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Houle SKD, Waite NM, Vernon-Wilson E, Dolovich L, Yang M. Uptake and outcomes of VaxCheck, an adult life-course vaccination service: A study among community pharmacists. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00737-0. [PMID: 38955590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination rates among Canadian adults remain suboptimal. Community pharmacists have increasingly adopted an active role in vaccination and are trusted by the public to provide vaccination-related advice and care. The aim of this prospective descriptive study was to develop and test a novel clinical service, VaxCheck, to support proactive life-course vaccination assessments by community pharmacists. From October 2022-May 2023, 123 VaxCheck consultations were performed at 9 community pharmacies within the Wholehealth Pharmacy Partners banner in Ontario, Canada. Patient age averaged 60 years and 35.8 % had at least one chronic disease risk factor, 17.7 % had lifestyle-related risk factor(s), and 15.4 % were immunocompromised. 95.1 % of VaxCheck consultations resulted in at least one vaccine recommendation, averaging three vaccines per patient. Most frequently recommended vaccines were those against pneumococcal disease, tetanus/diphtheria, herpes zoster, COVID-19, and influenza, with acceptance rates highest for those available without a prescription and at no charge at the pharmacy. Patient feedback was positive with 85 % of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that they would recommend the service to others. Vaccine administration at the time of the consultation occurred with only 5.9 % of recommended vaccines, frequently impacted by limitations to scope of practice related to pharmacist ability to prescribe and/or administer the vaccine and lack of pharmacy access to publicly funded vaccine supply for those meeting eligibility criteria. Community pharmacists performing a VaxCheck consultation can proactively identify indicated vaccines for patients. Expansion in scope of practice and access to publicly funded vaccine is recommended to further support vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn K D Houle
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Nancy M Waite
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Vernon-Wilson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lisa Dolovich
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Molly Yang
- Wholehealth Pharmacy Partners, 18-85 Citizen Court, Markham, ON L6G 1A8, Canada
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White MC, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Abouelella DK, Barnes JM, Cannon TY, Watts TL, Adjei Boakye E, Osazuwa-Peters N. Trends and factors associated with receipt of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in private, public, and alternative settings in the United States. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00663-7. [PMID: 38876838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the goals of the President's Cancer Panel was to maximize access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination through expansion of alternative settings for receiving the vaccine, such as in public health settings, schools, and pharmacies. METHODS In a cross-sectional analysis, we utilized the National Immunization Survey-Teen data from 2014 to 2020 (n = 74,645) to describe trends and factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake in private, public, and alternative settings. We calculated annual percent change (APC) between 2014 and 2020, estimating rate of HPV vaccine uptake across settings. Using multinomial logistic regression, we estimated the odds of receipt of HPV vaccine in public health settings and other alternative settings compared to private healthcare settings, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS We found a 5 % annual increase in the use of private facilities between 2014-2018 (APC = 5.3; 95 % CI 3.4, 7.1), and almost 7 % between 2018-2020 (APC = 6.7; 95 % CI 1.4, 12.3). Adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses found that odds of receiving vaccinations at a public facility vs. a private facility increased almost two times for adolescents living below poverty (aOR = 1.82, 95 % CI: 1.60, 2.08) compared to above poverty. Additionally, adolescents without physician recommendations had lower odds of receiving vaccines at public versus private facilities (aOR = 1.75, 95 % CI: 1.44, 2.12). Finally, odds of receiving HPV vaccines at public facilities vs. private facilities decreased by 33 % for White adolescents (aOR = 0.67, 95 % CI: 0.57, 0.78) versus Black adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Sociodemographic factors such as race, and socioeconomic factors such as poverty level, and receipt of physician HPV recommendations are associated with receiving the vaccine at private settings vs. public health facilities and alternative settings. This information is important in strengthening alternative settings for HPV vaccine uptake to increase access to the vaccine among disadvantaged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Oyomoare L Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dina K Abouelella
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin M Barnes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Trinitia Y Cannon
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tammara L Watts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eric Adjei Boakye
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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Rayburn WF, Armstrong J, Fairchild D. Women Accessing Care at a National Network of Retail Health Clinics. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:774-777. [PMID: 38501329 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Retail health clinics offer easy access and lower costs in seeking nonemergent and usually focused care. The objective of this observational study was to describe the use of retail clinic services by women at MinuteClinic at CVS, the largest network of retail clinics in the United States. Methods: The retail clinic's large database included complete national data for every in-person encounter as recorded on the same electronic health record. Virtual care and pharmacist-delivered services like COVID-19 testing were excluded from the analysis. The primary reason for the visit and the patient's age group (<15, 15-44, 45-64, ≥65 years) and self-reported sex were recorded at each encounter from the most recent 5 years (January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022). Results: There were 17,969,483 encounters by women seeking care, and women ≥15 years old were more likely than men to attend the clinics. Half of all encounters (50.6%) were for non-gynecologic acute care, whereas one-third (33.6%) dealt with either an infection or the need for a vaccination. Gynecologic reasons involved 5.6% of all encounters in women ≥15 years of age. No obstetrical care was provided except for pregnancy testing with referral, acute non-obstetric needs, or guideline-recommended vaccinations. Conclusion: Women, especially of reproductive age, are more inclined than men to seek care at retail clinics. Acute care is the most common need, although requests for immunizations, infection screening and treatment, and reproductive health issues occurred often.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Rayburn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Peel E, Orji CC, Ogan S, Gould J, Leckbee G, Brown CM, Pope N. Pharmacists' Perceptions of Mental Well-Being and Immunization Safety During COVID-19. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:563-570. [PMID: 36573840 PMCID: PMC9806197 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221149145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess pharmacists' mental well-being, perceptions of safety, and willingness to administer vaccines before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An electronic survey was administered to a convenient sample of practicing pharmacists working in Alabama, Tennessee and Texas. The 33-item survey examined pharmacists' beliefs about the pandemic's impact on their mental well-being, their perceptions of safety in vaccine administration, and their willingness to vaccinate. Responses were assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). A recruitment email with the survey link was sent to pharmacists, with periodic reminders over a 4-week period. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate survey responses. Results: A total of 387 responses were analyzed, with an estimated response rate of 3.93%. Most respondents were women (65%) and had at least 6 to 10 years of practice experience (28%). Overall, participants felt that the pandemic worsened their mental well-being, with women reporting a more negative mental well-being compared with men (P < .001). They reported having less time during workflow to apply personal protective equipment (PPE) (P = .0074) compared to before the pandemic. They also reported a decrease in willingness to vaccinate adult patients during the pandemic (P < .0001), and that concern about contracting COVID-19 prevented them from giving vaccinations (P < .0001). Conclusions: Pharmacists felt their mental well-being and willingness to vaccinate patients suffered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research and initiatives that focus on improving vaccination rates should also consider pharmacists' concerns and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinelo C. Orji
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn M. Brown
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Pope
