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Liu C, Huang HY, Chang YY, Sun CK, Chia SH, Liao YH. Optical Effects of Focused Fractional Nanosecond 1064-nm Nd:YAG Laser: Techniques of Application on Human Skin. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:557-563. [PMID: 38890780 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Considering the pulse widths of picosecond and nanosecond lasers used in cutaneous laser surgery differ by approximately one order of magnitude, can nanosecond lasers produce the optical effect in human skin similar to laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) caused by picosecond lasers? METHODS Cutaneous changes induced by a focused fractional nanosecond 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser were evaluated by VISIA-CR imaging, histological examination, and harmonic generation microscopy (HGM). RESULTS A focused fractional nanosecond 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser can generate epidermal vacuoles or dermal cavities similar to the phenomenon of LIOB produced by picosecond lasers. The location and extent of photodisruption can be controlled by the laser fluence and focus depth. Moreover, laser-induced shock wave propagation and thermal degeneration of papillary collagen can be observed by HGM imaging. CONCLUSION Focused fractional nanosecond lasers can produce an optical effect on human skin similar to LIOB caused by picosecond lasers. With techniques of application, the treatment can induce epidermal and dermal repair mechanisms in a tunable fashion to improve skin texture, wrinkles, scars, and dyspigmentation, without disrupting the epidermal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Liu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yang Chang
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chia
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bachelor Program in Digital Healthcare and Interdisciplinary Program for Undergraduates, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Kok SD, Schaap PMR, van Dommelen L, van Huizen LMG, Dickhoff C, Dijkum EMNV, Engelsman AF, van der Valk P, Groot ML. Compact portable higher harmonic generation microscopy for the real time assessment of unprocessed thyroid tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300079. [PMID: 37725434 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
During thyroid surgery fast and reliable intra-operative pathological feedback has the potential to avoid a two-stage procedure and significantly reduce health care costs in patients undergoing a diagnostic hemithyroidectomy (HT). We explored higher harmonic generation (HHG) microscopy, which combines second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), and multiphoton excited autofluorescence (MPEF) for this purpose. With a compact, portable HHG microscope, images of freshly excised healthy tissue, benign nodules (follicular adenoma) and malignant tissue (papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma) were recorded. The images were generated on unprocessed tissue within minutes and show relevant morphological thyroid structures in good accordance with the histology images. The thyroid follicle architecture, cells, cell nuclei (THG), collagen organization (SHG) and the distribution of thyroglobulin and/or thyroid hormones T3 or T4 (MPEF) could be visualized. We conclude that SHG/THG/MPEF imaging is a promising tool for clinical intraoperative assessment of thyroid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Kok
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, LaserLab, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M Rodriguez Schaap
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L van Dommelen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M G van Huizen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, LaserLab, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Dickhoff
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M Nieveen-van Dijkum
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A F Engelsman
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Groot
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, LaserLab, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Shen YJ, Liao EY, Tai TM, Liao YH, Sun CK, Lee CK, See S, Chen HW. Deep learning-based photodamage reduction on harmonic generation microscope at low-level optical power. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300285. [PMID: 37738103 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between high-quality images and cellular health in optical bioimaging is a crucial problem. We demonstrated a deep-learning-based power-enhancement (PE) model in a harmonic generation microscope (HGM), including second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG). Our model can predict high-power HGM images from low-power images, greatly reducing the risk of phototoxicity and photodamage. Furthermore, the PE model trained only on normal skin data can also be used to predict abnormal skin data, enabling the dermatopathologist to successfully identify and label cancer cells. The PE model shows potential for in-vivo and ex-vivo HGM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiun Shen
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - En-Yu Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Simon See
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Chen
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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4
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Shaked NT, Boppart SA, Wang LV, Popp J. Label-free biomedical optical imaging. NATURE PHOTONICS 2023; 17:1031-1041. [PMID: 38523771 PMCID: PMC10956740 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Label-free optical imaging employs natural and nondestructive approaches for the visualisation of biomedical samples for both biological assays and clinical diagnosis. Currently, this field revolves around multiple broad technology-oriented communities, each with a specific focus on a particular modality despite the existence of shared challenges and applications. As a result, biologists or clinical researchers who require label-free imaging are often not aware of the most appropriate modality to use. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of and comparison among different label-free imaging modalities and discusses common challenges and applications. We expect this review to facilitate collaborative interactions between imaging communities, push the field forward and foster technological advancements, biophysical discoveries, as well as clinical detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan T Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research, Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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5
