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Ricard-Blum S, Vivès RR, Schaefer L, Götte M, Merline R, Passi A, Heldin P, Magalhães A, Reis CA, Skandalis SS, Karamanos NK, Perez S, Nikitovic D. A biological guide to glycosaminoglycans: current perspectives and pending questions. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38500384 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), except hyaluronan (HA), are sulfated polysaccharides that are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). This article summarizes key biological findings for the most widespread GAGs, namely HA, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), keratan sulfate (KS), and heparan sulfate (HS). It focuses on the major processes that remain to be deciphered to get a comprehensive view of the mechanisms mediating GAG biological functions. They include the regulation of GAG biosynthesis and postsynthetic modifications in heparin (HP) and HS, the composition, heterogeneity, and function of the tetrasaccharide linkage region and its role in disease, the functional characterization of the new PGs recently identified by glycoproteomics, the selectivity of interactions mediated by GAG chains, the display of GAG chains and PGs at the cell surface and their impact on the availability and activity of soluble ligands, and on their move through the glycocalyx layer to reach their receptors, the human GAG profile in health and disease, the roles of GAGs and particular PGs (syndecans, decorin, and biglycan) involved in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, the possible use of GAGs and PGs as disease biomarkers, and the design of inhibitors targeting GAG biosynthetic enzymes and GAG-protein interactions to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon 1, ICBMS, UMR 5246 University Lyon 1 - CNRS, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Rosetta Merline
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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2
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Le Pennec J, Picart C, Vivès RR, Migliorini E. Sweet but Challenging: Tackling the Complexity of GAGs with Engineered Tailor-Made Biomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312154. [PMID: 38011916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis by regulating the activity and diffusion of bioactive molecules. Incorporating GAGs into biomaterials has emerged as a widely adopted strategy in medical applications, owing to their biocompatibility and ability to control the release of bioactive molecules. Nevertheless, immobilized GAGs on biomaterials can elicit distinct cellular responses compared to their soluble forms, underscoring the need to understand the interactions between GAG and bioactive molecules within engineered functional biomaterials. By controlling critical parameters such as GAG type, density, and sulfation, it becomes possible to precisely delineate GAG functions within a biomaterial context and to better mimic specific tissue properties, enabling tailored design of GAG-based biomaterials for specific medical applications. However, this requires access to pure and well-characterized GAG compounds, which remains challenging. This review focuses on different strategies for producing well-defined GAGs and explores high-throughput approaches employed to investigate GAG-growth factor interactions and to quantify cellular responses on GAG-based biomaterials. These automated methods hold considerable promise for improving the understanding of the diverse functions of GAGs. In perspective, the scientific community is encouraged to adopt a rational approach in designing GAG-based biomaterials, taking into account the in vivo properties of the targeted tissue for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Le Pennec
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | | | - Elisa Migliorini
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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3
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Pang HL, Lu H, Liu P, Zhang YT, Zhang LT, Ren Q. A chondroitin sulfate purified from shark cartilage and bovine serum albumin interaction activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129499. [PMID: 38262829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was extracted and purified from shark cartilage, and its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied. The content of chondroitin sulfate in shark cartilage was 29.97 % using the 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue method. The molecular weight of CS was determined to be 62.464 kDa by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. UV and FT-IR spectroscopy identified the characteristics of CS and its functional group information. NMR spectroscopy and disaccharide derivatization revealed that CS was predominantly composed of disulfated disaccharides, specifically ΔDi4,6S. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that the interaction between CS and BSA exhibited static quenching, with a binding site number of 1. The binding process was primarily mediated by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that CS had minimal impact on the polarity and hydrophobicity of the microenvironment surrounding Tyr and Trp residues. UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy demonstrated the altered structure of BSA. The molecular docking analysis revealed that CS formed hydrogen bonds and salt bridges with BSA, predominantly binding to the IIA substructure domain of BSA. Investigating the interaction between CS and BSA holds the potential for enhancing its applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Rizhao Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Li-Tao Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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4
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Ago Y, Rintz E, Musini KS, Ma Z, Tomatsu S. Molecular Mechanisms in Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidosis and Prospects for Innovative Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1113. [PMID: 38256186 PMCID: PMC10816168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inborn errors of the metabolism caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzymes required to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These GAGs accumulate over time in various tissues and disrupt multiple biological systems, including catabolism of other substances, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These pathological changes ultimately increase oxidative stress and activate innate immunity and inflammation. We have described the pathophysiology of MPS and activated inflammation in this paper, starting with accumulating the primary storage materials, GAGs. At the initial stage of GAG accumulation, affected tissues/cells are reversibly affected but progress irreversibly to: (1) disruption of substrate degradation with pathogenic changes in lysosomal function, (2) cellular dysfunction, secondary/tertiary accumulation (toxins such as GM2 or GM3 ganglioside, etc.), and inflammatory process, and (3) progressive tissue/organ damage and cell death (e.g., skeletal dysplasia, CNS impairment, etc.). For current and future treatment, several potential treatments for MPS that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bone have been proposed and/or are in clinical trials, including targeting peptides and molecular Trojan horses such as monoclonal antibodies attached to enzymes via receptor-mediated transport. Gene therapy trials with AAV, ex vivo LV, and Sleeping Beauty transposon system for MPS are proposed and/or underway as innovative therapeutic options. In addition, possible immunomodulatory reagents that can suppress MPS symptoms have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ago