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Zhang X, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Tong WK, Xia Q, Han B, Guo N. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary healthcare practitioners regarding pharmacist clinics: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:677. [PMID: 38811999 PMCID: PMC11134695 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacist clinics offer professional pharmaceutical services that can improve public health outcomes. However, primary healthcare staff in China face various barriers and challenges in implementing such clinics. To identify existing problems and provide recommendations for the implementation of pharmacist clinics, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacist clinics among primary healthcare providers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model, was conducted in community health centers (CHCs) and private hospitals in Shanghai, China in May, 2023. Descriptive analytics and the Pareto principle were used to multiple-answer questions. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic regression models were employed to identify factors associated with the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacist clinics. RESULTS A total of 223 primary practitioners participated in the survey. Our study revealed that most of them had limited knowledge (60.1%, n = 134) but a positive attitude (82.9%, n = 185) towards pharmacist clinics, with only 17.0% (n = 38) having implemented them. The primary goal of pharmacist clinics was to provide comprehensive medication guidance (31.5%, n = 200), with medication education (26.3%, n = 202) being the primary service, and special populations (24.5%, n = 153) identified as key recipients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that education, age, occupation, position, work seniority, and institution significantly influenced their perceptions. Practitioners with bachelor's degrees, for instance, were more likely than those with less education to recognize the importance of pharmacist clinics in medication guidance (aOR: 7.130, 95%CI: 1.809-28.099, p-value = 0.005) and prescription reviews (aOR: 4.675, 95% CI: 1.548-14.112, p-value = 0.006). Additionally, practitioners expressed positive attitudes but low confidence, with only 33.3% (n = 74) feeling confident in implementation. The confidence levels of male practitioners surpassed those of female practitioners (p-value = 0.037), and practitioners from community health centers (CHCs) exhibited higher confidence compared to their counterparts in private hospitals (p-value = 0.008). Joint physician-pharmacist clinics (36.8%, n = 82) through collaboration with medical institutions (52.0%, n = 116) emerged as the favored modality. Daily sessions were preferred (38.5%, n = 86), and both registration and pharmacy service fees were considered appropriate for payment (42.2%, n = 94). The primary challenge identified was high outpatient workload (30.9%, n = 69). CONCLUSIONS Although primary healthcare practitioners held positive attitudes towards pharmacist clinics, limited knowledge, low confidence, and high workload contributed to the scarcity of their implementation. Practitioners with diverse sociodemographic characteristics, such as education, age, and institution, showed varying perceptions and practices regarding pharmacist clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Wai Kei Tong
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xia
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
| | - Nan Guo
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
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Mastrovito B, Lardon A, Dubromel A, Nave V, Beny K, Dussart C. Understanding the gap between guidelines and influenza vaccination coverage in people with diabetes: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1360556. [PMID: 38706547 PMCID: PMC11066301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1360556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide, making them more vulnerable to infections, including seasonal influenza. It is therefore particularly important for those suffering from diabetes to be vaccinated against influenza each year. However, influenza vaccination coverage remains low in this population. This review primarily aims to identify the determinants of influenza vaccination in people with diabetes (T1D or T2D). Secondly, it aims to assess main recommendations for influenza vaccination, vaccine effectiveness, vaccination coverage, and how education and pharmacists can encourage uptake of the vaccine in the diabetic population. Methods A scoping review was conducted in January 2022 to systematically review evidence on influenza vaccination in people with diabetes using data from PubMed, Science Direct, and EM Premium with terms such as "Diabetes mellitus," "Immunization Programs," "Vaccination," and "Influenza Vaccines." Quality assessment and data extraction were independently conducted by two authors. Disagreements between the authors were resolved through discussion and consensus, and if necessary, by consulting a third author. Results Of the 333 records identified, 55 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review. Influenza vaccination was recommended for people ≥6 months. Despite effectiveness evidence showing a reduction in mortality and hospitalizations in people with diabetes vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated ones, very few studies reported a coverage rate ≥ 75%, which is WHO's target objective. Determinants such as advanced age, presence of comorbidities and healthcare givers' advice were associated with increased vaccination uptake. On the contrary, fear of adverse reactions and concerns about vaccine effectiveness were significant barriers. Finally, education and pharmacists' intervention played a key role in promoting vaccination and increasing vaccination uptake. Conclusion Influenza vaccination coverage in people with diabetes remains low despite recommendations and evidence on vaccine effectiveness. Motivators and barriers as well as several socio-demographic and clinical factors have been identified to explain this trend. Efforts are now needed to increase the number of diabetics vaccinated against influenza, mainly through education and the involvement of healthcare givers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Mastrovito
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Alexia Lardon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Amelie Dubromel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Viviane Nave
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Karen Beny
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Claude Dussart
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales, Pharmacie centrale, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
- EA 4129 P2S Parcours Santé Systémique, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Jones CH, Jenkins MP, Adam Williams B, Welch VL, True JM. Exploring the future adult vaccine landscape-crowded schedules and new dynamics. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38336933 PMCID: PMC10858163 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine innovation has garnered significant attention, but this field was already on the cusp of a groundbreaking renaissance. Propelling these advancements are scientific and technological breakthroughs, alongside a growing understanding of the societal and economic boons vaccines offer, particularly for non-pediatric populations like adults and the immunocompromised. In a departure from previous decades where vaccine launches could be seamlessly integrated into existing processes, we anticipate potentially than 100 novel, risk-adjusted product launches over the next 10 years in the adult vaccine market, primarily addressing new indications. However, this segment is infamous for its challenges: low uptake, funding shortfalls, and operational hurdles linked to delivery and administration. To unlock the societal benefits of this burgeoning expansion, we need to adopt a fresh perspective to steer through the dynamics sparked by the rapid growth of the global adult vaccine market. This article aims to provide that fresh perspective, offering a detailed analysis of the anticipated number of adult vaccine approvals by category and exploring how our understanding of barriers to adult vaccine uptake might evolve. We incorporated pertinent insights from external stakeholder interviews, spotlighting shifting preferences, perceptions, priorities, and decision-making criteria. Consequently, this article aspires to serve as a pivotal starting point for industry participants, equipping them with the knowledge to skillfully navigate the anticipated surge in both volume and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Verna L Welch
- Pfizer Inc, 66 Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jane M True
- Pfizer Inc, 66 Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
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8
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Carroll JC, Herbert SMC, Nguyen TQ, Schork CJ, Kampas LN, Rebitch CB. Vaccination equity and the role of community pharmacy in the United States: A qualitative study. Vaccine 2024; 42:564-572. [PMID: 38195264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify strategies community pharmacists utilized to support equitable vaccination in their communities. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative, descriptive design. METHODS Key informant interviews were conducted virtually via teleconference using a mix of purposeful and snowball sampling of Pennsylvania community pharmacy personnel who participated in COVID-19 vaccination efforts. Interviews were conducted from March until August 2022 when thematic saturation was reached. A qualitative, inductive thematic data analysis was utilized to identify major themes and strategies that emerged from the data. RESULTS Pharmacists utilized three philosophies: (1) prioritizing trust, (2) meeting people where they are at, and (3) building capacity within their teams and communities to create "safe spaces" for people to receive vaccinations. Nine discrete strategies used in practice exemplify how respondents implemented these philosophies: (1) Build Community Partnerships; (2) Establish Trust to Build Credibility; (3) Address Transportation Issues; (4) Provide Patient Education and Address Health Literacy Barriers; (5) Address Language Barriers; (6) Create a Safe and Accessible Space for Those with Individualized Needs; (7) Provide Patient-Centered and Culturally-Sensitive Care; (8) Train Staff on Health Equity and Patient Engagement; and (9) Advocate for Community Pharmacy Policy and Payment Reform. Definitions for these philosophies and key examples that illustrate how each strategy was employed in practice are provided. CONCLUSION The findings highlight unique strategies respondent community-based pharmacy teams use to contribute to equitable vaccination efforts in communities and further emphasizes the importance of their role in public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni C Carroll
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Sophia M C Herbert
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Thai Q Nguyen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Caleb J Schork
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Lindsey N Kampas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Catherine B Rebitch