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Niu SY, Guo LZ, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang TD, Liu KC, Li YJ, Tsao Y, Liu TM. Boundary-Preserved Deep Denoising of Stochastic Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Images. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2022; 10:1800812. [PMID: 36304843 PMCID: PMC9592049 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2022.3206488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the rapid growth of high-speed deep-tissue imaging in biomedical research, there is an urgent need to develop a robust and effective denoising method to retain morphological features for further texture analysis and segmentation. Conventional denoising filters and models can easily suppress the perturbative noise in high-contrast images; however, for low photon budget multiphoton images, a high detector gain will not only boost the signals but also bring significant background noise. In such a stochastic resonance imaging regime, subthreshold signals may be detectable with the help of noise, meaning that a denoising filter capable of removing noise without sacrificing important cellular features, such as cell boundaries, is desirable. METHOD We propose a convolutional neural network-based denoising autoencoder method - a fully convolutional deep denoising autoencoder (DDAE) - to improve the quality of three-photon fluorescence (3PF) and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy images. RESULTS The average of 200 acquired images of a given location served as the low-noise answer for the DDAE training. Compared with other conventional denoising methods, our DDAE model shows a better signal-to-noise ratio (28.86 and 21.66 for 3PF and THG, respectively), structural similarity (0.89 and 0.70 for 3PF and THG, respectively), and preservation of the nuclear or cellular boundaries (F1-score of 0.662 and 0.736 for 3PF and THG, respectively). It shows that DDAE is a better trade-off approach between structural similarity and preserving signal regions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study validate the effectiveness of the DDAE system in boundary-preserved image denoising. CLINICAL IMPACT The proposed deep denoising system can enhance the quality of microscopic images and effectively support clinical evaluation and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Niu
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCA92093USA
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei10002Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Liu
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - You-Jin Li
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Yu Tsao
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Electrical EngineeringChung Yuan Christian UniversityTaoyuan32023Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
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Yildirim M, Delepine C, Feldman D, Pham VA, Chou S, Ip J, Nott A, Tsai LH, Ming GL, So PTC, Sur M. Label-free three-photon imaging of intact human cerebral organoids for tracking early events in brain development and deficits in Rett syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:78079. [PMID: 35904330 PMCID: PMC9337854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids are unique in their development of progenitor-rich zones akin to ventricular zones from which neuronal progenitors differentiate and migrate radially. Analyses of cerebral organoids thus far have been performed in sectioned tissue or in superficial layers due to their high scattering properties. Here, we demonstrate label-free three-photon imaging of whole, uncleared intact organoids (~2 mm depth) to assess early events of early human brain development. Optimizing a custom-made three-photon microscope to image intact cerebral organoids generated from Rett Syndrome patients, we show defects in the ventricular zone volumetric structure of mutant organoids compared to isogenic control organoids. Long-term imaging live organoids reveals that shorter migration distances and slower migration speeds of mutant radially migrating neurons are associated with more tortuous trajectories. Our label-free imaging system constitutes a particularly useful platform for tracking normal and abnormal development in individual organoids, as well as for screening therapeutic molecules via intact organoid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Chloe Delepine
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Danielle Feldman
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vincent A Pham
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stephanie Chou
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jacque Ip
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexi Nott
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter T C So
- Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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7
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Ho YH, Pan Y, Sun CK, Liao YH. Presence of intralesional melanocytes as a histopathological feature of actinic keratosis based on in vivo harmonic generation microscopy in Asians. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 37:20-27. [PMID: 33476066 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with actinic keratosis (AK) present with more than one lesion. Although histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition, performing an invasive skin biopsy for each AK is impractical. Thus, this study aimed to identify AK's morphological characteristics based on harmonic generation microscopy (HGM). Moreover, the correlation between features observed using HGM and histopathological grading of AK was examined. METHODS Lesions of seven patients were examined using HGM (n = 1, ex vivo and n = 6, in vivo), and histopathological examinations of the biopsy specimens were also performed. The features of each AK, based on HGM, were assessed and compared with corresponding standard histopathological findings. RESULTS Using the histopathological findings as a standard reference, HGM's accuracy in detecting features of AK lesions, such as hyperkeratosis, epidermal thinning, abnormal architecture, and atypical honeycomb pattern, was 100%. Approximately five (72%) patients had similar histopathological grades. Moreover, based on HGM, except for one patient with grade 1 AK, six (85.71%) patients had lesions with intraepidermal dendritic cell-like cells, representing melanocytes. CONCLUSION Harmonic generation microscopy can be used in vivo to provide critical diagnostic information with a resolution comparable to histopathological examination. In addition, intralesional melanocytes in AK, which may be correlated with disease severity, can be specifically enhanced using HGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Ho