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krishna Sai Musini
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ma
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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6
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Waseem T, Ahmed M, Rajput TA, Babar MM. Molecular implications of glycosaminoglycans in diabetes pharmacotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125821. [PMID: 37467830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes a wide range of metabolic derangements with multiple organ damage. The microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes result partly from the damage to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the basement membrane. GAGs are negatively charged polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units. They play a significant role in cellular proliferation and signal transduction. Destruction of extracellular matrix results in diseases in various organs including myocardial fibrosis, retinal damage and nephropathy. To substitute the natural GAGs pharmacotherapeutically, they have been synthesized by using basic disaccharide units. Among the four classes of GAGs, heparin is the most widely studied. Recent studies have revealed multiple significant GAG-protein interactions suggesting their use for the management of diabetic complications. Moreover, they can act as biomarkers for assessing the disease progression. A number of GAG-based therapeutic agents are being evaluated for managing diabetic complications. The current review provides an outline of the role of GAGs in diabetes while covering their interaction with different molecular players that can serve as targets for the diagnosis, management and prevention of diabetes and its complications. The medicinal chemistry and clinical pharmacotherapeutics aspects have are covered to aid in the establishment of GAG-based therapies as a possible avenue for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmed Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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7
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Sihlbom C, Nikpour M, Kjellén L, Larson G. Mapping the Human Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoproteome Reveals an Unexpected Correlation Between Glycan Sulfation and Attachment Site Characteristics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100617. [PMID: 37453717 PMCID: PMC10424144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) control key events in human health and disease and are composed of chondroitin sulfate (CS) polysaccharide(s) attached to different core proteins. Detailed information on the biological effects of site-specific CS structures is scarce as the polysaccharides are typically released from their core proteins prior to analysis. Here we present a novel glycoproteomic approach for site-specific sequencing of CS modifications from human urine. Software-assisted and manual analysis revealed that certain core proteins carried CS with abundant sulfate modifications, while others carried CS with lower levels of sulfation. Inspection of the amino acid sequences surrounding the attachment sites indicated that the acidity of the attachment site motifs increased the levels of CS sulfation, and statistical analysis confirmed this relationship. However, not only the acidity but also the sequence and characteristics of specific amino acids in the proximity of the serine glycosylation site correlated with the degree of sulfation. These results demonstrate attachment site-specific characteristics of CS polysaccharides of CSPGs in human urine and indicate that this novel method may assist in elucidating the biosynthesis and functional roles of CSPGs in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8
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Zhao YQ, Deng XW, Xu GQ, Lin J, Lu HZ, Chen J. Mechanical homeostasis imbalance in hepatic stellate cells activation and hepatic fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1183808. [PMID: 37152902 PMCID: PMC10157180 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1183808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease or repeated damage to hepatocytes can give rise to hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a pathological process of excessive sedimentation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans (PGs) in the hepatic parenchyma. Changes in the composition of the ECM lead to the stiffness of the matrix that destroys its inherent mechanical homeostasis, and a mechanical homeostasis imbalance activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts, which can overproliferate and secrete large amounts of ECM proteins. Excessive ECM proteins are gradually deposited in the Disse gap, and matrix regeneration fails, which further leads to changes in ECM components and an increase in stiffness, forming a vicious cycle. These processes promote the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. In this review, the dynamic process of ECM remodeling of HF and the activation of HSCs into mechanotransduction signaling pathways for myofibroblasts to participate in HF are discussed. These mechanotransduction signaling pathways may have potential therapeutic targets for repairing or reversing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Quan Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xi-Wen Deng
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Guo-Qi Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Hua-Ze Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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9
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Silva MB, Pinto LDLDS, Medeiros LH, Souza AA, Chavante SF, Filgueira LGA, Camara RBG, Sassaki GL, Rocha HAO, Andrade GPV. Chondroitin Sulfate from Oreochromis niloticus Waste Reduces Leukocyte Influx in an Acute Peritonitis Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073082. [PMID: 37049845 PMCID: PMC10096408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) is one of the most cultivated fish species worldwide. Tilapia farming generates organic waste from fish removal processes in nurseries. Visceral waste can damage natural ecosystems. Therefore, the use of this material as a source of biomolecules helps reduce environmental impacts and improve pharmacological studies. Tilapia viscera were subjected to proteolysis and complexation with an ion-exchange resin. The obtained glycosaminoglycans were purified using ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel). The electrophoretic profile and analysis of 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra allowed for the characterization of the compound as chondroitin sulfate and its sulfation position. This chondroitin was named CST. We tested the ability of CST to reduce leukocyte influx in acute peritonitis models induced by sodium thioglycolate and found a significant reduction in leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity, similar to the polymorphonuclear population of the three tested doses of CST. This study shows, for the first time, the potential of CST obtained from O. niloticus waste as an anti-inflammatory drug, thereby contributing to the expansion of the study of molecules with pharmacological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Barros Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Lourdes de Sousa Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Airton Araújo Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus de Parnamirim, Parnamirim 59143-455, RN, Brazil