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Raczkiewicz D, Owoc J, Bojar I, Sarecka-Hujar B. Satisfaction of people at post-working age with pharmacists' health promotion in Poland. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:281. [PMID: 38262991 PMCID: PMC10807121 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to analyze how people at post-working age evaluate health promotion conducted for them by pharmacists in community pharmacies in Poland. We also assessed whether this evaluation is correlated with the frequency of health behaviors. METHODS The study comprised 712 Polish people at post-working age (retired), including women 60 + and men 65+. Health Behaviors Inventory and authors' Questionnaire for Evaluation of Pharmacists' Health Promotion were used. RESULTS Conducting health promotion by pharmacists in community pharmacies is relevant in the opinion of post-working-aged people (5.8 on average in the scale of 1-10). However, the patients were not satisfied with the reliability (4.7), accessibility (4.7), communicativeness (5.0), and effectiveness (4.6) of health promotion provided by pharmacists for them. The empathy and politeness of pharmacists during health promotion were rated neutrally (5.4, i.e. neither good nor bad). The evaluations of reliability, accessibility, communicativeness, empathy and politeness, relevance, and effectiveness of pharmacists' health promotion did not correlate with age, marital status, place of residence, type of job in the past, or chronic pain currently (p > 0.05). The men evaluated accessibility higher than the women (5.1 vs. 4.6, p = 0.049), but the other domains were evaluated similarly by both genders (p > 0.05). All the domains of pharmacists' health promotion were assessed the better the higher the frequency of health behaviors the post-working aged people was. CONCLUSIONS People in post-working age assessed that health promotion conducted by pharmacists in community pharmacies is important, however they were not satisfied with the reliability, accessibility, communicativeness, and effectiveness of health promotion conducted by pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raczkiewicz
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Kleczewska 61/63 Street, 01-826, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Owoc
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1 Street, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bojar
- Department of Women's Health, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 2 Street, 20- 090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Sarecka-Hujar
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3 Street, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Ezeala OM, McCormick NP, Meininger CL, Durham SH, Hastings TJ, Westrick SC. Factors Associated with the Implementation of Pediatric Immunization Services: A Survey of Community Pharmacies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38250906 PMCID: PMC10818495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists are well-positioned to help increase pediatric immunization rates. This study assessed the types of pediatric vaccines offered in community pharmacies, compared participant/pharmacy characteristics and participants' perceptions of barriers and pharmacists' role in providing pediatric immunizations between pharmacy-based providers and non-providers, and assessed factors associated with pharmacy-based pediatric immunization provision. A cross-sectional survey was sent to Alabama community pharmacies from February to April 2023, of which 240 responded (20.5% response rate). Measures included whether they offered childhood vaccines in 2022 and the types of vaccines administered, participants' perceptions of pharmacists' role in pediatric immunization, and perceived barriers to providing pharmacy-based pediatric immunizations. Roughly half of pharmacies (50.8%) provided pediatric immunization services with influenza vaccines (91.0%) the most commonly provided vaccines and poliovirus-inactivated vaccines (4.9%) the least. Pharmacies providing pediatric immunization services significantly differed from non-providers. That is, the majority of providers practiced within a grocery or retail store; they were younger and practiced in a pharmacy with higher average daily prescription volume and a higher average pharmacy practice full-time equivalent; and they perceived lower implementation logistics barriers and a lower role of pharmacists regarding pediatric immunization. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that implementation logistics is significantly associated with pharmacies offering pediatric immunization services after controlling for pharmacy/participant characteristics (p = 0.01). Therefore, ameliorating implementation logistics barriers should be considered when devising strategies to promote pediatric immunization services in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluchukwu M. Ezeala
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (N.P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Nicholas P. McCormick
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (N.P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Christopher L. Meininger
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (N.P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Spencer H. Durham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Tessa J. Hastings
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Salisa C. Westrick
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (N.P.M.); (C.L.M.)
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Tadele S, Demissie BN, Tamiru MT, Tadesse TA. Knowledge and attitudes of community pharmacists on vaccination, barriers and willingness to implement community pharmacy-based vaccination services in Ethiopia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2291243. [PMID: 38111325 PMCID: PMC10732657 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2291243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of community pharmacists (CPs) on vaccination and assess the barriers and willingness to implement community pharmacy-based vaccination services (CPBVS) in Ethiopia. An online cross-sectional study was conducted on 423 CPs in Ethiopia, and questionnaires were distributed to CPs through the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Association telegram group and e-mail invitations. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Most CPs (92%) had good knowledge of vaccination, and 43.5% strongly agreed that the population's immunization rates would rise if CPs were authorized to provide vaccinations. The overall mean attitude score (±SD) toward vaccination was 35.95 (±4.11) out of a total score of 45, with 187 (44.2%) scoring below the mean. The most common barriers were lack of authorization (94.1%), costs and time associated with professional development and training (71.4%), time requirements for professional development (70%), and insufficient staff or resources for implementation (70%). Two hundred thirty CPs (54.4%) expressed a willingness to implement CPBVS. Educational qualifications were significantly associated with knowledge of CPs regarding vaccination. Those with inadequate knowledge had about 2.5 times (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.19, 5.31, p = .016) a poorer attitude toward vaccination services compared with those with adequate knowledge. Those study participants who had a good attitude toward vaccination services were nearly seven (AOR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.36-10.59, p = .0001) times more willing to provide CPBVS when compared with their counterparts. Implementing CPBVS in Ethiopia requires overcoming barriers and providing professional development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solome Tadele
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bezawit Negash Demissie
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Tileku Tamiru
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Assefa Tadesse
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chadi A, Thirion DJG, David PM. Vaccine promotion strategies in community pharmacy addressing vulnerable populations: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1855. [PMID: 37741997 PMCID: PMC10518112 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Social determinants of health are drivers of vaccine inequity and lead to higher risks of complications from infectious diseases in under vaccinated communities. In many countries, pharmacists have gained the rights to prescribe and administer vaccines, which contributes to improving vaccination rates. However, little is known on how they define and target vulnerable communities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to describe how vulnerable communities are targeted in community pharmacies. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the Embase and MEDLINE database in August 2021 inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols (PRISMA ScR). Articles in English, French or Spanish addressing any vaccine in a community pharmacy context and that target a population defined as vulnerable were screened for inclusion. RESULTS A total of 1039 articles were identified through the initial search, and 63 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most of the literature originated from North America (n = 54, 86%) and addressed influenza (n = 29, 46%), pneumococcal (n = 14, 22%), herpes zoster (n = 14, 22%) or human papilloma virus vaccination (n = 14, 22%). Lifecycle vulnerabilities (n = 48, 76%) such as age and pregnancy were most often used to target vulnerable patients followed by clinical factors (n = 18, 29%), socio-economical determinants (n = 16, 25%) and geographical vulnerabilities (n = 7, 11%). The most frequently listed strategy was providing a strong recommendation for vaccination, promotional posters in pharmacy, distributing leaflet/bag stuffers and providing staff training. A total of 24 barriers and 25 facilitators were identified. The main barriers associated to each vulnerable category were associated to effective promotional strategies to overcome them. CONCLUSION Pharmacists prioritize lifecycle and clinical vulnerability at the expense of narrowing down the definition of vulnerability. Some vulnerable groups are also under targeted in pharmacies. A wide variety of promotional strategies are available to pharmacies to overcome the specific barriers experienced by various groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel J G Thirion
