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Peng W, McKinnon-Crowley J, Huang Q, Mao B. Assessing Fear, Embarrassment, and Disgust in Colonoscopy: The Development of Measurement Instruments and Psychometric Evidence. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2024; 51:601-612. [PMID: 37293778 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231177075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avoidance of colonoscopy is often associated with fear, embarrassment, and disgust aroused in screening procedures. However, each emotion can be linked to different challenges faced by patients. More research is needed to evaluate and address the causes of these respective emotions. AIM The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the scales of three negative emotions (i.e., fear, embarrassment, and disgust) caused by specific issues in colonoscopy screening. METHOD The measurement items were developed based on multiple common barriers in colonoscopy screening procedures. An online sample of 232 adults aged 45-75 was recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to test the scales. Explorative and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to validate the measurement models. RESULTS Psychometric evidence demonstrated the factor structures of three negative emotions. Each emotional factor was caused by unique combinations of barriers in the preparation, screening, and recovery stages of colonoscopy. Most of the emotional factors were associated with attitudes and screening intention. CONCLUSION This study showed different dimensions of negative emotions and their underlying causes in colonoscopy. These findings will help assess specific causes of negative emotions in colonoscopy and develop effective interventions to improve screening uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Bingjing Mao
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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2
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Scaglioni G, Capasso M, Bianchi M, Caso D, Cavazza N. Facing the Emotional Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening. The Roles of Reappraisal and Situation Selection. Int J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s12529-024-10284-4. [PMID: 38637471 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-024-10284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disgust, embarrassment, and fear can hinder the attendance of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. However, individuals can respond to these emotions differently. The present study tested whether reappraising a negative stimulus versus avoiding a negative stimulus is associated with age; whether these two emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and situation selection) moderate the effects of disgust, embarrassment and fear on CRC screening intention; and the efficacy of a message based on participants' preferred emotion regulation strategy. METHODS We recruited 483 Italian participants (aged 40-84 years) through snowball sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions differing for a message promoting CRC screening with an affective lever, a cognitive lever, both levers or none. Key variables included emotion regulation strategies, emotional barriers and intention to get screened. RESULTS The preference for reappraisal over situation selection increased with age. Reappraisal neutralized the effect of disgust on CRC screening intention. The combined message with both affective and cognitive levers increased CRC screening intention (b = 0.27, β = 0.11, SE = 0.13 p = .049), whereas reading the message based only on the affective (b = 0.16, β = 0.06, SE = 0.14 p = .258) or the cognitive (b = 0.22, β = 0.09, SE = 0.14 p = .107) lever was not effective. CONCLUSIONS Communication campaigns should support the activation of a reappraisal strategy of emotion control, and messages promoting CRC screening should highlight both the instrumental (i.e., early detection) and affective (i.e., peace of mind) benefits of attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scaglioni
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Miriam Capasso
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Bianchi
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Caso
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Peng W, Huang Q, Mao B. Evaluating variations in the barriers to colorectal cancer screening associated with telehealth use in rural U.S. Pacific Northwest. Cancer Causes Control 2024; 35:635-645. [PMID: 38001334 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain consistently high in rural populations. Telehealth can improve screening uptake by overcoming individual and environmental disadvantages in rural communities. The present study aimed to characterize varying barriers to CRC screening between rural individuals with and without experience in using telehealth. METHOD The cross-sectional study surveyed 250 adults aged 45-75 residing in rural U.S. states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington from June to September 2022. The associations between CRC screening and four sets of individual and environmental factors specific to rural populations (i.e., demographic characteristics, accessibility, patient-provider factors, and psychological factors) were assessed among respondents with and without past telehealth adoption. RESULT Respondents with past telehealth use were more likely to screen if they were married, had a better health status, had experienced discrimination in health care, and had perceived susceptibility, screening efficacy, and cancer fear, but less likely to screen when they worried about privacy or had feelings of embarrassment, pain, and discomfort. Among respondents without past telehealth use, the odds of CRC screening decreased with busy schedules, travel burden, discrimination in health care, and lower perceived needs. CONCLUSION Rural individuals with and without previous telehealth experience face different barriers to CRC screening. The finding suggests the potential efficacy of telehealth in mitigating critical barriers to CRC screening associated with social, health care, and built environments of rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University, Murrow Hall 211, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Communication, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Bingjing Mao
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Scaglioni G, Chiereghin A, Bazzani C, Mezzetti F, Cavazza N. Psychosocial Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening Intention: An Experiment on the Invitation Letter. Int J Behav Med 2023; 30:867-877. [PMID: 36515798 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy, attendance rates for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening are suboptimal. The present work analysed cognitive and emotional predictors of CRC screening intention and tested an intervention on a real invitation letter to improve CRC screening intention, both directly and in interaction with the predictors of our model. METHODS Our model included variables from the theory of planned behaviour and the emotional barriers to bowel screening scale. We applied six changes to an invitation letter used in Italy to avoid the repetition of words like 'faeces', 'blood', or 'occult' and reduce the prompting of disgust. The 228 participants were randomly assigned to a between-participants design (original letter vs. manipulated letter). RESULTS Disgust hindered CRC screening intention, while embarrassment, fear, and subjective norms (i.e., perception of the social pressures to attend CRC screening) were not associated with intention to screen. More positive attitudes towards CRC screening were associated with a higher intention to screen. The positive association between perceived behavioural control and CRC screening intention was stronger for participants who read the letter with fewer (vs. more) references to bodily waste. Letter manipulation did not affect intention to screen. CONCLUSIONS The disgust associated with faecal matter is a critical factor in determining CRC screening attendance, and it should be acknowledged as such in public policies. Until new screening tests avoiding the activation of this emotional reaction are concretely available, public campaigns should improve CRC screening participation by boosting both positive attitudes towards screening and patients' perceived behavioural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scaglioni
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, 43121, Parma, Italy.
