1
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Du Y, Li H, Wang Y, He Y, Li G. DLX1 acts as a novel prognostic biomarker involved in immune cell infiltration and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16823. [PMID: 38317839 PMCID: PMC10840498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The biological function of distal-less homeobox 1 (DLX1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear, despite a growing body of evidence that DLX1 is involved in the initiation and progression of various tumors. Methods This study explored and confirmed the prognostic and immunologic roles of DLX1 in LUAD via bioinformatic analysis and cellular functional validation. MethSurv was used to analyze the DNA methylation levels of DLX1 and the prognostic value of CpG islands. DLX1 mutation rates and prognoses between patients with and without the mutated DLX1 gene were analyzed by cBioPortal. Finally, cellular functional assays were used to investigate the effect of DLX1 on LUAD cells. Results Our results showed that DLX1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD. High DLX1 expression or promoter methylation was associated with worse prognosis, which confirmed DLX1 as an independent prognostic factor in LUAD. The level of multiple immune cell infiltration was significantly associated with DLX1 expression. Genes in the high DLX1 expression group were mainly enriched in cell cycle checkpoint, DNA replication, DNA repair, Fceri-mediated MAPK activation, TP53 activity regulation, and MET activation of PTK2-regulated signaling pathways. Cellular functional assays showed that the knockdown of DLX1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells. Conclusion Our study identified DLX1 as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and a promising therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- School of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyan He
- School of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- School of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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2
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Kuo YF, Polychronopoulou E, Raji MA. Signal detection of adverse events associated with gabapentinoid use for chronic pain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5685. [PMID: 37640024 PMCID: PMC10844952 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gabapentinoids (GABA) prescribing as a potential and conceivably safer substitute for opioids has substantially increased. Understanding all potential adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with GABA will guide clinical decision-making for pain management. METHODS A 20% sample of Medicare enrollees with new chronic pain diagnoses in 2017-2018 was selected. GABA users were those with >=30 consecutive days prescription in a year without opioid prescription. Opioid users were similarly defined. The control group used neither of these drugs. Propensity score match across three groups based on demographics and comorbidity was performed. We used proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Gamma Poisson Shrinker, and tree-based scan statistic (TBSS) to detect ADEs within 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS Immunity disorder was detected within 3 months of follow-up by PRR compared to opioid use (PRR:2.33), and by all three methods compared to controls. Complications of transplanted organs/tissues and schizophrenia spectrum/other psychotic disorders were consistently detected by PRR and TBSS within 3 months. Skin disorders were detected by TBSS; and stroke was detected by PRR within 3 months compared to opioid use (PRR:4.74). Some malignancies were detected by PRR within 12 months. Other signals detected in GABA users were neuropathy and nerve disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified expected and unexpected ADE signals in GABA users. Neurological signals likely related to indications for GABA use. Signals for immunity, mental/behavior, and skin disorders were found in the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Unexpected signals of stroke and cancer require further confirmatory analyses to verify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center on Aging,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of
Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical
Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mukaila A Raji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center on Aging,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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3
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Luo K, Zhao X, Shan Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Chen M, Wang Q, Song Y. GABA regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by promoting the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1. Life Sci 2023; 334:122191. [PMID: 37866807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a multifunctional molecule that is widely present in the nervous system and nonneuronal tissues. It plays pivotal roles in neurotransmission, regulation of secretion, cell differentiation, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. However, the exact mechanisms of GABA in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are unknown. We took advantage of RNA sequencing in this work and uncovered the potential gene expression profiles of the GABA-treated HNSCC cell line HN4-2. We found that the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1 was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, GABA treatment inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin and regulated the cell cycle after treatment with cisplatin in HN4-2 cells. Moreover, we also found that GABA could upregulate the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1 after treatment with cisplatin. Our results not only reveal the potential pro-tumorigenic effect of GABA on HNSCCs but also provide a novel therapeutic target for HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunliang Luo
- Department of Dentistry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiangtong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yidan Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yaohan Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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Targeting Transcription Factors ATF5, CEBPB and CEBPD with Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Treat Brain and Other Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040581. [PMID: 36831248 PMCID: PMC9954556 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing novel therapeutics often follows three steps: target identification, design of strategies to suppress target activity and drug development to implement the strategies. In this review, we recount the evidence identifying the basic leucine zipper transcription factors ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD as targets for brain and other malignancies. We describe strategies that exploit the structures of the three factors to create inhibitory dominant-negative (DN) mutant forms that selectively suppress growth and survival of cancer cells. We then discuss and compare four peptides (CP-DN-ATF5, Dpep, Bpep and ST101) in which DN sequences are joined with cell-penetrating domains to create drugs that pass through tissue barriers and into cells. The peptide drugs show both efficacy and safety in suppressing growth and in the survival of brain and other cancers in vivo, and ST101 is currently in clinical trials for solid tumors, including GBM. We further consider known mechanisms by which the peptides act and how these have been exploited in rationally designed combination therapies. We additionally discuss lacunae in our knowledge about the peptides that merit further research. Finally, we suggest both short- and long-term directions for creating new generations of drugs targeting ATF5, CEBPB, CEBPD, and other transcription factors for treating brain and other malignancies.