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Harris K, Jackson J, Webster H, Farrow J, Zhao Y, Hohmann L. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for Chronic Pain Management in the Community Pharmacy Setting: A Cross-Sectional Survey of the General Public's Knowledge and Perceptions. PHARMACY 2023; 11:150. [PMID: 37736922 PMCID: PMC10514835 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient access to mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), a complementary and integrative health approach that is proven to reduce chronic pain, can be increased via community pharmacy-based implementation. However, the general public's awareness and preferences regarding MBSR as a treatment option for chronic pain, including provider roles (pharmacist vs. non-pharmacist), are unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the U.S. general public's knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and programmatic preferences regarding MBSR for chronic pain management, particularly in the community pharmacy setting. A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was distributed to U.S. adults ≥18 years via the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) online survey platform. The survey instrument was informed by Anderson's framework for health service utilization. Measures were assessed using multiple-choice and 5-point Likert-type scales (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Primary outcome measures included: (1) knowledge and awareness of MBSR (12-items); (2) confidence in seeking out MBSR for pain (5-items); (3) barriers to receiving MBSR (11-items); (4) beliefs about MBSR in general (12-items); (5) beliefs about community pharmacy-delivered MBSR (15-items); and (6) preferences for MBSR classes/programs (6-items). Outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and influential factors associated with mean beliefs regarding community pharmacy-delivered MBSR for chronic pain management were assessed via multiple linear regression. Of the 302 survey respondents, the majority were white (79.1%) and female (50.7%), with a mean age of 44.65 years. Respondents' self-rated MBSR knowledge (mean [SD] scale score: 2.30 [0.68]) and confidence (2.65 [0.87]) were low, although perceived barriers to access were low overall (2.22 [0.53]). Beliefs regarding the use of MBSR for treatment of chronic pain were positive in general (3.67 [0.71]), but more negative regarding community pharmacy-delivered MBSR (2.38 [0.56]). Confidence in seeking out MBSR (β = 0.297, 95% CI = 0.219 to 0.375; p < 0.001) and current opioid use (β = 0.419, 95% CI = 0.147 to 0.690; p = 0.003) were positively associated with beliefs regarding pharmacy-delivered MBSR, while annual household income (β = -0.124, 95% CI = -0.244 to -0.004; p = 0.043) and level of bodily pain (β = -0.149, 95% CI = -0.291 to -0.008; p = 0.039) exerted statistically significant negative influences. Respondents preferred a hybrid MBSR class format including both online and in-person components (29.7%) as well as both group and individual session options (43.7%). In conclusion, further education is necessary to increase the public's perception of community pharmacies as a resource for complementary and integrative health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Harris
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jazmyne Jackson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Holly Webster
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jillian Farrow
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Lindsey Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Medina J, Rojas-Cessa R, Dong Z, Umpaichitra V. A global blockchain for recording high rates of COVID-19 vaccinations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107074. [PMID: 37311384 PMCID: PMC10228165 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Blockchain has been recently proposed to securely record vaccinations against COVID-19 and manage their verification. However, existing solutions may not fully meet the requirements of a global vaccination management system. These requirements include the scalability required to support a global vaccination campaign, like one against COVID-19, and the capability to facilitate the interoperation between the independent health administrations of different countries. Moreover, access to global statistics can help to control securing community health and provide continuity of care for individuals during a pandemic. In this paper, we propose GEOS, a blockchain-based vaccination management system designed to address the challenges faced by the global vaccination campaign against COVID-19. GEOS offers interoperability between vaccination information systems at both domestic and international levels, supporting high vaccination rates and extensive coverage for the global population. To provide those features, GEOS uses a two-layer blockchain architecture, a simplified byzantine-tolerant consensus algorithm, and the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham signature scheme. We analyze the scalability of GEOS by examining transaction rate and confirmation times, considering factors such as the number of validators, communication overhead, and block size within the blockchain network. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of GEOS in managing COVID-19 vaccination records and statistical data for 236 countries, encompassing crucial information such as daily vaccination rates for highly populous nations and the global vaccination demand, as identified by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Medina
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Roberto Rojas-Cessa
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Ziqian Dong
- New York Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York, NY, 10023, USA.
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15
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Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Buono P, Giordano V, Trama U, Iodice V, Leoncini L, Giordano M. Efficacy and Safety of Vaccinations in Geriatric Patients: A Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1412. [PMID: 37766089 PMCID: PMC10537287 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progressive lengthening of the average age of the population, especially in some countries such as Italy, vaccination of the elderly is a fixed point on which most of the public health efforts are concentrating as epidemic infectious diseases, especially those of the winter, have a major impact on the progression of severe disease, hospitalization, and death. The protection of the elderly against acute infectious diseases should not only limit mortality but also have a positive impact on the fragility of these people in terms of less disability and fewer care needs. However, vaccination of the elderly population differs in efficacy and safety compared to that of other population categories since aging and the consequent loss of efficiency of the immune system lead to a reduction in the immunogenicity of vaccines without achieving a lasting antibody coverage. There are various strategies to avoid the failure of immunization by vaccines such as resorting to supplementary doses with adjuvant vaccines, increasing the dosage of the antigen used, or choosing to inoculate the serum relying on various routes of administration of the vaccine. Vaccination in the elderly is also an important factor in light of growing antibiotic resistance because it can indirectly contribute to combating antibiotic resistance, reducing theoretically the use of those agents. Furthermore, vaccination in old age reduces mortality from infectious diseases preventable with vaccines and reduces the same rate of resistance to antibiotics. Given the importance and complexity of the topic, in this review, we will deal with the main aspects of vaccination in the elderly and how it can influence mortality and healthcare costs, especially in those countries where population aging is more evident. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed to identify all types of studies published up to 31 May 2023 that examined the association between vaccination and the elderly. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two reviewers (PC and TC) who independently extracted the following data and assessed the quality of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ciarambino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Marcianise, ASL Caserta, 81031 Caserta, Italy
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | - Pietro Crispino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Latina, ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Pietro Buono
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | | | - Ugo Trama
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | - Vincenzo Iodice
- ASL Caserta, Direttore Sanitario Aziendale, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Leoncini
- ASL Caserta, Direttore Sanitario, P.O. Marcianise, 81025 Marcianise, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy;
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COVID-19 Vaccination Program Data Analysis Based on Regional Status and Day Type: A Study from West Java Province, Indonesia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050772. [PMID: 36900777 PMCID: PMC10001228 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic and holds a crucial impact on global health. A better understanding of factors associated with vaccination is needed to establish a good vaccination program in a population. The purpose of this study is to analyze COVID-19 vaccination program data based on regional status and day type in the West Java Province of Indonesia and contribute to discovering other characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccination program. This study is a cross-sectional study using secondary data (N = 7922) from West Java's COVID-19 Information and Coordination Center (PIKOBAR) from January to November 2021. Independent t-test with an alternative non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (p-value < 0.05) is used as a statistical test in this study. The result reported significant differences in vaccination coverage between the city area and the regency area (p < 0.001). Significant differences in vaccination on working day and holiday were also found in both settings (p < 0.001). Vaccination was confirmed to be higher in the city compared to the regency and decreased on holiday compared to the working day. In conclusion, factors linked to regional status and day type must be considered as important factors for developing and accelerating vaccination programs.
