1
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Kang B, Chen S, Wang G, Huang Y, Wu H, He J, Li X, Xi G, Wu G, Zhuo S. Ovarian cancer identification technology based on deep learning and second harmonic generation imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024:e202400200. [PMID: 38955356 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is among the most common gynecological cancers and the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Surgery is among the most important options for cancer treatment. During surgery, a biopsy is generally required to screen for lesions; however, traditional case examinations are time consuming and laborious and require extensive experience and knowledge from pathologists. Therefore, this study proposes a simple, fast, and label-free ovarian cancer diagnosis method that combines second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging and deep learning. Unstained fresh human ovarian tissues were subjected to SHG imaging and accurately characterized using the Pyramid Vision Transformer V2 (PVTv2) model. The results showed that the SHG imaged collagen fibers could quantify ovarian cancer. In addition, the PVTv2 model could accurately differentiate the 3240 SHG images obtained from our imaging collection into benign, normal, and malignant images, with a final accuracy of 98.4%. These results demonstrate the great potential of SHG imaging techniques combined with deep learning models for diagnosing the diseased ovarian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzi Kang
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Computer Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Yuhang Huang
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiajia He
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gangqin Xi
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guizhu Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Verrier N, Debailleul M, Haeberlé O. Recent Advances and Current Trends in Transmission Tomographic Diffraction Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1594. [PMID: 38475130 DOI: 10.3390/s24051594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Optical microscopy techniques are among the most used methods in biomedical sample characterization. In their more advanced realization, optical microscopes demonstrate resolution down to the nanometric scale. These methods rely on the use of fluorescent sample labeling in order to break the diffraction limit. However, fluorescent molecules' phototoxicity or photobleaching is not always compatible with the investigated samples. To overcome this limitation, quantitative phase imaging techniques have been proposed. Among these, holographic imaging has demonstrated its ability to image living microscopic samples without staining. However, for a 3D assessment of samples, tomographic acquisitions are needed. Tomographic Diffraction Microscopy (TDM) combines holographic acquisitions with tomographic reconstructions. Relying on a 3D synthetic aperture process, TDM allows for 3D quantitative measurements of the complex refractive index of the investigated sample. Since its initial proposition by Emil Wolf in 1969, the concept of TDM has found a lot of applications and has become one of the hot topics in biomedical imaging. This review focuses on recent achievements in TDM development. Current trends and perspectives of the technique are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Verrier
- Institut Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS UR UHA 7499), Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT Mulhouse, 61 rue Albert Camus, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Matthieu Debailleul
- Institut Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS UR UHA 7499), Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT Mulhouse, 61 rue Albert Camus, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Olivier Haeberlé
- Institut Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS UR UHA 7499), Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT Mulhouse, 61 rue Albert Camus, 68093 Mulhouse, France
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3
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Murray G, Field J, Xiu M, Farah Y, Wang L, Pinaud O, Bartels R. Aberration free synthetic aperture second harmonic generation holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32434-32457. [PMID: 37859047 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a valuable tool for optical microscopy. SHG microscopy is normally performed as a point scanning imaging method, which lacks phase information and is limited in spatial resolution by the spatial frequency support of the illumination optics. In addition, aberrations in the illumination are difficult to remove. We propose and demonstrate SHG holographic synthetic aperture holographic imaging in both the forward (transmission) and backward (epi) imaging geometries. By taking a set of holograms with varying incident angle plane wave illumination, the spatial frequency support is increased and the input and output pupil phase aberrations are estimated and corrected - producing diffraction limited SHG imaging that combines the spatial frequency support of the input and output optics. The phase correction algorithm is computationally efficient and robust and can be applied to any set of measured field imaging data.