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Sawaki K, Kanda M, Baba H, Inokawa Y, Hattori N, Hayashi M, Tanaka C, Kodera Y. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subunit Delta as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:628-636. [PMID: 36127526 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic targets are needed to improve the poor prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to identify a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of GC and to investigate the potential therapeutic value of an antibody raised against the target. METHODS We identified gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta as a candidate therapeutic target by differential transcriptome analysis of metastatic GC tissue and adjacent nontumor tissues. GABRD mRNA levels were analyzed in 230 pairs of gastric tissue by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. GABRD function was assessed in proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis assays in human GC cell lines expressing control or GABRD-targeting small interfering RNA (siRNA). Mouse anti-human polyclonal GABRD antibodies were generated and assessed for inhibition of GC cell growth in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model of peritoneal GC dissemination. RESULTS High GABRD mRNA expression level in primary human GC tissue was associated with poor prognosis. Expression of siGABRD in GC cell lines significantly decreased cell proliferation and invasion and increased apoptosis compared with control siRNA expression. Anti-GABRD polyclonal antibodies inhibited GC cell proliferation in vitro and decreased peritoneal tumor nodule size in the mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSION We identified GABRD as novel regulator of GC cell growth and function. GABRD is upregulated in GC tissue and is associated with poor prognosis, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hayato Baba
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Inokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norifumi Hattori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Xu X, Yu C, Xu L, Xu J. Emerging roles of keratinocytes in nociceptive transduction and regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:982202. [PMID: 36157074 PMCID: PMC9500148 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.982202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are the predominant block-building cells in the epidermis. Emerging evidence has elucidated the roles of keratinocytes in a wide range of pathophysiological processes including cutaneous nociception, pruritus, and inflammation. Intraepidermal free nerve endings are entirely enwrapped within the gutters of keratinocyte cytoplasm and form en passant synaptic-like contacts with keratinocytes. Keratinocytes can detect thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli through transient receptor potential ion channels and other sensory receptors. The activated keratinocytes elicit calcium influx and release ATP, which binds to P2 receptors on free nerve endings and excites sensory neurons. This process is modulated by the endogenous opioid system and endothelin. Keratinocytes also express neurotransmitter receptors of adrenaline, acetylcholine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid, which are involved in regulating the activation and migration, of keratinocytes. Furthermore, keratinocytes serve as both sources and targets of neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and neuropeptides. The autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms of these mediators create a bidirectional feedback loop that amplifies neuroinflammation and contributes to peripheral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine Yu
- Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States,Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Li Xu,
| | - Jijun Xu
- Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States,Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Li Xu,
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7
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Yang MY, Kim SK, Goddard WA. G protein coupling and activation of the metabotropic GABA B heterodimer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4612. [PMID: 35941188 PMCID: PMC9360005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABABR), a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer, plays a crucial role in the central nervous system. Cryo-electron microscopy studies revealed a drastic conformational change upon activation and a unique G protein (GP) binding mode. However, little is known about the mechanism for GP coupling and activation for class C GPCRs. Here, we use molecular metadynamics computations to predict the mechanism by which the inactive GP induces conformational changes in the GABABR transmembrane domain (TMD) to form an intermediate pre-activated state. We find that the inactive GP first interacts with TM3, which further leads to the TMD rearrangement and deeper insertion of the α5 helix that causes the Gα subunit to open, releasing GDP, and forming the experimentally observed activated structure. This mechanism provides fresh insights into the mechanistic details of class C GPCRs activation expected to be useful for designing selective agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Yang
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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8
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Liu HM, Ma LL, Li C, Cao B, Jiang Y, Han L, Xu R, Lin J, Zhang D. The molecular mechanism of chronic stress affecting the occurrence and development of breast cancer and potential drug therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101281. [PMID: 34875482 PMCID: PMC8652015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the 2020 data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the world's most newly diagnosed first-time cancer. Compared with patients with other types of cancer, those with breast cancer experience greater mental stress and more severe psychological impacts because of the life-threatening diagnosis, physical changes, treatment side effects, and family and social life dysfunctions. These usually manifest as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and insomnia, all of which elicit stress responses. Particularly under chronic stress, the continuous release of neurotransmitters from the neuroendocrine system can have a highly profound impact on the occurrence and prognosis of breast cancer. However, because of the complex mechanisms underlying chronic stress and the variability in individual tolerance, evidence of the role of chronic stress in the occurrence and evolution of breast cancer remains unclear. This article reviewed previous research on the correlation between chronic stress and the occurrence and development of breast cancer, particularly the molecular mechanism through which chronic stress promotes breast cancer via neurotransmitters secreted by the nervous system. We also review the progress in the development of potential drugs or blockers for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China; National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yifang Jiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
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9
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Wei B, Zhu Y, Yang P, Han Y, Wang S, Wang X, Xia S, Song X, Zhang Z, Wang S, Rondard P, Pin JP, Jiang X, Liu J. GABA B1e promotes the malignancy of human cancer cells by targeting the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN12. iScience 2021; 24:103311. [PMID: 34778730 PMCID: PMC8577127 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter receptors are involved in cancer progression. Among them, the heterodimeric GABAB receptor, activated by the main inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, is composed of the transmembrane GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits. The oncogenic role of the isoform GABAB1e (GB1e) containing only the extracellular domain of GABAB1 remains unclear. We revealed that GB1e is largely expressed in human breast cancer (BrCa) cell lines as well as in BrCa tissues where it is upregulated. Moreover, GB1e promoted the malignancy of BrCa cells both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that GB1e favors EGFR signaling by interacting with PTPN12 to disrupt the interaction between EGFR and PTPN12, and phosphorylation of Y230 and Y404 on GB1e is required in this process. Our data highlight that the GABBR1 gene through the expression of the GB1e isoform might play an important oncogenic role in BrCa and that GB1e is of interest for the treatment of some cancers. GABAB1e promotes the malignancy of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo Specific phosphorylation of GABAB1e is critical for its association with PTPN12 GABAB1e disrupts EGFR interacting with PTPN12 and induces EGFR-PI3K/Akt signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yini Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Breast & Endocrine Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Suyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinnong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
- Corresponding author