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Pan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Wang W, Wu B, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Li X, Zheng S, Fan Z, Tan J. Second harmonic generation microscopy using pixel reassignment. J Microsc 2020; 281:97-105. [PMID: 32844429 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is expected to be a powerful tool for observing the cellular-level functionality and morphology information of thick tissue owe to its unique imaging properties. However, the maximum attainable resolution obtainable by SHG microscopy is limited by the use of long-wavelength, near-infrared excitation. In this paper, we report the use of pixel reassignment to improve the spatial resolution of SHG microscopy. The SHG signal is imaged onto a position-sensitive camera, instead of a point detector typically used in conventional SHG microscope. The data processing is performed through pixel reassignment and subsequent deblurring operation. We present the basic principle and a rigorous theoretical model for SHG microscopy using pixel reassignment (SHG-PR). And for the first time, the optimal reassignment factor for SHG-PR is derived based on the coherent characteristics and the dependence of wavelength in SHG microscopy. To evaluate the spatial resolution improvement, images of nano-beads separated by different distances and of a microtubule array have been simulated. We gain about a 1.5-fold spatial resolution enhancement compared to conventional SHG microscopy. When a further deblurring operation is implemented, this method allows for a total spatial resolution enhancement of about 1.87. Additionally, we demonstrate the validity of SHG-PR for raw data with noise. LAY DESCRIPTION: Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has emerged as a powerful imaging technique in clinical diagnostics and biological research. SHG microscopy is label-free and provides intrinsic optical sectioning for three-dimensional (3D) imaging. However, a near-infrared excitation wavelength results a restriction in the maximum attainable spatial resolution of SHG microscopy. In this paper, we present a simple resolution-enhanced SHG imaging method, SHG microscopy using pixel reassignment (SHG-PR). We demonstrate a rigorous theoretical model for SHG-PR and derive the optimal reassignment factor. The simulation result shows the clear improvement of the image resolution and contrast in the SHG-PR after deblurring operation. The FWHM value of single microtubule shows that SHG-PR enables a spatial resolution enhancement by a factor of 1.5, compared to conventional SHG microscopy. After a proper deblurring operation, this method allows for a total spatial resolution enhancement of about 1.87. The improvements of spatial resolution and contrast are still valid for raw data with noise. It is expected that this method can contribute towards new insights in unstained tissue morphology, interaction of cells, and diseases diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - B Wu
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - B Zhang
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - X Li
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - S Zheng
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Z Fan
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - J Tan
- Institute of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
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9
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Sun CK, Wu PJ, Chen ST, Su YH, Wei ML, Wang CY, Gao HC, Sung KB, Liao YH. Slide-free clinical imaging of melanin with absolute quantities using label-free third-harmonic-generation enhancement-ratio microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3009-3024. [PMID: 32637238 PMCID: PMC7316008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The capability to image the 3D distribution of melanin in human skin in vivo with absolute quantities and microscopic details will not only enable noninvasive histopathological diagnosis of melanin-related cutaneous disorders, but also make long term treatment assessment possible. In this paper, we demonstrate clinical in vivo imaging of the melanin distribution in human skin with absolute quantities on mass density and with microscopic details by using label-free third-harmonic-generation (THG) enhancement-ratio microscopy. As the dominant absorber in skin, melanin provides the strongest THG nonlinearity in human skin due to resonance enhancement. We show that the THG-enhancement-ratio (erTHG) parameter can be calibrated in vivo and can indicate the melanin mass density. With an unprecedented clinical imaging resolution, our study revealed erTHG-microscopy's unique capability for long-term treatment assessment and direct clinical observation of melanin's micro-distribution to shed light into the unknown pathway and regulation mechanism of melanosome transfer and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhe Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cheng Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Bing Sung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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10
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Chakraborty S, Chen ST, Hsiao YT, Chiu MJ, Sun CK. Additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy for simultaneous label-free differentiation of plaques, tangles, and neuronal axons. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:571-585. [PMID: 32206388 PMCID: PMC7041468 DOI: 10.1364/boe.378447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence imaging has been widely used by neuroscientists to simultaneously observe different neuropathological features of the brain. However, these optical modalities rely on exogenous labeling. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a label-free additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy to elucidate, concurrently with different hues, Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). By treating third harmonic generation (THG) and second harmonic generation (SHG) as two primary colors, our study can simultaneously label-free differentiate AD hallmarks by providing different additive colors between Aβ plaques, NFT, and neuronal axons, with weaker THG presentation from NFT in most places of the brain. Interestingly our pixel-based quantification and Pearson's correlation results further corroborated these findings. Our proposed label-free technique fulfills the unmet challenge in the clinical histopathology for stain-free slide-free differential visualization of neurodegenerative disease pathologies, with a sub-femtoliter resolution in a single image field-of-view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Liao YH, Su YH, Shih YT, Chen WS, Jee SH, Sun CK. In vivo third-harmonic generation microscopy study on vitiligo patients. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31777224 PMCID: PMC7008507 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is known to provide strong third-harmonic generation (THG) contrast in human skin. With a high concentration in basal cell cytoplasm, THG contrast provided by melanin overshadows other THG sources in human skin studies. For better understanding of the THG signals in keratinocytes without the influence of melanin, an in vivo THG microscopy (THGM) study was first conducted on vitiliginous skin. As a result, the THG-brightness ratio between the melanin-lacking cytoplasm of basal cells and collagen fibers is about 1.106 at the dermal-epidermal junctions of vitiliginous skin, indicating high sensitivity of THGM for the presence of melanin. We further applied the in vivo THGM to assist evaluating the therapeutic outcome from the histopathological point of view for those showed no improvement under narrowband ultraviolet B therapy based on the seven-point Physician Global Assessment score. Our clinical study indicates the high potential of THGM to assist the histopathological assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of vitiligo treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Liao