| | - Suely Ferreira Chavante
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães Alves Filgueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barros Gomes Camara
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Giulianna Paiva Viana Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
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Heng BC, Bai Y, Li X, Meng Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Deng X. The bioelectrical properties of bone tissue. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:120-130. [PMID: 36856186 PMCID: PMC10158952 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bioelectrical properties of bone tissue is key to developing new treatment strategies for bone diseases and injuries, as well as improving the design and fabrication of scaffold implants for bone tissue engineering. The bioelectrical properties of bone tissue can be attributed to the interaction of its various cell lineages (osteocyte, osteoblast and osteoclast) with the surrounding extracellular matrix, in the presence of various biomechanical stimuli arising from routine physical activities; and is best described as a combination and overlap of dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties, together with streaming potential and electro-osmosis. There is close interdependence and interaction of the various electroactive and electrosensitive components of bone tissue, including cell membrane potential, voltage-gated ion channels, intracellular signaling pathways, and cell surface receptors, together with various matrix components such as collagen, hydroxyapatite, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. It is the remarkably complex web of interactive cross-talk between the organic and non-organic components of bone that define its electrophysiological properties, which in turn exerts a profound influence on its metabolism, homeostasis and regeneration in health and disease. This has spurred increasing interest in application of electroactive scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, to recapitulate the natural electrophysiological microenvironment of healthy bone tissue to facilitate bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yunyang Bai
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaochan Li
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanze Meng
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chavan AR, Singh AK, Gupta RK, Nakhate SP, Poddar BJ, Gujar VV, Purohit HJ, Khardenavis AA. Recent trends in the biotechnology of functional non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic potential. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-46. [PMID: 36714949 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2152627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics as a part of dietary nutrition can play a crucial role in structuring the composition and metabolic function of intestinal microbiota and can thus help in managing a clinical scenario by preventing diseases and/or improving health. Among the different prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates are molecules that selectively enrich a typical class of bacteria with probiotic potential. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the different aspects of prebiotics, such as its production, characterization and purification by various techniques, and its link to novel product development at an industrial scale for wide-scale use in diverse range of health management applications. Furthermore, the path to effective valorization of agricultural residues in prebiotic production has been elucidated. This review also discusses the recent developments in application of genomic tools in the area of prebiotics for providing new insights into the taxonomic characterization of gut microorganisms, and exploring their functional metabolic pathways for enzyme synthesis. However, the information regarding the cumulative effect of prebiotics with beneficial bacteria, their colonization and its direct influence through altered metabolic profile is still getting established. The future of this area lies in the designing of clinical condition specific functional foods taking into consideration the host genotypes, thus facilitating the creation of balanced and required metabolome and enabling to maintain the healthy status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Rajkumar Chavan
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Suraj Prabhakarrao Nakhate
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bhagyashri Jagdishprasad Poddar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vaibhav Vilasrao Gujar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- JoVE, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Anshuman Arun Khardenavis
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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12
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HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021148. [PMID: 36674659 PMCID: PMC9867265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimerization, sulfation). Variable heparan sulfate chain lengths and sequences within the heparan sulfate chains provide structural diversity generating interactive oligosaccharide binding motifs with a diverse range of extracellular ligands and cellular receptors providing instructional cues over cellular behaviour and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of essential physiological processes in development, health, and disease. heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate-PGs are integral components of the specialized glycocalyx surrounding cells. Heparan sulfate is the most heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan, in terms of its sequence and biosynthetic modifications making it a difficult molecule to fully characterize, multiple ligands also make an elucidation of heparan sulfate functional properties complicated. Spatio-temporal presentation of heparan sulfate sulfate groups is an important functional determinant in tissue development and in cellular control of wound healing and extracellular remodelling in pathological tissues. The regulatory properties of heparan sulfate are mediated via interactions with chemokines, chemokine receptors, growth factors and morphogens in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, tissue remodelling, wound healing, immune regulation, inflammation, and tumour development. A greater understanding of these HS interactive processes will improve therapeutic procedures and prognoses. Advances in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sequencing, computational analytical carbohydrate algorithms and advanced software for the evaluation of molecular docking of heparan sulfate with its molecular partners are now available. These advanced analytic techniques and artificial intelligence offer predictive capability in the elucidation of heparan sulfate conformational effects on heparan sulfate-ligand interactions significantly aiding heparan sulfate therapeutics development.
