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Ghafil FA, Kadhim SAA, Majeed S, Qassam H, Hadi NR. Nephroprotective effects of Candesartan Cilexetil against Cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model. J Med Life 2022; 15:1553-1562. [PMID: 36762326 PMCID: PMC9884341 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA), a well-known immunosuppressive drug, has been prescribed after organ transplantation and in a variety of disorders with an immunological origin. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequently stated problems associated with CsA, and therefore the treatment with CsA remains a big challenge. This study sets out to assess the ameliorative influences of Candesartan Cilexetil (CC) on oxidative stress and the nephrotoxic effect of CsA in a rat model. Twenty-four Wister Albino rats, 7-8-week-old, weighing 150-250g, were randomly categorized into three groups (eight animals in each group). These groups were the (1) CsA-treated group, (2) vehicle-treated group, and (3) CC-treated group. Bodyweights were assessed at the start and end of experiments. Renal function test and levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 catalase -CAT (Gpx1), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin -2 (IL-2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were investigated in renal tissues. Histological changes in kidneys were also evaluated. Data showed that levels of urea and creatinine in serum and levels of IL-2 and MDA in renal tissues were elevated in the CsA-treated group, with severe histological changes compared with the control group. Furthermore, tissue levels of Gpx1, CAT, and SOD were significantly decreased in CsA-treated in comparison with the control group. Treatment with CC for the rats subjected to CSA resulted in a marked reduction in levels of serum urea and creatinine and tissue levels of IL-2 and MDA. Levels of Gpx1, CAT, and SOD in renal tissues were greater in the CC-treatment group compared with the CsA-treated group. CC treatment reduced the deterioration of renal morphology compared with CsA treatment. The findings of this study suggest that CC could prevent CSA-induced nephrotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant influences. Considerably more work needs to be done to determine the mechanistic insight behind the ameliorative effect of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhaa Abdulameer Ghafil
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Sahar Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Heider Qassam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq,Corresponding Author: Najah Rayish Hadi, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. E-mail:
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Natural Reno-Protective Agents against Cyclosporine A-Induced Nephrotoxicity: An Overview. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227771. [PMID: 36431872 PMCID: PMC9693876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CA (cyclosporine A) is a powerful immunosuppressing agent that is commonly utilized for treating various autoimmune illnesses and in transplantation surgery. However, its usage has been significantly restricted because of its unwanted effects, including nephrotoxicity. The pathophysiology of CA-induced kidney injury involves inflammation, apoptosis, tubular injury, oxidative stress, and vascular injury. Despite the fact that exact mechanism accountable for CA's effects is inadequately understood, ROS (reactive oxygen species) involvement has been widely proposed. At present, there are no efficient methods or drugs for treating CA-caused kidney damage. It is noteworthy that diverse natural products have been investigated both in vivo and in-vitro for their possible preventive potential in CA-produced nephrotoxicity. Various extracts and natural metabolites have been found to possess a remarkable potential for restoring CA-produced renal damage and oxidative stress alterations via their anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative potentials. The present article reviews the reported studies that assess the protective capacity of natural products, as well as dietary regimens, in relation to CA-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, the present study presents novel ideas for designing and developing more efficient prophylactic or remedial strategies versus CA passive influences.
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Bustos NI, Sotomayor CG, Pol RA, Navis GJ, Bakker SJL. Polyphenols and Novel Insights Into Post-kidney Transplant Complications and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:751036. [PMID: 34869655 PMCID: PMC8635050 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.751036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease. It is, however, not devoid of complications. Delayed graft function related to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity, diabetes, and a particularly high-rate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, represent important complications following kidney transplantation. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation are mechanisms of disease incompletely abrogated in stable kidney transplant recipient (KTR), contributing to the occurrence of these complications. Polyphenols, bioactive compounds with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been strongly associated with prevention of CVD in the general population and have been shown to decrease IRI and antagonize CNI nephrotoxicity in animal experimental models, therefore they may have a role in prevention of complications in KTR. This narrative review aims to summarize and discuss current evidence on different polyphenols for prevention of complications, particularly prevention of CVD in KTR, pointing toward the need of further studies with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Bustos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo G Sotomayor
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Radiology Department, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robert A Pol
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J Navis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Serrya MS, Nader MA, Abdelmageed ME. Hepatoprotective effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib against cyclosporine-A induced liver injury in rats through blocking the Bax/Cytochrome C/caspase-3 apoptotic signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-13. [PMID: 33710703 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressive agent and hepatotoxicity results from CsA treatment. This study aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib against CsA-induced hepatotoxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into four groups and received drugs for 28 days as follows: Control group: received vehicle, Nilotinib group: received nilotinib (20 mg/kg orally), CsA group: received CsA by subcutaneous injection (20 mg/kg daily), CsA-nilotinib: received nilotinib and CsA. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), liver function biomarkers, hepatic levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, nuclear factor erythroid-2 like-2 (Nrf2), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1β, IL-6, and cytochrome-C were assessed. Additionally, the protein levels and mRNA expression of Bcl2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured. Moreover, liver tissues were assessed histopathologically using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome stain. Nilotinib treatment decreased serum LDH, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), hepatic malondialdehyde, and cytochrome-C. It also increased superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), TAC, and Nrf2 compared to CsA-injected rats. In addition, nilotinib decreased NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, Bax, and caspase-3, while elevated IL-2 and immunoexpression of HO-1. Additionally, mRNA expression of Bax and caspase-3 was elevated and that of HO-1 and inhibitory protein κB-α was reduced in the nilotinib-treated group. Moreover, nilotinib significantly attenuated CsA-induced histopathological alterations. Nilotinib may have a promising role as a hepato-protective through its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S Serrya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manar A Nader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Komeili M, Noorbakhsh F, Esmaili J, Muhammadnejad A, Hassanzadeh G, Dehpour AR, Goudarzi R, Partoazar A. Combination therapy of phosphatidylserine liposome with cyclosporine A improves nephrotoxicity and attenuates delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Life Sci 2020; 265:118780. [PMID: 33217444 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of phosphatidylserine liposome (PS) against oxidative stress due to cyclosporine A (CsA) and concurrent administration of PS and CsA on the attenuation of immune response. The effect of oral PS was evaluated on biochemical and oxidative renal markers and histopathology of nephrotic rats receiving CsA. The effect of co-administration of PS with CsA was also assessed on DTH (delayed-type hypersensitivity) reaction of immunized rats. The cytokines production level of IL-2 (Interleukin-2) and IFN-γ (Interferon gamma) was measured in immunized rat's splenocytes. PS treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Cr and BUN of serum and MDA (malondialdehyde) in kidney tissue, and increased SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (Catalase) of kidney tissue in CsA-nephrotic rats. Histopathology data indicated significantly (P < 0.05) nephrotoxicity improvement after 25-day treatment with PS. Furthermore, CsA plus PS administration significantly reduced DTH response and cytokines production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in immunized rats. In conclusion, coadministration of CsA plus PS may overcome oxidative stress and improve the performance of organ transplantation or autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Komeili
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Jamileh Esmaili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Muhammadnejad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Goudarzi
- Division of Research and Development, Pharmin USA, LLC, San Jose, USA
