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Cao YL, Deng JQ, Li Y, Xin SY, Chen YJ, Li XY, Cao HZ, Guo XP, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. N-Difluoroacetylhexosamine as a Substrate-Engineering Precursor for Glycosylation Reactions. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39230062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
We present the application of N-difluoroacetylglucosamine (GlcNDFA) in a chemical evolution strategy to synthesize oligosaccharides. In comparison to conventional N-trifluoroacetylglucosamine, GlcNDFA exhibits superior substrate compatibility with glycosyltransferases as well as stability in aqueous environments. Using our 16-step assembly line, GlcNDFA can be used to produce homogeneous dekaparin, a heparin-like medication, with a yield of 62.2%. This underscores the significant potential of GlcNDFA as a chemical evolution precursor in the precise synthesis of structurally defined polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Zhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ping Guo
- Bloomage-GAGs BioTechnology Corporation, Limited, Jinan, Shandong 250010, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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2
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Hagen MW, Setiawan NJ, Woodruff KA, Termini CM. Syndecans in hematopoietic cells and their niches. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C372-C378. [PMID: 38912739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00326.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins that modulate cell signaling by binding growth factors and changing their bioavailability. Syndecans are a specific family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. In this review, we will summarize emerging evidence for the functions of syndecans in the normal and malignant blood systems and their microenvironments. More specifically, we detail the known functions of syndecans within normal hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, we discuss the functions of syndecans in hematological malignancies, including myeloid malignancies, lymphomas, and bleeding disorders. As normal and malignant hematopoietic cells require cues from their microenvironments to function, we also summarize the roles of syndecans in cells of the stromal, endothelial, and osteolineage compartments. Syndecan biology is a rapidly evolving field; a comprehensive understanding of these molecules and their place in the hematopoietic system promises to improve our grasp on disease processes and better predict the efficacies of growth factor-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hagen
- Translational Science & Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Nicollette J Setiawan
- Translational Science & Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Kelsey A Woodruff
- Translational Science & Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Christina M Termini
- Translational Science & Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
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3
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Rathnayake MSB, Boos MA, Farrugia BL, van Osch GJVM, Stok KS. Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Interactions in Articular, Auricular, Meniscal, and Nasal Cartilage. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38613808 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are ubiquitous components in the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Ultrastructural arrangement of ECM and GAG-mediated interactions with collagen are known to govern the mechanics in articular cartilage, but these interactions are less clear in other cartilage types. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature on ultrastructure of articular, auricular, meniscal, and nasal septal cartilage, seeking insight into GAG-mediated interactions influencing mechanics. Ultrastructural features of these cartilages are discussed to highlight differences between them. GAG-mediated interactions are reviewed under two categories: interactions with chondrocytes and interactions with other fibrillar macromolecules of the ECM. Moreover, efforts to replicate GAG-mediated interactions to improve mechanical integrity of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs are discussed. In conclusion, studies exploring cartilage specific GAGs are poorly represented in the literature, and the ultrastructure of nasal septal and auricular cartilage is less studied compared with articular and meniscal cartilages. Understanding the contribution of GAGs in cartilage mechanics at the ultrastructural level and translating that knowledge to engineered cartilage will facilitate improvement of cartilage tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manula S B Rathnayake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Manuela A Boos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn S Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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4
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Osumi R, Sugihara K, Yoshimoto M, Tokumura K, Tanaka Y, Hinoi E. Role of proteoglycan synthesis genes in osteosarcoma stem cells. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1325794. [PMID: 38690160 PMCID: PMC11058990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1325794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant primary bone tumor. The significance and underlying mechanisms of action of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in OSC phenotypes and OS malignancy are largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of PG/GAG biosynthesis and the corresponding candidate genes in OSCs and poor clinical outcomes in OS using scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq datasets of clinical OS specimens, accompanied by biological validation by in vitro genetic and pharmacological analyses. The expression of β-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3), one of the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of the common core tetrasaccharide linker region of PGs, was significantly upregulated in both OSC populations and OS tissues and was associated with poor survival in patients with OS with high stem cell properties. Moreover, the genetic inactivation of B3GAT3 by RNA interference and pharmacological inhibition of PG biosynthesis abrogated the self-renewal potential of OSCs. Collectively, these findings suggest a pivotal role for B3GAT3 and PG/GAG biosynthesis in the regulation of OSC phenotypes and OS malignancy, thereby providing a potential target for OSC-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Osumi
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kengo Sugihara
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tokumura
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Division of Innovative Modality Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Khosrowabadi E, Mignon-Ravix C, Riccardi F, Cacciagli P, Desnous B, Sigaudy S, Milh M, Villard L, Kjellén L, Molinari F. Loss of NDST1 N-sulfotransferase activity is associated with autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:520-529. [PMID: 38129107 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual Disability (ID) is the major cause of handicap, affecting nearly 3% of the general population, and is highly genetically heterogenous with more than a thousand genes involved. Exome sequencing performed in two independent families identified the same missense variant, p.(Gly611Ser), in the NDST1 (N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase member 1) gene. This variant had been previously found in ID patients of two other families but has never been functionally characterized. The NDST1 gene encodes a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of N-acetyl-glucosamine residues during heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. This step is essential because it influences the downstream enzymatic modifications and thereby determines the overall structure and sulfation degree of the HS polysaccharide chain. To discriminate between a rare polymorphism and a pathogenic variant, we compared the enzymatic properties of wild-type and mutant NDST1 proteins. We found that the p.(Gly611Ser) variant results in a complete loss of N-sulfotransferase activity while the N-deacetylase activity is retained. NDST1 shows the highest and the most homogeneous expression in the human cerebral structures compared to the other members of the NDST gene family. These results indicate that a loss of NDST1 N-sulfation activity is associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khosrowabadi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cécile Mignon-Ravix
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Ste Musse, 54 Rue Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, 83100 Toulon, France
| | - Pierre Cacciagli
- Biological Resource Center, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Béatrice Desnous
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Villard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
- Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florence Molinari
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Mycroft-West CJ, Abdelkarim S, Duyvesteyn HME, Gandhi NS, Skidmore MA, Owens RJ, Wu L. Structural and mechanistic characterization of bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1326. [PMID: 38351061 PMCID: PMC10864358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are major constituents of the extracellular matrix, which are involved in myriad structural and signaling processes. Mature HS polysaccharides contain complex, non-templated patterns of sulfation and epimerization, which mediate interactions with diverse protein partners. Complex HS modifications form around initial clusters of glucosamine-N-sulfate (GlcNS) on nascent polysaccharide chains, but the mechanistic basis underpinning incorporation of GlcNS itself into HS remains unclear. Here, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of human N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (NDST)1, the bifunctional enzyme primarily responsible for initial GlcNS modification of HS. Our structures reveal the architecture of both NDST1 deacetylase and sulfotransferase catalytic domains, alongside a non-catalytic N-terminal domain. The two catalytic domains of NDST1 adopt a distinct back-to-back topology that limits direct cooperativity. Binding analyses, aided by activity-modulating nanobodies, suggest that anchoring of the substrate at the sulfotransferase domain initiates the NDST1 catalytic cycle, providing a plausible mechanism for cooperativity despite spatial domain separation. Our data shed light on key determinants of NDST1 activity, and describe tools to probe NDST1 function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Abdelkarim