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Su
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ta Shih
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwa Jee
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cathay General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Wang W, Wu B, Lin S, Li X, Liu J, Tan J. Rigorous modelling of second harmonic generation imaging through stratified media focused by radially polarized beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19737-19748. [PMID: 31503729 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, the specimen is often observed through an immersion medium and a cover glass whose refractive indices are usually different from that of the specimen. However, the currently used theoretical models are based on the assumption that the specimen is situated in a homogeneous medium. The limitation of these models is that they ignore the effects of the refractive index mismatches and the imaging depth. In this paper, we have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a rigorous model of SHG imaging through stratified media focused by radially polarized beams. Based on the proposed model, the detected SHG intensity patterns excited in a refractive index perfectly matched, aberration-free medium and in mismatched stratified media are compared. The effects of the imaging depth and effective numerical aperture (NA) on the performance of SHG imaging with oil immersion objectives are investigated by the stratified media model. It is found that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the axial direction at imaging depth of 80 µm is ~3.1 times as large as that of 10 µm imaging depth. While for the transverse FWHM, the increment is only about 23%. The quality of the SHG intensity distribution can be increased by reducing the NA appropriately at the expense of the detected signal strength. The proposed model is helpful to provide guidelines for the adaptive aberration correction in SHG imaging and can be used to optimize the experimental configuration.
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13
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van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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14
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Chung HY, Greinert R, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Multimodal imaging platform for optical virtual skin biopsy enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast laser source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:514-525. [PMID: 30800496 PMCID: PMC6377886 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimodal label-free nonlinear optical microscopy in human skin enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast source. Energetic femtosecond pulses at 775 nm and 1250 nm are simultaneously generated by an Er-fiber laser source employing frequency doubling and self-phase modulation enabled spectral selection. The integrated nonlinear optical microscope driven by such a two-color femtosecond source enables the excitation of endogenous two-photon excitation fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation in human skin. Such a 3-channel imaging platform constitutes a powerful tool for clinical application and optical virtual skin biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chung
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guoqing Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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15
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Li Y, Liu TM. Discovering Macrophage Functions Using In Vivo Optical Imaging Techniques. Front Immunol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29599778 PMCID: PMC5863475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of host defense and inflammation and play a pivotal role in immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic regulation. Since macrophages are ubiquitous in human bodies and have versatile physiological functions, they are involved in virtually every disease, including cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Molecular biological and histological methods have provided critical information on macrophage biology. However, many in vivo dynamic behaviors of macrophages are poorly understood and yet to be discovered. A better understanding of macrophage functions and dynamics in pathogenesis will open new opportunities for better diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will review the advances in macrophage tracking and analysis with in vivo optical imaging in the context of different diseases. Moreover, this review will cover the challenges and solutions for optical imaging techniques during macrophage intravital imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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16
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Imai T, Shi J, Wong TTW, Li L, Zhu L, Wang LV. High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29546734 PMCID: PMC5852316 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.036007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM) is a promising intraoperative tool for surgical margin assessment (SMA), one that can provide label-free histology-like images with high resolution. In this study, using a microlens array and a one-dimensional (1-D) array ultrasonic transducer, we developed a high-throughput multifocal UV-PAM (MF-UV-PAM). Our new system achieved a 1.6 ± 0.2 μm lateral resolution and produced images 40 times faster than the previously developed point-by-point scanning UV-PAM. MF-UV-PAM provided a readily comprehensible photoacoustic image of a mouse brain slice with specific absorption contrast in ∼16 min, highlighting cell nuclei. Individual cell nuclei could be clearly resolved, showing its practical potential for intraoperative SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Imai
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Junhui Shi
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lei Li
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Liren Zhu
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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17