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13
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Tóth G, Turiák L. HPLC-MS Characterization of Tissue-Derived Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2619:71-90. [PMID: 36662463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2946-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are built up of repeating disaccharide units resulting in long, linear polysaccharide chains. In most classes of GAGs, sulfation and epimerization complicate the structure of the chain and influence biochemical functions. The most widespread way of their investigation by instrumental analytical techniques is to degrade them into the constituent disaccharide building blocks, followed by capillary electrophoresis or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. The analysis of GAG disaccharides with varying sulfation degrees poses a real challenge both from chromatographic and mass spectrometric (MS) points of view. This necessitates the constant improvement of their analytical methodology. In this chapter, an optimized workflow will be discussed for the sample preparation and subsequent HPLC-MS characterization of tissue-derived chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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15
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Bayat P, Rambaud C, Priem B, Bourderioux M, Bilong M, Poyer S, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Oukhaled A, Mathé J, Daniel R. Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5113. [PMID: 36042212 PMCID: PMC9427770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are highly anionic functional polysaccharides with information content in their structure that plays a major role in the communication between the cell and the extracellular environment. The study presented here reports the label-free detection and analysis of glycosaminoglycan molecules at the single molecule level using sensing by biological nanopore, thus addressing the need to decipher structural information in oligo- and polysaccharide sequences, which remains a major challenge for glycoscience. We demonstrate that a wild-type aerolysin nanopore can detect and characterize glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides with various sulfate patterns, osidic bonds and epimers of uronic acid residues. Size discrimination of tetra- to icosasaccharides from heparin, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was investigated and we show that different contents and distributions of sulfate groups can be detected. Remarkably, differences in α/β anomerization and 1,4/1,3 osidic linkages can also be detected in heparosan and hyaluronic acid, as well as the subtle difference between the glucuronic/iduronic epimers in chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Although, at this stage, discrimination of each of the constituent units of GAGs is not yet achieved at the single-molecule level, the resolution reached in this study is an essential step toward this ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Charlotte Rambaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Bernard Priem
- CNRS, CERMAV, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Mélanie Bilong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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16
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Urbi Z, Azmi NS, Ming LC, Hossain MS. A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3905-3922. [PMID: 36135180 PMCID: PMC9497668 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is one of the most predominant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) available in the extracellular matrix of tissues. It has many health benefits, including relief from osteoarthritis, antiviral properties, tissue engineering applications, and use in skin care, which have increased its commercial demand in recent years. The quest for CS sources exponentially increased due to several shortcomings of porcine, bovine, and other animal sources. Fish and fish wastes (i.e., fins, scales, skeleton, bone, and cartilage) are suitable sources of CS as they are low cost, easy to handle, and readily available. However, the lack of a standard isolation and characterization technique makes CS production challenging, particularly concerning the yield of pure GAGs. Many studies imply that enzyme-based extraction is more effective than chemical extraction. Critical evaluation of the existing extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques is crucial for establishing an optimized protocol of CS production from fish sources. The current techniques depend on tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification. Therefore, this study critically evaluated and discussed the extraction, isolation, and characterization methods of CS from fish or fish wastes. Biosynthesis and pharmacological applications of CS were also critically reviewed and discussed. Our assessment suggests that CS could be a potential drug candidate; however, clinical studies should be conducted to warrant its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zannat Urbi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - Nina Suhaity Azmi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Md. Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Sristy College of Tangail, Tangail 1900, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
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17
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Iqbal Z, Sadaf S. Commercial Low Molecular Weight Heparins - Patent Ecosystem and Technology Paradigm for Quality Characterization. J Pharm Innov 2022; 18:1-33. [PMID: 35915630 PMCID: PMC9330979 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a subject of ever-growing interest for laboratory researchers and pharmaceutical industry. One of the driving factors is its critical life-saving drug status, which during the COVID-19 pandemic has assumed a central role in disease treatment and/or prevention. Apart, heparin is one amongst few drugs enjoying a "demand constant" status. In 2020, heparin market size was valued to US$6.5 bn., and given the ongoing stability in the COVID-19 health crisis, it is expected to reach US$11.43 bn. by 2027 with yearly growth rate momentum (CAGR) of 3.9% during the forecast period (Pepi et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 20:100,025, 2021). As patent is a limited monopoly, every year, many patents on low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; a chemically or enzymatically degraded product of unfractionated heparin) are losing market exclusivity worldwide, inviting the generic/biosimilar drug manufacturers to capture market share with cheaper drug products. By tracking patent expiration, drugs in patent litigation, regulatory setbacks for innovator companies (such as those seeking data exclusivity or patent term extension), or other unexpected events affecting market demand and competition, generics can make investment decisions in manufacturing off-patent LMWH drug products of commercial significance. However, given the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicine Agency (EMA), Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP), and other regulatory authorities scientifically rigorous standards for generic/biosimilar LMWH drug products marketing approval, the market is secured and momentous for drug makers that could demonstrate through scientific and clinical dataset that the generic/biosimilar LMWH drug product is of the same quality and purity as the innovator drug product. This study presents an overview of the patent landscape of commercially available LMWHs and advanced analytical techniques for their structural and biochemical characterization for quality control and quality assurance during manufacturing and post-marketing. The study also covers FDA, EMA, Health Canada, and DRAP's current approaches to evaluating the generic/biosimilar LMWH drug products for quality, safety including immunogenicity, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Iqbal