| | - Angela Chiereghin
- Governance of Screening Programs Unit, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Via Montebello 6, 40121, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmen Bazzani
- Governance of Screening Programs Unit, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Via Montebello 6, 40121, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mezzetti
- Governance of Screening Programs Unit, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Via Montebello 6, 40121, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Antonio Allegri 9, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Chand BR, Phillipson L, Ha T. Factors influencing organised faecal occult blood test screening participation in culturally and linguistically diverse populations: a scoping review. Public Health 2023; 219:67-72. [PMID: 37120935 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature examining factors influencing participation in organised faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening programmes in culturally and linguistically diverse populations. This article addresses gaps in the literature by providing a mixed methods review of the multilevel influences on FOBT screening in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations. This review was guided by the question "What are the factors influencing participation in organised FOBT screening programs in CALD populations?" STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS A scoping review methodology was used to summarise the available evidence. A thematic analysis of the included studies was undertaken to identify factors influencing organised FOBT screening participation in CALD populations from the literature. RESULTS FOBT screening participation was lower by ethnicity, religion, birthplace and language spoken. Barriers to screening included, faecal aversion, fatalism, fear of cancer, language and literacy barriers, difficulty accessing translated materials and low colorectal screening knowledge and awareness. CALD populations also had lower perceived benefits, susceptibility and cues to action, higher perceived barriers and greater perceived external health locus control than non-CALD populations. Facilitators of screening included positive attitudes to screening, general practitioner recommendations and social support. Group education sessions and narrative-based screening information were found to increase screening participation. CONCLUSION This review highlights the range of interrelated factors influencing participation in organised FOBT screening programmes in CALD populations and proposes multicomponent interventions to address low screening uptake. Features of successful community-level interventions should be explored further. Narratives show promise for engaging CALD populations. Accessibility of screening information should be addressed at the system level. Leveraging the general practitioner relationship in promoting FOBT screening programmes may also be an effective strategy to target 'hard-to-reach' populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Chand
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - L Phillipson
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - T Ha
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Scaglioni G, Guidetti M, Cavazza N. The role of disgust as an emotional barrier to colorectal cancer screening participation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health 2023; 38:389-408. [PMID: 34433347 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1967351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Worldwide colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are suboptimal. This systematic review and meta-analysis examine the role of disgust in CRC screening avoidance. DESIGN A systematic literature search was conducted. In all, 46 studies were included in the review. Among these, 16 studies were compared with a meta-analytical approach in order to 1) estimate the effect size of state disgust on screening intention and attendance; 2) examine whether methodological characteristics moderate the effect of state disgust on screening behaviour; 3) estimate the effect sizes of trait disgust and type of exam kit on state disgust. RESULTS In the reviewed studies, state disgust was often associated with CRC screening and especially with CRC screening avoidance. The meta-analysis confirmed low-to-moderate negative effects of state disgust on screening intention and attendance. Population sampling strategy was the only significant moderator of the effect of state disgust on screening attendance, i.e. studies that used convenience (versus random/representative) samples found a significantly lower effect size. Trait disgust and type of exam kit exerted a large and a moderate-to-large positive effect, respectively, on state disgust. CONCLUSIONS Disgust can boost CRC screening avoidance. Further studies and interventions must be designed to help patients in overcoming this emotional barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scaglioni
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Margherita Guidetti
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Puli AV, Lussiez A, MacEachern M, Hayward L, Dualeh S, Richburg CE, Capellari E, Kwakye G. Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening in US Immigrants: A Scoping Review. J Surg Res 2023; 282:53-64. [PMID: 36257164 PMCID: PMC10369365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Timely colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been shown to improve CRC-related morbidity and mortality rates. However, even with this preventative care tool, CRC screening rates remain below 70% among eligible United States (US) adults, with even lower rates among US immigrants. The aim of this scoping review is to describe the barriers to CRC screening faced by this unique and growing immigrant population and discuss possible interventions to improve screening. METHODS Four electronic databases were systematically searched for all original research articles related to CRC screening in US immigrants published after 2010. Following a full-text review of articles for inclusion in the final analysis, data extraction was conducted while coding descriptive themes. Thematic analysis led to the organization of this data into five themes. RESULTS Of the 4637 articles initially identified, 55 met inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis of the barriers to CRC screening identified five unique themes: access, knowledge, culture, trust, health perception, and beliefs. The most cited barriers were in access (financial burden and limited primary care access) and knowledge (CRC/screening knowledge). CONCLUSIONS US immigrants face several barriers to the receipt of CRC screening. When designing interventions to increase screening uptake among immigrants, gaps in physician and screening education, access to care, and trust need to be addressed through culturally sensitive supports. These interventions should be tailored to the specific immigrant group, since a one-size-fits approach fails to consider the heterogeneity within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alisha Lussiez
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark MacEachern
- Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura Hayward
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shukri Dualeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Emily Capellari
- Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gifty Kwakye
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Erdaği Oral S, Özer N. Body Image Perception and the Effect of Different Educational Programs on Embarrassment in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy. J Perianesth Nurs 2023; 38:76-82. [PMID: 35953402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2022.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colonoscopy is recognized as a safe and effective tool for detecting colorectal cancer. However, patients may experience discomfort and embarrassment arising from their body image, with the prejudice that health care professionals will have negative thoughts about their bodies. This study was carried out to determine the effect of the perception of body image and education given with different educational programs on the feeling of embarrassment in patients who were scheduled to undergo colonoscopy. DESIGN Quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test. METHODS The population of this quasi -experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and experimental groups consisted of 184 patients who underwent colonoscopy for the first time at the endoscopy department of a university hospital. FINDINGS No statistically significant difference in the mean Colonoscopy Embarrassment Scale (CES) pre-test scores was found between the groups (P > .05). The mean CES post-test scores of the video group were lower than those of the other groups, with a statistically significant difference (P < .05). Comparing the intragroup CES pre-test and post-test mean scores, the mean CES post-test scores were found to be lower in all three groups, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (P < .05). Although a statistically weak negative correlation was found between the body image mean scores and the pre-test CES mean scores of the booklet and video groups, no correlation was observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The body image perception was found to affect the sense of embarrassment in patients undergoing colonoscopy, and the mean embarrassment scores decreased with planned training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Erdaği Oral
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Surgical Nursing Department, Kars, Turkey.
| | - Nadiye Özer
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Nursing, Surgical Nursing Department, Erzurum, Turkey
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Doraimuthu S, Dahlui M, Hoe VCW, Su TT. Exploration of Malaysian Stakeholders View on Barriers to and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Older Population. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:27-33. [PMID: 36588191 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221145786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
According to the Malaysian National Cancer Registry (MNCR), more than 70% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases in Malaysia are presented in the advanced stages of the disease, leading to poor survival rates while taxing the health care system. This study aims to explore the barriers to and facilitators of CRC screening uptake in the perspectives of the general population, health care providers, and policymakers. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 purposively sampled respondents comprising general population above the age of 40, health care providers, and policymakers. Commonly reported barriers to CRC screening included psychological, poor knowledge and awareness, lack of physicians' recommendation, and inadequate implementation of CRC-related campaigns at systemic level. Facilitating factors for CRC screening included family support and family history of CRC. A comprehensive understanding of barriers and facilitators is relevant for designing an effective intervention and policy to increase CRC screening rates in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanpagavalli Doraimuthu
- Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Dahlui
- Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Research Development and Innovation, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Victor Chee Wai Hoe
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,South East Asia Community Observatory, Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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10
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Peng W, Huang Q, Lun D, Carcioppolo N. The Development and Validation of the Colonoscopy Joking Scale. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:409-417. [PMID: 33198530 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1846274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Joking is an important communication behavior that helps people cope with colorectal cancer and colonoscopy screening. However, whether joking serves a beneficial or maladaptive function in the context of colorectal cancer screening remains unknown. The lack of a valid scale impedes our understanding of how joking influences colonoscopy uptake. This study aims to develop and validate the Colonoscopy Joking Scale, a scale of joking behaviors in colonoscopy screening. A sample of Mturk participants aged 50-75 (N = 105) who were not compliant with colonoscopy screening recommendations was recruited to rate items for three joking factors and a measure of colonoscopy screening intentions. Two joking factors (i.e., screening-related and sexual connotation) related to colonoscopy screening and one related to general health were identified in the analysis. The psychometric analysis demonstrated strong convergent, predictive, and discriminant validity. The Colonoscopy Joking Scale will be helpful to understand what joking factor is associated with specific barriers to colonoscopy for different patients so that effective educational and interventional programs can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | - Qian Huang
- School of Communication, University of Miami
| | - Di Lun
- School of Communication, University of Miami
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Scott SE, Rauf B, Waller J. "Whilst you are here…" Acceptability of providing advice about screening and early detection of other cancers as part of the breast cancer screening programme. Health Expect 2021; 24:1868-1878. [PMID: 34369071 PMCID: PMC8483189 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This research aimed to assess women's willingness to receive advice about cervical and bowel cancer screening participation and advice on cancer symptom awareness when attending breast cancer screening. Methods Women (n = 322) aged 60–64 years, living in the United Kingdom, who had previously taken part in breast cancer screening were recruited via a market research panel. They completed an online survey assessing willingness to receive advice, the potential impact of advice on breast screening participation, prospective acceptability and preferences for mode and timing of advice. Results Most women would be willing to receive information about cervical (86%) and bowel cancer screening (90%) and early symptoms of other cancers (92%) at a breast cancer screening appointment. Those who were not up to date with cervical cancer screening were less willing. Prospective acceptability was high for all three forms of advice and was associated with willingness to receive advice. Women would prefer to receive advice through a leaflet (41%) or discussion with the mammographer (30%) either before the appointment (27%), at the appointment (44%) or with their results (22%). Conclusions While there is high willingness and high acceptability towards using breast cancer screening as a teachable moment for advice about prevention and early detection of other cancers, some women find it unacceptable and this may reduce their likelihood of attending a breast screening appointment. Patient or Public Contribution This study focused on gaining women's insights into potential future initiatives to encourage screening and early diagnosis of cancer. Members of the public were also involved in piloting the questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Scott