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Liang Wu
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Solaimuthu B, Khatib A, Tanna M, Karmi A, Hayashi A, Abu Rmaileh A, Lichtenstein M, Takoe S, Jolly MK, Shaul YD. The exostosin glycosyltransferase 1/STAT3 axis is a driver of breast cancer aggressiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316733121. [PMID: 38215181 PMCID: PMC10801894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316733121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is crucial for transforming carcinoma cells into a partially mesenchymal state, enhancing their chemoresistance, migration, and metastasis. This shift in cell state is tightly regulated by cellular mechanisms that are not yet fully characterized. One intriguing EMT aspect is the rewiring of the proteoglycan landscape, particularly the induction of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis. This proteoglycan functions as a co-receptor that accelerates cancer-associated signaling pathways through its negatively-charged residues. However, the precise mechanisms through which EMT governs HSPG biosynthesis and its role in cancer cell plasticity remain elusive. Here, we identified exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1), a central enzyme in HSPG biosynthesis, to be selectively upregulated in aggressive tumor subtypes and cancer cell lines, and to function as a key player in breast cancer aggressiveness. Notably, ectopic expression of EXT1 in epithelial cells is sufficient to induce HSPG levels and the expression of known mesenchymal markers, subsequently enhancing EMT features, including cell migration, invasion, and tumor formation. Additionally, EXT1 loss in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibits their aggressiveness-associated traits such as migration, chemoresistance, tumor formation, and metastasis. Our findings reveal that EXT1, through its role in HSPG biosynthesis, governs signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, a known regulator of cancer cell aggressiveness. Collectively, we present the EXT1/HSPG/STAT3 axis as a central regulator of cancer cell plasticity that directly links proteoglycan synthesis to oncogenic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Solaimuthu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Anees Khatib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Mayur Tanna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Abdelrahman Karmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Arata Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Areej Abu Rmaileh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Michal Lichtenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Suranjana Takoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur760010, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Yoav David Shaul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
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8
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Qin Y, Xu Y, Yi H, Shi L, Wang X, Wang W, Li F. Unique structural characteristics and biological activities of heparan sulfate isolated from the mantle of the scallop Chlamys farreri. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121431. [PMID: 37985034 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Marine animals are a huge resource of various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with specific structures and functions. A large number of byproducts, such as low-edible mantle, are produced during the processing of Chlamys farreri, which is one of the most cultured scallops in China. In this study, a major GAG component was isolated from the mantle of C. farreri, and its structural characteristics and biological activities were determined in detail. Preliminary analysis by agarose electrophoresis combined with specific enzymatic degradation evaluations showed that this component was heparan sulfate and was named CMHS. Further analysis by HPLC and NMR revealed that CMHS has an average molecular weight of 35.9 kDa and contains a high proportion (80%) of 6-O-sulfated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/N-sulfated-D-glucosamine (6-O-sulfated GlcNAc/GlcNS) residues and rare 3-O-sulfated β-D-glucuronic acid residues. Bioactivity analysis showed that CMHS has much lower anticoagulant activity than heparin and it can interact with various growth factors with high affinity. Moreover, CMHS binds strongly to the morphogen Wnt 3a to inhibit glypican-3-stimulated Wnt 3a signaling. Thus, the identification of CMHS with unique structural and bioactive features will provide a promising candidate for the development of GAG-type pharmaceutical products and promote the high-value utilization of C. farreri mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Yi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liran Shi
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Tan WS, Rong E, Dry I, Lillico SG, Law A, Digard P, Whitelaw B, Dalziel RG. GARP and EARP are required for efficient BoHV-1 replication as identified by a genome wide CRISPR knockout screen. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011822. [PMID: 38055775 PMCID: PMC10727446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in gene editing bring unprecedented opportunities in high throughput functional genomics to animal research. Here we describe a genome wide CRISPR knockout library, btCRISPRko.v1, targeting all protein coding genes in the cattle genome. Using it, we conducted genome wide screens during Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BoHV-1) replication and compiled a list of pro-viral and anti-viral candidates. These candidates might influence multiple aspects of BoHV-1 biology such as viral entry, genome replication and transcription, viral protein trafficking and virion maturation in the cytoplasm. Some of the most intriguing examples are VPS51, VPS52 and VPS53 that code for subunits of two membrane tethering complexes, the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex and the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. These complexes mediate endosomal recycling and retrograde trafficking to the trans Golgi Network (TGN). Simultaneous loss of both complexes in MDBKs resulted in greatly reduced production of infectious BoHV-1 virions. We also found that viruses released by these deficient cells severely lack VP8, the most abundant tegument protein of BoHV-1 that are crucial for its virulence. In combination with previous reports, our data suggest vital roles GARP and EARP play during viral protein packaging and capsid re-envelopment in the cytoplasm. It also contributes to evidence that both the TGN and the recycling endosomes are recruited in this process, mediated by these complexes. The btCRISPRko.v1 library generated here has been controlled for quality and shown to be effective in host gene discovery. We hope it will facilitate efforts in the study of other pathogens and various aspects of cell biology in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang S. Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Enguang Rong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Dry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G. Lillico
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Law
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G. Dalziel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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10
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Tang Y, Liu Y, Zhu X, Chen Y, Jiang X, Ding S, Zheng Q, Zhang M, Yang J, Ma Y, Xing M, Zhang Z, Ding H, Jin Y, Ma C. ALKBH5-mediated m 6A demethylation of HS3ST3B1-IT1 prevents osteoarthritis progression. iScience 2023; 26:107838. [PMID: 37752950 PMCID: PMC10518728 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HS3ST3B1-IT1 was identified as a downregulated long noncoding RNA in osteoarthritic cartilage. However, its roles and mechanisms in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expressions of HS3ST3B1-IT1 and its maternal gene HS3ST3B1 were downregulated and positively correlated in osteoarthritic cartilage. Overexpression of HS3ST3B1-IT1 significantly increased chondrocyte viability, inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis, and upregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, whereas HS3ST3B1-IT1 knockdown had the opposite effects. In addition, HS3ST3B1-IT1 significantly ameliorated monosodium-iodoacetate-induced OA in vivo. Mechanistically, HS3ST3B1-IT1 upregulated HS3ST3B1 expression by blocking its ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Knockdown of HS3ST3B1 reversed the effects of HS3ST3B1-IT1 on chondrocyte viability, apoptosis, and ECM metabolism. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5)-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylation stabilized HS3ST3B1-IT1 RNA. Together, our data revealed that ALKBH5-mediated upregulation of HS3ST3B1-IT1 suppressed OA progression by elevating HS3ST3B1 expression, suggesting that HS3ST3B1-IT1/HS3ST3B1 may serve as potential therapeutic targets for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xinluan Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Ding
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Que Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiashu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Xing
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zongyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, BenQ Medical Center, the Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Changyan Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Nanjing, P.R. China
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11