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Bhattacharya D, Gawali VS, Kallay L, Toukam DK, Koehler A, Stambrook P, Krummel DP, Sengupta S. Therapeutically leveraging GABA A receptors in cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2128-2135. [PMID: 34649481 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211032549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA is an amino acid that functionally acts as a neurotransmitter and is critical to neurotransmission. GABA is also a metabolite in the Krebs cycle. It is therefore unsurprising that GABA and its receptors are also present outside of the central nervous system, including in immune cells. This observation suggests that GABAergic signaling impacts events beyond brain function and possibly human health beyond neurological disorders. Indeed, GABA receptor subunits are expressed in pathological disease states, including in disparate cancers. The role that GABA and its receptors may play in cancer development and progression remains unclear. If, however, those cancers have functional GABA receptors that participate in GABAergic signaling, it raises an important question whether these signaling pathways might be targetable for therapeutic benefit. Herein we summarize the effects of modulating Type-A GABA receptor signaling in various cancers and highlight how Type-A GABA receptors could emerge as a novel therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Vaibhavkumar S Gawali
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Laura Kallay
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Donatien K Toukam
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Abigail Koehler
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Peter Stambrook
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel Pomeranz Krummel
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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11
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Hu N, Duan JA, Yu Y, Li D, Chen J, Yan H. Sevoflurane inhibits the migration, invasion and induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of WNT1 via miR-637 in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:537-547. [PMID: 33735116 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy. Sevoflurane has been reported to involve in the progression in several cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of sevoflurane in CRC progression remains unclear. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot was used to detect the expression of miR-637 and WNT1. Cell migration, invasion and apoptosis were detected by transwell assay, flow cytometry or western blot, respectively. The interaction between WNT1 and miR-637 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and pull-down assay. We found sevoflurane could inhibit cell migration and invasion but induced apoptosis in CRC. Besides, the miR-637 level was decreased in CRC tissues and cells but could be rescued by sevoflurane. MiR-637 overexpression enhanced the anticancer functions of sevoflurane in CRC cells, while miR-637 inhibition showed opposite effects. WNT1 was confirmed to be a target of miR-637 and was inhibited by sevoflurane or miR-637. Importantly, knockdown of WNT1 reversed the carcinogenic effects mediated by miR-637 inhibitor in CRC cells treated with sevoflurane. Collectively, sevoflurane inhibited cell migration, invasion and induced apoptosis by regulating the miR-637/WNT1 axis in colorectal cancer, indicating a novel insight into the effective clinical implication for the anesthetic in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianchun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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GABA B Receptor Chemistry and Pharmacology: Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 52:81-118. [PMID: 34036555 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The GABAB receptors are metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the actions of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the CNS, GABA plays an important role in behavior, learning and memory, cognition, and stress. GABA is also located throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is involved in the autonomic control of the intestine and esophageal reflex. Consequently, dysregulated GABAB receptor signaling is associated with neurological, mental health, and gastrointestinal disorders; hence, these receptors have been identified as key therapeutic targets and are the focus of multiple drug discovery efforts for indications such as muscle spasticity disorders, schizophrenia, pain, addiction, and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD). Numerous agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators of the GABAB receptor have been described; however, Lioresal® (Baclofen; β-(4-chlorophenyl)-γ-aminobutyric acid) is the only FDA-approved drug that selectively targets GABAB receptors in clinical use; undesirable side effects, such as sedation, muscle weakness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, seizures, tolerance and potential for abuse, limit their therapeutic use. Here, we review GABAB receptor chemistry and pharmacology, presenting orthosteric agonists, antagonists, and positive and negative allosteric modulators, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting GABAB receptor modulation for the treatment of various CNS and peripheral disorders.
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13
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Ahmed Abdelsalam KE, Asad M, Ahmed MAI, Asdaq SMB, Mohzari Y, Alrashed A, Alghamdi N, Alrami KN, Alharbi WA. A Case Control Study on Serum Levels of Potential Biomarkers in Male Breast Cancer Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4852. [PMID: 34062830 PMCID: PMC8125742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of breast cancer among men is steadily growing. Despite this, compared to female breast cancer patients, there are very few studies on biomarkers in male breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional case control study was carried out to determine the serum levels of melatonin, ghrelin, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and GABA in male breast cancer. All the recruited patients were obese, old, and had recently been diagnosed with the disease. They had not received any treatment for the cancer until the time of the study. Melatonin and epinephrine serum levels were significantly higher in breast cancer patients compared to their age-matched controls, whereas ghrelin, dopamine, GABA, and serotonin serum levels were lower in patients compared to the control group. The serum levels of most of the studied biomarkers in male breast cancer patients were similar to those observed in female breast cancer patients, except for serum melatonin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eldin Ahmed Abdelsalam
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia; (K.E.A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.I.A.)
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 825109, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Asad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia; (K.E.A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.I.A.)
| | - Monjid Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia; (K.E.A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.I.A.)
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11121, Sudan
| | | | - Yahya Mohzari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Kholoud Nasser Alrami
- Pharmaceutical Services Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.A.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Wael Ahmed Alharbi
- Pharmaceutical Services Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.A.); (W.A.A.)
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14
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Unraveling the Molecular Nexus between GPCRs, ERS, and EMT. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655417. [PMID: 33746610 PMCID: PMC7943314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that transduce an external stimulus into a variety of cellular responses. They play a critical role in various pathological conditions in humans, including cancer, by regulating a number of key processes involved in tumor formation and progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in promoting cancer cell invasion and tumor dissemination leading to metastasis, an often intractable state of the disease. Uncontrolled proliferation and persistent metabolism of cancer cells also induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and depletion of growth factors and nutrients. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce a cellular condition called ER stress (ERS) which is counteracted by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many GPCRs modulate ERS and UPR signaling via ERS sensors, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, to support cancer cell survival and inhibit cell death. By regulating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin, GPCRs also upregulate mesenchymal transcription factors including Snail, ZEB, and Twist superfamilies which regulate cell polarity, cytoskeleton remodeling, migration, and invasion. Likewise, ERS-induced UPR upregulates gene transcription and expression of proteins related to EMT enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Though GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer biology, much less is known about their roles in regulating ERS and EMT. Here, we will discuss the interplay in GPCR-ERS linked to the EMT process of cancer cells, with a particular focus on oncogenes and molecular signaling pathways.