- IP and Litigation Department, PakPat World Intellectual Property Protection Services, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Sadaf
- Biopharmaceutical and Biomarkers Discovery Lab, School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
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18
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Francisco AB, Li J, Farghli AR, Kanke M, Shui B, Munn PR, Grenier JK, Soloway PD, Wang Z, Reid LM, Liu J, Sethupathy P. Chemical, Molecular, and Single-nucleus Analysis Reveal Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Aberrancy in Fibrolamellar Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:663-678. [PMID: 36923282 PMCID: PMC10010304 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is an aggressive liver cancer with no effective therapeutic options. The extracellular environment of FLC tumors is poorly characterized and may contribute to cancer growth and/or metastasis. To bridge this knowledge gap, we assessed pathways relevant to proteoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix. We first analyzed gene expression data from FLC and nonmalignant liver tissue (n = 27) to identify changes in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis pathways and found that genes associated with production of chondroitin sulfate, but not other GAGs, are significantly increased by 8-fold. We then implemented a novel LC/MS-MS based method to quantify the abundance of different types of GAGs in patient tumors (n = 16) and found that chondroitin sulfate is significantly more abundant in FLC tumors by 6-fold. Upon further analysis of GAG-associated proteins, we found that versican (VCAN) expression is significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels, the latter of which was validated by IHC. Finally, we performed single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing on FLC tumors (n = 3), which revealed for the first time the different cell types in FLC tumors and also showed that VCAN is likely produced not only from FLC tumor epithelial cells but also activated stellate cells. Our results reveal a pathologic aberrancy in chondroitin (but not heparan) sulfate proteoglycans in FLC and highlight a potential role for activated stellate cells. Significance This study leverages a multi-disciplinary approach, including state-of-the-art chemical analyses and cutting-edge single-cell genomic technologies, to identify for the first time a marked chondroitin sulfate aberrancy in FLC that could open novel therapeutic avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Francisco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jine Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alaa R Farghli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bo Shui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Paul R Munn
- Genomics Innovation Hub, Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Genomics Innovation Hub, Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Paul D Soloway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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19
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Fadda E. Molecular simulations of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 69:102175. [PMID: 35728307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) are the most abundant and versatile biopolymers in nature. The broad diversity of biochemical functions that carbohydrates cover is a direct consequence of the variety of 3D architectures they can adopt, displaying branched or linear arrangements, widely ranging in sizes, and with the highest diversity of building blocks of any other natural biopolymer. Despite this unparalleled complexity, a common denominator can be found in the glycans' inherent flexibility, which hinders experimental characterization, but that can be addressed by high-performance computing (HPC)-based molecular simulations. In this short review, I present and discuss the state-of-the-art of molecular simulations of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, highlighting methodological strengths and weaknesses, important insights through emblematic case studies, and suggesting perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fadda
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Ireland.
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20
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Glycosaminoglycan interaction networks and databases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Basu A, Patel NG, Nicholson ED, Weiss RJ. Spatiotemporal diversity and regulation of glycosaminoglycans in cell homeostasis and human disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C849-C864. [PMID: 35294848 PMCID: PMC9037703 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00085.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These complex carbohydrates play important roles in many cellular processes and have been implicated in many disease states, including cancer, inflammation, and genetic disorders. GAGs are among the most complex molecules in biology with enormous information content and extensive structural and functional heterogeneity. GAG biosynthesis is a nontemplate-driven process facilitated by a large group of biosynthetic enzymes that have been extensively characterized over the past few decades. Interestingly, the expression of the enzymes and the consequent structure and function of the polysaccharide chains can vary temporally and spatially during development and under certain pathophysiological conditions, suggesting their assembly is tightly regulated in cells. Due to their many key roles in cell homeostasis and disease, there is much interest in targeting the assembly and function of GAGs as a therapeutic approach. Recent advances in genomics and GAG analytical techniques have pushed the field and generated new perspectives on the regulation of mammalian glycosylation. This review highlights the spatiotemporal diversity of GAGs and the mechanisms guiding their assembly and function in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Neil G. Patel
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elijah D. Nicholson
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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22
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Straightforward Analysis of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry from Biological Samples. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040506. [PMID: 35453706 PMCID: PMC9024577 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are considered to be the most difficult type of glycoconjugates to analyze as they are constituted of linear long polysaccharidic chains having molecular weights reaching up to several million daltons. Bottom-up analysis of glycosaminoglycans from biological samples is a long and work-extensive procedure due to the many preparation steps involved. In addition, so far, only few research articles have been dedicated to the analysis of GAGs by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) because their intact ionization can be problematic due to the presence of labile sulfate groups. In this work, we had the aim of exploring the sulfation pattern of monosulfated chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) disaccharides in human tissue samples because they represent the most abundant form of sulfation in disaccharides. We present here an optimized strategy to analyze on-target derivatized CS/DS disaccharides via MALDI-TOF-MS using a fast workflow that does not require any purification after enzymatic cleavage. For the first time, we show that MALDI-TOF/TOF experiments allow for discrimination between monosulfated CS disaccharide isomers via specific fragments corresponding to glycosidic linkages and to cross-ring cleavages. This proof of concept is illustrated via the analysis of CS/DS disaccharides of atherosclerotic lesions of different histological origins, in which we were able to identify their monosulfation patterns.