| | - Alireza Partoazar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abd-Elhamid TH, Elgamal DA, Ali SS, Ali FEM, Hassanein EHM, El-Shoura EAM, Hemeida RAM. Reno-protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of NF-κB, eNOS and caspase-3 expressions. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:367-387. [PMID: 30078101 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin (GNT) is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections. We aim to investigate the potential protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) against GNT-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, 24 male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. Control group received 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose orally for 15 days, GNT group received GNT 100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, UDCA group received UDCA orally for 15 consecutive days at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day suspended in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose and UDCA-pretreated group received UDCA orally for 7 days then co-administered with GNT i.p. for 8 days at the same fore-mentioned doses. Serum levels of kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin) were measured. Renal tissues were used to evaluate oxidative stress markers; malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) mRNA levels. Immunohistochemical expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and caspase-3 and histological and ultrastructural examination were performed. Treatment with GNT increased the serum levels of renal function parameters and renal MDA, NF-κB and KIM-1 mRNA levels, while it decreased GSH and SOD activities. Marked immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 was observed after GNT administration while it decreased eNOS expression. Histological and ultrastructural alterations were also evident in renal corpuscles and tubules. In contrast, pretreatment with UDCA reversed changes caused by GNT administration. These results suggest that UDCA ameliorates GNT-induced kidney injury via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Dalia A Elgamal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Safaa S Ali
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab A M El-Shoura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A M Hemeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Protective effect of pentoxifylline on oxidative renal cell injury associated with renal crystal formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:415-424. [PMID: 29980797 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the renal tubular cell injury and stone formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model induced by ethylene glycol and its possible underlying mechanisms. The study was performed with 30 male Wistar rats and randomized into three groups of teen. The sham-control (group 1) received only drinking water orally. The EG/untreated (group 2) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally. The EG/PTX treated (group 3) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally and PTX. Urine and blood were collected to determine some parameters. The kidneys were also removed for histological examination. Serum and urinary parameters were significantly improved in the EG/PTX treated. In the EG/PTX-treated group, the MDA, TOS and MPO activity reduced and the TAS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were increased markedly compared with the group 2. In urine of the group 2 rats, a large number of CaOx crystals were displayed and most tubules that contained crystals were dilated and showed degeneration, necrosis, and desquamation of the lining epithelium. Only few CaOx crystals were r in EG/PTX-treated animal's urine. Mild tissue damage was observed in PTX-treated rats. iNOS expression was significantly elevated in the group 2. In contrast, in the EG/PTX-treated group, eNOS expression in renal tubular epithelial cells was increased. Current study indicates that PTX may partially reduce renal tubular injury resulting from hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Aziz MM, Eid NI, Nada AS, Amin NED, Ain-Shoka AA. Possible protective effect of the algae spirulina against nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A and/or gamma radiation in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9060-9070. [PMID: 29333572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective role of the algae spirulina (Sp) against nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress which are the main secondary effects induced by the immunosuppressant drug CSA and/or ionizing radiation. In this study, male rats were given Sp (1 g/kg) either for 15 days before irradiation (6.5 Gy) or 5 days before and 10 days concomitant with CSA (25 mg/kg). Markers used to assess renal injury included serum creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin, protein, and lipid profile as well as kidney content of reduced glutathione (GSH); lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)); nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, some trace elements (Zn and Mg) were estimated in kidney. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical estimation of caspase-3 expression in addition to histopathological examination. Results revealed that gamma radiation and/or CSA induced elevation in urea, creatinine, lipids, and glucose while decreasing albumin and protein levels. There was a noticeable increase in kidney content of GSH, TBARS, and nitrite. Meanwhile, profound decrease in kidney SOD activity was observed. Treatment with Sp significantly reversed the changes induced by CSA and/or gamma radiation in renal function tests. Spirulina also ameliorated kidney oxidative stress through decreasing GSH, TBARS, and nitrite kidney content while increasing SOD activity. Histopathological examination further confirmed Sp protective efficacy. Moreover, kidney caspase-3 expression that was triggered by CSA and/or gamma radiation was decreased. In conclusion, spirulina can be regarded as a promising renoprotective natural agent against renal injury induced by CSA and/or gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Aziz
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nihad I Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Nada
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nour El-Din Amin
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Ain-Shoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Huang J, Yao X, Weng G, Qi H, Ye X. Protective effect of curcumin against cyclosporine A‑induced rat nephrotoxicity. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6038-6044. [PMID: 29436671 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the potential value of curcumin, a natural product, in the protection of CsA‑induced nephrotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of curcumin on Cyclosporine A (CsA)‑induced renal oxidative stress and determine the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of the renal protective effects of Cur. HK‑2 human renal cells were co‑treated with CsA and various doses of Cur. Cell survival rate was determined by an MTT assay, total cellular protein was collected and oxidative stress in cell homogenates was evaluated by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px) and catalase (CAT), the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X (Bax) protein expression was measured by western blot analysis. In addition, a CsA‑induced nephrotoxicity (CAN) rat model was also established. Renal function was analyzed by measuring creatinine (Crea) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the serum of rats, and histopathological examination was performed on renal tissues using hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid‑Schiff staining and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) immunostaining. The results demonstrated that treatment of HK‑2 cells with CsA significantly increased ROS and MDA levels, and decreased the activities of SOD, GSH‑Px and CAT, compared with the control group. However, these effects of CsA were dose‑dependently improved by treatment with Cur. In addition, Cur treatment increased Bcl‑2 and decreased Bax protein in HK‑2 cells, compared with cells treated with CsA alone. In the CAN rat model CsA (30 mg/kg) treatment significantly elevated serum Crea levels and BUN, but lowered endogenous Crea clearance rate, compared with the control group. Co‑administration of Cur with CsA significantly reversed the effects of CsA on serum Crea levels, BUN and Crea clearance rate (Ccr). Additionally, Cur alleviated CsA‑induced renal cell injury, as less vacuolar degeneration of glomerular cells was observed compared with the CsA alone group. In conclusion, Cur may increase renal antioxidant capacity and reduce the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio, subsequently improving CsA‑induced renal failure and renal tubular deformation and cell vacuolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Huang
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Xuping Yao
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Qi
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
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Sattarinezhad E, Panjehshahin MR, Torabinezhad S, Kamali-Sarvestani E, Farjadian S, Pirsalami F, Moezi L. Protective Effect of Edaravone Against Cyclosporine-Induced Chronic Nephropathy Through Antioxidant and Nitric Oxide Modulating Pathways in Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:170-178. [PMID: 28360443 PMCID: PMC5366365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant with therapeutic indications in various immunological diseases; however, its use is associated with chronic nephropathy. Oxidative stress has a crucial role in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study evaluates the protective effect of edaravone on CsA-induced chronic nephropathy and investigates its antioxidant and nitric oxide modulating property. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=66) were distributed into nine groups, including a control (group 1) (n=7). Eight groups received CsA (15 mg/kg) for 28 days while being treated. The groups were categorized as: Group 2: Vehicle (n=10)Groups 3, 4, and 5: Edaravone (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) (n=7 each)Group 6: Diphenyliodonium chloride, a specific endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (n=7)Group 7: Aminoguanidine, a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor (n=7)Group 8: Edaravone (10 mg/kg) plus diphenyliodonium chloride (n=7)Group 9: Edaravone (10 mg/kg) plus aminoguanidine (n=7) Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase enzyme activities were measured using standard kits. Renal histopathological evaluations and measurements of eNOS and iNOS gene expressions by RT-PCR were also performed. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (SPSS software version 18.0). RESULTS Edaravone (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated CsA-induced oxidative stress, renal dysfunction, and kidney tissue injury. Aminoguanidine improved the renoprotective effect of edaravone. Edaravone reduced the elevated mRNA level of iNOS, but could not alter the level of eNOS mRNA significantly. CONCLUSION Edaravone protects against CsA-induced chronic nephropathy using antioxidant property and probably through inhibiting iNOS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Sattarinezhad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Simin Torabinezhad
- Nephrology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Farjadian
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatema Pirsalami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Moezi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Leila Moezi, PhD; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zand Blvd., Shiraz, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98 71 32307591