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Eremchev M, Roesel D, Dansette PM, Michailovas A, Roke S. High throughput wide field second harmonic imaging of giant unilamellar vesicles. Biointerphases 2023; 18:031202. [PMID: 37289033 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are an ideal tool for understanding lipid membrane structure and properties. Label-free spatiotemporal images of their membrane potential and structure would greatly aid the quantitative understanding of membrane properties. In principle, second harmonic imaging is a great tool to do so, but the low degree of spatial anisotropy that arises from a single membrane limits its application. Here, we advance the use of wide-field high throughput SH imaging by SH imaging with the use of ultrashort laser pulses. We achieve a throughput improvement of 78% of the maximum theoretical value and demonstrate subsecond image acquisition times. We show how the interfacial water intensity can be converted into a quantitative membrane potential map. Finally, for GUV imaging, we compare this type of nonresonant SH imaging to resonant SH imaging and two photon imaging using fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eremchev
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineerinsg (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Roesel
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineerinsg (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P-M Dansette
- Ekspla Ltd., Savanoriu Ave. 237, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Michailovas
- Ekspla Ltd., Savanoriu Ave. 237, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S Roke
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineerinsg (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Uribe Castaño L, Mirsanaye K, Kontenis L, Krouglov S, Žurauskas E, Navab R, Yasufuku K, Tsao MS, Akens MK, Wilson BC, Barzda V. Wide-field Stokes polarimetric microscopy for second harmonic generation imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200284. [PMID: 36651498 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We employ wide-field second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy together with nonlinear Stokes polarimetry for quick ultrastructural investigation of large sample areas (700 μm × 700 μm) in thin histology sections. The Stokes vector components for SHG are obtained from the polarimetric measurements with incident and outgoing linear and circular polarization states. The Stokes components are used to construct the images of polarimetric parameters and deduce the maps of ultrastructural parameters of achiral and chiral nonlinear susceptibility tensor components ratios and cylindrical axis orientation in fibrillar materials. The large area imaging was employed for lung tumor margin investigations. The imaging shows reduced SHG intensity, increased achiral susceptibility ratio values, and preferential orientation of collagen strands along the boarder of tumor margin. The wide-field Stokes polarimetric SHG microscopy opens a possibility of quick large area imaging of ultrastructural parameters of tissue collagen, which can be used for nonlinear histopathology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Uribe Castaño
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamdin Mirsanaye
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Light Conversion, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edvardas Žurauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Roya Navab
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarete K Akens
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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Li X, Yu W, Hu R, Qu J, Liu L. Fast polarization-sensitive second-harmonic generation microscopy based on off-axis interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:3143-3152. [PMID: 36785312 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose polarization-sensitive second-harmonic generation microscopy based on off-axis interferometry (OI-PSHG) by recording the complex field of a wide-field second-harmonic generation (SHG) image and performing polarization measurements. With the ability to record the SHG signals associated with different positions simultaneously, the proposed method exhibits a higher imaging frame rate than raster scanning-based SHG microscopy. The molecular orientation (in terms of their symmetric axis) of tendon collagen fibrils and myosin in muscle is resolved in three dimensions from a subset of polarization-resolved SHG holograms. With the present configuration, it takes approximately 0.01 s to acquire an image with 128 × 128 pixels, which is mainly limited by the excitation power density for wide-field illumination. For the same data throughput using pixel-by-pixel scanning, 0.16-s-long acquisition is required, with the pixel dwell time of 10 µs. Offering the ability to perform wide-field imaging and polarization measurements, the present work lays the foundation for fast SHG microscopy using complex deconvolution and harmonic tomography.
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7
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de Coene Y, Jooken S, Deschaume O, Van Steenbergen V, Vanden Berghe P, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Callewaert G, Van Cleuvenbergen S, Verbiest T, Bartic C, Clays K. Label-Free Imaging of Membrane Potentials by Intramembrane Field Modulation, Assessed by Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200205. [PMID: 35355419 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical interrogation of cellular electrical activity has proven itself essential for understanding cellular function and communication in complex networks. Voltage-sensitive dyes are important tools for assessing excitability but these highly lipophilic sensors may affect cellular function. Label-free techniques offer a major advantage as they eliminate the need for these external probes. In this work, it is shown that endogenous second-harmonic generation (SHG) from live cells is highly sensitive to changes in transmembrane potential (TMP). Simultaneous electrophysiological control of a living human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell, through a whole-cell voltage-clamp reveals a linear relation between the SHG intensity and membrane voltage. The results suggest that due to the high ionic strengths and fast optical response of biofluids, membrane hydration is not the main contributor to the observed field sensitivity. A conceptual framework is further provided that indicates that the SHG voltage sensitivity reflects the electric field within the biological asymmetric lipid bilayer owing to a nonzero χeff(2) tensor. Changing the TMP without surface modifications such as electrolyte screening offers high optical sensitivity to membrane voltage (≈40% per 100 mV), indicating the power of SHG for label-free read-out. These results hold promise for the design of a non-invasive label-free read-out tool for electrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovan de Coene
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Stijn Jooken
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Steenbergen