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24
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Zhang C, Zhao H. The effects of electric fields on the mechanical properties and microstructure of ex vivo porcine brain tissues. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1498-1509. [PMID: 35099495 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a popular tool for regulating the physiological conditions of the brain and treating brain diseases, electrotherapy has become increasingly mature in clinical applications. However, the mechanical properties and microstructure of the brain that change with weak electric fields are often overlooked. Thus, the mechanical behaviors of the brain tissue, which play a critical role in modulating the brain form and brain function, need to be taken into account. Herein, the direct current electric fields were combined with a customized indentation device and simultaneously focused on the changes in the mechanical properties and microstructure of ex vivo porcine brain tissues under electric fields. The experimental results showed that the electric fields reduced the shear modulus and viscosity and increased the relaxation rate of ex vivo porcine brain tissues. Moreover, electric fields polarized the cell bodies and reduced proteoglycan content in the cortex. The TEM observation confirmed that the electric fields deepened the degree of endoplasmic reticulum expansion and decreased the structural integrity of the cell membrane and myelin sheath. This study confirmed the effect of electric fields on ex vivo brain tissues; concurrently, it created comparable space in microscopic structure/compositions and mechanical parameters for future deeper brain experiments under stress-electric field coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
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Zhang C, Liu C, Zhao H. Mechanical properties of brain tissue based on microstructure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:104924. [PMID: 34998069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on the mechanical properties of brain tissue has gradually deepened recently. Two indentation protocols were used here to characterize the mechanical properties of cortical tissues. Further, histological staining was used to explore the correlation between the mechanical properties and microstructure on the basis of the density of cell nuclei and proteoglycan content. No significant difference was observed in transient contact stiffness between the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex at the depth interval of 0-600 μm under the cortical surface; however, the average shear modulus of the cerebral cortex was higher than that of the cerebellar cortex. The cerebral cortex responded more quickly to the change in load and released stress more thoroughly than the cerebellar cortex. In addition, the density of cell nuclei was related to both the transient contact stiffness and second time constant of cortical tissues. Proteoglycan content had a more significant impact on the shear modulus, second time constant, and stress relaxation rate of cortical tissues. Exploring mechanical properties thoroughly will provide more detailed mechanical information for future brain chip implantation. Alternatively, linking the mechanical properties of cortical tissues to the microstructure can provide basic data for the design and manufacture of substitute materials for brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, PR China; Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, PR China
| | - Changyi Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, PR China; Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130025, PR China.
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Analytical challenges of glycosaminoglycans at biological interfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:85-93. [PMID: 34647134 PMCID: PMC8514262 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a challenging task due to their high structural heterogeneity, which results in diverse GAG chains with similar chemical properties. Simultaneously, it is of high importance to understand their role and behavior in biological systems. It has been known for decades now that GAGs can interact with lipid molecules and thus contribute to the onset of atherosclerosis, but their interactions at and with biological interfaces, such as the cell membrane, are yet to be revealed. Here, analytical approaches that could yield important knowledge on the GAG-cell membrane interactions as well as the synthetic and analytical advances that make their study possible are discussed. Due to recent developments in laser technology, we particularly focus on nonlinear spectroscopic methods, especially vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, which has the potential to unravel the structural complexity of heterogeneous biological interfaces in contact with GAGs, in situ and in real time.
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Pérez Y, Bonet R, Corredor M, Domingo C, Moure A, Messeguer À, Bujons J, Alfonso I. Semaphorin 3A-Glycosaminoglycans Interaction as Therapeutic Target for Axonal Regeneration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090906. [PMID: 34577606 PMCID: PMC8465649 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a cell-secreted protein that participates in the axonal guidance pathways. Sema3A acts as a canonical repulsive axon guidance molecule, inhibiting CNS regenerative axonal growth and propagation. Therefore, interfering with Sema3A signaling is proposed as a therapeutic target for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. It has been shown that Sema3A adheres to the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and selectively binds to heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We hypothesize that the biologically relevant interaction between Sema3A and GAGs takes place at Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (SCT). The aims of this study were to characterize the interaction of the whole Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (Sema3A 725–771) with GAGs and to investigate the disruption of this interaction by small molecules. Recombinant Sema3A basic domain was produced and we used a combination of biophysical techniques (NMR, SPR, and heparin affinity chromatography) to gain insight into the interaction of the Sema3A C-terminal domain with GAGs. The results demonstrate that SCT is an intrinsically disordered region, which confirms that SCT binds to GAGs and helps to identify the specific residues involved in the interaction. NMR studies, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, show that a new peptoid molecule (CSIC02) may disrupt the interaction between SCT and heparin. Our structural study paves the way toward the design of new molecules targeting these protein–GAG interactions with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Roman Bonet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Miriam Corredor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Cecilia Domingo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
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Stellavato A, Restaino OF, Vassallo V, Cassese E, Finamore R, Ruosi C, Schiraldi C. Chondroitin Sulfate in USA Dietary Supplements in Comparison to Pharma Grade Products: Analytical Fingerprint and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Human Osteoartritic Chondrocytes and Synoviocytes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050737. [PMID: 34067775 PMCID: PMC8156081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) food supplements (FS), sold in USA against osteoarthritis, might depend on the effective CS and GlcN contents and on the CS structural characteristics. In this paper three USA FS were compared to two pharmaceutical products (Ph). Analyses performed by HPAE-PAD, by HPCE and by SEC-TDA revealed that the CS and GlcN titers were up to −68.8% lower than the contents declared on the labels and that CS of mixed animal origin and variable molecular weights was present together with undesired keratan sulfate. Simulated gastric and intestinal digestions were performed in vitro to evaluate the real CS amount that may reach the gut as biopolymer. Chondrocytes and synoviocytes primary cells derived from human pathological joints were used to assess: cell viability, modulation of the NF-κB, quantification of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP-2), hyaluronate synthase enzyme (HAS-1), pentraxin (PTX-3) and the secreted IL-6 and IL-8 to assess inflammation. Of the three FS tested only one (US FS1) enhanced chondrocytes viability, while all of them supported synoviocytes growth. Although US FS1 proved to be less effective than Ph as it reduced NF-kB, it could not down-regulate COMP-2; HAS-1 was up-regulated but with a lower efficacy. Inflammatory cytokines were markedly reduced by Ph while a slight decrease was only found for US-FS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Rosario Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Carlo Ruosi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery “Federico II” of Naples, A.O.U. Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-566-7546
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A Bittersweet Computational Journey among Glycosaminoglycans. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050739. [PMID: 34063530 PMCID: PMC8156566 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides. In proteoglycans (PGs), they are attached to a core protein. GAGs and PGs can be found as free molecules, associated with the extracellular matrix or expressed on the cell membrane. They play a role in the regulation of a wide array of physiological and pathological processes by binding to different proteins, thus modulating their structure and function, and their concentration and availability in the microenvironment. Unfortunately, the enormous structural diversity of GAGs/PGs has hampered the development of dedicated analytical technologies and experimental models. Similarly, computational approaches (in particular, molecular modeling, docking and dynamics simulations) have not been fully exploited in glycobiology, despite their potential to demystify the complexity of GAGs/PGs at a structural and functional level. Here, we review the state-of-the art of computational approaches to studying GAGs/PGs with the aim of pointing out the “bitter” and “sweet” aspects of this field of research. Furthermore, we attempt to bridge the gap between bioinformatics and glycobiology, which have so far been kept apart by conceptual and technical differences. For this purpose, we provide computational scientists and glycobiologists with the fundamentals of these two fields of research, with the aim of creating opportunities for their combined exploitation, and thereby contributing to a substantial improvement in scientific knowledge.