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11
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Ikezoe T, Yang J, Nishioka C, Umezawa K, Yokoyama A. Thrombomodulin blocks calcineurin inhibitor-induced vascular permeability via inhibition of Src/VE-cadherin axis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:245-251. [PMID: 27643869 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) counteracted capillary leakage and alleviated edema in individuals with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and engraftment syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We previously showed that rTM increased levels of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 and protected endothelial cells from calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which rTM enhances barrier function in vascular endothelial cells remain unknown. Here we show that exposure of vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells to CsA induced phosphorylation of Src/vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and translocation of VE-cadherin from cell surface to cytoplasm, resulting in an increase in vascular permeability. In addition, CsA increased production of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, associated with an increase in nuclear levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) which also enhanced vascular permeability. Importantly, the fourth and fifth regions of epidermal growth factor-like domain of TM (TME45) attenuated CsA-induced p-Src/VE-cadherin and vascular permeability in parallel with a decrease in nuclear levels of NF-κB and cytokine production in EA.hy926 cells. In conclusion, TM, especially TME45, maintains vascular integrity, at least in part, via Src signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - J Yang
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - C Nishioka
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - K Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine Screening, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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Romli F, Abu N, Khorshid FA, Syed Najmuddin SUF, Keong YS, Mohamad NE, Hamid M, Alitheen NB, Nik Abd Rahman NMA. The Growth Inhibitory Potential and Antimetastatic Effect of Camel Urine on Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 16:540-555. [PMID: 27338742 PMCID: PMC5739131 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416656051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it may sound unpleasant, camel urine has been consumed extensively for years in the Middle East as it is believed to be able to treat a wide range of diseases such as fever, cold, or even cancer. People usually take it by mixing small drops with camel milk or take it directly. The project aims to study the effects of camel urine in inhibiting the growth potential and metastatic ability of 4T1 cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Based on the MTT result, the cytotoxicity of camel urine against 4T1 cell was established, and it was dose-dependent. Additionally, the antimetastatic potential of camel urine was tested by running several assays such as scratch assay, migration and invasion assay, and mouse aortic ring assay with promising results in the ability of camel urine to inhibit metastatic process of the 4T1 cells. In order to fully establish camel urine's potential, an in vivo study was carried out by treating mice inoculated with 4T1 cells with 2 different doses of camel urine. By the end of the treatment period, the tumor in both treated groups had reduced in size as compared to the control group. Additional assays such as the TUNEL assay, immunophenotyping, cytokine level detection assay, clonogenic assay, and proteome profiler demonstrated the capability of camel urine to reduce and inhibit the metastatic potential of 4T1 cells in vivo. To sum up, further study of anticancer properties of camel urine is justified, as evidenced through the in vitro and in vivo studies carried out. Better results were obtained at higher concentration of camel urine used in vivo. Apart from that, this project has laid out the mechanisms employed by the substance to inhibit the growth and the metastatic process of the 4T1 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Romli
- 1 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- 1 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Muhajir Hamid
- 1 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Said Elshama S, Osman HEH, El-Kenawy AEM. Renoprotective Effects of Naringenin and Olive Oil against Cyclosporine- Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. IRANIAN JORNAL OF TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.29252/arakmu.10.5.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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de Freitas KM, Almeida JM, Monteiro JC, Diamante MAS, Vale JSFD, Camargo C, Jorge MHA, Dolder H. The effects of cyclosporin A and Heteropterys tomentosa on the rat liver. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 87:369-79. [PMID: 25806989 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520130351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a widely employed immunosuppressive drug that is associated with several side effects, among then hepatotoxicity. Heteropterys tomentosa is a Brazilian plant efficient in reducing damage caused by CsA on the rat testis and prostate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CsA and H. tomentosa (administered isolated or simultaneously) on the liver of Wistar rats. The animals were treated daily with water (control), CsA (15 mg/kg/day), H. tomentosa infusion or CsA+H. tomentosa, for 21 or 56 days. The treatments did not alter liver morphology or cause fibrosis. H. tomentosa administered for 21 days increased the number of hepatocyte nuclei and Kupffer cell volumetric proportion. After 56 days of treatment, H. tomentosa administration did not alter the parameters analyzed. Biochemical plasma dosages and liver stereology showed impairment caused by CsA-treatment after 21 days; these results were not observed after 56 days of treatment. The simultaneous treatment with CsA and H. tomentosa for 21 or 56 days did not alleviate nor accentuate CsA hepatic effects. The present study showed that the 21 days treatment with CsA caused more alteration to the liver than the 56 days treatment; this could be related to hepatic recovery after the long term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine M de Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline M Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana C Monteiro
- Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES, Brasil
| | - Maria Aparecida S Diamante
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jéssica S F do Vale
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Camila Camargo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Heidi Dolder
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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15
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Takasu C, Vaziri ND, Li S, Robles L, Vo K, Takasu M, Pham C, Liu S, Farzaneh SH, Foster CE, Stamos MJ, Ichii H. Treatment With Dimethyl Fumarate Attenuates Calcineurin Inhibitor-induced Nephrotoxicity. Transplantation 2015; 99:1144-50. [PMID: 25710612 PMCID: PMC4452388 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug which has been widely used to prevent rejection after organ transplantation. However, its therapeutic use is limited by nephrotoxicity, in part mediated by oxidative stress. The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CsA (n = 8, 20 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally) or CsA + DMF (n = 7, 50 mg/kg per day orally) for 28 days. Renal function, histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase levels, and antioxidant enzyme expression were determined. RESULTS The DMF cotreatment ameliorated CsA-induced renal dysfunction as evidenced by significant decrease in serum creatinine (CsA 0.79 ± 0.02 mg/dL vs CsA + DMF 0.62 ± 0.04 mg/dL, P = 0.001) and urea (CsA 66.9 ± 0.4 mg/dL vs CsA + DMF 53.3 ± 2.6 mg/dl, P < 0.0001) levels, as well as improvement of creatinine clearance. Dimethyl fumarate also significantly decreased serum MDA and renal tissue MDA and myeloperoxidase contents. The protein expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1, a major cellular antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme, was significantly enhanced by DMF administration in kidney. CONCLUSIONS Administration of DMF has a protective potential against CsA nephrotoxicity. The protection afforded by DMF is mediated in part through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and enhancing the antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes Robles
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mizuki Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shuman Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.mesot2014.p7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Suh SH, Lee KE, Kim IJ, Kim O, Kim CS, Choi JS, Choi HI, Bae EH, Ma SK, Lee JU, Kim SW. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced kidney injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:82-91. [PMID: 24643788 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney is one of the major target organs in sepsis, while effective prevention of septic acute kidney injury has not yet been established. α-Lipoic acid (LA) has been known to exert beneficial effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced damages in various organs such as heart, lung, and liver. We investigated the protective effect of LA on LPS-induced kidney injury. METHODS Two groups of rats were treated with LPS (20 mg/kg, i.p.), one of which being co-treated with LA (50 mg/kg), while the control group was treated with vehicle alone. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were cultured with or without LPS (10 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of LA (100 μg/ml) for 3 h prior to LPS treatment. RESULTS Serum creatinine level was increased in LPS-treated rats, which was attenuated by LA co-treatment. LPS treatment induced cleaved caspase-3 expression in the kidney, which was counteracted by LA. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells increased in the kidneys of LPS-treated rats compared with controls, which was counteracted by LA treatment. Protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 detected by immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemical staining, along with mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction, was increased in the kidney with LPS administration, which was ameliorated with LA treatment. LA also protected LPS-induced tubular dysfunction, preserving type 3 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and aquaporin 2 expressions in the kidney. Suppression of LPS-induced expression of cleaved caspase-3 by LA was also observed in HK-2 cells. Increased protein expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases by LPS treatment was attenuated by LA pretreatment, while p38 was not affected by either LPS or LA treatment. MitoTracker Red demonstrated LA prevented LPS-induced increment of mitochondrial oxidative stress, where concurrent 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining also revealed marked fragmentation and condensation of nuclei in HK-2 cells treated with LPS, which was prevented by LA. CONCLUSION LA treatment attenuates LPS-induced kidney injury, such as renal tubular dysfunction, by suppression of apoptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea