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Sammon D, Krueger A, Busse-Wicher M, Morgan RM, Haslam SM, Schumann B, Briggs DC, Hohenester E. Molecular mechanism of decision-making in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6425. [PMID: 37828045 PMCID: PMC10570366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major glycosaminoglycan types, heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), control many aspects of development and physiology in a type-specific manner. HS and CS are attached to core proteins via a common linker tetrasaccharide, but differ in their polymer backbones. How core proteins are specifically modified with HS or CS has been an enduring mystery. By reconstituting glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in vitro, we establish that the CS-initiating N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase CSGALNACT2 modifies all glycopeptide substrates equally, whereas the HS-initiating N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase EXTL3 is selective. Structure-function analysis reveals that acidic residues in the glycopeptide substrate and a basic exosite in EXTL3 are critical for specifying HS biosynthesis. Linker phosphorylation by the xylose kinase FAM20B accelerates linker synthesis and initiation of both HS and CS, but has no effect on the subsequent polymerisation of the backbone. Our results demonstrate that modification with CS occurs by default and must be overridden by EXTL3 to produce HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sammon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anja Krueger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marta Busse-Wicher
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Abzena, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Rhodri Marc Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- ZoBio, 2333 CH, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David C Briggs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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12
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Tian S, Zhou N. Gaining New Insights into Fundamental Biological Pathways by Bacterial Toxin-Based Genetic Screens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:884. [PMID: 37627769 PMCID: PMC10451959 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screen technology has been applied to study the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins-a special class of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis caused by bacterial infections. These screens aim to identify host factors that directly or indirectly facilitate toxin intoxication. Additionally, specific properties of certain toxins, such as membrane interaction, retrograde trafficking, and carbohydrate binding, provide robust probes to comprehensively investigate the lipid biosynthesis, membrane vesicle transport, and glycosylation pathways, respectively. This review specifically focuses on recent representative toxin-based genetic screens that have identified new players involved in and provided new insights into fundamental biological pathways, such as glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, and membrane vesicle trafficking pathways. Functionally characterizing these newly identified factors not only expands our current understanding of toxin biology but also enables a deeper comprehension of fundamental biological questions. Consequently, it stimulates the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting both bacterial infectious diseases and genetic disorders with defects in these factors and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nini Zhou
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Dolmatov IY, Nizhnichenko VA. Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:417. [PMID: 37504948 PMCID: PMC10381214 DOI: 10.3390/md21070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers available data on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in echinoderms. The connective tissue in these animals has a rather complex organization. It includes a wide range of structural ECM proteins, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors. Members of almost all major groups of collagens, various glycoproteins, and proteoglycans have been found in echinoderms. There are enzymes for the synthesis of structural proteins and their modification by polysaccharides. However, the ECM of echinoderms substantially differs from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, tenascins, and some other glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Echinoderms have a wide variety of proteinases, with serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metal peptidases identified among them. Their active centers have a typical structure and can break down various ECM molecules. Echinoderms are also distinguished by a wide range of proteinase inhibitors. The complex ECM structure and the variety of intermolecular interactions evidently explain the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for variations in the mechanical properties of connective tissue in echinoderms. These mechanisms probably depend not only on the number of cross-links between the molecules, but also on the composition of ECM and the properties of its proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Nizhnichenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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14
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Buijsers B, Maciej-Hulme M, Jacobs M, Bebber MBV, de Graaf M, Salmenov R, Parr N, Rabelink TJ, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J. Glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan have a protective effect on experimental glomerulonephritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1223972. [PMID: 37475889 PMCID: PMC10354240 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1223972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is degraded during inflammation. The glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in endothelial function and is involved in many processes including binding of chemokines and cytokines, leukocyte trafficking, and preventing proteinuria. HS-based therapeutics are a promising novel class of anti-inflammatory drugs to restore a compromised endothelial glycocalyx under inflammatory conditions. Recently, we demonstrated that treatment with HS extracted from unstimulated glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (unstimulated HSglx) reduced albuminuria during anti-GBM induced glomerulonephritis. Since endothelial HS domains are distinct in unstimulated versus inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that 1) unstimulated HSglx, 2) LPS-stimulated HSglx, 3) the HS-mimetic fucoidan and 4) the glycosaminoglycan preparation sulodexide, which is a mixture of low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate, might have different beneficial effects in experimental glomerulonephritis. Methods: The effect of unstimulated HSglx, LPS HSglx, Laminaria japonica fucoidan, or sulodexide on experimental glomerulonephritis was tested in LPS-induced glomerulonephritis in mice. Analyses included urinary albumin creatinine measurement, cytokine expression in plasma and renal cortex, and renal influx of immune cells determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the observed in vivo effects were evaluated in cultured glomerular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by measuring cytokine and ICAM-1 expression levels. The ability of the compounds to inhibit heparanase activity was assessed in a heparanase activity assay. Results: Treatment of mice with LPS HSglx or sulodexide near-significantly attenuated LPS-induced proteinuria. All treatments reduced plasma MCP-1 levels, whereas only fucoidan reduced IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels. Moreover, all treatments reversed cortical ICAM-1 mRNA expression and both fucoidan and sulodexide reversed cortical IL-6 and nephrin mRNA expression. Sulodexide decreased renal influx of CD45+ immune cells whereas renal influx of macrophages and granulocytes remained unaltered for all treatments. Although all compounds inhibited HPSE activity, fucoidan and sulodexide were the most potent inhibitors. Notably, fucoidan and sulodexide decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6 by cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Conclusion: Our data show a potentially protective effect of glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan in experimental glomerulonephritis. Future research should be aimed at the further identification of defined HS structures that have therapeutic potential in the treatment of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marissa Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Jacobs
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marinka Bakker-van Bebber
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rustem Salmenov
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Naomi Parr
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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15
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Benicky J, Sanda M, Panigrahi A, Liu J, Wang Z, Pagadala V, Su G, Goldman R. A 6-O-endosulfatase activity assay based on synthetic heparan sulfate oligomers. Glycobiology 2023; 33:384-395. [PMID: 37052463 PMCID: PMC10243761 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulf-2 is an extracellular heparan 6-O-endosulfatase involved in the postsynthetic editing of heparan sulfate (HS), which regulates many important biological processes. The activity of the Sulf-2 and its substrate specificity remain insufficiently characterized in spite of more than two decades of studies of this enzyme. This is due, in part, to the difficulties in the production and isolation of this highly modified protein and due to the lack of well-characterized synthetic substrates for the probing of its catalytic activity. We introduce synthetic HS oligosaccharides to fill this gap, and we use our recombinant Sulf-2 protein to show that a paranitrophenol (pNP)-labeled synthetic oligosaccharide allows a reliable quantification of its enzymatic activity. The substrate and products of the desulfation reaction are separated by ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantified by UV absorbance. This simple assay allows the detection of the Sulf-2 activity at high sensitivity (nanograms of the enzyme) and specificity. The method also allowed us to measure the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity in biological samples as complex as the secretome of cancer cell lines. Our in vitro measurements show that the N-glycosylation of the Sulf-2 enzyme affects the activity of the enzyme and that phosphate ions substantially decrease the Sulf-2 enzymatic activity. This assay offers an efficient, sensitive, and specific measurement of the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity that could open avenues to in vivo activity measurements and improve our understanding of the enzymatic editing of the sulfation of heparan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Herz- und Lungenforschung, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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16
