present among young males and, particularly for males aged 18-34 years, alcohol is considered to be a significant risk factor for drowning. The current study aimed to understand the motivations guiding the intentions of young Australian men to engage in drinking and swimming, a behaviour not yet examined systematically. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted to investigate the ability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and additional variables to predict males' intentions to drink and swim. Males (N = 211) aged 18-34 years (Mage = 23.93, SD = 4.01) completed a survey either on-line or paper-based. The survey assessed the TPB constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control (PBC); and additional variables of group norms, anticipated regret, objective (i.e. swimming ability) and perceived (i.e. perceived severity and perceived susceptibility) risk perceptions, and past behaviour. Support was found for the TPB constructs of attitude and subjective norm, but not PBC, as well as the additional constructs of group norm, anticipated regret, objective risk, and past behaviour in predicting males' intentions to drink and swim; explaining an overall 76 % of variance. Knowledge gained from this study will help to inform resultant interventions designed to discourage alcohol use in, on, or around water and, thus, prevent drownings in this at risk group.
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Cooke R, Dahdah M, Norman P, French DP. How well does the theory of planned behaviour predict alcohol consumption? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2014; 10:148-67. [PMID: 25089611 PMCID: PMC4867851 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.947547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify correlations between theory of planned behaviour (TPB) variables and (i) intentions to consume alcohol and (ii) alcohol consumption. Systematic literature searches identified 40 eligible studies that were meta-analysed. Three moderator analyses were conducted: pattern of consumption, gender of participants and age of participants. Across studies, intentions had the strongest relationship with attitudes (r+ = .62), followed by subjective norms (r+ = .47) and perceived behavioural control (PBC; r+ = .31). Self-efficacy (SE) had a stronger relationship with intentions (r+ = .48) compared with perceived control (PC; r+ = −.10). Intention had the strongest relationship with alcohol consumption (r+ = .54), followed by SE (r+ = .41). In contrast, PBC and PC had negative relationships with alcohol consumption (r+ = −.05 and −.13, respectively). All moderators affected TPB relationships. Patterns of consumption with clear definitions had stronger TPB relations, females reported stronger attitude–intention relations than males, and adults reported stronger attitude–intention and SE–intention relations than adolescents. Recommendations for future research include targeting attitudes and intentions in interventions to reduce alcohol consumption, using clear definitions of alcohol consumption in TPB items to improve prediction and assessing SE when investigating risk behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cooke
- a School of Life & Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET , UK
| | - Mary Dahdah
- a School of Life & Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET , UK
| | - Paul Norman
- b Department of Psychology , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - David P French
- c Manchester Centre of Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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22
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, van Empelen P. Quantifying the strength of the associations of prototype perceptions with behaviour, behavioural willingness and intentions: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2014; 10:25-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.941997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Norris E, Myers L. Determinants of personal protective equipment (PPE) use in UK motorcyclists: exploratory research applying an extended theory of planned behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 60:219-30. [PMID: 24076303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite evident protective value of motorcycle personal protective equipment (PPE), no research has assessed considerations behind its uptake in UK riders. A cross-sectional online questionnaire design was employed, with riders (n=268) recruited from online motorcycle forums. Principal component analysis found four PPE behavioural outcomes. Theoretical factors of intentions, attitudes, injunctive and descriptive subjective norms, risk perceptions, anticipated regret, benefits and habit were also identified for further analysis. High motorcycle jacket, trousers and boots wear, middling high-visibility wear and low non-Personal Protective Equipment wear were found. Greater intentions, anticipated regret and perceived benefits were significantly associated with increased motorcycle jacket, trousers and boots wear, with habit presence and scooter use significantly associated with increased high-visibility wear. Lower intentions, anticipated regret and risk perceptions, being female, not holding a car licence and urban riding were significantly associated with increased non-PPE wear. A need for freedom of choice and mixed attitudes towards PPE use were evident in additional comments. PPE determinants in this sample provide a preliminary basis for future uptake interventions. Larger scale and qualitative research is needed to further investigate relevant constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Norris
- School of Social Sciences, Brunel University, UK
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