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17
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Wilkinson EA, Newell BJ, Melton BL, Robertson AD. Community-Based Pharmacy Travel Health Service Pilot Impact on Participant Understanding and Satisfaction. J Pharm Pract 2023; 36:33-38. [PMID: 34096391 DOI: 10.1177/08971900211017093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased rates of international travel have led to a higher demand for healthcare professionals to provide travel health services. Community-based pharmacists are capable of meeting this need. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the impact of pharmacists providing travel health services in a community-based pharmacy on participant understanding and satisfaction of travel education and preparation. METHOD A trained pharmacist met with participants to review their medical history, travel itinerary, and provide education. Indicated immunizations were administered and the participant's primary care provider was contacted if prescription medications were warranted. A questionnaire was administered before and after the travel health consultation assessing participants perceived understanding of travel health information, satisfaction, and perceived monetary value of the service. Data were collected by 5-point Likert-scale responses, with 5 equivalent to strongly agree. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and descriptive statistics were used for evaluation. Participants were included if they had international travel planned within 12 weeks of the consultation. RESULTS A total of 12 participants were included. Participant understanding significantly increased for all 5 survey items relating to travel health information with a p value < 0.05 for each item. The largest change was for how to find medical help during international travel (medians and IQR were 3(2-3), and 5(5-5) for pre-and post-consultation, respectively, p = 0.003). Participant satisfaction questions received a median response of 5. Participants' perceived monetary value of the service was a median of $50 (IQR $50-50). CONCLUSION Pharmacist-led travel health consultations improved participant understanding of travel health information and was of perceived value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Wilkinson
- 24130Salina Regional Health Center Outpatient Pharmacy, Salina, KS, USA
| | - Bradley J Newell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 4202University of Kansas School of Pharmacy-Wichita Campus, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Brittany L Melton
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 4202University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Amy D Robertson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 4202University of Kansas School of Pharmacy-Wichita Campus, Wichita, KS, USA
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Characteristics of U.S. older adult medicare beneficiaries receiving the influenza vaccination at retail pharmacies. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100220. [PMID: 36691454 PMCID: PMC9860398 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacy-provided influenza vaccination services have become more prevalent among the older adult population. However, little is known about the characteristics of older adults associated with receiving the influenza vaccination at retail pharmacies and how these associated characteristics have changed. Objective To examine characteristics of older adults associated with use of retail pharmacy-provided influenza vaccination services and how the characteristics changed between 2009 and 2015. Methods The study used a retrospective, cross-sectional design with data from the 2009 and 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Older adults aged 65 and older who completed a community questionnaire and received the influenza vaccination during the previous winter were identified. Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was the conceptual framework for inclusion of the population characteristics. A multivariable log-binomial regression was performed to estimate the association between the population characteristics and use of pharmacy-provided vaccination service, and the relative change in associations between 2009 and 2015. Survey weights were applied in all analyses. Results The results showed older adults who were non-Hispanic black (compared to non-Hispanic white), who did not have secondary private insurance (compared to those who had), who did not have physician office visit (compared to those who had) and who lived in non-metro area (compared to those who lived in metro area) had become more likely to use pharmacy-provided influenza vaccination services in 2015 than in 2009. Conclusions Pharmacy-provided influenza vaccination services appear to reduce access barriers for racially and socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults. Findings could help inform not only the retail pharmacies that provide vaccination services to better outreach to potential target populations but also policy makers about the disadvantaged populations that would benefit from the vaccination services provided by retail pharmacies.
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Romero-Mancilla MS, Mora-Vargas J, Ruiz A. Pharmacy-based immunization: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1152556. [PMID: 37124782 PMCID: PMC10133503 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1152556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has prompted the exploration of new response strategies for such health contingencies in the near future. Over the last 15 years, several pharmacy-based immunization (PBI) strategies have emerged seeking to exploit the potential of pharmacies as immunization, medication sale, and rapid test centers. However, the participation of pharmacies during the last pandemic was very uneven from one country to another, suggesting a lack of consensus on the definition of their roles and gaps between the literature and practice. Purpose This study aimed to consolidate the current state of the literature on PBI, document its progress over time, and identify the gaps not yet addressed. Moreover, this study seeks to (i) provide new researchers with an overview of the studies on PBI and (ii) to inform both public health and private organization managers on the range of possible immunization models and strategies. Methodology A systematic review of scientific qualitative and quantitative studies on the most important scientific databases was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes guidelines were followed. Finally, this study discusses the trends, challenges, and limitations on the existing literature on PBI. Findings Must studies concluded that PBI is a beneficial strategy for the population, particularly in terms of accessibility and territorial equity. However, the effectiveness of PBI is affected by the economic, political, and/or social context of the region. The collaboration between the public (government and health departments) and private (various pharmacy chains) sectors contributes to PBI's success. Originality Unlike previous literature reviews on PBI that compiled qualitative and statistical studies, this study reviewed studies proposing mathematical optimization methods to approach PBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol S. Romero-Mancilla
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Marisol S. Romero-Mancilla
| | - Jaime Mora-Vargas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Angel Ruiz
- Faculty of Business Administration, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Devraj R, Wilhelm M, Deshpande M. Consumer Perceptions of a Shingles Infograph Intervention and Vaccination Plans in Community Pharmacy Settings. Innov Pharm 2022; 13:10.24926/iip.v13i3.4918. [PMID: 36627910 PMCID: PMC9815876 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v13i3.4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cost and lack of knowledge are key barriers to improving shingles vaccination rates in community pharmacies. A health literacy (HL) tailored infograph intervention addressing these barriers can enhance consumer interest in shingles vaccinations. Objectives: The objectives were to: 1) design a health literacy tailored shingles infograph addressing cost and knowledge about vaccination barriers, 2) determine consumer perceptions of infograph usefulness, and 3) determine factors associated with shingles vaccination plans. Methods: An infograph addressing the study objectives, and a 22-item self-administered questionnaire assessing shingles vaccine awareness, HL, infograph usefulness, and vaccination plans were designed. The infograph was pilot tested with pharmacists and two community-based focus groups. Inclusion criteria consisted of age-eligible consumers at one chain and three independent community pharmacies. Consenting participants first reviewed the infograph and then completed the survey. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Of the 422 eligible consumers approached, 112 participated in the study, with 55.4% from the chain pharmacies. Participants were female (56%), white (94%), between 50-70 years old (77%), had adequate HL (96%) and aware of the shingles vaccine (87%). While only 8% of the respondents considered vaccinating on the survey date, 46% considered it in the future, and 29% planned to in the next six months. The infograph was useful (90%) in recognizing vaccination need, was readable (95.5%), and understandable (96%). Consumers who found the infograph useful were significantly more likely to have vaccination plans (OR= 4.06, CI: 1.37 - 11.9, p=0.016). Conclusion: A shingles vaccine infograph focused on key barriers to vaccination was well-received and useful in promoting consumers' vaccination plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Devraj
- School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville,Corresponding author: Radhika Devraj, PhD Professor, School of Pharmacy Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 200 University Park Drive, Suite 252 Edwardsville, IL;
| | - Miranda Wilhelm
- School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