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15
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An J, Seok H, Ha EM. GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits metastatic properties and induces apoptosis of 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells via GABA B receptor signaling. J Microbiol 2021; 59:202-216. [PMID: 33527319 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential drug in systemic chemotherapy treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the development of several treatment strategies over the past decades, the patient benefits of 5-FU-based therapies have been compromised by the development of chemoresistance. Differences in treatment responses among CRC patients may be due to genetic and epigenetic factors unique to individuals. Therefore, important factors for realizing personalized medicine are to accurately understand the causes and mechanisms of drug resistance to 5-FU-based therapies and to identify and validate prognostic biomarkers. Gut microbes that interact directly with the host contribute to human health and cancer control. Lactobacillus plantarum, in particular, has the potential to be a therapeutic agent by producing bioactive compounds that may benefit the host. Here, we investigated the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABAB receptor (GABABR)-dependent signaling pathway as a treatment option for 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. GABA-producing L. plantarum activates anti-proliferative, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects against 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. The inhibitory effects of GABA-producing L. plantarum are mediated via GABABR. Activated GABABR induces apoptosis through the inhibition of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) expression. Thus, the GABAergic system has potential in 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells as a predictive biomarker. In addition, GABA-producing L. plantarum is promising as an adjuvant treatment for 5-FU-resistant CRC, and its intervention in neurobiological signaling imply new possibilities for chemoprevention and the treatment of colon cancer-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeJin An
- Medical Convergence Materials Commercialization Center, Gyeongsan, 38408, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- Korea Brain bank, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Bridging the Metabolic Parallels Between Neurological Diseases and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:229-248. [PMID: 34014547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many recent breakthroughs in cancer research, oncology has traditionally been seen as a distinct field from other diseases. Recently, more attention has been paid to repurposing established therapeutic strategies and targets of other diseases towards cancer treatment, with some of these attempts generating promising outcomes [1, 2]. Recent studies using advanced metabolomics technologies [3] have shown evidence of close metabolic similarities between cancer and neurological diseases. These studies have unveiled several metabolic characteristics shared by these two categories of diseases, including metabolism of glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) [4-6]. The striking metabolic overlap between cancer and neurological diseases sheds light on novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. For example, 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), one of the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitors that prevent the conversion of NAAG to glutamate, has been shown to suppress cancer growth [6, 7]. These promising results have led to an increased interest in integrating this metabolic overlap between cancer and neurological diseases into the study of cancer metabolism. The advantages of studying this metabolic overlap include not only drug repurposing but also translating existing knowledge from neurological diseases to the field of cancer research. This chapter discusses the specific overlapping metabolic features between cancer and neurological diseases, focusing on glutamine, GABA, and NAAG metabolisms. Understanding the interconnections between cancer and neurological diseases will guide researchers and clinicians to find more effective cancer treatments.
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Mechanisms and Regulation of Neuronal GABA B Receptor-Dependent Signaling. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 52:39-79. [PMID: 32808092 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptors (GABABRs) are broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system where they play an important role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. GABABRs are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate slow and sustained inhibitory actions via modulation of several downstream effector enzymes and ion channels. GABABRs are obligate heterodimers that associate with diverse arrays of proteins to form modular complexes that carry out distinct physiological functions. GABABR-dependent signaling is fine-tuned and regulated through a multitude of mechanisms that are relevant to physiological and pathophysiological states. This review summarizes the current knowledge on GABABR signal transduction and discusses key factors that influence the strength and sensitivity of GABABR-dependent signaling in neurons.
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18
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Mugnaini C, Brizzi A, Mostallino R, Castelli MP, Corelli F. Structure optimization of positive allosteric modulators of GABA B receptors led to the unexpected discovery of antagonists/potential negative allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127443. [PMID: 32730942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAB receptor represent an interesting alternative to receptor agonists such as baclofen, as they act on the receptor in a more physiological way and thus are devoid of the side effects typically exerted by the agonists. Based on our interest in the identification of new GABAB receptor PAMs, we followed a merging approach to design new chemotypes starting from selected active compounds, such as GS39783, rac-BHFF, and BHF177, and we ended up with the synthesis of four different classes of compounds. The new compounds were tested alone or in the presence of 10 µM GABA using [35S]GTPγS binding assay to assess their functionality at the receptor. Unexpectedly, a number of them significantly inhibited GABA-stimulated GTPγS binding thus revealing a functional switch with respect to the prototype molecules. Further studies on selected compounds will clarify if they act as negative modulators of the receptor or, instead, as antagonists at the orthosteric binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, SI, Italy.
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, SI, Italy
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19
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Evenseth LSM, Gabrielsen M, Sylte I. The GABA B Receptor-Structure, Ligand Binding and Drug Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133093. [PMID: 32646032 PMCID: PMC7411975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type B receptor (GABAB-R) belongs to class C of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Together with the GABAA receptor, the receptor mediates the neurotransmission of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). In recent decades, the receptor has been extensively studied with the intention being to understand pathophysiological roles, structural mechanisms and develop drugs. The dysfunction of the receptor is linked to a broad variety of disorders, including anxiety, depression, alcohol addiction, memory and cancer. Despite extensive efforts, few compounds are known to target the receptor, and only the agonist baclofen is approved for clinical use. The receptor is a mandatory heterodimer of the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits, and each subunit is composed of an extracellular Venus Flytrap domain (VFT) and a transmembrane domain of seven α-helices (7TM domain). In this review, we briefly present the existing knowledge about the receptor structure, activation and compounds targeting the receptor, emphasizing the role of the receptor in previous and future drug design and discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Samira Mari Evenseth
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Mediate an Autoregulation of GABA B-Receptor-Activated Whole-Cell Current in Locus Coeruleus Neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7869. [PMID: 32398643 PMCID: PMC7217949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine-releasing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) are well known to regulate wakefulness/arousal. They display active firing during wakefulness and a decreased discharge rate during sleep. We have previously reported that LC neurons express large numbers of GABAB receptors (GABABRs) located at peri-/extrasynaptic sites and are subject to tonic inhibition due to the continuous activation of GABABRs by ambient GABA, which is significantly higher during sleep than during wakefulness. In this study, we further showed using western blot analysis that the activation of GABABRs with baclofen could increase the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) in LC tissue. Recordings from LC neurons in brain slices showed that the inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 and FR180204 accelerated the decay of whole-cell membrane current induced by prolonged baclofen application. In addition, the inhibition of ERK1/2 also increased spontaneous firing and reduced tonic inhibition of LC neurons after prolonged exposure to baclofen. These results suggest a new role of GABABRs in mediating ERK1-dependent autoregulation of the stability of GABABR-activated whole-cell current, in addition to its well-known effect on gated potassium channels, to cause a tonic current in LC neurons.