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TAGRID, Department of Chronic Diseases Metabolism and Ageing, Ku Leuven, ON I Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TAGRID, Department of Chronic Diseases Metabolism and Ageing, Ku Leuven, ON I Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Ku Leuven, RK-Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Ku Leuven, RK-Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Callewaert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ku Leuven, KULAK Kortrijk Campus, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Cleuvenbergen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Kabir MM, Rajput HS, Kelkar VA, Salazar Coariti AC, Toussaint KC. Demonstration of flat-top beam illumination in widefield multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-8. [PMID: 31729201 PMCID: PMC7008505 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy provides a suitable technique for imaging biological tissues with submicrometer resolution. Usually a Gaussian beam (GB) is used for illumination, leading to a reduced power efficiency in the multiphoton response and vignetting for a square-shaped imaging area. A flat-top beam (FTB) provides a uniform spatial intensity distribution that equalizes the probability of a multiphoton effect across the imaging area. We employ a customized widefield multiphoton microscope to compare the performance of a square-shaped FTB illumination with that based on using a GB, for both two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. The variation in signal-to-noise ratio across TPF images of fluorescent dyes spans ∼5.6 dB for the GB and ∼1.2 dB for the FTB illumination, respectively. For the GB modality, TPF images of mouse colon and Convallaria root, and SHG images of chicken tendon and human breast biopsy tissue showcase ∼20 % area that are not imaged due to either insufficient or lack of illumination. For quantitative analysis that depends on the illuminated area, this effect can potentially lead to inaccuracies. This work emphasizes the applicability of FTB illumination to multiphoton applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Kabir
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Laboratory for Photonics Research of Bio/Nano Environments (PROBE Lab), Urbana, Illinois and Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Hemangg S. Rajput
- Laboratory for Photonics Research of Bio/Nano Environments (PROBE Lab), Urbana, Illinois and Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Varun A. Kelkar
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Laboratory for Photonics Research of Bio/Nano Environments (PROBE Lab), Urbana, Illinois and Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Adriana C. Salazar Coariti
- Laboratory for Photonics Research of Bio/Nano Environments (PROBE Lab), Urbana, Illinois and Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Kimani C. Toussaint
- Laboratory for Photonics Research of Bio/Nano Environments (PROBE Lab), Urbana, Illinois and Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Brown University, School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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Gao Y, Goodman AJ, Shen PC, Kong J, Tisdale WA. Phase-Modulated Degenerate Parametric Amplification Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5001-5006. [PMID: 29932677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Second-order nonlinear optical interactions, including second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG), can reveal a wealth of information about chemical, electronic, and vibrational dynamics at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate a powerful and flexible new approach, called phase-modulated degenerate parametric amplification (DPA). The technique, which allows for facile retrieval of both the amplitude and phase of the second-order nonlinear optical response, has many advantages over conventional or heterodyne-detected SHG, including the flexibility to detect the signal at either the second harmonic or fundamental field wavelength. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach by imaging multigrain flakes of single-layer MoS2. We identify the absolute crystal orientation of each MoS2 domain and resolve grain boundaries with high signal contrast and sub-diffraction-limited spatial resolution. This robust all-optical method can be used to characterize structure and dynamics in organic and inorganic systems, including biological tissue, soft materials, and metal and semiconductor nanostructures, and is particularly well-suited for imaging in media that are absorptive or highly scattering to visible and ultraviolet light.
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10
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Mostaço-Guidolin L, Rosin NL, Hackett TL. Imaging Collagen in Scar Tissue: Developments in Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1772. [PMID: 28809791 PMCID: PMC5578161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to injury with tissue repair is a fundamental property of all multicellular organisms. The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of fibrillar collagens as well as a number of other components is dis-regulated during repair in many organs. In many tissues, scaring results when the balance is lost between ECM synthesis and degradation. Investigating what disrupts this balance and what effect this can have on tissue function remains an active area of research. Recent advances in the imaging of fibrillar collagen using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging have proven useful in enhancing our understanding of the supramolecular changes that occur during scar formation and disease progression. Here, we review the physical properties of SHG, and the current nonlinear optical microscopy imaging (NLOM) systems that are used for SHG imaging. We provide an extensive review of studies that have used SHG in skin, lung, cardiovascular, tendon and ligaments, and eye tissue to understand alterations in fibrillar collagens in scar tissue. Lastly, we review the current methods of image analysis that are used to extract important information about the role of fibrillar collagens in scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mostaço-Guidolin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Nicole L Rosin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Mendoza-Yero O, Carbonell-Leal M, Lancis J, Garcia-Sucerquia J. Second-harmonic illumination to enhance multispectral digital lensless holographic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1062-1065. [PMID: 26974116 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral digital lensless holographic microscopy (MDLHM) operating with second-harmonic illumination is shown. Added to the improvement of the spatial resolution of the previously reported MDLHM operating with near-infrared illumination, this second-harmonic MDLHM shows promise as a tool to study the behavior of biological samples under a broad spectral illumination. This illumination is generated by focusing a highly spatially coherent ultrashort pulsed radiation into an uncoated Type 1 β-BaB2O4 (BBO) nonlinear crystal. The second-harmonic MDLHM allows achieving multispectral images of biological samples with enhanced micrometer spatial resolution. The illumination wavelength of the second-harmonic MDLHM can be tuned by displacing a focusing optics with respect to a pinhole; spatially resolved information at different wavelengths of the sample can then be retrieved.