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Betul Rauf
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Waller
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Prevention Group, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Scaglioni G, Cavazza N. Emotional Barriers to Bowel Screening in Italy: Scale psychometric properties and effects on screening attendance. Psychooncology 2021; 31:78-85. [PMID: 34331357 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess a three-factor version of the Emotional Barriers to Bowel Screening (EBBS) scale; analyze the scale's psychometric properties; and investigate the associations of fecal disgust, embarrassment, and fear with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening avoidance. METHODS Retrospective design: We asked participants to rate negative emotions associated with CRC screenings as well as whether they had ever attended a fecal occult blood test. SAMPLE 268 Italian adults aged 45-74 years. MEASURES negative emotions, screening knowledge, CRC risk perception, demographic and background data, and hypothetical medical help-seeking. ANALYSES Confirmatory factor analyses, correlations, logistic regressions. RESULTS The EBBS scale is a multidimensional instrument and, at least where fecal tests are of interest, can be used without the insertion disgust subscale. The analyzed negative emotions were negatively correlated with screening attendance and positively correlated with intention to delay seeking medical help. However, logistic regression models showed that, of the three analyzed emotions, fear about outcome was the only significant predictor of screening behavior and delaying medical care. CONCLUSIONS Further studies can adopt the version of the EBBS scale that is most suitable for their research contexts. Interventions must be designed to reassure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scaglioni
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Yang G, Liu H, Wang J, Geng Z, Wang L, Xu T. Genitalia-related nursing embarrassment and its associated factors among female nurses in mainland China: a nationwide cross-sectional study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:191. [PMID: 33708818 PMCID: PMC7940955 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Genital-related care is a common nursing procedure and may cause embarrassment for nurses. However, nurses’ level of embarrassment and the factors associated with embarrassment have been scarcely studied. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate genitalia-related care’s embarrassment and its associated factors among Chinese female nurses. Methods Online questionnaires regarding the frequency of genitalia-related care and the embarrassment level were distributed to female nurses from the gynecology and urology departments between October and December 2019. Participants also completed the Chinese version of the professional identity scale for nurses and the Jefferson scale of empathy. Mantel-Haenszel chi-square and ordinal logistic regression were used to explore factors associated with the level of embarrassment. Results In total, 648 female nurses from 54 hospitals in 31 cities in China were recruited. Among these respondents, approximately 67% provided genitalia-related care at least three days per week, and about 70% of nurses felt slightly embarrassed to extremely embarrassed when providing genitalia-related care. Compared to nurses from gynecology departments, nurses from urology departments felt more embarrassed during genitalia-related care (P<0.001). Ordinal regression analysis showed that the odds of nurses from gynecology and urology departments with total empathy scores greater than 100 experiencing higher levels of embarrassment than nurses with total empathy scores less than 100 were 0.47 and 0.45, respectively. Nurses from gynecology departments with higher professional identity scores, higher education levels, more frequent genital-related care experienced less embarrassment, while nurses from the urology department with prior sexual experience experienced less embarrassment. Conclusions Feeling embarrassed during genitalia-related nursing was common among Chinese female nurses, especially those from urology departments. Embarrassment during genitalia-related nursing was related to professional identity, empathy, educational level, genitalia-related care frequency, and sexual history. These findings highlight the importance of professional identity, empathy, and education among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyi Yang
- Urology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Urology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zixian Geng
- Urology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Nursing Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Urology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Rogers CR, Obidike OJ, Wallington SF, Hussein M, Mahamed ZA, Sampson J. A qualitative study of barriers and enablers associated with colorectal cancer screening among Somali men in Minnesota. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2021; 26:168-185. [PMID: 29973057 PMCID: PMC6320306 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1493438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rate of cancer screening is generally increasing in the US. In Minnesota, the statewide average rate of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is 73%. However, screening completion is relatively low among Somali men; overall, only 27% of Somali immigrants have been screened for CRC. Factors contributing to this disparity have not been well researched. The purpose of this pilot study was to employ focus group methodology to describe and advance understanding of the barriers and enablers associated with CRC screening among Somali men ages 50-74 in Minnesota. Three focus groups were conducted among 27 Somali men in Minnesota. A 9-question, semi-structured interview guide was used. The sessions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and checked for accuracy by research staff prior to data analysis. Three research team members utilized the constant comparative method and NVivo to conduct data analysis. Five barriers to CRC screening emerged from the analyses: (1) lack of knowledge, (2) emotional barriers, (3) acculturation, (4) accountability, and (5) fatalistic beliefs. In addition, two factors enabling CRC screening and prevention emerged: the need for tailored interventions and preventive lifestyle behaviors. The insights gained from this research will assist in developing health promotion and education-focused interventions that encourage Somali immigrants in Minnesota and beyond to seek early detection screening for CRC.Abbreviations: CRC: Colorectal Cancer; FIT: Fecal Immunochemical Test; FOBT: Fecal Occult Blood Test; FQHC: Federally Qualified Health Center; PA: Project Assistant; PI: Principal Investigator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rogers
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Dept. of Family Medicine & Community Health, 717 Delaware St. SE, Suite 166, Minneapolis, MN 55414, Tel. +1-612-626-3894, Fax +1-612-626-6782
| | | | - Sherrie F. Wallington
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
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15
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Clarke RB, Therkildsen C, Gram MA, Andersen KK, Mørch LS, Tybjerg AJ. Use of primary health care and participation in colorectal cancer screening - a Danish national register-based study. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:1002-1006. [PMID: 32286136 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1750697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Therkildsen
- The Danish HNPCC Register, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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16
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Klasko-Foster LB, Keller MM, Kiviniemi MT. Is it disgusting or am I just easily disgusted? The relation between situational disgust, dispositional disgust, and colonoscopy intentions. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 29:e13244. [PMID: 32596994 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While early detection is an effective way to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer, screening rates are low. An underlying factor in screening completion failure may be experiences of disgust when learning about screening and/or dispositional disgust. METHOD Participants recruited via Amazon MTurk (N = 296) read information about colonoscopy and completed an online survey assessing both dispositional forms of disgust (i.e. trait disgust and disgust sensitivity) and situational forms, including state disgust and disgust associated with colonoscopy. Participants reported intentions to discuss colonoscopy with a provider and to prepare for and complete screening. RESULTS Greater state disgust and the degree to which one associated disgust with colonoscopy predicted lower screening, preparation and provider discussion intentions. By contrast, neither trait disgust nor disgust sensitivity was associated with intentions. Both disgust sensitivity and trait disgust moderated the state disgust to intentions relation. CONCLUSIONS This is one of few investigations of disgust examining the relation between specific types and colonoscopy intentions. Screening uptake may be improved by identifying specific components of disgust that have an effect on colonoscopy intentions. Future work focusing on the interplay between different disgust mechanisms as they relate to colonoscopy behaviour is important for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne B Klasko-Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Maria M Keller
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc T Kiviniemi
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Dolan H, Taylor-Piliae R. Embarrassment experienced by older adults in relation to accidental falls: A concept analysis. Geriatr Nurs 2020; 41:769-775. [PMID: 32522426 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embarrassment is commonly felt by older adults experiencing a fall, and embarrassment may cause older adults to adopt maladaptive behaviors by not implementing fall prevention strategies. Clarifying the concept of embarrassment for nursing and defining the concept as it relates to accidental falls and fall prevention among older adults was conducted using Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis process. The proposed definition of embarrassment experienced by older adults in relation to accidental falls is: The feeling of physical discomfort and exposure in a social situation due to the loss of control and self-esteem, as well as the inconsistency between one's personal identity as an independent and dignified person and the accidental fall or near fall behavior that threatens independence and dignity leading to emotional distress. Nurses recognizing older adults' potential fall-related embarrassment may increase older adults' adherence to fall prevention strategies and improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Dolan
- The University of Arizona, College of Nursing, 1305 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721-0203, United States.
| | - Ruth Taylor-Piliae
- The University of Arizona, College of Nursing, 1305 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721-0203, United States
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18
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Roberts PO, de Souza TG, Grant BM, Wanliss MG, Leake PAE, Johnson AR, Brown HA, Plummer JM, Thompson RK. Pathologic Factors Affecting Colorectal Cancer Survival in a Jamaican Population-the UHWI Experience. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:413-420. [PMID: 31768964 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Jamaica. Globally, CRC mortality rates have been decreasing in developed countries; however, CRC mortality rates are trending upwards in low-income or developing countries. Our objectives are to estimate the overall 5-year survival and to determine the pathologic factors associated with overall survival of colorectal adenocarcinoma after surgery at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHODS Retrospective, observational (cross-sectional) study on CRC patients. We summarized and analyzed demographic, clinical data, histopathological data, and survival rates. Single predictor Cox regression models were used to establish associations between survival and specified clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS A total of 217 patients who underwent operative resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma from January 2004 to December 2013. Median survival time post-therapeutic intervention was 48 months. Late stage at diagnosis, positive circumferential resection margins, neural and vascular invasion, as well as three or more nodal metastases were all associated with statistically significant worsened outcome. CONCLUSIONS Despite surgical quality meeting USA standards, CRC survival rates in Jamaica are 13% lower than survival of CRC in non-Hispanic Blacks in the USA. The survival trends found by our study support the application of international indices for CRC prognostication to Jamaican patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Roberts
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tamara G de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, St. George's University, School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Brian M Grant
- Department of Surgery, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew G Wanliss
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Pierre-Anthony E Leake
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ayesha R Johnson
- Florida Department of Health, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32399, USA
| | - Hilary A Brown
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Joseph M Plummer
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Rory K Thompson
- Department of Pathology, University of the West Indies (Mona Campus), Mona, Jamaica.