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Yan L, Song Y, Xia K, He P, Zhang F, Chen S, Pouliot R, Weiss DJ, Tandon R, Bates JT, Ederer DR, Mitra D, Sharma P, Davis A, Linhardt RJ. Heparan sulfates from bat and human lung and their binding to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117797. [PMID: 33712145 PMCID: PMC7882221 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread at an unprecedented rate around the world. Although a vaccine has recently been approved, there are currently few effective therapeutics to fight its associated disease in humans, COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 and the related severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) result from zoonotic respiratory viruses that have bats as the primary host and an as yet unknown secondary host. While each of these viruses has different protein-based cell-surface receptors, each rely on the glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulfate as a co-receptor. In this study we compare, for the first time, differences and similarities in the structure of heparan sulfate in human and bat lungs. Furthermore, we show that the spike glycoprotein of COVID-19 binds 3.5 times stronger to human lung heparan sulfate than bat lung heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Robert Pouliot
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - John T Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Dallas R Ederer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - April Davis
- Rabies Laboratory, New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States.
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Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS. Commun Chem 2021; 4:67. [PMID: 36697531 PMCID: PMC9814553 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biopolymers that differ in the sequence of saccharide units and in post polymerisation alterations at various positions, making these complex molecules challenging to analyse. Here we describe an approach that enables small quantities (<200 ng) of over 400 different GAGs to be analysed within a short time frame (3-4 h). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) together with multivariate analysis is used to analyse the entire set of GAG samples. Resultant spectra are derived from the whole molecules and do not require pre-digestion. All 6 possible GAG types are successfully discriminated, both alone and in the presence of fibronectin. We also distinguish between pharmaceutical grade heparin, derived from different animal species and from different suppliers, to a sensitivity as low as 0.001 wt%. This approach is likely to be highly beneficial in the quality control of GAGs produced for therapeutic applications and for characterising GAGs within biomaterials or from in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hook
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Habermann FA, Kaltner H, Higuero AM, García Caballero G, Ludwig AK, C. Manning J, Abad-Rodríguez J, Gabius HJ. What Cyto- and Histochemistry Can Do to Crack the Sugar Code. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:31-48. [PMID: 34012175 PMCID: PMC8116616 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As letters form the vocabulary of a language, biochemical 'symbols' (the building blocks of oligo- and polymers) make writing molecular messages possible. Compared to nucleotides and amino acids, sugars have chemical properties that facilitate to reach an unsurpassed level of oligomer diversity. These glycans are a part of the ubiquitous cellular glycoconjugates. Cyto- and histochemically, the glycans' structural complexity is mapped by glycophenotyping of cells and tissues using receptors ('readers', thus called lectins), hereby revealing its dynamic spatiotemporal regulation: these data support the concept of a sugar code. When proceeding from work with plant (haem)agglutinins as such tools to the discovery of endogenous (tissue) lectins, it became clear that a broad panel of biological meanings can indeed be derived from the sugar-based vocabulary (the natural glycome incl. post-synthetic modifications) by glycan-lectin recognition in situ. As consequence, the immunocyto- and histochemical analysis of lectin expression is building a solid basis for the steps toward tracking down functional correlations, for example in processes leading to cell adhesion, apoptosis, autophagy or growth regulation as well as targeted delivery of glycoproteins. Introduction of labeled tissue lectins to glycan profiling assists this endeavor by detecting counterreceptor(s) in situ. Combining these tools and their applications strategically will help to take the trip toward the following long-range aim: to compile a dictionary for the glycan vocabulary that translates each message (oligosaccharide) into its bioresponse(s), that is to crack the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A. Habermann
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alonso M. Higuero
- Membrane and Axonal Repair Laboratory, National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C. Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane and Axonal Repair Laboratory, National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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What Are the Potential Roles of Nuclear Perlecan and Other Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Normal and Malignant Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094415. [PMID: 33922532 PMCID: PMC8122901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of nuclear and perinuclear perlecan in annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells and its known matrix stabilizing properties in tissues introduces the possibility that perlecan may also have intracellular stabilizing or regulatory roles through interactions with nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins or roles in nucleosomal-chromatin organization that may regulate transcriptional factors and modulate gene expression. The nucleus is a mechano-sensor organelle, and sophisticated dynamic mechanoresponsive cytoskeletal and nuclear envelope components support and protect the nucleus, allowing it to perceive and respond to mechano-stimulation. This review speculates on the potential roles of perlecan in the nucleus based on what is already known about nuclear heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Perlecan is frequently found in the nuclei of tumour cells; however, its specific role in these diseased tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to highlight probable roles for this intriguing interactive regulatory proteoglycan in the nucleus of normal and malignant cell types.