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Li M, Pedersen LC, Xu D. Targeting heparan sulfate-protein interactions with oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1194293. [PMID: 37275960 PMCID: PMC10235622 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1194293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs) are structurally diverse extracellular and membrane attached proteins that interact with HS under normal physiological conditions. Interactions with HS offer an additional level of control over the localization and function of HSBPs, which enables them to behave in a more refined manner. Because all cell signaling events start at the cell membrane, and cell-cell communication relies on translocation of soluble factors across the extracellular matrix, HS occupies an apical position in cellular signal transduction by interacting with hundreds of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, receptors and adhesion molecules. These extracellular and membrane proteins can play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. For most HS-binding proteins, the interaction with HS represents an essential element in regulating their normal physiological functions. Such dependence on HS suggests that manipulating HS-protein interactions could be explored as a therapeutic strategy to selectively antagonize/activate HS-binding proteins. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the diverse nature of HS-HSBP interactions, and the latest advancements in targeting the HS-binding site of HSBPs using structurally-defined HS oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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17
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Li H, Chapla D, Amos RA, Ramiah A, Moremen KW, Li H. Structural basis for heparan sulfate co-polymerase action by the EXT1-2 complex. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:565-574. [PMID: 36593275 PMCID: PMC10160006 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are extended (-GlcAβ1,4GlcNAcα1,4-)n co-polymers containing decorations of sulfation and epimerization that are linked to cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins. In mammals, HS repeat units are extended by an obligate heterocomplex of two exostosin family members, EXT1 and EXT2, where each protein monomer contains distinct GT47 (GT-B fold) and GT64 (GT-A fold) glycosyltransferase domains. In this study, we generated human EXT1-EXT2 (EXT1-2) as a functional heterocomplex and determined its structure in the presence of bound donor and acceptor substrates. Structural data and enzyme activity of catalytic site mutants demonstrate that only two of the four glycosyltransferase domains are major contributors to co-polymer syntheses: the EXT1 GT-B fold β1,4GlcA transferase domain and the EXT2 GT-A fold α1,4GlcNAc transferase domain. The two catalytic sites are over 90 Å apart, indicating that HS is synthesized by a dissociative process that involves a single catalytic site on each monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Annapoorani Ramiah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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18
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Al Mahbuba D, Masuko S, Wang S, Syangtan D, Kang JS, Song Y, Shin TW, Xia K, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Boyden ES, Kiessling LL. Dynamic Changes in Heparan Sulfate Nanostructure in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7207-7218. [PMID: 37042659 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a heterogeneous, cell-surface polysaccharide critical for transducing signals essential for mammalian development. Imaging of signaling proteins has revealed how their localization influences their information transfer. In contrast, the contribution of the spatial distribution and nanostructure of information-rich, signaling polysaccharides like HS is not known. Using expansion microscopy (ExM), we found striking changes in HS nanostructure occur as human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells differentiate, and these changes correlate with growth factor signaling. Our imaging studies show that undifferentiated hPS cells are densely coated with HS displayed as hair-like protrusions. This ultrastructure can recruit fibroblast growth factor for signaling. When the hPS cells differentiate into the ectoderm lineage, HS is localized into dispersed puncta. This striking change in HS distribution coincides with a decrease in fibroblast growth factor binding to neural cells. While developmental variations in HS sequence were thought to be the primary driver of alterations in HS-mediated growth factor signaling, our high-resolution images indicate a role for the HS nanostructure. Our study highlights the utility of high-resolution glycan imaging using ExM. In the case of HS, we found that changes in how the polysaccharide is displayed link to profound differences in growth factor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Al Mahbuba
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sayaka Masuko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Deepsing Syangtan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeong Seuk Kang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tay Won Shin
- Media Arts and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Media Arts and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Centers for Neurobiological Engineering and Extreme Bionics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Abdelfadiel E, Gunta R, Villuri BK, Afosah DK, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Designing Smaller, Synthetic, Functional Mimetics of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Allosteric Modulators of Coagulation Factors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4503-4531. [PMID: 37001055 PMCID: PMC10108365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are arguably the most diverse collection of natural products. Unfortunately, this bounty of structures remains untapped. Decades of research has realized only one GAG-like synthetic, small-molecule drug, fondaparinux. This represents an abysmal output because GAGs present a frontier that few medicinal chemists, and even fewer pharmaceutical companies, dare to undertake. GAGs are heterogeneous, polymeric, polydisperse, highly water soluble, synthetically challenging, too rapidly cleared, and difficult to analyze. Additionally, GAG binding to proteins is not very selective and GAG-binding sites are shallow. This Perspective attempts to transform this negative view into a much more promising one by highlighting recent advances in GAG mimetics. The Perspective focuses on the principles used in the design/discovery of drug-like, synthetic, sulfated small molecules as allosteric modulators of coagulation factors, such as antithrombin, thrombin, and factor XIa. These principles will also aid the design/discovery of sulfated agents against cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsamani
I. Abdelfadiel
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Bharath Kumar Villuri
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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20
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Pál D, Tóth G, Sugár S, Fügedi KD, Szabó D, Kovalszky I, Papp D, Schlosser G, Tóth C, Tornóczky T, Drahos L, Turiák L. Compositional Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans in Different Lung Cancer Types-A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087050. [PMID: 37108213 PMCID: PMC10138872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer types. Studying the molecular changes that occur in lung cancer is important to understand tumor formation and identify new therapeutic targets and early markers of the disease to decrease mortality. Glycosaminoglycan chains play important roles in various signaling events in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we have determined the quantity and sulfation characteristics of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human lung tissue samples belonging to different lung cancer types as well as tumor adjacent normal areas. Glycosaminoglycan disaccharide analysis was performed using HPLC-MS following on-surface lyase digestion. Significant changes were identified predominantly in the case of chondroitin sulfate; for example, the total amount was higher in tumor tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue. We also observed differences in the degree of sulfation and relative proportions of individual chondroitin sulfate disaccharides between lung cancer types and adjacent normal tissue. Furthermore, the differences in the 6-O-/4-O-sulfation ratio of chondroitin sulfate were different between the lung cancer types. Our pilot study revealed that further investigation of the role of chondroitin sulfate chains and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis is an important aspect of lung cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos Pál
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Dorina Fügedi
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Szabó
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Papp
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tóth
- Teaching Hospital Markusovszky, University of Pécs, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tornóczky
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Ferreira A, Timmerman E, Staes A, Vuylsteke M, De Muynck L, Gevaert K. Protein interactors of 3-O sulfated heparan sulfates in human MCI and age-matched control cerebrospinal fluid. Sci Data 2023; 10:121. [PMID: 36879013 PMCID: PMC9986659 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) proteoglycans are commonly found on the cell surface and mediate many processes. Binding of HS ligands is determined by the sulfation code on the HS chain that can be N-/2-O/6-O- or 3-O-sulfated, generating heterogenous sulfation patterns. 3-O sulfated HS (3S-HS) play a role in several (patho)physiological processes such as blood coagulation, viral pathogenesis and binding and internalization of tau in Alzheimer's disease. However, few 3S-HS-specific interactors are known. Thus, our insight into the role of 3S-HS in health and disease is limited, especially in the central nervous system. Using human CSF, we determined the interactome of synthetic HS with defined sulfation patterns. Our affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry studies expand the repertoire of proteins that may interact with (3S-)HS. Validating our approach, ATIII, a known 3S-HS interactor, was found to require GlcA-GlcNS6S3S for binding, similar to what has been reported. Our dataset holds novel, potential HS and 3S-HS protein ligands, that can be explored in future studies focusing on molecular mechanisms that depend on 3S-HS in (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ferreira