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21
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Xiao Z, Chen S, Feng S, Li Y, Zou J, Ling H, Zeng Y, Zeng X. Function and mechanisms of microRNA-20a in colorectal cancer. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1605-1616. [PMID: 32104211 PMCID: PMC7027132 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. CRC currently has no specific biomarkers to promote its diagnosis and treatment and the underlying mechanisms regulating its pathogenesis have not yet been determined. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that exhibit regulatory functions and have been demonstrated to serve a crucial role in the post-transcriptional regulatory processes of gene expression that is associated with cell physiology and disease progression. Recently, abnormal miR-20a expression has been identified in a number of cancers types and this has become a novel focus within cancer research. High levels of miR-20a expression have been identified in CRC tissues, serum and plasma. In a recent study, miR-20a was indicated to be present in feces and to exhibit a high sensitivity to CRC. Therefore, miR-20a may be used as a marker for CRC and an indicator that can prevent the invasive examination of patients with this disease. Changes in the expression of miR-20a during chemotherapy can be used as a biomarker for monitoring resistance to treatment. In conclusion, miR-20a exhibits the potential for clinical application as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for use in patients with CRC. The present study focused on the role and mechanisms of miR-20a in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Shi Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ling
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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22
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Abstract
During cancer progression, tumor cells interact with the neighboring environment, including neuronal tissue. The important influence of the nervous system on growth and metastasis of cancer is now widely accepted. As such, using medications that traditionally target the nervous system may be an avenue toward treating cancer. The focus of this review is to detail how several classes of medications, traditionally used to treat nervous system disorders, impact cancer. Specifically, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence that support the use of anti-β-adrenergic, anticholinergic, antipsychotic, and antidepressant medications to treat some cancers. In addition, we discuss the use of ablative modalities, such as physical and chemical denervation, to treat cancer or protect against cancer development. Using the medications that target the nervous system to treat cancer is a promising addition to an existing therapy or an alternative treatment strategy. Furthermore, rapidly expanding basic science research in this area will likely yield novel cancer therapies that work by targeting the nervous system.
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23
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Jie F, Yin G, Yang W, Yang M, Gao S, Lv J, Li B. Stress in Regulation of GABA Amygdala System and Relevance to Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:562. [PMID: 30154693 PMCID: PMC6103381 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is an almond-shaped nucleus located deep and medially within the temporal lobe and is thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of emotional processes. GABAergic neurotransmission inhibits the amygdala and prevents us from generating inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses. Stress may cause the reduction of the GABAergic interneuronal network and the development of neuropsychological diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence investigating the possible mechanisms underlying GABAergic control of the amygdala and its interaction with acute and chronic stress. Taken together, this study may contribute to future progress in finding new approaches to reverse the attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission induced by stress in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanghao Yin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Modi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuohui Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Aggarwal S, Ahuja V, Paul J. Dysregulation of GABAergic Signalling Contributes in the Pathogenesis of Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:422-430. [PMID: 29852727 PMCID: PMC6034664 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a prevalent functional bowel disorder. Abdominal pain, discomfort and altered intestinal habits are the salient features of IBS-D. Low grade inflammation and altered neurotransmitters are the 2 recently identified factors contributing to the pathogenesis of IBS-D, but their role and interactions has not been elucidated in detail. Here we investigate the potential role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in regulating gut inflammation during IBS-D. Methods Blood samples and colonic mucosal biopsies from clinically diagnosed IBS-D patients and controls were collected. Levels of GABA were measured in serum samples through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed in biopsy samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Effect of GABA and its antagonist on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HT-29 cells was examined through RT-PCR. Results ELISA data revealed diminished level of GABA in IBS-D patients as compared to controls. RT-PCR analysis showed altered GABAergic signal system in IBS-D patients as compared to controls. GABA reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS stimulated HT-29 cells, whereas bicuculline methiodide (GABA antagonist) upregulated the expression of same cytokines in LPS stimulated HT-29 cells. Conclusions Our sets of data indicate that diminished level of GABA and altered GABAergic signal system contributes to pathogenesis of IBS-D by regulating inflammatory processes. These results provide novel evidence for anti-inflammatory role of GABA in IBS-D patients by altering the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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25
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Kuol N, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Crosstalk between cancer and the neuro-immune system. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 315:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Effects of GABAB receptor activation on spatial cognitive function and hippocampal neurones in rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171184. [PMID: 29176000 PMCID: PMC5773821 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim being to investigate the effect γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor activation have on spatial cognitive function and hippocampal neurones found in the rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM rat models were then established, randomized, and subsequently assigned into normal control (NC), T2DM, T2DM + chemical grade propylene (CGP), T2DM + baclofen, and T2DM + CGP + baclofen groups. T2DM rats’ weight and blood sugar concentrations were monitored. The DMS-2 Morris water maze testing system was performed in order to figure out the spatial cognitive function of these rats. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting were also performed in order to detect GABAB mRNA and protein expressions. We used the Nissl staining method in order to detect the number of hippocampal neurones, TUNEL (terminal deoxyribonucleotidy transferase-mediated dUTP nick labeling) staining to detect cell apoptosis, and Western blotting method in order to measure the expressions of the apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt-c), Caspase-3, and Bcl-2). In comparison with the T2DM group, the weight decreased, blood sugar concentration increased, and spatial cognitive function as well as hippocampal neurones were both impaired in the T2DM + CGP group, contrary to the rats in the T2DM + baclofen group who showed an opposite trend. The situation in the T2DM + CGP + baclofen group was better than that found in the T2DM + CGP group while proving to be more serious than that of the NC and T2DM + baclofen groups. Conclusively, activating the GABAB receptor improved spatial cognitive function and hippocampal neurones in the T2DM rats.