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Klasko-Foster LB, Jandorf LM, Erwin DO, Kiviniemi MT. Predicting Colonoscopy Screening Behavior and Future Screening Intentions for African Americans Older than 50 Years. Behav Med 2019; 45:221-230. [PMID: 30427773 PMCID: PMC6517076 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2018.1510365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African Americans experience a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer, which may be due to low adherence to screening recommendations. Previous studies have found relationships between decision-making factors and screening behavior, but few have looked at both cognitive and affective factors or within a specifically African American sample. To better understand determinants that drive screening behavior, this study examines affective, cognitive, and social variables as predictors of colonoscopy in an age-eligible African American population. Participants completed surveys assessing affective associations with colonoscopy, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, knowledge, fear of colonoscopy, perceived risk, and colorectal cancer worry and fear. Regression analysis was used to model decision-making constructs as predictors of screening behavior/intentions. Affective, cognitive, and health care experience variables predicted colonoscopy completion and intentions. Provider-level factors and previous cancer screenings predicted prior screening only, but not intentions. Affective and cognitive components of perceived risk were associated with decreased likelihood of colonoscopy behavior, but increased likelihood of colonoscopy intentions. These findings suggest that colonoscopy decision making involves a complex array of both cognitive and affective determinants. This work extends our knowledge of colorectal cancer screening decision making by evaluating the effects of these multiple determinants on screening behavior in an African American sample. Future work exploring the interplay of affect and cognitions as influences on colonoscopy decision making and how health care experiences may moderate this effect is needed to develop effective intervention approaches and reduce screening disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne B. Klasko-Foster
- University at Buffalo, SUNY, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, 3435 Main Street, 312 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Lina M. Jandorf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY, 10029,
| | - Deborah O. Erwin
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263,
| | - Marc T. Kiviniemi
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, SUNY, School of Public Health and Health Professions, 3435 Main Street, 314 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214
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Spafford MM, Sivak AM, Lillakas L, Irving EL. Motivators and deterrents for seeking eye care in a Canadian region. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:224-229. [PMID: 31060097 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivators and deterrents for seeking eye care in a Canadian setting were sought using a qualitative study. Provincial deregulation of eyewear dispensing in 2010 allows consumers to order eyewear without an optical prescription, thus eliminating a potential motivator for obtaining an eye examination. METHODS Convenience sampling was used to obtain 25 members of the public who contributed to one of seven focus groups that were facilitated, audiotaped, anonymised and transcribed. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire. Focus group data analysis employed grounded theory and theme saturation determined the number of focus groups. RESULTS Nine men and 16 women participated, ranging in age from 18 to 71 years (mean 41.5; median 40.0). Three main themes were identified as influencers for seeking eye care: priority; advice; and capacity. Priority served as a motivator ('lived experience', 'symptoms', and 'habit') and deterrent ('test distress', 'asymptomatic', 'don't know' and 'other priorities'). Advice was a motivator ('professional' and 'family/friends'), while capacity was a motivator ('insurance') and deterrent ('cost'). CONCLUSION The motivators and deterrents of seeking eye care in these focus groups were framed by three themes. Key findings not reported previously included the motivators of 'habit', 'advice' and 'insurance' and the potential deterrent of 'test distress'. These factors should be added to other previously reported motivators and deterrents in further exploration of Canadian eye-care seeking behaviours. Such knowledge is needed to develop strategies for improving eye-care literacy in Canada. This is particularly important because eyewear deregulation and/or online eye examinations may encourage members of the public to bypass comprehensive eye care without fully understanding the implications of this decision for their health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Spafford
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisa M Sivak
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Lillakas
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth L Irving
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Wu Y, Liang Y, Zhou Q, Liu H, Lin G, Cai W, Li Y, Gu J. Effectiveness of a short message service intervention to motivate people with positive results in preliminary colorectal cancer screening to undergo colonoscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2019; 125:2252-2261. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingru Liang
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Huazhang Liu
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Lin
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Cai
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
- Sun Yat-Sen Global Health Institute, Institute of State Governance; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
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22
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Application of Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis in Clinical Practice: Current State and Future Perspectives. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest is noticed in the potential of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis as non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in clinical medical practice. The spectrum of VOCs, originating from (patho)physiological metabolic processes in the human body and detectable in bodily excrements, such as exhaled breath, urine and feces, harbors a magnificent source of information. Thus far, the majority of studies have focused on VOC analysis in exhaled breath, aiming at identification of disease-specific VOC profiles. Recently, an increasing number of studies have evaluated the usability of VOC present in the headspace of feces in the diagnostic work-up of a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. Promising results have been demonstrated particularly in those diseases in which microbiota alterations are considered to play a significant etiological role, such as colorectal carcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease and infectious bowel diseases. In addition, fecal VOC analysis seems to have potential as a diagnostic biomarker for extra-intestinal diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and sepsis. Different methods for VOC analysis have been used in medical studies, such as gas-chromatography mass spectrometry, selected-ion flow tube-mass spectrometry, ion-mobility spectrometry, and electronic nose devices. In this review, the available literature on the potential of fecal VOCs as diagnostic biomarker, including an overview of relevant VOC detection techniques, is discussed. In addition, future hurdles, which need to be taken prior to implementation of VOC analysis in daily clinical practice, are outlined.
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23
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Understanding Cancer Worry Among Patients in a Community Clinic-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Intervention Study. Nurs Res 2018; 67:275-285. [PMID: 29870517 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) screening disparities, it is important to understand correlates of different types of cancer worry among ethnically diverse individuals. OBJECTIVES The current study examined the prevalence of three types of cancer worry (i.e., general cancer worry, CRC-specific worry, and worry about CRC test results) as well as sociodemographic and health-related predictors for each type of cancer worry. METHODS Participants were aged 50-75, at average CRC risk, nonadherent to CRC screening guidelines, and enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to increase CRC screening. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire assessing sociodemographics, health beliefs, healthcare experiences, and three cancer worry measures. Associations between study variables were examined with separate univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Responses from a total of 416 participants were used. Of these, 47% reported experiencing moderate-to-high levels of general cancer worry. Predictors of general cancer worry were salience and coherence (aOR = 1.1, 95% CI [1.0, 1.3]), perceived susceptibility (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI [1.1, 1.3), and social influence (aOR = 1.1, 95% CI [1.0, 0.1]). Fewer (23%) reported moderate-to-high levels of CRC-specific worry or CRC test worry (35%). Predictors of CRC worry were perceived susceptibility (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI [1.3, 1.6]) and social influence (aOR = 1.1, 95% CI [1.0, 1.2]); predictors of CRC test result worry were perceived susceptibility (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI [1.1, 1.3) and marital status (aOR = 2.0, 95% CI [1.1, 3.7] for married/partnered vs. single and aOR = 2.3, 95% CI [1.3, 4.1] for divorced/widowed vs. single). DISCUSSION Perceived susceptibility consistently predicted the three types of cancer worry, whereas other predictors varied between cancer worry types and in magnitude of association. The three types of cancer worry were generally predicted by health beliefs, suggesting potential malleability. Future research should include multiple measures of cancer worry and clear definitions of how cancer worry is measured.