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Timmerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Louis De Muynck
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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Mycroft-West CJ, Devlin AJ, Cooper LC, Guimond SE, Procter P, Miller GJ, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Yates EA, Lima MA, Skidmore MA. A sulphated glycosaminoglycan extract from Placopecten magellanicus inhibits the Alzheimer's disease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1). Carbohydr Res 2023; 525:108747. [PMID: 36773398 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The clinically important anticoagulant heparin, a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates that is extracted predominantly from porcine and bovine tissue sources, has previously been shown to inhibit the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), a key drug target in Alzheimer's Disease. In addition, heparin has been shown to exert favourable bioactivities through a number of pathophysiological pathways involved in the disease processes of Alzheimer's Disease including inflammation, oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation and amyloid peptide generation. Despite the multi-target potential of heparin as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease, the repurposing of this medically important biomolecule has to-date been precluded by its high anticoagulant potential. An alternative source to mammalian-derived glycosaminoglycans are those extracted from marine environments and these have been shown to display an expanded repertoire of sequence-space and heterogeneity compared to their mammalian counterparts. Furthermore, many marine-derived glycosaminoglycans appear to retain favourable bioactivities, whilst lacking the high anticoagulant potential of their mammalian counterparts. Here we describe a sulphated, marine-derived glycosaminoglycan extract from the Atlantic Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus that displays high inhibitory potential against BACE-1 (IC50 = 4.8 μg.mL-1) combined with low anticoagulant activity; 25-fold less than that of heparin. This extract possesses a more favourable therapeutic profile compared to pharmaceutical heparin of mammalian provenance and is composed of a mixture of heparan sulphate (HS), with a high content of 6-sulphated N-acetyl glucosamine (64%), and chondroitin sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Mycroft-West
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anthony J Devlin
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK; Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lynsay C Cooper
- University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall Campus, Swindon Rd, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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23
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Noborn F, Sterky FH. Role of neurexin heparan sulfate in the molecular assembly of synapses - expanding the neurexin code? FEBS J 2023; 290:252-265. [PMID: 34699130 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are the minimal information processing units of the brain and come in many flavors across distinct circuits. The shape and properties of a synapse depend on its molecular organisation, which is thought to largely depend on interactions between cell adhesion molecules across the synaptic cleft. An established example is that of presynaptic neurexins and their interactions with structurally diverse postsynaptic ligands: the diversity of neurexin isoforms that arise from alternative promoters and alternative splicing specify synaptic properties by dictating ligand preference. The recent finding that a majority of neurexin isoforms exist as proteoglycans with a single heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide adds to this complexity. Sequence motifs within the HS polysaccharide may differ between neuronal cell types to contribute specificity to its interactions, thereby expanding the coding capacity of neurexin diversity. However, an expanding number of HS-binding proteins have been found capable to recruit neurexins via the HS chain, challenging the concept of a code provided by neurexin splice isoforms. Here we discuss the possible roles of the neurexin HS in light of what is known from other HS-protein interactions, and propose a model for how the neurexin HS polysaccharide may contribute to synaptic assembly. We also discuss how the neurexin HS may be regulated by co-secreted carbonic anhydrase-related and FAM19A proteins, and highlight some key issues that should be resolved to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik H Sterky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Biasella F, Plössl K, Baird PN, Weber BHF. The extracellular microenvironment in immune dysregulation and inflammation in retinal disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147037. [PMID: 36936905 PMCID: PMC10014728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) as well as genetically complex retinal phenotypes represent a heterogenous group of ocular diseases, both on account of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Therefore, overlaps in clinical features often complicate or even impede their correct clinical diagnosis. Deciphering the molecular basis of retinal diseases has not only aided in their disease classification but also helped in our understanding of how different molecular pathologies may share common pathomechanisms. In particular, these relate to dysregulation of two key processes that contribute to cellular integrity, namely extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and inflammation. Pathological changes in the ECM of Bruch's membrane have been described in both monogenic IRDs, such as Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) and Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD), as well as in the genetically complex age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR). Additionally, complement system dysfunction and distorted immune regulation may also represent a common connection between some IRDs and complex retinal degenerations. Through highlighting such overlaps in molecular pathology, this review aims to illuminate how inflammatory processes and ECM homeostasis are linked in the healthy retina and how their interplay may be disturbed in aging as well as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Biasella
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul N. Baird, ; Bernhard H. F. Weber,
| | - Bernhard H. F. Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paul N. Baird, ; Bernhard H. F. Weber,
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25
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Niwa A, Taniguchi T, Tomita H, Okada H, Kinoshita T, Mizutani C, Matsuo M, Imaizumi Y, Kuroda T, Ichihashi K, Sugiyama T, Kanayama T, Yamaguchi Y, Sugie S, Matsuhashi N, Hara A. Conditional ablation of heparan sulfate expression in stromal fibroblasts promotes tumor growth in vivo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281820. [PMID: 36809261 PMCID: PMC9942975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycocalyx component present in the extracellular matrix and cell-surface HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). Although HSPGs are known to play functional roles in multiple aspects of tumor development and progression, the effect of HS expression in the tumor stroma on tumor growth in vivo remains unclear. We conditionally deleted Ext1, which encodes a glycosyltransferase essential for the biosynthesis of HS chains, using S100a4-Cre (S100a4-Cre; Ext1f/f) to investigate the role of HS in cancer-associated fibroblasts, which is the main component of the tumor microenvironment. Subcutaneous transplantation experiments with murine MC38 colon cancer and Pan02 pancreatic cancer cells demonstrated substantially larger subcutaneous tumors in S100a4-Cre; Ext1f/f mice. Additionally, the number of myofibroblasts observed in MC38 and Pan02 subcutaneous tumors of S100a4-Cre; Ext1f/f mice decreased. Furthermore, the number of intratumoral macrophages decreased in MC38 subcutaneous tumors in S100a4-Cre; Ext1f/f mice. Finally, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) markedly increased in Pan02 subcutaneous tumors in S100a4-Cre; Ext1f/f mice, suggesting that it may contribute to rapid growth. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the tumor microenvironment with HS-reduced fibroblasts provides a favorable environment for tumor growth by affecting the function and properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniguchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kinoshita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Chika Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Mikiko Matsuo
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Yuko Imaizumi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Takahito Kuroda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Koki Ichihashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sugiyama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shigeyuki Sugie
- Department of Pathology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Matsuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
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26
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Tóth G, Turiák L. HPLC-MS Characterization of Tissue-Derived Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2619:71-90. [PMID: 36662463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2946-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are built up of repeating disaccharide units resulting in long, linear polysaccharide chains. In most classes of GAGs, sulfation and epimerization complicate the structure of the chain and influence biochemical functions. The most widespread way of their investigation by instrumental analytical techniques is to degrade them into the constituent disaccharide building blocks, followed by capillary electrophoresis or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. The analysis of GAG disaccharides with varying sulfation degrees poses a real challenge both from chromatographic and mass spectrometric (MS) points of view. This necessitates the constant improvement of their analytical methodology. In this chapter, an optimized workflow will be discussed for the sample preparation and subsequent HPLC-MS characterization of tissue-derived chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