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Brink KS, Chen YC, Wu YN, Liu WM, Shieh DB, Huang TD, Sun CK, Reisz RR. Dietary adaptions in the ultrastructure of dinosaur dentine. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0626. [PMID: 27974573 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth are key to understanding the feeding ecology of both extant and extinct vertebrates. Recent studies have highlighted the previously unrecognized complexity of dinosaur dentitions and how specific tooth tissues and tooth shapes differ between taxa with different diets. However, it is unknown how the ultrastructure of these tooth tissues contributes to the differences in feeding style between taxa. In this study, we use third harmonic generation microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure of the dentine in herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs to understand how the structure of this tissue contributes to the overall utility of the tooth. Morphometric analyses of dentinal tubule diameter, density and branching rates reveal a strong signal for dietary preferences, with herbivorous saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs consistently having higher dentinal tubule density than their carnivorous relatives. We hypothesize that this relates to the hardness of the dentine, where herbivorous taxa have dentine that is more resistant to breakage and wear at the dentine-enamel junction than carnivorous taxa. This study advocates the detailed study of dentine and the use of advanced microscopy techniques to understand the evolution of dentition and feeding ecology in extinct vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin S Brink
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5 L 1C6
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Na Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Timothy D Huang
- Dinosaur Evolution Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics and Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Robert R Reisz
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5 L 1C6.,Dinosaur Evolution Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Huang JY, Guo LZ, Wang JZ, Li TC, Lee HJ, Chiu PK, Peng LH, Liu TM. Fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source for the minimally invasive harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36008. [PMID: 28271123 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) has become one unique tool of optical virtual biopsy for the diagnosis of cancer and the in vivo cytometry of leukocytes. Without labeling, HGM can reveal the submicron features of tissues and cells in vivo. For deep imaging depth and minimal invasiveness, people commonly adopt 1100- to 1300-nm femtosecond laser sources. However, those lasers are typically based on bulky oscillators whose performances are sensitive to environmental conditions. We demonstrate a fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source, with 6.5-nJ pulse energy, 86-fs pulse width, and 11.25-MHz pulse repetition rate. It was obtained by a bismuth borate or magnesium-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) mediated frequency doubling of the 2300-nm solitons, generated from an excitation of 1550-nm femtosecond pulses on a large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Combined with a home-built laser scanned microscope and a tailor-made frame grabber, we achieve a pulse-per-pixel HGM imaging in vivo at a 30-Hz frame rate. This integrated solution has the potential to be developed as a stable HGM system for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Huang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Zun Wang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Chung Li
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chiu
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Han Peng
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, TaiwandUniversity of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macao SAR, ChinaeNational Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Weng WH, Liao YH, Tsai MR, Wei ML, Huang HY, Sun CK. Differentiating intratumoral melanocytes from Langerhans cells in nonmelanocytic pigmented skin tumors in vivo by label-free third-harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:76009. [PMID: 27424606 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.076009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphology and distribution of melanocytes are critical imaging information for the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. However, how to image intratumoral melanocytes noninvasively in pigmented skin tumors is seldom investigated. Third-harmonic generation (THG) is shown to be enhanced by melanin, whereas high accuracy has been demonstrated using THG microscopy for in vivo differential diagnosis of nonmelanocytic pigmented skin tumors. It is thus desirable to investigate if label-free THG microscopy was capable to in vivo identify intratumoral melanocytes. In this study, histopathological correlations of label-free THG images with the immunohistochemical images stained with human melanoma black (HMB)-45 and cluster of differentiation 1a (CD1a) were made. The correlation results indicated that the intratumoral THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals were endogenously derived from melanocytes rather than Langerhans cells (LCs). The consistency between THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals and HMB-45 melanocyte staining showed a kappa coefficient of 0.807, 84.6% sensitivity, and 95% specificity. In contrast, a kappa coefficient of −0.37, 21.7% sensitivity, and 30% specificity were noted between the THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals and CD1a staining for LCs. Our study indicates the capability of noninvasive label-free THG microscopy to differentiate intratumoral melanocytes from LCs, which is not feasible in previous in vivo label-free clinical-imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Weng
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, TaiwanbHarvard Medical School, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, TaiwancNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, No. 7, Zhongsha
| | - Ming-Rung Tsai
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, No. 7, Zhongshan S Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, TaiwaneNational Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, No. 1, S
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20
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Pal R, Shilagard T, Yang J, Villarreal P, Brown T, Qiu S, McCammon S, Resto V, Vargas G. Remodeling of the Epithelial-Connective Tissue Interface in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia as Visualized by Noninvasive 3D Imaging. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4637-47. [PMID: 27302162 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early neoplastic features in oral epithelial dysplasia are first evident at the basal epithelium positioned at the epithelial-connective tissue interface (ECTI), separating the basal epithelium from the underlying lamina propria. The ECTI undergoes significant deformation in early neoplasia due to focal epithelial expansion and proteolytic remodeling of the lamina propria, but few studies have examined these changes. In the present study, we quantitated alterations in ECTI topography in dysplasia using in vivo volumetric multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy. The label-free method allows direct noninvasive visualization of the ECTI surface without perturbing the epithelium. An image-based parameter, "ECTI contour," is described that indicates deformation of the ECTI surface. ECTI contour was higher in dysplasia than control or inflamed specimens, indicating transition from flat to a deformed surface. Cellular parameters of nuclear area, nuclear density, coefficient of variation in nuclear area in the basal epithelium and collagen density in areas adjacent to ECTI were measured. ECTI contour differentiated dysplasia from control/benign mucosa with higher sensitivity and specificity than basal nuclear density or basal nuclear area, comparable with coefficient of variation in nuclear area and collagen density. The presented method offers a unique opportunity to study ECTI in intact mucosa with simultaneous assessment of cellular and extracellular matrix features, expanding opportunities for studies of early neoplastic events near this critical interface and potentially leading to development of new approaches for detecting neoplasia in vivo Cancer Res; 76(16); 4637-47. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