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Reynolds LM, Bissett IP, Consedine NS. Emotional predictors of bowel screening: the avoidance-promoting role of fear, embarrassment, and disgust. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:518. [PMID: 29720112 PMCID: PMC5932793 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite considerable efforts to address practical barriers, colorectal cancer screening numbers are often low. People do not always act rationally, and investigating emotions may offer insight into the avoidance of screening. The current work assessed whether fear, embarrassment, and disgust predicted colorectal cancer screening avoidance. Methods A community sample (N = 306) aged 45+ completed a questionnaire assessing colorectal cancer screening history and the extent that perceptions of cancer risk, colorectal cancer knowledge, doctor discussions, and a specifically developed scale, the Emotional Barriers to Bowel Screening (EBBS), were associated with previous screening behaviours and anticipated bowel health decision-making. Results Step-wise logistic regression models revealed that a decision to delay seeking healthcare in the hypothetical presence of bowel symptoms was less likely in people who had discussed risk with their doctor, whereas greater colorectal cancer knowledge and greater fear of a negative outcome predicted greater likelihood of delay. Having previously provided a faecal sample was predicted by discussions about risk with a doctor, older age, and greater embarrassment, whereas perceptions of lower risk predicted a lower likelihood. Likewise, greater insertion disgust predicted a lower likelihood of having had an invasive bowel screening test in the previous 5 years. Conclusions Alongside medical and demographic factors, fear, embarrassment and disgust are worthy of consideration in colorectal cancer screening. Understanding how specific emotions impact screening decisions and behaviour is an important direction for future work and has potential to inform screening development and communications in bowel health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Reynolds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ian P Bissett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Kiviniemi MT, Klasko-Foster LB, Erwin DO, Jandorf L. Decision-making and socioeconomic disparities in colonoscopy screening in African Americans. Health Psychol 2018; 37:481-490. [PMID: 29595298 PMCID: PMC5920714 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in colorectal cancer screening are persistent. Lower education and income are both associated with lower screening rates. Both cognitive (e.g., perceived barriers) and affective (e.g., disgust, fear) decision-making constructs are known determinants of colorectal cancer screening behavior. This study tests the hypotheses that SES may be related to decision-making constructs and that this SES-decision-making construct relation may contribute to explaining the SES-screening behavior disparity. METHOD Surveys assessing perceived benefits and barriers to screening, self-efficacy, positive and negative affective associations with colonoscopy, fear of colonoscopy, colorectal cancer knowledge, past screening behavior, and demographics including education and income were completed by 2,015 African American participants ages 50 and older. Both univariable and multivariable relations of SES to decision-making constructs were examined, as were univariable and multivariable models of the indirect effect of SES on screening via decision-making constructs. RESULTS Socioeconomic status was related to both screening compliance and the decision-making constructs. Bootstrap modeling of the indirect effect showed that the total effect of the SES-screening behavior relation included an indirect effect via social cognitive decision-making constructs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that cognitive and affective decision-making constructs account for at least some of the SES disparities in colorectal cancer screening behavior. As such, more research is needed to explore the intra individual-level influences of disparities in colorectal cancer screening. In addition, work is needed to develop effective intervention approaches to address the relation of SES to decision-making constructs. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah O Erwin
- Office of Cancer Health Disparities Research, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Adekeye OA, Adesuyi BF, Takon JG. Barriers to Healthcare among African Immigrants in Georgia, USA. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 20:188-193. [PMID: 28213691 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
African-born immigrants are among the fastest growing immigrant groups in the US, yet they are underrepresented in healthcare research, particularly, cancer research and tend to be categorized as African American or Black, obscuring any cultural nuances that exist. A survey designed to provide insight on the barriers to healthcare, knowledge of common cancers, and cancer risks was utilized during a health fair. Data analyses included descriptive statistics to examine participant demographics and other study variables of interest. Most of the participants reported African origin (approximately 97%), were males (59%), were aged 18-40 years (49%), had a minimum of some college education (78%), a household income of >$50,000 (35%) and were mostly uninsured (45%). The cost of medical treatment 19 (45.2%) was reported as a major barrier to healthcare access. The Health Fair presented the opportunity to provide free health screenings, education/awareness, and referral to follow-up resources. The findings are evidence of the importance and impact of health fairs in communities of greatest need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyosi A Adekeye
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Satcher Health Leadership Institute, NCPC A-216C, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Bola F Adesuyi
- Redeemer's Medical Center, 5875 Peachtree Industrial Blvd #370, Norcross, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Joseph G Takon
- Redeemer's Medical Center, 5875 Peachtree Industrial Blvd #370, Norcross, GA, 30092, USA
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Reynolds LM, Bissett IP, Porter D, Consedine NS. The "ick" Factor Matters: Disgust Prospectively Predicts Avoidance in Chemotherapy Patients. Ann Behav Med 2017; 50:935-945. [PMID: 27411331 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy can be physically and psychologically demanding. Avoidance and withdrawal are common among patients coping with these demands. PURPOSE This report compares established emotional predictors of avoidance during chemotherapy (embarrassment; distress) with an emotion (disgust) that has been unstudied in this context. METHODS This report outlines secondary analyses of an RCT where 68 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were randomized to mindfulness or relaxation interventions. Self-reported baseline disgust (DS-R), embarrassment (SES-SF), and distress (Distress Thermometer) were used to prospectively predict multiple classes of avoidance post-intervention and at 3 months follow-up. Measures assessed social avoidance, cognitive and emotional avoidance (IES Avoidance), as well as information seeking and treatment adherence (General Adherence Scale). RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVAs evaluated possible longitudinal changes in disgust and forward entry regression models contrasted the ability of the affective variables to predict avoidance. Although disgust did not change over time or vary between groups, greater disgust predicted greater social, cognitive, and emotional avoidance, as well as greater information seeking. Social avoidance was predicted by trait embarrassment and distress predicted non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS This report represents the first investigation of disgust's ability to prospectively predict avoidance in people undergoing chemotherapy. Compared to embarrassment and distress, disgust was a more consistent predictor across avoidance domains and its predictive ability was evident across a longer period of time. Findings highlight disgust's role as an indicator of likely avoidance in this health context. Early identification of cancer patients at risk of deleterious avoidance may enable timely interventions and has important clinical implications (ACTRN12613000238774).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Reynolds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ian P Bissett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Porter
- Auckland Regional Cancer and Blood Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Berkhout DJC, Benninga MA, van Stein RM, Brinkman P, Niemarkt HJ, de Boer NKH, de Meij TGJ. Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1967. [PMID: 27886068 PMCID: PMC5134625 DOI: 10.3390/s16111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, analyzed by an electronic nose (eNose). Effects of fecal sample mass, water content, duration of storage at room temperature, fecal sample temperature, number of freeze-thaw cycles and effect of sampling method (rectal swabs vs. fecal samples) on VOC profiles were assessed by analysis of totally 725 fecal samples by means of an eNose (Cyranose320®). Furthermore, fecal VOC profiles of totally 1285 fecal samples from 71 infants born at three different hospitals were compared to assess the influence of center of origin on VOC outcome. We observed that all analyzed variables significantly influenced fecal VOC composition. It was feasible to capture a VOC profile using rectal swabs, although this differed significantly from fecal VOC profiles of similar subjects. In addition, 1285 fecal VOC-profiles could significantly be discriminated based on center of birth. In conclusion, standardization of methodology is necessary before fecal VOC analysis can live up to its potential as diagnostic tool in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J C Berkhout
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruby M van Stein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik J Niemarkt
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Davis M, Oaten M, Occhipinti S, Chambers SK, Stevenson RJ. An investigation of the emotion of disgust as an affective barrier to intention to screen for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2016; 26. [PMID: 27704647 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation remains unacceptably low. This study investigated the emotion of disgust as a potential deterrent to intention to screen for CRC. The study utilised a convenience sample of individuals' 40-70 years of age to complete an online survey. Participants included 30 men and 118 women recruited between December 1, 2013 and March 31, 2014. Data on socio-demographics, health status, screening intentions and emotional barriers to bowel screening were collected via an on-line survey. Logistic regression analysis was utilised to investigate predictors of screening intention. Individuals were more likely to report intention to screen if they had prior screening experience, and reported fewer emotional concerns to screening for CRC. Results implicate disgust as a predictor of screening avoidance among participants. Specifically, higher reported faecal disgust was predictive of a 3% decrease in screening intention. This study was the first to empirically position disgust alongside other negative emotional states as an affective barrier to screening for CRC. Trait disgust sensitivity was not a reliable predictor of screening intention. This research suggests that anticipated faecal disgust may contribute to avoidance of screening for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davis
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - M Oaten
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - S Occhipinti
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - S K Chambers
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - R J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Social Cognitive Mediators of Sociodemographic Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:165074. [PMID: 26504782 PMCID: PMC4609345 DOI: 10.1155/2015/165074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background. This study examined if and how sociodemographic differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake can be explained by social cognitive factors. Methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with individuals aged 60–70 years (n = 1309) living in England as part of a population-based omnibus survey. Results. There were differences in screening uptake by SES, marital status, ethnicity, and age but not by gender. Perceived barriers (stand. b = −0.40, p < 0.001), social norms (stand. b = 0.33, p < 0.001), and screening knowledge (stand. b = 0.17, p < 0.001) had independent associations with uptake. SES differences in uptake were mediated through knowledge, social norms, and perceived barriers. Ethnic differences were mediated through knowledge. Differences in uptake by marital status were primarily mediated through social norms and to a lesser extent through knowledge. Age differences were largely unmediated, except for a small mediated effect via social norms. Conclusions. Sociodemographic differences in CRC screening uptake were largely mediated through social cognitive factors. Impact. Our findings suggest that multifaceted interventions might be needed to reduce socioeconomic inequalities. Ethnic differences might be reduced through improved screening knowledge. Normative interventions could emphasise screening as an activity endorsed by important others outside the immediate family to appeal to a wider audience.