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28
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Ferreira A, Royaux I, Liu J, Wang Z, Su G, Moechars D, Callewaert N, De Muynck L. The 3-O sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans contributes to the cellular internalization of tau aggregates. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:61. [PMID: 36564747 PMCID: PMC9789671 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the high correlation between the functional decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the propagation of aggregated tau protein, many research efforts are focused on determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of tau spreading. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were reported to mediate cellular uptake of tau aggregates. Specifically, the heparan sulfates (HS) sulfation plays a critical role in the interaction of HSPGs with aggregated tau. HS can be N-/2-O/6-O- or 3-O-sulfated, some of which have been reported to take part in the interaction with tau aggregates. However, the role of the 3-O sulfation remains enigmatic. RESULTS Here, we studied the contribution of HS 3-O sulfation in the binding and cellular uptake of tau aggregates. We observed reduced tau aggregates uptake in absence of 3-O sulfation or when outcompeting available cellular 3-O sulfated HS (3S-HS) with antithrombin III. The lack of HS3ST1-generated HS products in the HS3ST1-/- cells was further corroborated with an LC-MS/MS using 13C-labeled HS calibrants. Here, we showed that these functional changes can be explained by a higher affinity of aggregated tau to 3S-HS. When targeting tau aggregates with 3-O sulfation-containing HS, we observed an increase in inhibition of tau aggregates uptake. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that HS 3-O sulfation plays a role in the binding of tau aggregates and, thus, contributes to their cellular uptake, highlighting a potential target value to modulate tau pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ferreira
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Royaux
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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29
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Pretorius D, Richter RP, Anand T, Cardenas JC, Richter JR. Alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and sulfation and the impact on vascular endothelial function. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100121. [PMID: 36160687 PMCID: PMC9494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx attached to the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells is a rich network of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins with instrumental roles in vascular homeostasis. Given their molecular complexity and ability to interact with the intra- and extracellular environment, heparan sulfate proteoglycans uniquely contribute to the glycocalyx's role in regulating endothelial permeability, mechanosignaling, and ligand recognition by cognate cell surface receptors. Much attention has recently been devoted to the enzymatic shedding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx and its impact on vascular function. However, other molecular modifications to heparan sulfate proteoglycans are possible and may have equal or complementary clinical significance. In this narrative review, we focus on putative mechanisms driving non-proteolytic changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and alterations in the sulfation of heparan sulfate side chains within the endothelial glycocalyx. We then discuss how these specific changes to the endothelial glycocalyx impact endothelial cell function and highlight therapeutic strategies to target or potentially reverse these pathologic changes.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- EXT, Exostosin
- EXTL, Exostosin-like glycosyltransferase
- FFP, Fresh frozen plasma
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycan
- GPC, Glypican
- Gal, Galactose
- GlcA, Glucuronic acid
- GlcNAc, N-actetyl glucosamine
- Glycocalyx
- HLMVEC, Human lung microvascular endothelial cell
- HS, Heparan sulfate
- HS2ST, Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
- HS3ST, Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase
- HS6ST, Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase
- HSPG, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NDST, N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC, Syndecan
- Sulf, Endosulfatase
- Sulfation
- Synthesis
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UA, Hexuronic acid
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelium
- XYLT, Xylosyltransferase
- Xyl, Xylose
- eGCX, Endothelial glycocalyx
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pretorius
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert P. Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tanya Anand
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burn & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica C. Cardenas
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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30
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons G. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides having a Domain Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211112. [PMID: 36148891 PMCID: PMC9828060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has a domain structure in which regions that are modified by epimerization and sulfonation (NS domains) are interspersed by unmodified fragments (NA domains). There is data to support that domain organization of HS can regulate binding of proteins, however, such model has been difficult to probe. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic methodology that can provide HS oligosaccharides composed of two or more NS domains separated by NA domains of different length. It is based on the chemical synthesis of a HS oligosaccharide that enzymatically was extended by various GlcA-GlcNAc units and terminated in GlcNAc having an azido moiety at C-6 position. HS oligosaccharides having an azide and alkyne moiety could be assembled by copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to give compounds having various NS domains separated by unsulfonated regions. Competition binding studies showed that the length of an NA domain modulates the binding of the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrecht (TheNetherlands
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
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31
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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33
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycosaminoglycan Mimetic Precision Glycomacromolecules with Sequence-Defined Sulfation and Rigidity Patterns. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4004-4014. [PMID: 35959886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are structurally diverse linear polysaccharides that are involved in many biological processes and have gained interest as antiviral compounds. Their recognition is driven by a complex orchestra of structural parameters that are still under intense investigation. One distinct characteristic is the incorporation of sulfation patterns including highly sulfated and non-sulfated sequences that provide variations in flexibility and conformation, which in turn impact the biological function of sGAGs. However, these distinct features have not yet been fully realized in the synthetic preparation of sGAG mimetics. Here, we present the synthesis of three groups of sulfated glycomacromolecules as sGAG mimetics: (i) globally sulfated glycooligomers, (ii) glycooligomers with sequence-defined sulfation patterns, and (iii) a globally sulfated glycooligomer-oligo-L-proline hybrid structure. The complete synthesis, including chemical sulfation, was conducted on solid support, enabled by the introduction of a commercially available photocleavable linker allowing for the preservation of sensitive sulfates during cleavage of the products. Structures were obtained in good purity and with high degrees of sulfation demonstrating the wide applicability of this methodology to prepare tailor-made sulfated glycomacromolecules and similar sGAG mimetics. Structures were tested for their anticoagulant properties showing activity similar to their natural HS counterpart and significantly lower than HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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34
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Genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors reveals PAPSS1 contributes to heparan sulfate synthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:694. [PMID: 35854076 PMCID: PMC9296583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes various diseases in humans, ranging from common mucocutaneous lesions to severe life-threatening encephalitis. However, our understanding of the interaction between HSV-1 and human host factors remains incomplete. Here, to identify the host factors for HSV-1 infection, we performed a human genome-wide CRISPR screen using near-haploid HAP1 cells, in which gene knockout (KO) could be efficiently achieved. Along with several already known host factors, we identified 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) as a host factor for HSV-1 infection. The KO of PAPSS1 in HAP1 cells reduced heparan sulfate (HepS) expression, consequently diminishing the binding of HSV-1 and several other HepS-dependent viruses (such as HSV-2, hepatitis B virus, and a human seasonal coronavirus). Hence, our findings provide further insights into the host factor requirements for HSV-1 infection and HepS biosynthesis. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors using near-haploid HAP1 cells revealed PAPSS1 as an essential factor for heparan sulfate biosynthesis and HSV-1 infection, and identified several other host factors also involved in both processes.