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18
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Abdel-latif RG, Morsy MA, El-Moselhy MA, Khalifa MA. Sildenafil protects against nitric oxide deficiency-related nephrotoxicity in cyclosporine A treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 705:126-34. [PMID: 23499693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the most widely used immunosuppressant in organ transplant surgery and in treatment of autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect limiting the prolonged CsA therapeutic use. The present study aimed to investigate possible protective effect of sildenafil, a phoshodiestrase-5 inhibitor, on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and various mechanism(s) underlies this effect. Male Wistar rats were administered CsA (20 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 21 days alone or in combination with sildenafil (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Sildenafil exhibited nephroprotective effects as evidenced by significant decrease in serum creatinine and urea levels, spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio, as well as renal level of malondialdehyde, with a concurrent increase in renal levels of reduced glutathione and nitric oxide along with catalase activity compared to CsA-treated rats. [corrected]. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that sildenafil treatment markedly reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and caspase-3 expressions, while expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was prominently enhanced. The protective effects of sildenafil were confirmed by renal histopathological examination. Pretreatment with l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reversed the protection afforded by sildenafil. Taken together, the current study highlighted the renoprotective effects of sildenafil against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, which might be mediated, in part, through nitric oxide pathway as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania G Abdel-latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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19
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Pharmacokinetics and atherosclerotic lesions targeting effects of tanshinone IIA discoidal and spherical biomimetic high density lipoproteins. Biomaterials 2013; 34:306-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Nam HK, Lee SJ, Kim MH, Rho JH, Son YK, Lee SM, Kim SE, Kim KH, An WS. Rosuvastatin attenuates inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in a rat model of cyclosporine-induced nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2012; 37:7-15. [PMID: 23258196 DOI: 10.1159/000345990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Cyclosporine (CsA)-induced kidney injury is characterized by renal dysfunction with inflammatory cell infiltrations, apoptosis and fibrosis. Pleiotropic effects of statins may exert anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic actions beyond lipid control. The aim of this study is to investigate whether rosuvastatin (RUS) has anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic effects on chronic CsA-induced nephropathy in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a low-sodium diet were divided into three treatment groups: control (0.9% saline injection), CsA (15 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection), CsA + RUS (10 mg/kg/day by gastric gavage). Renal function, CsA level and lipid levels were measured at the end of 4 weeks. The expression of ED-1, transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for inflammation and fibrosis were examined by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of apoptosis-associated factors were examined by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS Kidney function was decreased in CsA-treated rats compared with controls, which was attenuated by RUS. RUS did not affect the lipid level or the blood CsA level. TUNEL staining showed that RUS inhibited CsA-induced tubular apoptosis. RUS decreased CsA-induced increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The expressions of ED-1, α-SMA, TGF-β(1), Smad2/3, Smad4 and p-JNK were increased in CsA-treated rats, which were attenuated by RUS. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in CsA-treated rats were attenuated by RUS supplementation. CONCLUSION RUS supplementation attenuates proinflammatory and apoptosis-related factors and inhibits the fibrotic pathways including the smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways in a rat model of CsA-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Medical Center, Busan, Republic of Korea
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21
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Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Schmitz V, Brunner N, Crunk A, Corby K, Bendrick-Peart J, Leibfritz D, Edelstein CL, Thurman JM, Christians U. Low-salt diet and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: changes in kidney cell metabolism. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5135-44. [PMID: 23057591 DOI: 10.1021/pr300260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) is a highly effective immunosuppressant used in patients after transplantation; however, its use is limited by nephrotoxicity. Salt depletion is known to enhance CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. The goal of our study was to identify the molecular effects of salt depletion alone and in combination with CsA on the kidney using a proteo-metabolomic strategy. Rats (n = 6) were assigned to four study groups: (1) normal controls, (2) low-salt fed controls, (3) 10 mg/kg/d CsA for 28 days on a normal diet, (4) 10 mg/kg/d CsA for 28 days on low-salt diet. Low-salt diet redirected kidney energy metabolism toward mitochondria as indicated by a higher energy charge than in normal-fed controls. Low-salt diet alone reduced phospho-AKT and phospho-STAT3 levels and changed the expression of ion transporters PDZK1 and CLIC1. CsA induced macro- and microvesicular tubular epithelial vacuolization and reduced energy charge, changes that were more significant in low-salt fed animals, probably because of their more pronounced dependence on mitochondria. Here, CsA increased phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3 levels and reduced the phospho-IKKγ and p65 proteins, thus activating NF-κB signaling. Decreased expression of lactate transport regulator CD147 and phospho-AKT was also observed after CsA exposure in low-salt rats, indicating a decrease in glycolysis. In summary, our study suggests a key role for PDZK1, CD147, JAK/STAT, and AKT signaling in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and proposes mechanistic explanations on why rats fed a low-salt diet have higher sensitivity to CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Volker Schmitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amanda Crunk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyler Corby
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Dieter Leibfritz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Charles L Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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22
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Maeng HJ, Bang YJ, Chung SJ. Functional impairment of P-glycoprotein by sodium nitroprusside pretreatment in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1215-21. [PMID: 22864744 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether pretreatment of mouse brain blood vessel endothelial cell clone 4 (MBEC4) cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO(x) donor, as an in vitro model of the bloodbrain barrier could affect P-glycoprotein (P-gp) functional activity. Uptake into the cells and MBEC4 plasma membrane vesicles (MPMVs) in the presence or absence of SNP pretreatment was used to investigate functional changes. Increased accumulation of [(3)H]vincristine, a widely used substrate for P-gp, into MBEC4 was observed upon SNP pretreatment, likely due to impaired P-gp function. To better understand the mechanism of the impairment, MPMVs were prepared and characterized in terms of purity and Na(+)-dependent glucose uptake. [(3)H]daunomycin uptake into MPMVs was diminished after SNP pretreatment in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system, indicating that the functional activity of P-gp was impaired after exposure to SNP. Under conditions of excess ATP, daunomycin uptake into the vesicles was still decreased after SNP pretreatment, indicating that SNP interacted directly with the transport system, but not with the ATP-regenerating system. Together, these results suggest that NO or NO(x) functionally impairs P-gp in the in vitro blood-brain barrier model with SNP pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
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23
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Wang Y, Xu M, Dong H, Liu Y, Zhao P, Niu W, Xu D, Ji X, Xing C, Lu D, Li Z. Effects of PerClot® on the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in rats. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:311-7. [PMID: 21782216 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PerClot(®) is a hemostatic material made of polysaccharide from modified starch and has been shown to assist in topical hemostasis. The principal goal in treating surgical and non-surgical wounds is the need for rapid closure of the lesion. This study investigated whether topical application of PerClot(®) could improve impaired wound healing in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back of the rats. Immediately, PerClot(®) was introduced into the wound bed, while wounds receiving starch or nothing served as controls. Wound closure was monitored using well-recognized wound-healing parameters: histological examination for inflammatory cells and fibroblast infiltration, newly formed capillaries, and collagen deposition. Meanwhile, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) was measured by immunochemistry. Wound closure was significantly accelerated by local application of PerClot(®). Furthermore, PerClot(®)-treated wounds showed significantly increased fibroblast numbers at 5 days post-wounding, and newly formed capillaries at 7 days post-wounding, and collagen regeneration at 7 and 14 days post-wounding. The number of infiltrating fibroblasts expressing TGF-β1 was significantly higher than that in the controls at 7 and 14 days post-wounding. PerClot(®) can improve the wound healing and this effect might involve an increase in the activity of fibroblasts and increased release of TGF-β1.