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Consedine NS, Tuck NL, Ragin CR, Spencer BA. Beyond the black box: a systematic review of breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical screening among native and immigrant African-descent Caribbean populations. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 17:905-24. [PMID: 24522436 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-9991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer screening disparities between black and white groupings are well-documented. Less is known regarding African-descent subpopulations despite elevated risk, distinct cultural backgrounds, and increasing numbers of Caribbean migrants. A systematic search of Medline, Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS databases (1980-2012) identified 53 studies reporting rates of breast, prostate, cervical, and colorectal screening behavior among immigrant and non-immigrant Caribbean groups. Few studies were conducted within the Caribbean itself; most work is US-based, and the majority stem from Brooklyn, New York. In general, African-descent Caribbean populations screen for breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical cancers less frequently than US-born African-Americans and at lower rates than recommendations and guidelines. Haitian immigrants, in particular, screen at very low frequencies. Both immigrant and non-immigrant African-descent Caribbean groups participate in screening less frequently than recommended. Studying screening among specific Caribbean groups of African-descent may yield data that both clarifies health disparities between US-born African-Americans and whites and illuminates the specific subpopulations at risk in these growing immigrant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Al-Naggar RA, Al-Kubaisy W, Yap BW, Bobryshev YV, Osman MT. Attitudes towards colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening tests among elderly Malay patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:667-74. [PMID: 25684505 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in Malaysia, where data are limited regarding knowledge and barriers in regard to CRC and screening tests. The aim of the study was to assess these parameters among Malaysians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The questionnaires were distributed in the Umra Private Hospital in Selangor. The questionnaire had four parts and covered social-demographic questions, respondent knowledge about CRC and colorectal tests, attitude towards CRC and respondentaction regarding CRC. More than half of Malay participants (total n=187) were female (57.2%) and 36.9% of them were working as professionals. RESULTS The majority of the participants (93.6%) never had a CRC screening test. The study found that only 10.2% of the study participants did not consider that their chances of getting CRC were high. A high percentage of the participants (43.3%) believed that they would have good chance of survival if the cancer would be found early. About one third of the respondents did not want to do screening because of fear of cancer, and concerns of embarrassment during the procedure adversely affected attitude to CRC screening as well. Age, gender, income, family history of CRC, vegetable intake and physical activity were found to be significant determinants of knowledge on CRC. CONCLUSIONS The major barriers identified towards CRC screening identified in our study were fear of pain and embarrassment. The findings have implications for understanding of similarities and differences in attitude to CRC amongst elderly patients in other cultural/ geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redhwan A Al-Naggar
- Population Health and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
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Bromley EG, May FP, Federer L, Spiegel BMR, van Oijen MGH. Explaining persistent under-use of colonoscopic cancer screening in African Americans: a systematic review. Prev Med 2015; 71:40-8. [PMID: 25481094 PMCID: PMC4329030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC), they are less likely than other racial groups to undergo CRC screening. Previous research has identified barriers to CRC screening among African Americans. However we lack a systematic review that synthesizes contributing factors and informs interventions to address persistent disparities. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to evaluate barriers to colonoscopic CRC screening in African Americans. We developed a conceptual model to summarize the patient-, provider-, and system-level barriers and suggest strategies to address these barriers. RESULTS Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria. Patient barriers to colonoscopy included fear, poor knowledge of CRC risk, and low perceived benefit of colonoscopy. Provider-level factors included failure to recommend screening and knowledge deficits about guidelines and barriers to screening. System barriers included financial obstacles, lack of insurance and access to care, and intermittent primary care visits. CONCLUSIONS There are modifiable barriers to colonoscopic CRC screening among African Americans. Future interventions should confront patient fear, patient and physician knowledge about barriers, and access to healthcare services. As the Affordable Care Act aims to improve uptake of preventive services, focused interventions to increase CRC screening in African Americans are essential and timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Bromley
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Folasade P May
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa Federer
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brennan M R Spiegel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martijn G H van Oijen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Predictors of repeat participation in the NHS bowel cancer screening programme. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:199-206. [PMID: 25429524 PMCID: PMC4453613 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most types of population-based cancer screening require repeat participation to be effective. This study investigated predictors of repeat participation in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP). METHODS The BCSP in England offers biennial colorectal cancer screening using a guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBt) from age 60-74 years. This analysis included 62,081 individuals aged 60-64 years at the time of the first invitation (R1). The main outcome was repeat participation at their second (R2) or third (R3) invitation. Behavioural measures derived from screening records included late return of the gFOBt kit, compliance with follow-up investigations and previous screening participation. Other potential predictors of repeat participation included results of individual test kit analysis (normal, weak positive, strong positive, spoilt) and the definitive result of the gFOBt screening episode (normal or abnormal). Age, sex and socioeconomic deprivation were also recorded. RESULTS Overall repeat uptake was 86.6% in R2 and 88.6% in R3. Late return of the test kit was consistently associated with lower uptake (R2: 82.3% vs 88.6%, P<0.001; R3: 84.5% vs 90.5%, P<0.001). A definitive abnormal gFOBt result in the previous screening episode was a negative predictor of repeat uptake (R2: 61.4% vs 86.8%, P<0.001; R3: 65.7% vs 88.8%, P<0.001). Weak positive (R2: 76.9% vs 86.8%, P<0.001; R3: 81.7% vs 88.8%, P<0.05) and spoilt test kits (R2: 79.0% vs 86.6%, NS; R3: 84.2% vs 92.2%, P<0.05) were associated with lower repeat uptake, but were not consistently independent predictors in all invitation rounds or subgroups. Among those with a definitive abnormal gFOBt result, noncompliance with follow-up in a previous screening episode was also associated with lower repeat uptake (R2: 24.3% vs 67.1%, P<0.001; R3: 43.2% vs 69.9%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Behavioural markers and test results from previous screening episodes have been implicated in subsequent gFOBt uptake.