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35
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Tseng KY, Tzeng ZH, Cheng TJR, Liang PH, Hung SC. Design and Synthesis of 1-O- and 6′-C-Modified Heparan Sulfate Trisaccharides as Human Endo-6-O-Sulfatase 1 Inhibitors. Front Chem 2022; 10:947475. [PMID: 35910734 PMCID: PMC9326219 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.947475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular human endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf-1 and Sulf-2) are responsible for the endolytic cleavage of the 6-sulfate groups from the internal D-glucosamine residues in the highly sulfated subdomains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. A trisaccharide sulfate, IdoA2OS-GlcNS6S-IdoA2OS, was identified as the minimal size of substrate for Sulf-1. In order to study the complex structure with Sulf-1 for developing potential drugs, two trisaccharide analogs, IdoA2OS-GlcNS6OSO2NH2-IdoA2OS-OMe and IdoA2OS-GlcNS6NS-IdoA2OS-OMe, were rationally designed and synthesized as the Sulf-1 inhibitors with IC50 values at 0.27 and 4.6 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yao Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Pi-Hui Liang, ; Shang-Cheng Hung,
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Pi-Hui Liang, ; Shang-Cheng Hung,
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36
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Larson G. Site-specific glycosylation of proteoglycans: a revisited frontier in proteoglycan research. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:289-306. [PMID: 35840015 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, are present in essentially all metazoan organisms investigated to date. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to various core proteins and are important for embryogenesis and normal homeostasis. PGs exert many of their functions via their GAG chains and understanding the details of GAG-ligand interactions has been an essential part of PG research. Although PGs are also involved in many diseases, the number of GAG-related drugs used in the clinic is yet very limited, indicating a lack of detailed structure-function understanding. Structural analysis of PGs has traditionally been obtained by first separating the GAG chains from the core proteins, after which the two components are analyzed separately. While this strategy greatly facilitates the analysis, it precludes site-specific information and introduces either a "GAG" or a "core protein" perspective on the data interpretation. Mass-spectrometric (MS) glycoproteomic approaches have recently been introduced, providing site-specific information on PGs. Such methods have revealed a previously unknown structural complexity of the GAG linkage regions and resulted in identification of several novel CSPGs and HSPGs in humans and in model organisms, thereby expanding our view on PG complexity. In light of these findings, we discuss here if the use of such MS-based techniques, in combination with various functional assays, can also be used to expand our functional understanding of PGs. We have also summarized the site-specific information of all human PGs known to date, providing a theoretical framework for future studies on site-specific functional analysis of PGs in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sundsvall County Hospital, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Wilson LFL, Dendooven T, Hardwick SW, Echevarría-Poza A, Tryfona T, Krogh KBRM, Chirgadze DY, Luisi BF, Logan DT, Mani K, Dupree P. The structure of EXTL3 helps to explain the different roles of bi-domain exostosins in heparan sulfate synthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3314. [PMID: 35676258 PMCID: PMC9178029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a highly modified O-linked glycan that performs diverse physiological roles in animal tissues. Though quickly modified, it is initially synthesised as a polysaccharide of alternating β-D-glucuronosyl and N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl residues by exostosins. These enzymes generally possess two glycosyltransferase domains (GT47 and GT64)-each thought to add one type of monosaccharide unit to the backbone. Although previous structures of murine exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2) provide insight into the GT64 domain, the rest of the bi-domain architecture is yet to be characterised; hence, how the two domains co-operate is unknown. Here, we report the structure of human exostosin-like 3 (EXTL3) in apo and UDP-bound forms. We explain the ineffectiveness of EXTL3's GT47 domain to transfer β-D-glucuronosyl units, and we observe that, in general, the bi-domain architecture would preclude a processive mechanism of backbone extension. We therefore propose that heparan sulfate backbone polymerisation occurs by a simple dissociative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F L Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - T Dendooven
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - S W Hardwick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - A Echevarría-Poza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - T Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - K B R M Krogh
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Stability, Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - D Y Chirgadze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - B F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - D T Logan
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Division of Neuroscience, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - P Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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38
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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39
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Tóth G, Pál D, Sugár S, Kovalszky I, Dezső K, Schlosser G, Drahos L, Turiák L. Expression of glycosaminoglycans in cirrhotic liver and hepatocellular carcinoma-a pilot study including etiology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3837-3846. [PMID: 35344068 PMCID: PMC8958808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases have both high incidence and mortality rates; therefore, a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is essential. We have determined the content and sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in human hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhotic liver tissues, considering the etiology of the diseases. A variety of pathological conditions such as alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B and C virus infections, and primary sclerosing cholangitis were studied. Major differences were observed in the total abundance and sulfation pattern of CS and HS chains. For example, the 6-O-sulfation of CS is fundamentally different regarding etiologies of cirrhosis, and a 2-threefold increase in HS N-sulfation/O-sulfation ratio was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma compared to cirrhotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pál
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Ph.D. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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41
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Ahat E, Song Y, Xia K, Reid W, Li J, Bui S, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang Y. GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi fragmentation impairs glycosaminoglycan synthesis, sulfation, and secretion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:199. [PMID: 35312866 PMCID: PMC9164142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), occurs in the lumen of the Golgi, but the relationship between Golgi structural integrity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis is not clear. In this study, we disrupted the Golgi structure by knocking out GRASP55 and GRASP65 and determined its effect on the synthesis, sulfation, and secretion of HS and CS. We found that GRASP depletion increased HS synthesis while decreasing CS synthesis in cells, altered HS and CS sulfation, and reduced both HS and CS secretion. Using proteomics, RNA-seq and biochemical approaches, we identified EXTL3, a key enzyme in the HS synthesis pathway, whose level is upregulated in GRASP knockout cells; while GalNAcT1, an essential CS synthesis enzyme, is robustly reduced. In addition, we found that GRASP depletion decreased HS sulfation via the reduction of PAPSS2, a bifunctional enzyme in HS sulfation. Our study provides the first evidence that Golgi structural defect may significantly alter the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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42
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Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Are De Facto Cellular Receptors for Human Papillomavirus 16 under High Serum Conditions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0185721. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have previously been identified as primary attachment factors for the initial binding of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) prior to infection. Here, we demonstrate that
in vitro
, HPV binding to HSPGs is strongly dependent on the surrounding experimental conditions, including the concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS).