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12
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Bancelin S, Couture CA, Légaré K, Pinsard M, Rivard M, Brown C, Légaré F. Fast interferometric second harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:399-408. [PMID: 26977349 PMCID: PMC4771458 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the implementation of fast Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation (I-SHG) microscopy to study the polarity of non-centrosymmetric structures in biological tissues. Using a sample quartz plate, we calibrate the spatially varying phase shift introduced by the laser scanning system. Compensating this phase shift allows us to retrieve the correct phase distribution in periodically poled lithium niobate, used as a model sample. Finally, we used fast interferometric second harmonic generation microscopy to acquire phase images in tendon. Our results show that the method exposed here, using a laser scanning system, allows to recover the polarity of collagen fibrils, similarly to standard I-SHG (using a sample scanning system), but with an imaging time about 40 times shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bancelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Charles-André Couture
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Katherine Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Cameron Brown
- University of Oxford, Botnar Research Center, NDORMS, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT); 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (QC), J3X 1S2, Canada
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13
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Macias-Romero C, Didier MEP, Jourdain P, Marquet P, Magistretti P, Tarun OB, Zubkovs V, Radenovic A, Roke S. High throughput second harmonic imaging for label-free biological applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:31102-31112. [PMID: 25607059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) is inherently sensitive to the absence of spatial centrosymmetry, which can render it intrinsically sensitive to interfacial processes, chemical changes and electrochemical responses. Here, we seek to improve the imaging throughput of SHG microscopy by using a wide-field imaging scheme in combination with a medium-range repetition rate amplified near infrared femtosecond laser source and gated detection. The imaging throughput of this configuration is tested by measuring the optical image contrast for different image acquisition times of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles in two different wide-field setups and one commercial point-scanning configuration. We find that the second harmonic imaging throughput is improved by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to point-scan imaging. Capitalizing on this result, we perform low fluence imaging of (parts of) living mammalian neurons in culture.
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14
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Jung J, Kim K, Yu H, Lee K, Lee S, Nahm S, Park H, Park Y. Biomedical applications of holographic microspectroscopy [invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:G111-22. [PMID: 25322118 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.00g111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of specific molecules are crucial for studying the pathophysiology of cells, tissues, and organs as well as diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Recent advances in holographic microspectroscopy, based on quantitative phase imaging or optical coherence tomography techniques, show promise for label-free noninvasive optical detection and quantification of specific molecules in living cells and tissues (e.g., hemoglobin protein). To provide important insight into the potential employment of holographic spectroscopy techniques in biological research and for related practical applications, we review the principles of holographic microspectroscopy techniques and highlight recent studies.