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Decker KM, Demers AA, Kliewer EV, Musto G, Shu E, Biswanger N, Elias B, Griffith J, Turner D. Colorectal cancer screening in first nations people living in Manitoba. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:241-8. [PMID: 25336562 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) seems to be increasing in First Nations, it is important to better understand CRC screening utilization. The objective of this study was to describe CRC screening among First Nations living in Manitoba. METHODS The Federal Indian Register was linked to two provincial databases. A negative binomial model was used to compare the probability of First Nations having a fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy, or flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) with all other Manitobans. RESULTS First Nations who lived in Winnipeg were significantly less likely to have had a FOBT in the previous 2 years than all other Manitobans who lived in Winnipeg [rate ratio (RR) = 0.40; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.37-0.44]. There was no difference in the likelihood of having a colonoscopy or FS for First Nations individuals who resided in northern Manitoba compared with all other Manitobans (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.91-1.19). However, First Nations who lived in the rural south or urban areas were less likely than all other Manitobans to have had a colonoscopy or FS (RR, 0.81, 95% CI, 0.75-0.87, rural south; RR, 0.86, 95% CI, 0.81-0.92, urban). CONCLUSIONS First Nations living in Winnipeg were significantly less likely to be screened for CRC using the FOBT. Colonoscopy and FS use depended on area of residence. IMPACT First Nations experience barriers that impede the use of CRC screening. Further research is needed to understand these barriers to extend the benefit of CRC screening to this population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 241-8. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Decker
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Screening Programs, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alain A Demers
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Erich V Kliewer
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grace Musto
- Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Emma Shu
- Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Brenda Elias
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jane Griffith
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna Turner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Hurtado-de-Mendoza A, Song M, Kigen O, Jennings Y, Nwabukwu I, Sheppard VB. Addressing cancer control needs of African-born immigrants in the US: a systematic literature review. Prev Med 2014; 67:89-99. [PMID: 25034729 PMCID: PMC4203373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, African immigrants have worse cancer outcomes. However, there is little research about cancer behaviors and/or interventions in this growing population as they are generally grouped with populations from America or the Caribbean. This systematic review examines cancer-related studies that included African-born participants. We searched PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, Pubmed, CINHAL, and Web of Science for articles focusing on any type of cancer that included African-born immigrant participants. Twenty articles met study inclusion criteria; only two were interventions. Most articles focused on one type of cancer (n=11) (e.g., breast cancer) and were conducted in disease-free populations (n=15). Studies included African participants mostly from Nigeria (n=8) and Somalia (n=6). However, many papers (n=7) did not specify nationality or had small percentages (<5%) of African immigrants (n=5). Studies found lower screening rates in African immigrants compared to other subpopulations (e.g. US-born). Awareness of screening practices was limited. Higher acculturation levels were associated with higher screening rates. Barriers to screening included access (e.g. insurance), pragmatic (e.g. transportation), and psychosocial barriers (e.g. shame). Interventions to improve cancer outcomes in African immigrants are needed. Research that includes larger samples with diverse African subgroups including cancer survivors is necessary to inform future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hurtado-de-Mendoza
- Breast Cancer Program and Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Minna Song
- Breast Cancer Program and Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ocla Kigen
- Cancer Biology, Prevention & Control, University District of Columbia, Lombardi Cancer Center Cancer Prevention Master's Degree Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yvonne Jennings
- Breast Cancer Program and Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ify Nwabukwu
- African Women's Cancer Awareness Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vanessa B Sheppard
- Breast Cancer Program and Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Teng FF, Mitchell SM, Sekikubo M, Biryabarema C, Byamugisha JK, Steinberg M, Money DM, Ogilvie GS. Understanding the role of embarrassment in gynaecological screening: a qualitative study from the ASPIRE cervical cancer screening project in Uganda. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004783. [PMID: 24727360 PMCID: PMC3987737 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define embarrassment and develop an understanding of the role of embarrassment in relation to cervical cancer screening and self-collected human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing in Uganda. DESIGN Cross-sectional, qualitative study using semistructured one-to-one interviews and focus groups. PARTICIPANTS 6 key-informant health workers and 16 local women, purposively sampled. Key informant inclusion criteria: Ugandan members of the project team. Focus group inclusion criteria: woman age 30-69 years, Luganda or Swahili speaking, living or working in the target Ugandan community. EXCLUSION CRITERIA unwillingness to sign informed consent. SETTING Primary and tertiary low-resource setting in Kampala, Uganda. RESULTS In Luganda, embarrassment relating to cervical cancer is described in two forms. 'Community embarrassment' describes discomfort based on how a person may be perceived by others. 'Personal embarrassment' relates to shyness or discomfort with her own genitalia. Community embarrassment was described in themes relating to place of study recruitment, amount of privacy in dwellings, personal relationship with health workers, handling of the vaginal swab and misunderstanding of HPV self-collection as HIV testing. Themes of personal embarrassment related to lack of knowledge, age and novelty of the self-collection swab. Overall, embarrassment was a barrier to screening at the outset and diminished over time through education and knowledge. Fatalism regarding cervical cancer diagnosis, worry about results and stigma associated with a cervical cancer diagnosis were other psychosocial barriers described. Overcoming psychosocial barriers to screening can include peer-to-peer education, drama and media campaigns. CONCLUSIONS Embarrassment and other psychosocial barriers may play a large role at the onset of a screening programme, but over time as education and knowledge increase, and the social norms around screening evolve, its role diminishes. The role of peer-to-peer education and community authorities on healthcare cannot be overlooked and can have a major impact in overcoming psychosocial and social barriers to screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora F Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sheona M Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Musa Sekikubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University/Mulago, National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Biryabarema
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University/Mulago, National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josaphat K Byamugisha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University/Mulago, National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Malcolm Steinberg
- British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah M Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia's Women's Hospital, Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gina S Ogilvie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Consedine NS, Yu TC, Windsor JA. Nursing, pharmacy, or medicine? Disgust sensitivity predicts career interest among trainee health professionals. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2013; 18:997-1008. [PMID: 23297059 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-012-9439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Given global demand on health workforces, understanding student enrollment motivations are critical. Prior studies have concentrated on variation in career and lifestyle values; the current work evaluated the importance of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of health career interests. We argue that emotional proclivities may be important and that disgust sensitivity may help explain differential student interest in nursing, pharmacy, or medical careers. 303 first year students attending a required course in human behavior provided consent before completing questionnaires assessing: (1) demographics, (2) career intentions/interests, (3) traditional determinants of career intention/interest, and (4) dispositional disgust sensitivity. As expected, disgust sensitivity varied across the three majors, with those targeting medical careers being less sensitive than those interested in either nursing or pharmacy. As importantly, even when controlling for demographics and traditional career determinants, analyses showed that greater disgust sensitivity was associated with reduced odds of intended enrolment in pharmacy versus medicine or nursing but did not predict the distinction between nursing and medicine. The impact of disgust sensitivity on career interest was substantial and equivalent to established predictors of career intention. Disgust sensitivity may represent an important factor impacting the specific choices students make within the health professions, particular when students are choosing between careers involving greater and lesser degrees of exposure to the normative elicitors of disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Level 12, Support Building, Room 12.003, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Lo SH, Waller J, Wardle J, von Wagner C. Comparing barriers to colorectal cancer screening with barriers to breast and cervical screening: a population-based survey of screening-age women in Great Britain. J Med Screen 2013; 20:73-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0969141313492508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Uptake of cancer screening tends to be lower for colorectal cancer (CRC) than cervical or breast cancer. Dislike of the test itself has often been identified as a barrier to CRC screening with the Faecal Occult Blood (FOB) test, but there have been no head-to-head comparisons of the three tests. Methods Women aged 50–80 ( n = 890) were recruited in spring 2012 as part of a population-based TNS Research International survey in Great Britain. Those in the eligible age range were asked if they had ever participated in breast, cervical or CRC screening. For each screening test, women who had never participated were asked for their ‘main reason’ using a checklist of barriers. Results Among eligible women, 67%, 83% and 90% reported ever having been screened for CRC, cervical and breast cancer respectively. More socioeconomically deprived women were less likely to report any screening, and single women were less likely to report CRC or breast screening than married women. Age was not associated with participation. Overall there were few differences between tests in the reported barriers, but dislike of the test was endorsed more often for CRC screening. Conclusion This was the first study to compare barriers to participation in organised screening programmes for CRC, breast and cervical cancer. Cancer screening tests share many barriers, but dislike of the test appears to be a stronger barrier to CRC screening. Women who are non-participants in more than one programme may have more global barriers to screening, such as cancer fatalism. The findings suggest that uptake of CRC screening could be improved by targeting the unpleasantness of stool sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hing Lo