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43
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Clark GT, Yu Y, Urban CA, Fu G, Wang C, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Hurley JM. Circadian control of heparan sulfate levels times phagocytosis of amyloid beta aggregates. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009994. [PMID: 35143487 PMCID: PMC8830681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized partly by the inability to clear, and subsequent build-up, of amyloid-beta (Aβ). AD has a bi-directional relationship with circadian disruption (CD) with sleep disturbances starting years before disease onset. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship of CD and AD has not been elucidated. Myeloid-based phagocytosis, a key component in the metabolism of Aβ, is circadianly-regulated, presenting a potential link between CD and AD. In this work, we revealed that the phagocytosis of Aβ42 undergoes a daily circadian oscillation. We found the circadian timing of global heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis was the molecular timer for the clock-controlled phagocytosis of Aβ and that both HSPG binding and aggregation may play a role in this oscillation. These data highlight that circadian regulation in immune cells may play a role in the intricate relationship between the circadian clock and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen T. Clark
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Cooper A. Urban
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Guo Fu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Now at the Innovation and Integration Center of New Laser Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Hurley
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
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44
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Pham SH, Pratt K, Okolicsanyi RK, Oikari LE, Yu C, Peall IW, Arif KMT, Chalmers TA, Gyimesi M, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Syndecan-1 and -4 influence Wnt signaling and cell migration in human breast cancers. Biochimie 2022; 198:60-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thacker BE, Thorne KJ, Cartwright C, Park J, Glass K, Chea A, Kellman BP, Lewis NE, Wang Z, Di Nardo A, Sharfstein ST, Jeske W, Walenga J, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Esko JD, Glass CA. Multiplex genome editing of mammalian cells for producing recombinant heparin. Metab Eng 2022; 70:155-165. [PMID: 35038554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is an essential anticoagulant used for treating and preventing thrombosis. However, the complexity of heparin has hindered the development of a recombinant source, making its supply dependent on a vulnerable animal population. In nature, heparin is produced exclusively in mast cells, which are not suitable for commercial production, but mastocytoma cells are readily grown in culture and make heparan sulfate, a closely related glycosaminoglycan that lacks anticoagulant activity. Using gene expression profiling of mast cells as a guide, a multiplex genome engineering strategy was devised to produce heparan sulfate with high anticoagulant potency and to eliminate contaminating chondroitin sulfate from mastocytoma cells. The heparan sulfate purified from engineered cells grown in chemically defined medium has anticoagulant potency that exceeds porcine-derived heparin and confers anticoagulant activity to the blood of healthy mice. This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing recombinant heparin from mammalian cell culture as an alternative to animal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kristen J Thorne
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Colin Cartwright
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jeeyoung Park
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Annie Chea
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Susan T Sharfstein
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, 2160 S 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jeanine Walenga
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, 2160 S 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - John Hogwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics Inc, 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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46
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Missaghian P, Dierker T, Khosrowabadi E, Axling F, Eriksson I, Ghanem A, Kusche-Gullberg M, Kellokumpu S, Kjellén L. OUP accepted manuscript. Glycobiology 2022; 32:518-528. [PMID: 35137078 PMCID: PMC9132247 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NDST1 (glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase) is a key enzyme in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis, where it is responsible for HS N-deacetylation and N-sulfation. In addition to the full length human enzyme of 882 amino acids, here designated NDST1A, a shorter form containing 825 amino acids (NDST1B) is synthesized after alternative splicing of the NDST1 mRNA. NDST1B is mostly expressed at a low level, but increased amounts are seen in several types of cancer where it is associated with shorter survival. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the enzymatic properties of NDST1B and its effect on HS biosynthesis. Purified recombinant NDST1B lacked both N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities. Interestingly, HEK293 cells overexpressing NDST1B synthesized HS with reduced sulfation and altered domain structure. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-microscopy demonstrated that both NDST1A and NDST1B had the capacity to interact with the HS copolymerase subunits EXT1 and EXT2 and also to form NDST1A/NDST1B dimers. Since lysates from cells overexpressing NDST1B contained less NDST enzyme activity than control cells, we suggest that NDST1B works in a dominant negative manner, tentatively by replacing the active endogenous NDST1 in the enzyme complexes taking part in biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Missaghian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elham Khosrowabadi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Aapistie 7A, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Fredrik Axling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Aapistie 7A, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Corresponding author: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Dagälv A, Lundequist A, Filipek-Górniok B, Dierker T, Eriksson I, Kjellén L. Heparan Sulfate Structure: Methods to Study N-Sulfation and NDST Action. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:139-150. [PMID: 34626376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important modulators of cellular processes where the negatively charged polysaccharide chains interact with target proteins. The sulfation pattern of the heparan sulfate chains will determine which proteins will bind and the affinity of the interactions. The N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes are of key importance during heparan sulfate biosynthesis when the sulfation pattern is determined. In this chapter, metabolic labeling of heparan sulfate with [35S]sulfate or [3H]glucosamine in cell cultures is described, in addition to characterization of polysaccharide chain length and degree of N-sulfation. Methods to measure NDST enzyme activity are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundequist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Laguri C, Sadir R, Gout E, Vivès RR, Lortat-Jacob H. Preparation and Characterization of Heparan Sulfate-Derived Oligosaccharides to Investigate Protein-GAG Interaction and HS Biosynthesis Enzyme Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:121-137. [PMID: 34626375 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate chains are complex and structurally diverse polysaccharides that interact with a large number of proteins, thereby regulating a vast array of biological functions. Understanding this activity requires obtaining oligosaccharides of defined structures. Here we describe methods for isolating, engineering, and characterizing heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides and approaches based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to study their structures, modifications, and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Laguri
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Rabia Sadir
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain R Vivès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France.
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49
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Xu Z, Chen S, Feng D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu L. Biological role of heparan sulfate in osteogenesis: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118490. [PMID: 34420746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is extensively expressed in cells, for example, cell membrane and extracellular matrix of most mammalian cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth and development of life by maintaining homeostasis and implicating in the etiology and diseases. Recent studies have revealed that HS is involved in osteogenesis via coordinating multiple signaling pathways. The potential effect of HS on osteogenesis is a complicated and delicate biological process, which involves the participation of osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and a variety of cytokines. In this review, we summarized the structural and functional characteristics of HS and highlighted the molecular mechanism of HS in bone metabolism to provide novel research perspectives for the further medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Shayang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Dehong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Tianshu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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50
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Kerever A, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Optimal Extracellular Matrix Niches for Neurogenesis: Identifying Glycosaminoglycan Chain Composition in the Subventricular Neurogenic Zone. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:764458. [PMID: 34671246 PMCID: PMC8520954 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.764458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, new neurons are generated in a restricted region called the neurogenic niche, which refers to the specific regulatory microenvironment of neural stem cells (NSCs). Among the constituents of neurogenic niches, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a key player in NSC maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation. In particular, heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are capable of regulating various growth factor signaling pathways that influence neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ECM niche in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), with a special focus on basement membrane (BM)-like structures called fractones, and discuss how fractones, particularly their composition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), may influence neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Kerever
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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