| | - Tuya Shilagard
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jinping Yang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Paula Villarreal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tyra Brown
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Center for Cancers of the Head and Neck, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Susan McCammon
- Center for Cancers of the Head and Neck, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Vicente Resto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Center for Cancers of the Head and Neck, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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21
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Chen YC, Hsu HC, Lee CM, Sun CK. Third-harmonic generation susceptibility spectroscopy in free fatty acids. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:095013. [PMID: 26405821 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.095013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-correlated disease such as atherosclerosis has been an important medical research topic for decades. Many new microscopic imaging techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy were verified to have the capability to target lipids in vivo. In the case of THG microscopy, biological cell membranes and lipid bodies in cells and tissues have been shown as good sources of contrast with a laser excitation wavelength around 1200 nm. We report the THG excitation spectroscopy study of two pure free fatty acids including oleic acid and linoleic acid from 1090 to 1330 nm. Different pure fatty acids presented slightly-different THG χ(3) spectra. The measured peak values of THG third-order susceptibility χ(3) in both fatty acids were surprisingly found not to match completely with the resonant absorption wavelengths around 1190 to 1210 nm, suggesting possible wavelengths selection for enhanced THG imaging of lipids while avoiding laser light absorption. Along with the recent advancement in THG imaging, this new window between 1240 to 1290 nm may offer tremendous new opportunities for sensitive label-free lipid imaging in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Chia Hsu
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei 10617, TaiwanbWashington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chien-Ming Lee
- National Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei 10617, TaiwancNational Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei 10617, TaiwandInstitute of Physics and Research Cen
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22
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Chen YC, Lee SY, Wu Y, Brink K, Shieh DB, Huang TD, Reisz RR, Sun CK. Third-harmonic generation microscopy reveals dental anatomy in ancient fossils. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1354-7. [PMID: 25831331 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fossil teeth are primary tools in the study of vertebrate evolution, but standard imaging modalities have not been capable of providing high-quality images in dentin, the main component of teeth, owing to small refractive index differences in the fossilized dentin. Our first attempt to use third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy in fossil teeth has yielded significant submicrometer level anatomy, with an unexpectedly strong signal contrasting fossilized tubules from the surrounding dentin. Comparison between fossilized and extant teeth of crocodilians reveals a consistent evolutionary signature through time, indicating the great significance of THG microscopy in the evolutionary studies of dental anatomy in fossil teeth.
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23
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Abbaci M, Breuskin I, Casiraghi O, De Leeuw F, Ferchiou M, Temam S, Laplace-Builhé C. Confocal laser endomicroscopy for non-invasive head and neck cancer imaging: A comprehensive review. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:711-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dietzel S, Pircher J, Nekolla AK, Gull M, Brändli AW, Pohl U, Rehberg M. Label-free determination of hemodynamic parameters in the microcirculaton with third harmonic generation microscopy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99615. [PMID: 24933027 PMCID: PMC4059650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of blood flow velocity and related hemodynamic parameters is an important aspect of physiological studies which in many settings requires fluorescent labeling. Here we show that Third Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy is a suitable tool for label-free intravital investigations of the microcirculation in widely-used physiological model systems. THG microscopy is a non-fluorescent multi-photon scanning technique combining the advantages of label-free imaging with restriction of signal generation to a focal spot. Blood flow was visualized and its velocity was measured in adult mouse cremaster muscle vessels, non-invasively in mouse ear vessels and in Xenopus tadpoles. In arterioles, THG line scanning allowed determination of the flow pulse velocity curve and hence the heart rate. By relocating the scan line we obtained velocity profiles through vessel diameters, allowing shear rate calculations. The cell free layer containing the glycocalyx was also visualized. Comparison of the current microscopic resolution with theoretical, diffraction limited resolution let us conclude that an about sixty-fold THG signal intensity increase may be possible with future improved optics, optimized for 1200-1300 nm excitation. THG microscopy is compatible with simultaneous two-photon excited fluorescence detection. It thus also provides the opportunity to determine important hemodynamic parameters in parallel to common fluorescent observations without additional label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dietzel
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - A. Katharina Nekolla
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Mazhar Gull
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - André W. Brändli
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pohl
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- SyNergy, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, München, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e.V., München, Germany