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Oh SW, Ahn JM, Lee YM, Kim S, Chin HJ, Chae DW, Na KY. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor by cobalt is associated with the attenuation of tissue injury and apoptosis in cyclosporine-induced nephropathy. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:197-206. [PMID: 22343435 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular hypoxic responses. Despite the therapeutic benefits of cyclosporine A (CsA) in organ transplantation, its clinical use is limited due to chronic nephropathy. We investigated whether HIF activation by cobalt could improve CsA-induced nephropathy, and investigated the related mechanism. In animal experiments, rats were kept on a 0.05% low-salt diet and administered CsA subcutaneously for 28 days (15 mg/kg/day). They also received cobalt (10 mg/kg/day) during the entire experimental period. The administration of cobalt significantly increased HIF-1α expression in the kidney. The increased expression of HIF-1α ameliorated CsA-induced afferent arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial injury in the kidney. Cobalt significantly reduced the infiltration of macrophages/monocytes into the renal tubulointerstitium. In addition, HIF activation by cobalt reduced the number of CsA-induced apoptotic cells in the kidney. Subsequently, HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells were used for in vitro experiments. They were pre-treated with 150 µM of cobalt to activate HIF, and then exposed to 10 µM CsA. HIF activation by cobalt decreased the CsA-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, as judged by the decreases in the number of apoptotic cells, pro-apoptotic caspase-3 activity, and the expression level of cleaved caspase-3, together with the increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic bcl-2. Cobalt pretreatment also reduced the CsA-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and the CsA-induced expression of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting the attenuation of inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, the activation of HIF by cobalt may ameliorate the CsA-induced nephropathy by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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25
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Choi JY, Nam SA, Jin DC, Kim J, Cha JH. Expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-treated rat kidneys. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:301-15. [PMID: 22260992 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411436131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to play significant roles in the kidney, its renal localization has long been controversial. To resolve this issue, the authors identified iNOS-positive cell types in rat kidneys using double immunohistochemistry and confirmed iNOS positivity using enzyme histochemistry with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and in situ RT-PCR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline as a control and sacrificed at various time intervals after injection. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that iNOS was not expressed in control kidneys but was induced in LPS-treated kidneys. iNOS immunostaining was strongest 6 to 18 hr after injection and decreased gradually to control levels by day 7. Double immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d revealed that iNOS expression was induced in the interstitial cells, glomerular parietal epithelial cells, the proximal part of the short-looped descending thin limb, the upper and middle papillary parts of the long-looped descending thin limb, some inner medullary collecting duct cells, and almost all calyceal and papillary epithelial cells. The present study determines the precise localization of iNOS in LPS-treated rat kidneys and provides an important morphological basis for examining the roles of iNOS in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Youn Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Badiwala MV, Guha D, Tumiati L, Joseph J, Ghashghai A, Ross HJ, Delgado DH, Rao V. Epidermal Growth Factor–Like Domain 7 Is a Novel Inhibitor of Neutrophil Adhesion to Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells Injured by Calcineurin Inhibition. Circulation 2011; 124:S197-203. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.011734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background—
We investigated the effect of epidermal growth factor–like domain 7 (Egfl7) on nuclear factor-κB activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and neutrophil adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells after calcineurin-inhibition–induced injury.
Methods and Results—
Human coronary endothelial cells were incubated with cyclosporine (CyA) 10 μg/mL with or without Egfl7 (100 ng/mL) or the Notch receptor activator Jagged1 (200 ng/mL) for 6 to 48 hours. CyA upregulated nuclear factor-κB (p65) activity (128±2% of control,
P
<0.001) in nuclear extracts, as determined with a DNA-binding activity ELISA. This activity was inhibited by Egfl7 (86±3% of control;
P
<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged1 blocked Egfl7-induced nuclear factor-κB inhibition (105±4% of control;
P
<0.05 versus CyA plus Egfl7). CyA upregulated cell-surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (215±13% of control;
P
<0.001), as determined by flow cytometry. This expression was suppressed by Egfl7 (148±5%;
P
<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged1 attenuated the intercellular adhesion molecule-1–suppressive effect of Egfl7 when administered with CyA (193±3% versus 148±5%;
P
<0.01). CyA increased neutrophil adhesion to human coronary endothelial cells (control 20±5%, CyA 37±3%;
P
<0.001 versus control) in a nonstatic neutrophil adhesion assay. This increase was attenuated by Egfl7 (22±6%;
P
<0.001 versus CyA alone). Jagged 1 attenuated the effect of Egfl7 on neutrophil adhesion (31±3%;
P
<0.001 versus Egfl7 plus CyA).