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TERUNUMA M. Diversity of structure and function of GABA B receptors: a complexity of GABA B-mediated signaling. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:390-411. [PMID: 30541966 PMCID: PMC6374141 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptors are broadly expressed in the nervous system and play an important role in neuronal excitability. GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate slow and prolonged inhibitory action, via activation of Gαi/o-type proteins. GABAB receptors mediate their inhibitory action through activating inwardly rectifying K+ channels, inactivating voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Functional GABAB receptors are obligate heterodimers formed by the co-assembly of R1 and R2 subunits. It is well established that GABAB receptors interact not only with G proteins and effectors but also with various proteins. This review summarizes the structure, subunit isoforms, and function of GABAB receptors, and discusses the complexity of GABAB receptors, including how receptors are localized in specific subcellular compartments, the mechanism regulating cell surface expression and mobility of the receptors, and the diversity of receptor signaling through receptor crosstalk and interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho TERUNUMA
- Division of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Li Z, Liu P, Zhang H, Zhao S, Jin Z, Li R, Guo Y, Wang X. Role of GABA B receptors and p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:2188-2195. [PMID: 29115173 PMCID: PMC6130610 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1392987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The effects of the anticancer drug paclitaxel on learning and memory are rarely studied. OBJECTIVE This study investigated changes in GABAB receptor expression during paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and the role of the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hippocampal neurons isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Control (C), SB (10 µL of 10-µmol/L SB203580), SN (53 µg/mL SN50), N (1 µmol/L paclitaxel), SB + N (10 µmol/L SB203580 + 1 µmol/L paclitaxel) and SN + N (53 µg/mL SN50 + 1 µmol/L paclitaxel). Cells in different groups were treated with corresponding agents for 24 h at 37 °C. The apoptosis rate and protein levels of GABAB1 receptors and NF-κB p65 were evaluated. Rat models of neuropathic pain was induced by paclitaxel and were divided into four groups such as N, B + N, SN + N and SN + B + N groups. Rats in the N group received intrathecal injections of normal saline solution. Rats in the B + N group received intrathecal injections of 10 μL baclofen (0.05 μg/μL). Rats in the SN + N and SN + B + N groups received intrathecal injections of SN50 and SN50 plus baclofen, respectively. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated in rat models based on the escape latency and the number of crossings over the platform and protein levels of GABAB1 receptors, NF-κB, IL-1β and TNFα were measured by immunohistochemistry assay and western blot. RESULTS The neuronal apoptosis rate was significantly increased in N (49.16 ± 3.12)%, SB + N (31.18 ± 3.02)% and SN + N (28.47 ± 3.75)% groups, accompanied by increased levels of GABAB1 receptors and NF-κB p65 (p < 0.05). The paclitaxel-treated rats demonstrated significantly increased latency (24.32 ± 2.94)s and decreased the crossings number (3.14 ± 0.63) after 15 d in the Morris water maze (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry assay showed that compared with the N group (GABAB1:9.0 ± 1.6, NF-κB p65:29.6 ± 2.4, IL-1β: 30.4 ± 3.4, TNFα: 31.0 ± 3.4), B + N, SN + N and SN + B + N groups evidently increased levels of GABAB1 receptor (B + N:SN + N:SN + B + N = 19.4 ± 2.1:20.8 ± 1.9:28.0 ± 1.9) but significantly decreased levels of NF-κB p65 (B + N:SN + N:SN + B + N = 21.2 ± 1.5:18.6 ± 2.1:12.6 ± 1.5), IL-1β (B + N:SN + N:SN + B + N = 22.0 ± 1.0:19.6 ± 1.8:14.6 ± 1.5) and TNF α (B + N:SN + N:SN + B + N = 23.0 ± 1.6:22.2 ± 0.8:16.6 ± 1.7). Similar findings were found in western blot analysis. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Paclitaxel may reduce cognitive function in rats through the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway and GABAB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Zi Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Yuexian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China
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Aggarwal S, Ahuja V, Paul J. Attenuated GABAergic Signaling in Intestinal Epithelium Contributes to Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2768-2779. [PMID: 28667430 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromediators produced by enteric nervous system regulate inflammatory processes via interacting with enteric immune system. Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is also a neuromediator, has been implicated in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, where they modulate the immune responses. However, its role in ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been defined. AIMS This study was carried out to investigate the role of GABA and its signaling components in pathogenesis of UC. METHODS Peripheral blood, colon mucosal biopsy, and fecal specimens were collected from UC and control groups. Quantification of GABA was done using ELISA. Expression of GABAergic signal system components was analyzed through RT-PCR analysis. Enumeration of GABA-producing bacteria was done by qPCR analysis. Activity of p38 MAPK and expression of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. RESULTS GABA levels were significantly reduced in patients with UC as compared to control group when measured in serum and colon biopsy. Altered expression of GABAergic signal system was observed in UC patients. Reduced abundance of selected GABA-producing bacteria was detected in stool samples of UC patients as compared to control. p38 MAPK activity and expression of its downstream effector cytokines were found to be increased in UC patients as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Reduced levels of GABA were observed in patients with UC, and this leads to hyperactivation of p38 MAPK and overexpression of downstream effector cytokines suggesting a role of GABA in pathogenesis of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Xia S, He C, Zhu Y, Wang S, Li H, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Liu J. GABA BR-Induced EGFR Transactivation Promotes Migration of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:265-277. [PMID: 28424220 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) act in concert to regulate cell growth, proliferation, survival, and migration. Metabotropic GABAB receptor (GABABR) is the GPCR for the main inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system. Increased expression of GABABR has been detected in human cancer tissues and cancer cell lines, but the role of GABABR in these cells is controversial and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether GABABR hijacks RTK signaling to modulate the fates of human prostate cancer cells. RTK array analysis revealed that the GABABR-specific agonist baclofen selectively induced the transactivation of EGFR in PC-3 cells. EGFR transactivation resulted in the activation of ERK1/2 by a mechanism that is dependent on Gi/o protein and that requires matrix metalloproteinase-mediated proligand shedding. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABABR, such as CGP7930, rac-BHFF, and GS39783, can function as PAM agonists to induce EGFR transactivation and subsequent ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, both baclofen and CGP7930 promoted cell migration and invasion through EGFR signaling. In summary, our observations demonstrated that GABABR transactivated EGFR in a ligand-dependent mechanism to promote prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, thus providing new insights into developing a novel strategy for prostate cancer treatment by targeting neurotransmitter signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong He
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Zhu
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyun Wang
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Li
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinnong Jiang