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Eiden AL, Barratt J, Nyaku MK. Drivers of and barriers to routine adult vaccination: A systematic literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2127290. [PMID: 36197070 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2127290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review in PubMed and Embase (2016-2021) to investigate the drivers of and barriers to routine vaccination in adults aged 50 and older globally. A thematic assessment identified three categories across 61 publications: sociodemographic, health-related, and attitudinal. The most common sociodemographic determinants (factors identified in studies; n = 47) associated with vaccination uptake were economic status, age, education, and household composition, which had mixed effects on vaccine uptake. For health-related determinants (n = 27), individuals with comorbidities and health care consumption were the most common factors, both increased vaccine uptake. The most common attitudinal factors (n = 42) were self-efficacy, provider or other's recommendations, and vaccine-preventable disease awareness; across studies, all attitude factors had a positive effect, unlike the sociodemographic and health status categories. Findings suggest that patient and provider awareness and education campaigns are effective ways to increase uptake of routine vaccinations in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Eiden
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jane Barratt
- International Federation on Ageing, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mawuli K Nyaku
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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The U.S. Travel Health Pharmacists' Role in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10050134. [PMID: 36287455 PMCID: PMC9607581 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many countries have enforced strict regulations on travel since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019. However, with the development of several vaccines and tests to help identify it, international travel has mostly resumed in the United States (US). Community pharmacists have long been highly accessible to the public and are capable of providing travel health services and are in an optimal position to provide COVID-19 patient care services to those who are now starting to travel again. Objectives: (1) To discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the practice of travel health and pharmacist provided travel health services in the US and (2) to discuss the incorporation COVID-19 prevention measures, as well as telehealth and other technologies, into travel health care services. Methods: A literature review was undertaken utilizing the following search engines and internet websites: PubMed, Google Scholar, Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Department of Health and Human Services to identify published articles on pharmacist and pharmacy-based travel health services and patient care in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many country's entry requirements which may now include COVID-19 vaccination, testing, and/or masking requirements in country. Telehealth and other technological advancements may further aid the practice of travel health by increasing patient access to care. Conclusions: Community pharmacists should consider incorporating COVID-19 vaccination and testing services in their travel health practices in order to meet country-specific COVID-19 entry requirements. Further, pharmacists should consider utilizing telehealth and other technologies to increase access to care while further limiting the potential spread and impact of COVID-19.
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Houle SKD, Waite NM, Tsuyuki RT. Taking our best shot: Pharmacy’s vaccination success story. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2022; 155:293-295. [DOI: 10.1177/17151635221128223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Zglińska-Pietrzak A, Weremczuk-Jeżyna I, Kałucka S. Evaluation of Patient Experiences Regarding Pharmacist-Administrated Vaccination and Attitude towards Future Additional Pharmacy Services in Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091479. [PMID: 36146558 PMCID: PMC9501353 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the number of vaccinations performed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, a significant change was introduced in the legislation allowing for the vaccination to also be performed in pharmacies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among those who chose a pharmacy as a vaccination point during the pandemic COVID-19. The aim of the study was to determine the overall level of patient satisfaction with pharmacist-administered vaccination in pharmacies and to examine patient opinions regarding the further expansion of pharmacy services. A patient survey was conducted immediately after vaccination in the period from January to March 2022. A total of 398 questionnaires were completed. The respondents reported high satisfaction with pharmacist-administered vaccinations (94.5%). In addition, the majority of consumers felt safe during the vaccination procedure (98.5%), and 88.4% declared they would come for other vaccinations at the pharmacy. The two main reasons for choosing this vaccination place were easy access regarding location (94.2%) and proposed vaccination hours (95.2%). The participants reported high levels of satisfaction concerning the pre-vaccination interview (91.2%), information level before immunization (91.5%), injection technique (96.7%), adjusting the premises to the service (95%) and general care in pharmacy after with vaccination (87.7%). The majority of respondents supported the future expansion of pharmacist-administered services, although the support rate ranged from 52% to 83% depending on the type of service offered. The majority of patients supported the continuation of ongoing prescriptions, blood pressure and blood glucose measurement services by pharmacists. Our findings indicate that the involvement of pharmacies in vaccination programs and other public health services met high levels of patient acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izabela Weremczuk-Jeżyna
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kałucka
- Department of Coordinated Care, Medical University of Lodz, 90-251 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Gates DM, Cohen SA, Orr K, Caffrey AR. Pharmacist-Administered Influenza Vaccination in Children and Corresponding Regulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091410. [PMID: 36146488 PMCID: PMC9505660 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our retrospective cohort study, we evaluated trends in pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination rates in the United States and corresponding state-level pharmacist pediatric vaccination authorization models, including minimum age requirements, vaccination protocols, and/or prescription requirements. An administrative health claims database was used to capture influenza vaccinations in children less than 18 years old with 1 year of continuous enrollment and joinpoint regression was used to assess trends. Of the 3,937,376 pediatric influenza vaccinations identified over the study period, only 3.2% were pharmacist-administered (87.7% pediatrician offices, 2.3% convenience care clinics, 0.8% emergency care, and 6.0% other locations). Pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination was more commonly observed in older children (mean age 12.65 ± 3.26 years) and increased significantly by 19.2% annually over the study period (95% confidence interval 9.2%-30.2%, p < 0.05). The Northeast, with more restrictive authorization models, represented only 2.2% (n = 2816) of all pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccinations. Utilization of pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination remains low. Providing children with greater access to vaccination with less restrictions may increase overall vaccination rates. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, pharmacists will play a major role in vaccinating children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Gates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Steven A. Cohen
- Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Kelly Orr
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Aisling R. Caffrey
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Support Services, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
- Department of Health Services Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-874-5320
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Houle SKD, Timony P, Waite NM, Gauthier A. Identifying vaccination deserts: The availability and distribution of pharmacists with authorization to administer injections in Ontario. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2022; 155:258-266. [PMID: 36081916 PMCID: PMC9445507 DOI: 10.1177/17151635221115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacist-administered immunizations have been associated with improved vaccination rates; however, little is known about whether areas with little to no access to this service (“vaccination deserts”) exist. The objective of this work is to determine the geographic availability of pharmacists with authorization to administer injections in the province of Ontario. Methods: Ontario College of Pharmacists registry data were used to identify patient care–providing pharmacists in community pharmacies and their ability to administer injections. Their number of hours worked was converted into full-time equivalents (FTEs), assuming 40 hours per week represents 1 FTE. Practice site(s) were mapped by postal code and presented by Public Health Unit (PHU) area. Communities within PHUs were further categorized as urban or rural and northern or southern, with ratios of FTEs per 1000 population calculated for both injection-trained and non-injection-trained pharmacists. Results: In total, 74.6% of Ontario’s practising community pharmacists are authorized to provide injections. Northern PHUs had slightly better access to pharmacist injectors (0.61 FTEs/1000 overall vs 0.56/1000 in the south), while rural communities had lower availability (0.41 FTEs/1000) than urban communities (0.58 FTEs/1000). PHUs with greater population size and density had greater availability of pharmacist immunizers, while PHUs with greater land area were more likely to not have any immunizing pharmacists present ( p < 0.001 for all). Discussion: As pharmacists increasingly become preferred vaccination providers, awareness of disparities related to access to pharmacy-based immunizations and collaboration with public health and primary care providers to address them (e.g., through mobile vaccination clinics) will be required to ensure equitable access. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2022;155:xx-xx.