Conclusions—
Our study reveals that Egfl7 is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil adhesion to human coronary endothelial cells subsequent to calcineurin-inhibition–induced injury. Mechanistically, Egfl7 blocked nuclear factor-κB pathway activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, which suggests that it may have significant antiinflammatory properties. Because Jagged1 blocked the effect of Egfl7, Notch receptor antagonism may contribute to the mechanism of action of Egfl7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh V. Badiwala
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daipayan Guha
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Tumiati
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jemy Joseph
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Ghashghai
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J. Ross
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego H. Delgado
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivek Rao
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.V.B., D.G., L.T., J.J., A.G., V.R.), Division of Cardiology (H.J.R., D.H.D.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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El-Mowafy AM, Salem HA, Al-Gayyar MM, El-Mesery ME, El-Azab MF. Evaluation of renal protective effects of the green-tea (EGCG) and red grape resveratrol: role of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:850-6. [PMID: 21462079 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.533669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSVL) are two of the most promising natural medicines. We verified their capacity to ameliorate cisplatin (CP)-induced disruption of renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in rats, and sought the mediatory involvement of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]-level) and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) therein. CP (10 mg kg⁻¹), a single i.p. dose, disrupted GFR (11-fold-rise in proteinuria, 2-5-fold rise in serum creatinine/urea levels) after 7 days, and killed all animals after 10 days. Kidney-homogenates from CP-treated rats displayed higher MDA and TNF-α, but lower reduced-glutathione (GSH) levels. Rats treated with EGCG (50 mg kg⁻¹, but not 25 mg kg⁻¹) had no fatalities and showed significantly-recovered GFR; while their kidney-homogenates had markedly reduced MDA, TNF-α and enhanced GSH levels at 7 days. Conversely, RSVL or quercetin (25, 50 mg kg⁻¹) neither improved GFR nor reduced (MDA)/TNF-α levels after 7 days. Resuming treatment with 50 mg kg⁻¹ for 10 days rescued only 25% of animals (p > 0.05). Correlation studies showed a significant association between creatinine level, and each of MDA (r = 0.91), GSH (r = -0.87), and TNF-α (0.91). The study showed for the first time that EGCG, unlike RSVL, can protect against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. At the molecular level, CP triggers a high level of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, events that were all abrogated with EGCG; better than RSVL or quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Mowafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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28
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Wang HC, Brumaghim JL. Polyphenol Compounds as Antioxidants for Disease Prevention: Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, Enzyme Regulation, and Metal Chelation Mechanisms in E. coliand Human Cells. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1083.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao C. Wang
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Julia L. Brumaghim
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
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29
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El-Mowafy AM, Al-Gayyar MM, Salem HA, El-Mesery ME, Darweish MM. Novel chemotherapeutic and renal protective effects for the green tea (EGCG): role of oxidative stress and inflammatory-cytokine signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1067-1075. [PMID: 20851589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) is a superb nature's medicine candidate. We evaluated the chemotherapeutic/chemoenhancing effects of EGCG in mice bearing the solid Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor, and jointly monitored levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde: MDA) and leukocytosis (LC). Besides, we verified whether; and how then, EGCG would protect against a devastating CP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. In particular, renal proinflammatory (TNF-α) and oxidant stress signals have been investigated. RESULTS (EAC)-bearing mice displayed elevated serum-LC (2-fold), -CRP (11-fold) and -MDA levels (2.7-fold). EGCG (20, 40 mg/kg) significantly shrank tumors (by 48% and 92%, respectively), and reduced LC, CRP and MDA levels. Such responses for CP were less prominent than those of EGCG (40 mg/kg). Further, EGCG (20 mg/kg) markedly augmented such functional and biochemical responses to CP. Correlation studies showed positive association between tumor size and each of CRP (r=0.97) and LC (r=0.83). Additionally; in rats, CP (10 mg/kg) caused a prominent nephrotoxicity that was manifested as deteriorated glomerular filtration rate (GFR, 2-5-fold rise in serum creatinine/urea levels) after 4 days, and unanimous animal fatalities after 7 days. Kidney homogenates from CP-treated rats showed significantly higher MDA- and TNF-α-, and -depleted GSH levels. Rats treated with EGCG (50 mg/kg, but not 25 mg/kg) devoid the nephrotoxic effects of CP and their consequences; while their homogenates had appreciably lower MDA and TNF-α, and higher GSH levels. Notable correlation was detected between serum creatinine level and each of MDA (r=0.85), TNF-α (r=0.85) and GSH (r=-0.81). CONCLUSION This study shows remarkable cytotoxic/chemoenhancing effects for EGCG and introduces CRP as a predictor of both tumor's progression and responsiveness to chemotherapy. Further, this study is the first to reveal that EGCG can obliterate the lethal CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Mechanistically, EGCG acts by suppressing leukocytosis, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Mowafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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30
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Wongmekiat O, Gomonchareonsiri S, Thamprasert K. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction in rats treated with cyclosporin A. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 25:619-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Corsetti G, D'Antona G, Dioguardi FS, Rezzani R. Topical application of dressing with amino acids improves cutaneous wound healing in aged rats. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:497-507. [PMID: 19560799 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The principal goal in treating surgical and non-surgical wounds, in particular for aged skin, is the need for rapid closure of the lesion. Cutaneous wound healing processes involve four phases including an inflammatory response with the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. If inflammation develops in response to bacterial infection, it can create a problem for wound closure. Reduced inflammation accelerates wound closure with subsequent increased fibroblast function and collagen synthesis. On the contrary, prolonged chronic inflammation results in very limited wound healing. Using histological and immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the effects of a new wound dressing called Vulnamin that contains four essential amino acids for collagen and elastin synthesis plus sodium ialuronate (Na-Ial), compared with Na-Ial alone, in closure of experimental cutaneous wounds of aged rats. Our results showed that the application of Vulnamin dressings modulated the inflammatory response with a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunolocalisation, while increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) immunolocalisation. Furthermore, the dressing increased the distribution density of fibroblasts and aided the synthesis of thin collagen fibers resulting in a reduction in healing time. The nutritive approach using this new wound dressing can provide an efficacious and safe strategy to accelerate wound healing in elderly subjects, simplifying therapeutic procedures and leading to an improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced chronic nephrotoxicity is characterized by renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Early and progressive renal macrophage influx, correlating with latter interstitial fibrotic areas, has been associated with CsA treatment. This study investigated the role of macrophages, the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and the oxidative stress on chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. METHODS The macrophages were depleted by clodronate liposomes. Animals were distributed into four groups: vehicle (olive oil for 21 days), CsA 7.5 mg/kg per day (21 days), CsA plus clodronate (5 mg/mL intraperitoneally on days -4, 1, 4, 11, and 18 of CsA treatment), or vehicle plus clodronate. On day 22, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, CsA blood levels, serum malondialdehyde and renal tissue immunohistochemistry for macrophages, inducible NO synthase, transforming growth factor-beta, nuclear factor-kbeta, alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and nitrotyrosine were assessed. RESULTS CsA-induced increase in the macrophage was prevented by clodronate. Macrophage depletion attenuated the reductions in the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, malondialdehyde increase and increases in nuclear factor-kbeta, transforming growth factor-beta, vimentin, inducible NO synthase, and nitrotyrosine expression provoked by CsA. Clodronate did not affect alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and CsA blood levels. CONCLUSIONS Renal macrophage influx plays an important role in CsA-induced chronic nephrotoxicity. The NO pathway and oxidative stress are likely mechanisms involved in the genesis of this form of renal injury.