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Su JW, Hsu WC, Tjiu JW, Chiang CP, Huang CW, Sung KB. Investigation of influences of the paraformaldehyde fixation and paraffin embedding removal process on refractive indices and scattering properties of epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:75007. [PMID: 25069007 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.7.075007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The scattering properties and refractive indices (RI) of tissue are important parameters in tissue optics. These parameters can be determined from quantitative phase images of thin slices of tissue blocks. However, the changes in RI and structure of cells due to fixation and paraffin embedding might result in inaccuracies in the estimation of the scattering properties of tissue. In this study, three-dimensional RI distributions of cells were measured using digital holographic microtomography to obtain total scattering cross sections (TSCS) of the cells based on the first-order Born approximation. We investigated the slight loss of dry mass and drastic shrinkage of cells due to paraformaldehyde fixation and paraffin embedding removal processes. We propose a method to compensate for the correlated changes in volume and RI of cells. The results demonstrate that the TSCS of live cells can be estimated using restored cells. The percentage deviation of the TSCS between restored cells and live cells was only −8%. Spatially resolved RI and scattering coefficients of unprocessed oral epithelium ranged from 1.35 to 1.39 and from 100 to 450 cm−1, respectively, estimated from paraffinembedded oral epithelial tissue after restoration of RI and volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Su
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hsu
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Tjiu
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Dentistry, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Huang
- National Taiwan University, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Bin Sung
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Taipei 10617, TaiwaneNational Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei 10617, TaiwanfNational Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei 10
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26
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Chung HY, Kuo WC, Cheng YH, Yu CH, Chia SH, Lin CY, Chen JS, Tsai HJ, Fedotov AB, Ivanov AA, Zheltikov AM, Sun CK. Blu-ray disk lens as the objective of a miniaturized two-photon fluorescence microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31604-31614. [PMID: 24514733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the performance of a Blu-ray disk (BD) aspheric lens as the objective of a miniaturized scanning nonlinear optical microscope. By combining a single 2D micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) mirror as the scanner and with different tube lens pairs, the field of view (FOV) of the studied microscope varies from 59 μm × 93 μm up to 178 μm × 280 μm, while the corresponding lateral resolution varies from 0.6 μm to 2 μm for two-photon fluorescence (2PF) signals. With a 34/s video frame rate, in vivo dynamic observation of zebrafish heartbeat through 2PF of the excited green fluorescence protein (GFP) is demonstrated.
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27
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Kuo WC, Shih YT, Hsu HC, Cheng YH, Liao YH, Sun CK. Virtual spatial overlap modulation microscopy for resolution improvement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:30007-18. [PMID: 24514551 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High spatial and temporal resolutions are important advantages of optical imaging over other modalities. The recently developed spatial overlap modulation (SPOM) microscopy enables high resolution imaging by spatial modulation of double-beam overlap. However, SPOM suffers from bad temporal resolution and high system complexity. In this paper, we re-formulate the SPOM resolution theory and develop Virtual SPOM (vSPOM) microscopy. By one-way oversampling and convolution with differential filters, vSPOM not only realizes the same factor of spatial resolution improvement as SPOM, but overcome SPOM's major drawbacks. We demonstrated vSPOM on in vivo clinical images and find that the Gabor filter, which represents two-beam vSPOM, is the most effective among all vSPOM filters. The development of vSPOM enables easy incorporation of SPOM into any imaging system, and extends the use of SPOM to real-time in vivo applications.
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28
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Lee GG, Lin HH, Tsai MR, Chou SY, Lee WJ, Liao YH, Sun CK, Chen CF. Automatic cell segmentation and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio analysis for third harmonic generated microscopy medical images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:158-68. [PMID: 23853298 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2253463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional biopsy procedures require invasive tissue removal from a living subject, followed by time-consuming and complicated processes, so noninvasive in vivo virtual biopsy, which possesses the ability to obtain exhaustive tissue images without removing tissues, is highly desired. Some sets of in vivo virtual biopsy images provided by healthy volunteers were processed by the proposed cell segmentation approach, which is based on the watershed-based approach and the concept of convergence index filter for automatic cell segmentation. Experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm not only reveals high accuracy for cell segmentation but also has dramatic potential for noninvasive analysis of cell nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (NC ratio), which is important in identifying or detecting early symptoms of diseases with abnormal NC ratios, such as skin cancers during clinical diagnosis via medical imaging analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo Giun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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29
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Liao YH, Chen SY, Chou SY, Wang PH, Tsai MR, Sun CK. Determination of chronological aging parameters in epidermal keratinocytes by in vivo harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:77-88. [PMID: 23304649 PMCID: PMC3539190 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin aging is an important issue in geriatric and cosmetic dermatology. To quantitatively analyze changes in keratinocytes related to intrinsic aging, we exploited a 1230 nm-based in vivo harmonic generation microscopy, combining second- and third-harmonic generation modalities. 52 individuals (21 men and 31 women, age range 19-79) were examined on the sun-protected volar forearm. Through quantitative analysis by the standard algorithm provided, we found that the cellular and nuclear size of basal keratinocytes, but not that of granular cells, was significantly increased with advancing age. The cellular and nuclear areas, which have an increase of 0.51 μm(2) and 0.15 μm(2) per year, respectively, can serve as scoring indices for intrinsic skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, No.300, Jhongda Road, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yo Chou