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Longqiu Y, Pengcheng L, Xuejie F, Peng Z. A miRNAs panel promotes the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by targeting GABBR1. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2022-31. [PMID: 27230463 PMCID: PMC4884921 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of colorectal cancer. Despite the expression of miR-17-92 cluster in cancer has been gradually revealed, the role of each individual miRNAs in colorectal cancer still remains unclear. We studied the impact of miR-106a/b, miR-20a/b, and miR-17 of miR-17-92 cluster on colorectal cancer cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were used to test these five miRNAs expression in colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and Transwell invasion assays were used to explore the effects of these five miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assay, RT-PCR, and western blotting were performed to validate the interaction of these five miRNAs with the gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptor 1(GABBR1). We found that these five miRNAs were significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer samples compared with normal tissues. Forced expression of these five miRNAs significantly promoted HCT116 and HT-29 cells proliferation and invasion. We further found that these five miRNAs function as oncogenes in colorectal cancer by specifically binding to the 3-untranslated regions (3'UTR) of GABBR1.Furthermore, inhibition of GABBR1 could mimic the function of miRNAs in HCT116 cells, while overexpression of GABBR1 blocked the function of miRNAs-promoted proliferation and invasion. In conclusion, miR-106a/b, miR-20a/b, and miR-17 contribute to the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer by targeting their common target gene, GABBR1, and played a critical role in the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Longqiu
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuangshi Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic UniversityEdong Healthcare GroupHuangshi435000China
| | - Luo Pengcheng
- Department of Urology SurgeryHuangshi Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic UniversityEdong Healthcare GroupHuangshi435000China
| | - Fei Xuejie
- Department of Intensive Care UnitShuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai200021China
| | - Zhang Peng
- Department of OncologyThe Center Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining GroupZaozhuang277000China
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Shu Q, Liu J, Liu X, Zhao S, Li H, Tan Y, Xu J. GABAB R/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling pathway regulates the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1259-67. [PMID: 27060477 PMCID: PMC4924384 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of highly fatal cancer-related deaths in the whole world. Fast growth is critical characteristic of colorectal cancer, the underlying regulatory mechanism of colorectal cell fast proliferation remains largely unknown. Here, we reported that activation of metabotropic γ-Aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAB R) signaling significantly inhibited the colorectal cell HT29 proliferation by arresting the cell at G1 phase. Inhibition of GABAB R activated GSK-3β by reducing the phosphorylation level of GSK-3β. Activation of GSK-3β blocked the function of GABAB R signaling on repressing cell proliferation. We further found that GABAB R activation inhibited NF-κB activity. The promotion of cell proliferation caused by downregulation of GABRB R could be blocked by inhibition of NF-κB activation. Overall, activation of GABAB R leaded to inhibition of GSK-3β activation to repress the NF-κB function during colorectal cancer cell proliferation. This study revealed critical function of GABAB R/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling pathway on regulating proliferation of colorectal cancer cell, which might provide a potential therapeutic target for clinical colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shu
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiupeng Liu
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sufang Zhao
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hualin Li
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonggang Tan
- Department of gastroenterology, The Affiliated Clinical College ShenZhen Second People Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Muram S, Rowe TM, Hirasawa M. Presynaptic G Protein-Coupled Receptors Differentially Modulate Spontaneous Glutamate Release in the Supraoptic Nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26466355 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous glutamate release in the supraoptic nucleus is modulated by a number of inhibitory G protein coupled receptors (GPCR), including GABAB , adenosine A1 and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). It remains unclear whether they have distinct roles or are redundant mechanisms that protect from hyperexcitation. To address this question, we facilitated spontaneous glutamate release using nifedipine or forskolin, which act in a protein kinase A (PKA)-independent and -dependent manner, respectively, and tested the effects of inhibitory GPCR agonists. We found that a GABAB receptor (GABAB R) agonist specifically inhibited forskolin-induced miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC), in contrast to an adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) agonist, which specifically inhibited nifedipine-induced mEPSCs. This suggests that GABAB Rs and A1 Rs modulate independent mechanisms activated by forskolin and nifedipine, respectively. However, the inhibitory effects of GABAB R and A1 R agonists on basal mEPSCs occluded each other, suggesting that these receptors also have an overlapping role. Group III mGluRs appear to have a greater control over glutamate release because agonists to these receptors inhibited both nifedipine- and forskolin-induced mEPSCs. mEPSCs induced by norepinephrine had the same characteristics as those induced by forskolin [i.e. PKA-dependence and sensitivity to GABAB R and group III mGluR agonists, but not an A1 R agonist]. In summary, the present study highlights the differential effects of GABAB R, A1 R and mGluR agonists on glutamate release stimulated by different secretagogues, including the endogenous neuromodulator norepinephrine. These results suggest that the roles of these inhibitory GPCRs are not completely redundant, and also indicate the physiological implications of having different excitatory and inhibitory GPCRs on the same synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muram
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - T M Rowe
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - M Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Li L, Duan T, Wang X, Zhang RH, Zhang M, Wang S, Wang F, Wu Y, Huang H, Kang T. KCTD12 Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Stemness through the ERK Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20460. [PMID: 26847701 PMCID: PMC4742820 DOI: 10.1038/srep20460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a difficult problem, as the regulation of CSCs in CRC is poorly understood. Here we demonstrated that KCTD12, potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 12, is down-regulated in the CSC-like cells of CRC. The silencing of endogenous KCTD12 and the overexpression of ectopic KCTD12 dramatically enhances and represses CRC cell stemness, respectively, as assessed in vitro and in vivo using a colony formation assay, a spheroid formation assay and a xenograft tumor model. Mechanistically, KCTD12 suppresses CRC cell stemness markers, such as CD44, CD133 and CD29, by inhibiting the ERK pathway, as the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abolishes the increase in expression of CRC cell stemness markers induced by the down-regulation of KCTD12. Indeed, a decreased level of KCTD12 is detected in CRC tissues compared with their adjacent normal tissues and is an independent prognostic factor for poor overall and disease free survival in patients with CRC (p = 0.007). Taken together, this report reveals that KCTD12 is a novel regulator of CRC cell stemness and may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tingmei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ru-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Suihai Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Role of GABA(B) receptors in learning and memory and neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:1-28. [PMID: 26814961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although it is evident from the literature that altered GABAB receptor function does affect behavior, these results often do not correspond well. These differences could be due to the task protocol, animal strain, ligand concentration, or timing of administration utilized. Because several clinical populations exhibit learning and memory deficits in addition to altered markers of GABA and the GABAB receptor, it is important to determine whether altered GABAB receptor function is capable of contributing to the deficits. The aim of this review is to examine the effect of altered GABAB receptor function on synaptic plasticity as demonstrated by in vitro data, as well as the effects on performance in learning and memory tasks. Finally, data regarding altered GABA and GABAB receptor markers within clinical populations will be reviewed. Together, the data agree that proper functioning of GABAB receptors is crucial for numerous learning and memory tasks and that targeting this system via pharmaceuticals may benefit several clinical populations.