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15
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Rivard M, Popov K, Couture CA, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Martin F, Pépin H, Pfeffer CP, Brown C, Ramunno L, Légaré F. Imaging the noncentrosymmetric structural organization of tendon with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:638-46. [PMID: 23894135 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the imaging of tendon with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. We observe that the noncentrosymmetric structural organization can be maintained along the fibrillar axis over more than 150 μm, while in the transverse direction it is ∼1-15 μm. Those results are explained by modeling tendon as a heterogeneous distribution of noncentrosymmetric nano-cylinders (collagen fibrils) oriented along the fibrillar axis. The preservation of the noncentrosymmetric structural organization over multiple tens of microns reveals that tendon is made of domains in which the ratio between fibrils with positive and negative polarity is unbalanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X1S2, Canada
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16
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Macias-Romero C, Didier MEP, Zubkovs V, Delannoy L, Dutto F, Radenovic A, Roke S. Probing rotational and translational diffusion of nanodoublers in living cells on microsecond time scales. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2552-2557. [PMID: 24735468 DOI: 10.1021/nl500356u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopes have seen an increase in popularity in the life sciences due to their molecular and structural specificity, high resolution, large penetration depth, and volumetric imaging capability. Nonetheless, the inherently weak optical signals demand long exposure times for live cell imaging. Here, by modifying the optical layout and illumination parameters, we can follow the rotation and translation of noncentrosymetric crystalline particles, or nanodoublers, with 50 μs acquisition times in living cells. The rotational diffusion can be derived from variations in the second harmonic intensity that originates from the rotation of the nanodoubler crystal axis. We envisage that by capitalizing on the biocompatibility, functionalizability, stability, and nondestructive optical response of the nanodoublers, novel insights on cellular dynamics are within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Macias-Romero
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics and ‡Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Submillisecond second harmonic holographic imaging of biological specimens in three dimensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18391-6. [PMID: 24173034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306856110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical microscopy has played a critical role for discovery in biomedical sciences since Hooke's introduction of the compound microscope. Recent years have witnessed explosive growth in optical microscopy tools and techniques. Information in microscopy is garnered through contrast mechanisms, usually absorption, scattering, or phase shifts introduced by spatial structure in the sample. The emergence of nonlinear optical contrast mechanisms reveals new information from biological specimens. However, the intensity dependence of nonlinear interactions leads to weak signals, preventing the observation of high-speed dynamics in the 3D context of biological samples. Here, we show that for second harmonic generation imaging, we can increase the 3D volume imaging speed from sub-Hertz speeds to rates in excess of 1,500 volumes imaged per second. This transformational capability is possible by exploiting coherent scattering of second harmonic light from an entire specimen volume, enabling new observational capabilities in biological systems.
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18
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Pu Y, Psaltis D. Seeing through turbidity with harmonic holography [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:567-578. [PMID: 23385895 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to see inside the body noninvasively is indispensable in modern biology and medicine. Optical approaches to such abilities are of rapidly growing interest because of their nonionizing nature and low cost. However, the problem of opacity due to the optical turbidity of tissues must be addressed before optical means become practical. Harmonic holography amalgamates the capability of holographic phase conjugation with the contrast-forming mechanism of second-harmonic generation, which provides a unique opportunity for imaging through a turbid medium. In this review we give accounts of the effort of imaging through turbid media using harmonic holographic phase conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Pu
- Laboratory of Optics, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has enabled unprecedented dynamic exploration in living organisms. A significant challenge in biological research is the dynamic imaging of features deep within living organisms, which permits the real-time analysis of cellular structure and function. To make progress in our understanding of biological machinery, optical microscopes must be capable of rapid, targeted access deep within samples at high resolution. In this Review, we discuss the basic architecture of a multiphoton microscope capable of such analysis and summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for the quantitative imaging of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich E. Hoover
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging and Control, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jeff A. Squier
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging and Control, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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20
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Rivard M, Couture CA, Miri AK, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Mongeau L, Légaré F. Imaging the bipolarity of myosin filaments with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2078-86. [PMID: 24156065 PMCID: PMC3799667 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report that combining interferometry with Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy provides valuable information about the relative orientation of noncentrosymmetric structures composing tissues. This is confirmed through the imaging of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The inteferometric Second Harmonic Generation (ISHG) images reveal that each side of the myosin filaments composing the A band of the sarcomere generates π phase shifted SHG signal which implies that the myosin proteins at each end of the filaments are oriented in opposite directions. This highlights the bipolar structural organization of the myosin filaments and shows that muscles can be considered as a periodically poled biological structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Charles-André Couture
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Antony Bertrand-Grenier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
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21