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Persson A, Nikpour M, Vorontsov E, Nilsson J, Larson G. Domain Mapping of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans Enables Structural Characterization of Proteoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100074. [PMID: 33757834 PMCID: PMC8724862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all posttranslational modifications known, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) remain one of the most challenging to study, and despite the recent years of advancement in MS technologies and bioinformatics, detailed knowledge about the complete structures of GAGs as part of proteoglycans (PGs) is limited. To address this issue, we have developed a protocol to study PG-derived GAGs. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate conjugates from the rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1832/13, known to produce primarily the PG chromogranin-A, were enriched by anion-exchange chromatography after pronase digestion. Following benzonase and hyaluronidase digestions, included in the sample preparation due to the apparent interference from oligonucleotides and hyaluronic acid in the analysis, the GAGs were orthogonally depolymerized and analyzed using nano-flow reversed-phase LC-MS/MS in negative mode. To facilitate the data interpretation, we applied an automated LC-MS peak detection and intensity measurement via the Proteome Discoverer software. This approach effectively provided a detailed structural description of the nonreducing end, internal, and linkage region domains of the CS/DS of chromogranin-A. The copolymeric CS/DS GAGs constituted primarily consecutive glucuronic-acid-containing disaccharide units, or CS motifs, of which the N-acetylgalactosamine residues were 4-O-sulfated, interspersed by single iduronic-acid-containing disaccharide units. Our data suggest a certain heterogeneity of the GAGs due to the identification of not only CS/DS GAGs but also of GAGs entirely of CS character. The presented protocol allows for the detailed characterization of PG-derived GAGs, which may greatly increase the knowledge about GAG structures in general and eventually lead to better understanding of how GAG structures are related to biological functions. Protocol developed to structurally characterize glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans. Comprehensive characterization of cellular glycosaminoglycan structures. Relative quantification of nonreducing end, internal, and linkage region domains. Overall chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan structures of chromogranin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden.
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Tóth G, Pál D, Vékey K, Drahos L, Turiák L. Stability and recovery issues concerning chondroitin sulfate disaccharide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1779-1785. [PMID: 33506337 PMCID: PMC7925331 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a widely studied class of glycosaminoglycans, responsible for diverse biological functions. Structural analysis of CS is generally based on disaccharide analysis. Sample preparation is a key analytical issue in this case. However, a detailed study on the stability and recovery of CS-derived species has been lacking so far. We have found that for solvent exchange, in general, vacuum evaporation (SpeedVac) is much preferable than lyophilization. Moreover, in the case of aqueous solutions, higher recovery was experienced than in solutions with high organic solvent content. Storage of the resulting disaccharide mixture in typical HPLC injection solvents is also critical; decomposition starts after 12 h at 4 °C; therefore, the mixtures should not be kept in the sample tray of an automatic injector for a long time. The study, therefore, lays down suggestions on proper sample preparation and measurement conditions for biologically derived chondroitin sulfate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pál
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Aggrecan, the Primary Weight-Bearing Cartilage Proteoglycan, Has Context-Dependent, Cell-Directive Properties in Embryonic Development and Neurogenesis: Aggrecan Glycan Side Chain Modifications Convey Interactive Biodiversity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1244. [PMID: 32867198 PMCID: PMC7564073 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines aggrecan's roles in developmental embryonic tissues, in tissues undergoing morphogenetic transition and in mature weight-bearing tissues. Aggrecan is a remarkably versatile and capable proteoglycan (PG) with diverse tissue context-dependent functional attributes beyond its established role as a weight-bearing PG. The aggrecan core protein provides a template which can be variably decorated with a number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains including keratan sulphate (KS), human natural killer trisaccharide (HNK-1) and chondroitin sulphate (CS). These convey unique tissue-specific functional properties in water imbibition, space-filling, matrix stabilisation or embryonic cellular regulation. Aggrecan also interacts with morphogens and growth factors directing tissue morphogenesis, remodelling and metaplasia. HNK-1 aggrecan glycoforms direct neural crest cell migration in embryonic development and is neuroprotective in perineuronal nets in the brain. The ability of the aggrecan core protein to assemble CS and KS chains at high density equips cartilage aggrecan with its well-known water-imbibing and weight-bearing properties. The importance of specific arrangements of GAG chains on aggrecan in all its forms is also a primary morphogenetic functional determinant providing aggrecan with unique tissue context dependent regulatory properties. The versatility displayed by aggrecan in biodiverse contexts is a function of its GAG side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
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