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Yu KH, Maeng HJ, Chung SJ. Functional Implications of Transporters Under Nitrosative Stress Conditions. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Park JW, Bae EH, Kim IJ, Ma SK, Choi C, Lee J, Kim SW. Paricalcitol attenuates cyclosporine-induced kidney injury in rats. Kidney Int 2010; 77:1076-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Rezzani R, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C, Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Paiardi S, Boari GE, Platto C, Pilu A, Avanzi D, Rizzoni D, Agabiti Rosei E. Effects of Melatonin and Pycnogenol on Small Artery Structure and Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension 2010; 55:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.148254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was suggested that oxidative stress has a key role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, as well as microvascular structural alterations. Therefore, we have investigated 2 substances with antioxidant properties: melatonin and Pycnogenol. We treated 7 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with melatonin and 7 with Pycnogenol for 6 weeks. We compared results obtained with those observed in 7 SHRs and 7 Wistar-Kyoto normotensive control rats kept untreated. Mesenteric small resistance arteries were dissected and mounted on a wire myograph, and a concentration-response curve to acetylcholine was performed. Aortic contents of metalloproteinase 2, Bax, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 were evaluated, together with the aortic content of total collagen and collagen subtypes and apoptosis rate. A small reduction in systolic blood pressure was observed. A significant improvement in mesenteric small resistance artery structure and endothelial function was observed in rats treated with Pycnogenol and melatonin. Total aortic collagen content was significantly greater in untreated SHRs compared with Wistar-Kyoto control rats, whereas a full normalization was observed in treated rats. Apoptosis rate was increased in the aortas of untreated SHRs compared with Wistar-Kyoto control rats; an even more pronounced increase was observed in treated rats. Bax and metalloproteinase 2 expressions changed accordingly. Cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible NO synthase were more expressed in the aortas of untreated SHRs compared with Wistar-Kyoto control rats; this pattern was normalized by both treatments. In conclusion, our data suggest that treatment with Pycnogenol and melatonin may protect the vasculature, partly independent of blood pressure reduction, probably through their antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Porteri
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi F. Rodella
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Paiardi
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca E.M. Boari
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Platto
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pilu
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Avanzi
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Agabiti Rosei
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (E.P., C.D.C., S.P., G.E.M.B., C.P., A.P., D.A., D.R., E.A.R.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (R.R., F.B., L.F.R.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Magendiramani V, Umesalma S, Kalayarasan S, Nagendraprabhu P, Arunkumar J, Sudhandiran G. S-allylcysteine attenuates renal injury by altering the expressions of iNOS and matrix metallo proteinase-2 during cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:522-30. [PMID: 19391111 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first choice immunosuppressant used for the prevention of allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation and immune-mediated diseases. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are implicated in the pathophysiology of CsA-induced renal injury. In this work, we have studied the effect of a garlic-derived compound, S-allylcysteine (SAC) on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of increased activities of serum marker enzymes and levels of kidney markers. CsA administration induced significant elevation in lipid peroxidation along with abnormal levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the kidneys of the rats. SAC administration improved renal function by bringing about a significant decrease in peroxidative levels and increase in antioxidant status. Elevated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) due to CsA administration were reduced by SAC treatment. An increase in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was evident in CsA-induced groups of rats, which was moderately reduced in SAC treated rats. An increase in the levels of serum constituent's urea, uric acid and creatinine was observed in the CsA-induced rats, which was reduced upon treatment with SAC. These results indicate that SAC has a protective action against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity which is also supported by histopathological studies. A comparative study of the antioxidant vitamin C and SAC is more valuable to assess the efficacy of the drug that can be used for the treatment of nephrotoxicity.
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Amudha G, Josephine A, Sudhahar V, Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of lipoic acid on oxidative and peroxidative damage in cyclosporine A-induced renal toxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1442-9. [PMID: 17761348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical generation, including reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species, is known to participate in cell physiology in both a positive and negative manner. Moreover, alterations in their concentrations are implicated in a number of renal diseases. However, there is evidence that high concentration of nitric oxide (NO) occurring as a result of iNOS induction and peroxynitrite formation, is capable of causing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in cyclosporine A (CsA) induced cellular damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of Lipoic acid (LA) in nitric oxide mediated cellular abnormalities induced by CsA in rat kidney. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were given CsA at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days. An extensive elevation in the activities of xanthine oxidase was noted in the renal tissue of the CsA administered rats. These changes were associated with significant increase in the levels of plasma lipid peroxidation with high protein carbonyl contents and 3-nitrotyrosine formation coupled with diminished protein thiols. In addition, plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), RT-PCR for inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA, and immunohistochemically demonstrable iNOS protein were evaluated to assess peroxidative damage. Concomitant treatment with LA (20 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days showed that the oxidative stress alteration were significantly decreased in CsA treated renal tissue. While the expression of iNOS and the amounts of NO(x) were decreased simultaneously. These results indicate that the antioxidant LA might have a protective effect against CsA-induced peroxidative changes and cellular damage of the renal tissue of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Amudha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, India
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Subramaniam M, Bausch C, Twomey A, Andreeva S, Yoder BA, Chang L, Crapo JD, Pierce RA, Cuttitta F, Sunday ME. Bombesin-like peptides modulate alveolarization and angiogenesis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:902-12. [PMID: 17585105 PMCID: PMC2048672 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200611-1734oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of newborns, is paradoxically rising despite medical advances. We demonstrated elevated bombesin-like peptide levels in infants that later developed BPD. In the 140-day hyperoxic baboon model of BPD, anti-bombesin antibody 2A11 abrogated lung injury. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that bombesin-like peptides mediate BPD in extremely premature baboons (born at Gestational Day 125 and given oxygen pro re nata [PRN], called the 125-day PRN model), similar to "modern-day BPD." METHODS The 125-day animals were treated with 2A11 on Postnatal Day 1 (P1), P3, and P6. On P14 and P21, lungs were inflation-fixed for histopathologic analyses of alveolarization. Regulation of angiogenesis by bombesin was evaluated using cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In 125-day PRN animals, urine bombesin-like peptide levels at P2-3 are directly correlated with impaired lung function at P14. Gastrin-releasing peptide (the major pulmonary bombesin-like peptide) mRNA was elevated eightfold at P1 and remained high thereafter. At P14, 2A11 reduced alveolar wall thickness and increased the percentage of secondary septa containing endothelial cells. At P21, 2A11-treated 125-day PRN animals had improved alveolarization according to mean linear intercepts and number of branch points per millimeter squared. Bombesin promoted tubulogenesis of cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, but cocultured fetal lung mesenchymal cells abrogated this effect. CONCLUSIONS Early bombesin-like peptide overproduction in 125-day PRN animals predicted alveolarization defects weeks later. Bombesin-like peptide blockade improved septation, with the greatest effects at P21. This could have implications for preventing BPD in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Presti RL, Carollo C, Caimi G. Wine consumption and renal diseases: new perspectives. Nutrition 2007; 23:598-602. [PMID: 17574820 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the relation between wine consumption and kidney disease have been limited. Patients with chronic renal failure show accelerated atherosclerotic damage and, considering the well-known protective effect of wine on the cardiovascular system, moderate wine consumption might be advantageous. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which are inter-related, play a role in the pathophysiology of many renal diseases, including acute and chronic renal failure. Ethanol and non-alcoholic wine components, especially polyphenols, influence oxidative balance and endothelial function. Although long-term alcohol abuse has been associated with many renal alterations in humans, in experimental studies wine polyphenols enhanced kidney antioxidant defenses, exerted protective effects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and inhibited apoptosis of mesangial cells. Moreover, in diabetic patients the administration of moderate amounts of red wine and a polyphenol-enriched diet slowed the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, the unfavorable effect of ethanol on blood pressure control seems to be counterbalanced by polyphenol protective effects. There is convincing evidence of a beneficial effect of controlled wine consumption patients with renal disease, but controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Malattie Cardiovascolari e Nefrourologiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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40