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Rung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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30
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Tsai CK, Wang TD, Lin JW, Hsu RB, Guo LZ, Chen ST, Liu TM. Virtual optical biopsy of human adipocytes with third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:178-86. [PMID: 23304657 PMCID: PMC3539194 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using the sectioning capability of third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, we assessed the morphologic features of human adipocytes directly without fixation and labeling. At the plane of the largest cross-sectional area, both area-equivalent circular diameters (AECD) and perimeters of adipocytes were measured, and their statistical distributions were examined. We found, in patients with no cardiovascular risk factors, the average AECD of epicardial adipocytes were 70-90 μm with 11-17 μm standard deviations. In contrast, for patients with coronary artery disease, amounts of small-sized (AECD <40 µm) epicardial adipocytes were observed and the corresponding standard deviations of AECD were increased to 20-29 μm. Our results indicate that the THG tomography platform can be used to explore the histopathological features of adipocytes in clinical scenarios based on its superior resolution for virtual optical biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County 64041, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Wei Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ron-Bin Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - San-Tai Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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31
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Chen CK, Liu TM. Imaging morphodynamics of human blood cells in vivo with video-rate third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2860-5. [PMID: 23162724 PMCID: PMC3493243 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With a video-rate third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy system, we imaged the micro-circulation beneath the human skin without labeling. Not only the speed of circulation but also the morpho-hydrodynamics of blood cells can be analyzed. Lacking of nuclei, red blood cells (RBCs) shows typical parachute-like and hollow-core morphology under THG microscopy. Quite different from RBCs, every now and then, round and granule rich blood cells with strong THG contrast appear in circulation. The corresponding volume densities in blood, evaluated from their frequencies of appearance and the velocity of circulation, fall within the physiological range of human white blood cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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32
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Tsai CK, Chen YS, Wu PC, Hsieh TY, Liu HW, Yeh CY, Lin WL, Chia JS, Liu TM. Imaging granularity of leukocytes with third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2234-43. [PMID: 23024916 PMCID: PMC3447564 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, we demonstrate that granularity differences of leukocytes can be revealed without a label. Excited by a 1230 nm femtosecond laser, THG signals were generated at a significantly higher level in neutrophils than other mononuclear cells, whereas signals in agranular lymphocytes were one order of magnitude smaller. Interestingly, the characteristic THG features can also be observed in vivo to track the newly recruited leukocytes following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. These results suggest that label-free THG imaging may provide timely tracking of leukocyte movement without disturbing the normal cellular or physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shing Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wen Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Yueh Yeh
- Graduate Institute of immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Win-Li Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Graduate Institute of immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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33
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Yao DK, Chen R, Maslov K, Zhou Q, Wang LV. Optimal ultraviolet wavelength for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cell nuclei. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:056004. [PMID: 22612127 PMCID: PMC3602808 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.5.056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to image noninvasively cell nuclei in vivo without staining, we have developed ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM), in which ultraviolet light excites nucleic acids in cell nuclei to produce photoacoustic waves. Equipped with a tunable laser system, the UV-PAM was applied to in vivo imaging of cell nuclei in small animals. We found that 250 nm was the optimal wavelength for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cell nuclei. The optimal wavelength enables UV-PAM to image cell nuclei using as little as 2 nJ laser pulse energy. Besides the optimal wavelength, application of a wavelength between 245 and 275 nm can produce in vivo images of cell nuclei with specific, positive, and high optical contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Kang Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Tsai MR, Shieh DB, Lou PJ, Lin CF, Sun CK. Characterization of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on higher-harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:415-424. [PMID: 22461232 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vivo higher-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) performed on healthy human oral mucosa not only provides images with a <500 nm lateral resolution at a 280 μm penetration depth, but also leaves no photodamages in the tissues. These advantages suggest that HGM could serve as an ideal virtual biopsy tool for in vivo, in situ, and immediate histopathological diagnosis of oral cancer. However, translation of such mechanism for clinical cancer diagnosis requires evidence based algorithm capable to differentiate cancerous tissues from normal. It is thus critical to investigate if the endogenous contrast provided by the HGM would be high enough to differentiate cancerous versus normal tissues in human oral mucosa. In this report, ex vivo HGM study was performed on the cancerous mucosa from 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Compared with histology, HGM revealed histopathological features including the cytological abnormalities, loss of differentiation, interruption of basement membrane, and irregular epithelial stratification in all 10 specimens. In addition, distinct patterns of collagen fibers and increased distribution area of actin filaments in tumor cells were noted. These results indicate HGM holds great potential for the optical biopsy screening of oral cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rung Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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