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minorities, a group who is also less likely to be fully vaccinated. Vaccine hesitancy and vaccine access both play a role in the vaccine inequities observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies to improve access and reduce hesitancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. White
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions (NDW, HG), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hannah Grimm
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions (NDW, HG), Omaha, NE, USA
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States’ Pharmacist Immunization Authority and the Impact on Adult Influenza Vaccination Rates. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1666-1670.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030475. [PMID: 35335106 PMCID: PMC8949300 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, following the start of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign, community pharmacies (CPs) were recruited on a voluntary basis in order to administer COVID-19 vaccines as part of their activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, and vaccine acceptance/hesitancy towards COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations among the community pharmacists operating in the Palermo Province. A cross-sectional study was conducted, with two different questionnaires administered before and after the conduction of the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 at the COVID-19 vaccination center of the Palermo University Hospital (PUH). The baseline survey showed that 64% of community pharmacists (CPs) declared that they planned to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2, and 58% were vaccinated against influenza during the 2020/2021 season. Factors significantly associated with willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination were confidence in vaccines (adjOR 1.76; CI 1.11–2.80), fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjOR 1.50; CI 1.06–2.11), considering COVID-19 vaccination to be the best strategy to counteract SARS-CoV-2 (adjOR 1.79; CI 1.39–2.29), and adherence to influenza vaccination during the 2020/2021 season (adjOR 3.25; CI 2.23–4.25). The adherence among CPs of the Palermo Province to COVID-19 vaccination was 96.5%. From the post-vaccination survey, the main reasons for changing opinions on vaccination adherence were the introduction of mandatory vaccinations, fear of contracting COVID-19, and limitations on work activities in the case of vaccine refusal. The achievement of very high COVID-19 vaccination coverage rates among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in the present study was mainly due to the mandatory vaccination policies; nevertheless, a willingness for COVID-19 vaccination was relatively high among pharmacists before the beginning of the vaccination campaign. HCPs and CPs should receive training on vaccination, which is recommended in the national immunization plan and is also suggested by the respondents in our study, in order to routinely re-evaluate their own vaccination profiles, as well as those of their patients.
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Cho BH, Weinbaum C, Tsai Y, Koppaka R. Influenza Vaccine Uptake and Missed Opportunities Among the Medicare-Covered Population With High-Risk Conditions During the 2018 to 2019 Influenza Season : A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:1-10. [PMID: 34781717 PMCID: PMC9109634 DOI: 10.7326/m21-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality among older U.S. adults and those with comorbid health conditions. OBJECTIVE To describe seasonal influenza vaccine uptake and identify factors associated with missed opportunities for influenza vaccination. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Medicare fee-for-service claims. PARTICIPANTS 31.6 million U.S. adults continuously enrolled under Medicare Parts A and B during the 2018 to 2019 influenza season. MEASUREMENTS Influenza vaccine uptake and missed opportunities by patient demographic characteristics, high-risk status (that is, ≥1 condition increasing influenza complication risk), Medicare-Medicaid dual-eligibility status, and health care provider visits (that is, vaccination opportunities). RESULTS Overall, 50.5% of beneficiaries aged 19 years or older had Medicare claims for influenza vaccination: 31.6% among people aged 19 to 64 years and 54% among people aged 65 years or older. More White beneficiaries were vaccinated (52.9%) than Black (34.9%) or Hispanic (30.4%) beneficiaries. Uptake was higher (56.1%) for beneficiaries with high-risk conditions than for those without (27.6%). Among unvaccinated beneficiaries overall, 77.4% visited a provider during influenza season; among unvaccinated beneficiaries with and without high-risk conditions, 91% and 43%, respectively, had seen a provider at least once. The proportion of beneficiaries with missed opportunities for influenza vaccination was 44.2% and was higher for beneficiaries in the non-high-risk group (59.1%) than those in the high-risk group (42.2%). Uptake was lower and proportions of missed opportunities were higher among beneficiaries in younger age groups, of Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, without high-risk conditions, or with Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility. LIMITATIONS Influenza vaccinations without claims could not be captured. Data on reasons for nonvaccination were unavailable. CONCLUSION Influenza vaccination coverage for Medicare beneficiaries continues to be suboptimal, with missed opportunities despite availability of influenza vaccination with no copayment. Disparities persist in vaccination uptake by race/ethnicity. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyun Cho
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (B.C., C.W., Y.T., R.K.)
| | - Cindy Weinbaum
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (B.C., C.W., Y.T., R.K.)
| | - Yuping Tsai
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (B.C., C.W., Y.T., R.K.)
| | - Ram Koppaka
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (B.C., C.W., Y.T., R.K.)