- PhD, Research Associate, Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jo Waller
- PhD, Senior Research Associate, Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane Wardle
- PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology, Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian von Wagner
- PhD, Senior Research Associate, Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, Bissett IP. Disgust and behavioral avoidance in colorectal cancer screening and treatment: a systematic review and research agenda. Cancer Nurs 2013; 36:122-30. [PMID: 23047793 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0b013e31826a4b1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emotion of disgust appears to promote psychological and behavioral avoidance, a dynamic that has significant implications in physical and psychological outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients, caregivers, and health professionals alike are all potentially susceptible to responding with disgust and the associated avoidance. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to review the early-stage literature related to disgust and CRC, consider the clinical implications, and suggest an appropriate research agenda. METHODS Given limited research in this area, a systematic review of the literature was broadened to include disgust and all cancers. MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases were searched, with additional works sourced by reviewing citation lists and/or by contacting the lead authors. RESULTS Nine studies were identified relating to disgust and cancer screening, and 6 related to disgust and cancer treatment. Two broad findings emerged: (1) disgust appears to be promoting aversion to (and avoidance of) CRC screening, and (2) several known elicitors of disgust are widely apparent in CRC contexts. CONCLUSIONS Disgust likely represents a key emotional substrate for avoidance among CRC patients, caregivers, and health professionals. Further research is required to identify disgust's elicitors and effects in CRC contexts, informing interventions that target early identification of persons at risk of maladaptive outcomes. Exposure therapies and mindfulness training may be well suited to treating disgust-generated avoidance. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Disgust has significant implications in CRC contexts. Oncology nurses are uniquely positioned to guide clinical interventions and ultimately improve outcomes in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Reynolds
- Departments of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Consedine NS. The demographic, system, and psychosocial origins of mammographic screening disparities: prediction of initiation versus maintenance screening among immigrant and non-immigrant women. J Immigr Minor Health 2012; 14:570-82. [PMID: 21904869 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-011-9524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in breast screening are well documented. Less clear are differences within groups of immigrant and non-immigrant minority women or differences in adherence to mammography guidelines over time. A sample of 1,364 immigrant and non-immigrant women (African American, English Caribbean, Haitian, Dominican, Eastern European, and European American) were recruited using a stratified cluster-sampling plan. In addition to measuring established predictors of screening, women reported mammography frequency in the last 10 years and were (per ACS guidelines at the time) categorized as never, sub-optimal (<1 screen/year), or adherent (1+ screens/year) screeners. Multinomial logistic regression showed that while ethnicity infrequently predicted the never versus sub-optimal comparison, English Caribbean, Haitian, and Eastern European women were less likely to screen systematically over time. Demographics did not predict the never versus sub-optimal distinction; only regular physician, annual exam, physician recommendation, and cancer worry showed effects. However, the adherent categorization was predicted by demographics, was less likely among women without insurance, a regular physician, or an annual exam, and more likely among women reporting certain patterns of emotion (low embarrassment and greater worry). Because regular screening is crucial to breast health, there is a clear need to consider patterns of screening among immigrant and non-immigrant women as well as whether the variables predicting the initiation of screening are distinct from those predicting systematic screening over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Consedine NS, Reddig MK, Ladwig I, Broadbent EA. Gender and ethnic differences in colorectal cancer screening embarrassment and physician gender preferences. Oncol Nurs Forum 2012; 38:E409-17. [PMID: 22037340 DOI: 10.1188/11.onf.e409-e417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine colorectal cancer (CRC) screening embarrassment among men and women from three ethnic groups and the associated physician gender preference by patient gender and ethnicity. DESIGN Cross-sectional, purposive sampling. SETTING Urban community in Brooklyn, NY. SAMPLE A purpose-derived, convenience sample of 245 European American, African American, and immigrant Jamaican men and women (aged 45-70 years) living in Brooklyn, NY. METHODS Participants provided demographics and completed a comprehensive measure of CRC screening embarrassment. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Participant gender and ethnicity, physician gender, and CRC screening embarrassment regarding feces or the rectum and unwanted physical intimacy. FINDINGS As predicted, men and women both reported reduced fecal and rectal embarrassment and intimacy concern regarding same-gender physicians. As expected, Jamaicans reported greater embarrassment regarding feces or the rectum compared to European Americans and African Americans; however, in contrast to expectations, women reported less embarrassment than men. Interactions indicated that rectal and fecal embarrassment was particularly high among Jamaican men. CONCLUSIONS Men and women have a preference for same-gender physicians, and embarrassment regarding feces and the rectum shows the most consistent ethnic and gender variation. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Discussing embarrassment and its causes, as well as providing an opportunity to choose a same-gender physician, may be promising strategies to reduce or manage embarrassment and increase CRC screening attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Cho EJ, Chung BY, Lee K, Consedine NS, Lee WK. Psychometric Evaluation of Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening Embarrassment Questionnaire among Korean Women: Complementary Use of Rasch Model. KOREAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN HEALTH NURSING 2011; 17:463-473. [PMID: 37697532 DOI: 10.4069/kjwhn.2011.17.5.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer can be prevented by regular cervical screening. Embarrassment has been reported as one important barrier to cervical screening uptake. The absence of appropriate instrumentation, however, has limited our understanding of the links between embarrassment and health care outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate psychometric attributes of the uterine cervical cancer screening embarrassment questionnaire. METHODS A convenience sample for field study was recruited from four gynecological clinics in Gyeongju, Korea. Within a cross-sectional descriptive design, 339 women who had cervical screening completed self-administered measures of embarrassment including a visual analogue, general medical embarrassment, dispositional embarrassment, and Pap smear related negative emotion. RESULTS Rasch analysis of items demonstrated the evidence of one-dimensional construct and good 7-point rating scales functioning. Factor analysis revealed that uterine cervical cancer screening embarrassment was comprised of two domains-bodily manifestations and perceiving an undesirable social face. Construct validity was demonstrated by a high subscale-to-subscale correlation. Convergent and discriminant validity was evidenced by significant correlations with a 100 mm VAS scale, general medical embarrassment, and Pap smear related negative emotion. Known-group validity was established by comparing women with high versus low trait embarrassment. Both two sub-scales and overall scale demonstrated good internal reliability. CONCLUSION The Uterine uterine cervical cancer screening questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument suited to assessing the manifestations of embarrassment during screening. The use of instrument can be extended to understand the client's embarrassment undergoing health examinations which require the exposure of their private parts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kwan Lee
- Department of Nursing, Sorabol College, Korea
| | | | - Won Kee Lee
- Department of Nursing, Sorabol College, Korea
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Consedine NS. Are we worrying about the right men and are the right men feeling worried? Conscious but not unconscious prostate anxiety predicts screening among men from three ethnic groups. Am J Mens Health 2011; 6:37-50. [PMID: 21862565 DOI: 10.1177/1557988311415513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxieties regarding cancer and screening have been consistently linked in prostate screening behavior with cancer-related anxieties generally thought to be higher among minority men. To date, however, the literature linking cancer anxieties to screening among diverse men remains predicated on self-reported anxiety. Research has yet to consider how "accurate" the reporting of anxiety may be among distinct groups of men or the possibility that anxiety may influence prostate cancer (PC) screening behavior through conscious and nonconscious channels; the current study tested for discrepancies between self-report and Stroop-ascertained general- and prostate-specific anxiety and their links to screening among 180 U.S.-born African American, U.S.-born European American, and immigrant Jamaican men. Men provided self-report information regarding trait and prostate-related anxiety and completed an emotional Stroop task. Mixed model ANOVAs showed that while U.S.-born African Americans had few discrepancies between self-report and Stroop-ascertained anxiety, Jamaicans reported greater PC anxiety than indicated by Stroop performance, while the opposite was true among U.S.-born Europeans. As expected, self-reported (but not Stroop-ascertained) PC anxiety predicted screening in multivariate analysis. Although men from different age and ethnic groups varied in the discrepancy between self-reported and Stroop-ascertained PC anxiety, the influence of avoidance-producing emotions appears to operate predominantly through conscious channels.
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