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Josephine A, Amudha G, Veena CK, Preetha SP, Varalakshmi P. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Mediated Renal Cellular Damage Induced by Cyclosporine A: Role of Sulphated Polysaccharides. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1254-9. [PMID: 17603163 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress are known to exert various adverse effects on biological systems and this seems to be one of the major contributor of nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A (CsA), which is a major clinical challenge, despite its potent immunosuppressive effect. Sulphated polysaccharides of marine origin are well known for its antioxidant properties, among its other biological applications. CsA administration (25 mg/kg body weight, orally, for 21 d) showed increased level of oxidants and xanthine oxidase activity. CsA induced nitrosative stress was evident from a marked elevation in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in renal tissue and a concomitant increase in plasma nitric oxide level. Augmented levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and protein carbonyl coupled with diminished protein thiols; hallmarks of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein oxidation were noted in CsA administered rats. Membrane damage was further confirmed by altered ATPase activities in the renal tissue. Simultaneous treatment with sulphated polysaccharides (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) remarkably prevented the above alterations mediated by oxidative and/or nitrosative stress during CsA induction. Hence, these findings conclude that the use of an antioxidant agent like sulphated polysaccharides could be a useful tool in reducing CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Josephine
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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Rezzani R, Rodella LF, Bonomini F, Tengattini S, Bianchi R, Reiter RJ. Beneficial effects of melatonin in protecting against cyclosporine A-induced cardiotoxicity are receptor mediated. J Pineal Res 2006; 41:288-95. [PMID: 16948792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, the chief product secreted by pineal gland, is capable of reducing free radical damage by acting directly as a free radical scavenger, and indirectly, by stimulating of antioxidant enzymes. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the most widely used immunosuppressive drug, but its therapeutic use has several side effects including, i.e. nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to examine the beneficial effects of melatonin in preventing CsA-induced cardiotoxicity. Additionally, we investigated the ability of melatonin to protect the rat heart via melatonin receptor. In one group of Wistar rats, melatonin (1 mg/kg/day i.p.) was administered concurrently with CsA (15 mg/kg/day s.c.) for 21 days. In another group of animals, melatonin was injected with CsA and luzindole, an antagonist of melatonin receptors. Oxidative stress in heart tissue homogenates was estimated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase and superoxide dismutase. CsA administration for 21 days produced elevated levels of TBARS, marked depletion of cardiac antioxidant enzymes and caused morphological alterations in myocardial fibers. Melatonin markedly reduced TBARS levels, increased the antioxidant enzyme levels and normalized altered cardiac morphology. The protective effects of melatonin were lost when the animals received the melatonin receptor antagonist. In conclusion our study shows that, (a) melatonin significantly reduces CsA cardiotoxicity, and (b) the reduction in CsA-induced cardiotoxicity was mediated by the binding of melatonin to its membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Rezzani R, Rodella LF, Tengattini S, Bonomini F, Pechánová O, Kojsová S, Andriantsitohaina R, Bianchi R. Protective Role of Polyphenols in Cyclosporine A-induced Nephrotoxicity During Rat Pregnancy. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:923-32. [PMID: 16618940 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6936.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) toward renal morphogenesis and to test the renoprotective natural antioxidants such as provinol (PV). Pregnant rats were divided into four groups. Group I was injected SC with olive oil. Group II was treated with oral administration of PV and was used as control. Group III animals were injected SC daily with CsA, and group IV animals were injected daily with CsA and PV for 21 days of pregnancy. Five pups per litter were killed and the kidneys removed and treated by morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) methods. IHC analysis considered two proteins responsible for nephrotoxicity in adult rats: inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). Pregnancy outcomes among CsA-treated rats demonstrated a reduced number of pups. Pups that were exposed antenatally to CsA presented several pathologic findings in all immature parenchyma and an increase in iNOS and MMP2 expression. These side effects were not observed in kidney of litters born from CsA + PV-treated mothers. Our study indicates that CsA induces morphological alterations in renal parenchyma of neonates and that PV plays a protective role against these side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Ashour K, Shan L, Lee JH, Schlicher W, Wada K, Wada E, Sunday ME. Bombesin inhibits alveolarization and promotes pulmonary fibrosis in newborn mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1377-85. [PMID: 16603607 PMCID: PMC2662976 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200507-1014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bombesin-like peptides promote fetal lung development. Normally, levels of mammalian bombesin (gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]) drop postnatally, but these levels are elevated in newborns that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease characterized by arrested alveolarization. In premature baboons with BPD, antibombesin antibodies reduce lung injury and promote alveolarization. OBJECTIVES The present study tests whether exogenous bombesin or GRP given perinatally alters alveolar development in newborn mice. METHODS Mice were given peptides intraperitoneally twice daily on Postnatal Days 1-3. On Day 14 lungs were inflation-fixed for histopathologic analyses of alveolarization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Bombesin had multiple effects on Day 14 lung, when alveolarization was about half complete. First, bombesin induced alveolar myofibroblast proliferation and increased alveolar wall thickness compared with saline-treated control animals. Second, bombesin diminished alveolarization in C57BL/6 (but not Swiss-Webster) mice. We used receptor-null mice to explore which receptors might mediate these effects. Compared with wild-type littermates, bombesin-treated GRP receptor (GRPR)-null mice had increased interstitial fibrosis but reduced defects in alveolarization. Neuromedin B (NMB) receptor-null and bombesin receptor subtype 3-null mice had the same responses as their wild-type littermates. GRP had the same effects as bombesin, whereas neither NMB nor a synthetic bombesin receptor type 3 ligand had any effect. All effects of GRP were abrogated in GRPR-null mice. CONCLUSIONS Bombesin/GRP can induce features of BPD, including interstitial fibrosis and diminished alveolarization. GRPR appears to mediate all effects of GRP, but only part of the bombesin effect on alveolarization, suggesting that novel receptors may mediate some effects of bombesin in newborn lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ashour
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rosen D, Lee JH, Cuttitta F, Rafiqi F, Degan S, Sunday ME. Accelerated thymic maturation and autoreactive T cells in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:75-83. [PMID: 16574933 PMCID: PMC2662921 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200511-1784oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of newborns triggered by oxygen and barotrauma, is characterized by arrested alveolarization. Increased levels of bombesin-like peptides shortly after birth mediate lung injury: anti-bombesin antibody 2A11 protects against BPD in two baboon models. The role of adaptive immunity in BPD has not been explored previously. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to test the hypothesis that thymic architecture and/or T-cell function is altered with BPD, leading to autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. METHODS Thymic structure was analyzed by histopathology of thymic architecture and immunohistochemistry for thymic maturation markers (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, CD4, and CD8). Thymic cortical epithelial cells (nurse cells) were studied using HLA-DR and protein gene product 9.5 as markers. Functional analysis was performed with "mixed lymphocyte reaction" of thymocyte or splenocyte responder cells with autologous lung cells as the stimulators. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS 2A11 treatment attenuates thymic cortical involution in BPD animals, sustaining terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive prothymocytes and thymocyte proliferation. BPD animals have increased CD4(+) cells in thymic cortex and lung interstitium, which are reduced by 2A11. Conversely, cortical protein gene product 9.5/HLA-DR-positive thymic nurse cells are depleted in BPD animals, but are preserved by 2A11-treatment. Whereas fetal thymocytes and splenocytes respond to phythemagglutinin/ionomycin and to a lesser extent, to autologous lung, BPD thymocytes and splenocytes are phythemagglutinin/ionomycin-unresponsive, and yet react strongly to autologous lung. The 2A11 normalizes these responses. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that bombesin-like peptides mediate premature thymic maturation and thymic nurse-cell depletion, leading to autoreactive T cells that could contribute to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rosen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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