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Crowley T, Fitzpatrick JM, Kuijper T, Cryan JF, O'Toole O, O'Leary OF, Downer EJ. Modulation of TLR3/TLR4 inflammatory signaling by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in glia and immune cells: relevance to therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:284. [PMID: 26283920 PMCID: PMC4516894 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, is used to treat muscle tightness and cramping caused by spasticity in a number of disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), but its precise mechanism of action is unknown. Neuroinflammation drives the central pathology in MS and is mediated by both immunoreactive glial cells and invading lymphocytes. Furthermore, a body of data indicates that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of innate immune receptors is implicated in MS progression. In the present study we investigated whether modulation of GABAB receptors using baclofen can exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting TLR3 and(or) TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in murine glial cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy control individuals and patients with the relapse-remitting (RR) form of MS. TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation promoted the nuclear sequestration of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in murine glia, while TLR4, but not TLR3, promoted pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBMCs isolated from both healthy donors and RR-MS patients. Importantly, this effect was exacerbated in RR-MS patient immune cells. We present further evidence that baclofen dose-dependently attenuated TLR3- and TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in primary glial cells. Pre-exposure of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors to baclofen attenuated TLR4-induced TNF-α expression, but did not affect TLR4-induced TNF-α expression in RR-MS patient PBMCs. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the GABAB receptor was reduced in PBMCs from RR-MS donors when compared to healthy controls, an effect that might contribute to the differential sensitivity to baclofen seen in healthy and RR-MS patient cells. Overall these findings indicate that baclofen differentially regulates TLR3 and TLR4 signaling in glia and immune cells, and offers insight on the role of baclofen in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disease states including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Teun Kuijper
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Zhang X, Du Z, Liu J, He J. Γ-aminobutyric acid receptors affect the progression and migration of tumor cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:431-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.856918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fève M, Saliou JM, Zeniou M, Lennon S, Carapito C, Dong J, Van Dorsselaer A, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Cianférani S, Haiech J, Kilhoffer MC. Comparative expression study of the endo-G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) repertoire in human glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells, U87-MG cells and non malignant cells of neural origin unveils new potential therapeutic targets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91519. [PMID: 24662753 PMCID: PMC3963860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive, invasive brain tumors with bad prognosis and unmet medical need. These tumors are heterogeneous being constituted by a variety of cells in different states of differentiation. Among these, cells endowed with stem properties, tumor initiating/propagating properties and particularly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapies are designed as the real culprits for tumor maintenance and relapse after treatment. These cells, termed cancer stem-like cells, have been designed as prominent targets for new and more efficient cancer therapies. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), a family of membrane receptors, play a prominent role in cell signaling, cell communication and crosstalk with the microenvironment. Their role in cancer has been highlighted but remains largely unexplored. Here, we report a descriptive study of the differential expression of the endo-GPCR repertoire in human glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells (GSCs), U-87 MG cells, human astrocytes and fetal neural stem cells (f-NSCs). The endo-GPCR transcriptome has been studied using Taqman Low Density Arrays. Of the 356 GPCRs investigated, 138 were retained for comparative studies between the different cell types. At the transcriptomic level, eight GPCRs were specifically expressed/overexpressed in GSCs. Seventeen GPCRs appeared specifically expressed in cells with stem properties (GSCs and f-NSCs). Results of GPCR expression at the protein level using mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis are also presented. The comparative GPCR expression study presented here gives clues for new pathways specifically used by GSCs and unveils novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fève
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR7178, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Zeniou
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Lennon
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR7178, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR7178, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jihu Dong
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR7178, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR7178, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Haiech
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Claude Kilhoffer
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Xu C, Zhang W, Rondard P, Pin JP, Liu J. Complex GABAB receptor complexes: how to generate multiple functionally distinct units from a single receptor. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24575041 PMCID: PMC3920572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, acts on both ligand-gated and G protein-coupled receptors, the GABAA/C and GABAB receptors, respectively. The later play important roles in modulating many synapses, both at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, and are then still considered as interesting targets to treat a number of brain diseases, including addiction. For many years, several subtypes of GABAB receptors were expected, but cloning revealed only two genes that work in concert to generate a single type of GABAB receptor composed of two subunits. Here we will show that the signaling complexity of this unit receptor type can be largely increased through various ways, including receptor stoichiometry, subunit isoforms, cell-surface expression and localization, crosstalk with other receptors, or interacting proteins. These recent data revealed how complexity of a receptor unit can be increased, observation that certainly are not unique to the GABAB receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Universités de Montpellier I & II Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Universités de Montpellier I & II Montpellier, France
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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