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Winters DG, Smith DR, Schlup P, Bartels RA. Measurement of orientation and susceptibility ratios using a polarization-resolved second-harmonic generation holographic microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2004-2011. [PMID: 23024896 PMCID: PMC3447544 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional second-harmonic fields, sample orientation, and susceptibility ratios of biological samples are measured using polarization-resolved second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. The three-dimensional (3D) polarization is gathered by measurement of a series of holograms for which excitation and analyzer polarizations are systematically varied, and the 3D SHG field is recovered through numerical back propagation. Harmonophore orientation is resolved in 3D from a sub-set of polarization-resolved SHG holograms. We further expand on previous approaches for the determination of susceptibility ratios, adding the calculation of multiple ratio values to allow intrinsic verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Winters
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
| | - David R. Smith
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
| | - Philip Schlup
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
| | - Randy A. Bartels
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
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22
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Shi K, Edwards PS, Hu J, Xu Q, Wang Y, Psaltis D, Liu Z. Holographic coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering bio-imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1744-1749. [PMID: 22808443 PMCID: PMC3395496 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CARS holography captures both the amplitude and the phase of a complex anti-Stokes field, and can perform three-dimensional imaging by digitally focusing onto different depths inside a specimen. The application of CARS holography for bio-imaging is demonstrated. It is shown that holographic CARS imaging of sub-cellular components in live HeLa cells can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Perry S. Edwards
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Demetri Psaltis
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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23
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Smith DR, Winters DG, Schlup P, Bartels RA. Hilbert reconstruction of phase-shifted second-harmonic holographic images. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2052-2054. [PMID: 22660118 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New techniques are presented that make phase-shifting holography viable for second-harmonic generation (SHG) holography with weak object fields. We developed an intrinsic phase shift calibration of SHG holograms, an algorithm that extracts the reference and object intensity directly from a set of phase-shifted holographic data, and a more robust phase-shifting holography reconstruction algorithm based on π-shifted hologram pairs that permits self-calibration of the phase shift and recovery of the complex field through a Hilbert transform.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Smith
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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24
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SHAFFER E, PAVILLON N, DEPEURSINGE C. Single-shot, simultaneous incoherent and holographic microscopy. J Microsc 2011; 245:49-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Futia G, Schlup P, Winters DG, Bartels RA. Spatially-chirped modulation imaging of absorbtion and fluorescent objects on single-element optical detector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1626-40. [PMID: 21263702 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Line imaging of fluorescent and absorptive objects with a single-pixel imaging technique that acquires one-dimensional cross-sections through a sample by imposing a spatially-varying amplitude modulation on the probing beam is demonstrated. The fluorophore concentration or absorber distribution of the sample is directly mapped to modulation frequency components of the spatially-integrated temporal signal. Time-domain signals are obtained from a single photodiode, with object spatial frequency correlation encoded in time-domain bursts in the electronic signal from the photodiode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Futia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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26
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Shaffer E, Moratal C, Magistretti P, Marquet P, Depeursinge C. Label-free second-harmonic phase imaging of biological specimen by digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:4102-4104. [PMID: 21165103 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.004102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed a new way for nonscanning second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy [Opt. Lett. 34, 2450 (2009)]. Based on digital holography, this technique captures, in single-shot hologram acquisition, both the amplitude and the phase of a coherent SHG radiation, which makes possible second harmonic phase microscopy. In this work, we present holographic SHG phase microscopy of a label-free biological tissue and discuss its added value to SHG microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Shaffer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Hsieh CL, Pu Y, Grange R, Laporte G, Psaltis D. Imaging through turbid layers by scanning the phase conjugated second harmonic radiation from a nanoparticle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:20723-31. [PMID: 20940968 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate imaging through a turbid layer by using digital phase conjugation of the second harmonic field radiated from a beacon nanoparticle. We show that the phase-conjugated focus can be displaced from its initial position by illuminating the same region of the turbid layer with an angular offset. An image is obtained by scanning the phase-conjugated focus through the turbid layer in a region around the nanoparticle. We obtain a clear image of the target by measuring the light transmitted through it when scanning the focused beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Hsieh
- School of Engineering, EPFL, Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Hsieh CL, Pu Y, Grange R, Psaltis D. Digital phase conjugation of second harmonic radiation emitted by nanoparticles in turbid media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:12283-90. [PMID: 20588353 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.012283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate focusing coherent light on a nanoparticle through turbid media based on digital optical phase conjugation of second harmonic generation (SHG) field from the nanoparticle. A SHG active nanoparticle inside a turbid medium was excited at the fundamental frequency and emitted SHG field as a point source. The SHG emission was scattered by the turbid medium, and the scattered field was recorded by off-axis digital holography. A phase-conjugated beam was then generated by using a phase-only spatial light modulator and sent back through the turbid medium, which formed a nearly ideal focus on the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Hsieh
- School of Engineering, EPFL, Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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