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Jusufoska M, Abreu de Azevedo M, Tolic J, Deml MJ, Tarr PE. "Vaccination needs to be easy for the people, right ?": a qualitative study of the roles of physicians and pharmacists regarding vaccination in Switzerland. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053163. [PMID: 34921081 PMCID: PMC8685942 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination in pharmacies has been a key component of national vaccination strategies to facilitate vaccination access. Qualitative data on the perspectives of professional stakeholders on vaccination in pharmacies and on the professional relations of pharmacists with physicians regarding increasing immunisation rates is limited. We conducted a qualitative study in Switzerland. The main aim was to gain further insight into professional stakeholders' perspectives on vaccination counselling and administration conducted in pharmacies, and to further understand their views on physicians' and pharmacists' roles in increasing immunisation rates. DESIGN We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews. We coded and analysed transcripts using thematic analysis. SETTING Face-to-face interviews took place in German-speaking and French-speaking regions of Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS We interviewed 14 key vaccination stakeholders including health authorities, heads of pharmacy management and professional association boards. All participants had a background in medicine or pharmacy. RESULTS Three main themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) Participants viewed pharmacists as competent to provide vaccination counselling and administration based on their university training; (2) interprofessional cooperation between physicians and pharmacists on vaccination topics is limited and should be improved; and (3) pharmacists play an important role in increasing immunisation rates by facilitating vaccination access and through provision of vaccination counselling. CONCLUSION By providing vaccination counselling and administering vaccines, pharmacists play an important public health role. Healthcare policies and health authorities should encourage more involvement of pharmacists and encourage interprofessional cooperation between physicians and pharmacists in order to improve vaccination counselling and increase immunisation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Jusufoska
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- University Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland Medizinische Universitätsklinik Standort Bruderholz, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Marta Abreu de Azevedo
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- University Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland Medizinische Universitätsklinik Standort Bruderholz, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Josipa Tolic
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- University Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland Medizinische Universitätsklinik Standort Bruderholz, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Deml
- Institute of Sociological Research, Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Public Health & Family Medicine, Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Philip E Tarr
- University Dept. of Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service, Kantonsspital Baselland, University of Basel, Bruderholz, Switzerland
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Patterson BJ, Chen CC, McGuiness CB, Ma S, Glasser LI, Sun K, Buck PO. Factors influencing series completion rates of recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in the United States: A retrospective pharmacy and medical claims analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:526-536.e10. [PMID: 34893442 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vaccination against herpes zoster (HZ) is an effective strategy in protecting the population against consequences of varicella zoster virus reactivation. Optimal immunogenicity with recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) relies on completion of the 2-dose series within 2-6 months from the first dose. The objectives of this study were to estimate RZV completion rates and adherence with the recommended administration schedule in the general United States population aged at least 50 years and to evaluate factors influencing completion rates. METHODS Longitudinal, open-source pharmacy and medical claims databases were analyzed for adults aged at least 50 years with a first RZV prescription filled between October 2017 and September 2019. The data were linked to Experian Marketing Services Consumer View data to obtain information regarding race. Completion rates and adherence were calculated overall and stratified according to claim source, age class, sex, and payer type. Logistic regression models were built for each subpopulation of interest to identify factors correlating with completion rates. RESULTS Overall, cumulative completion rates were 70.41% and 81.80% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Median time to second dose was approximately 4 months (4.08-5.13 months) and adherence 67.62%. Completion rates were lower in the medical claims database compared with the pharmacy claims database (48.98% vs. 73.23% at 6 months). Regression models confirmed that pharmacy claim was an independent factor for higher completion rates, while African American race and Medicaid status were associated with lower completion rates. Most comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, were associated with lower completion rates. CONCLUSION Pharmacists contribute substantially to the overall high RZV completion rates in the United States. However, completion rates can be improved, especially in people receiving their first RZV dose at a physician's office. Future strategies should aim at lowering barriers to completing vaccination series in African Americans, Medicaid beneficiaries, and people with comorbidities.
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Shen AK, Bramer CA, Kimmins LM, Swanson R, Vranesich P, Orenstein W. Vaccine Coverage Across the Life Course in Michigan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: January‒September 2020. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:2027-2035. [PMID: 34618598 PMCID: PMC8630486 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immunization services across the life course. Methods. In this retrospective study, we used Michigan immunization registry data from 2018 through September 2020 to assess the number of vaccine doses administered, number of sites providing immunization services to the Vaccines for Children population, provider location types that administer adult vaccines, and vaccination coverage for children. Results. Of 12 004 384 individual vaccine doses assessed, 48.6%, 15.6%, and 35.8% were administered to children (aged 0-8 years), adolescents (aged 9-18 years), and adults (aged 19‒105 years), respectively. Doses administered overall decreased beginning in February 2020, with peak declines observed in April 2020 (63.3%). Overall decreases in adult doses were observed in all settings except obstetrics and gynecology provider offices and pharmacies. Local health departments reported a 66.4% decrease in doses reported. For children, the total number of sites administering pediatric vaccines decreased while childhood vaccination coverage decreased 4.4% overall and 5.8% in Medicaid-enrolled children. Conclusions. The critical challenge is to return to prepandemic levels of vaccine doses administered as well as to catch up individuals for vaccinations missed. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(11):2027-2035. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306474).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Shen
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Cristi A Bramer
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Lynsey M Kimmins
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Robert Swanson
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Patricia Vranesich
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Walter Orenstein
- Angela K. Shen is a visiting scientist with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Cristi A. Bramer, Lynsey M. Kimmins, Robert Swanson, and Pat Vranesich are with the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Immunization, Lansing. Walt Orenstein is with Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Note. The views here do not represent the official views of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
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Youssef D, Abou-Abbas L, Farhat S, Hassan H. Pharmacists as immunizers in Lebanon: a national survey of community pharmacists' willingness and readiness to administer adult immunization. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:131. [PMID: 34689762 PMCID: PMC8542355 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the focus of healthcare has shifted toward prevention, pharmacists were highly encouraged to expand their practice to include immunization services. Our study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of community-based Lebanese pharmacists, in addition to their willingness to expand their practice scope to include vaccine administration. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted during the phase preceding the arrival of the COVID-19 vaccine in Lebanon between 1 and 31st December 2020. Using a stratified random sampling method, data were collected from Lebanese community pharmacists (CPs) through an online survey that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical experience, willingness to administer vaccines, knowledge about vaccination, attitudes towards immunization, reasons supporting utilizing pharmacists as immunizers and the requested elements to incorporate immunization in pharmacists' practice scope. Multivariable analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with knowledge. RESULTS A total of 412 community pharmacists participated in this survey. Of the total, 66.5% of the surveyed CPs are willing to administer vaccines. The majority of them (89.8%) had an overall good level. Out of all, 92.7% showed a positive overall attitude score toward immunization, 95.4% agreed that community pharmacists can play an important role in advertising and promoting vaccination. The main needed elements for implementing immunization services in pharmacies listed by participants were: support of health authorities (99.3%), statutory allowance (82.8%), patient demand (95.4%), pharmacist's interest (96.1%) and continuous education and training workshops on immunization. Older CPs (50 years and above) [aOR = 0.703, CI 95% (0.598-0.812)] and those working in Bekaa and North have lower knowledge score than their counterparts. High educational level [aOR = 1.891, CI 95% (1.598-2.019)], previous experience in immunization [aOR = 3.123, CI 95% (2.652-4.161)] and working in urban areas [aOR = 3.640, CI 95% (2.544-4.717)] were positively associated with a good knowledge level. CONCLUSION Most of Lebanese community pharmacists are willing to offer immunizations. The expansion of the pharmacists practice scope to include provision of immunizations required a national plan that encompasses strengthening knowledge, training, certification for eligibility to administer vaccines, enhancing pharmacovigilance and statutory reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Youssef
- Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Research Center for Population Health (BPH), Institut de santé publique d'épidémiologie et de développement (ISPED), Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Linda Abou-Abbas
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
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Hohmeier KC, Sain A, Garst A, Shell L, Desselle S, Gatwood J, Cost M. The Optimizing Care Model: Final findings of a novel community pharmacy practice model to enhance patient care delivery using technician product verification. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:112-119. [PMID: 34711522 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The community pharmacy represents a convenient health care access point for patients and is increasingly used to deliver direct patient care services; however, several barriers exist that hinder widespread patient service implementation and scalability. Such barriers include scope of practice restrictions, a dearth of sustainable payment models, lack of pharmacist capacity given other responsibilities, and workflow models developed for dispensing medications rather than clinical care. In an effort to overcome the lack of pharmacist time and capacity, further task delegation to pharmacy technicians has been suggested. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to present the final outcomes of the Optimizing Care Model's impact. The model's impact on pharmacist patient care, workday composition, and rates of product selection errors not identified during final product verification are reported. METHODS The Optimizing Care Model is an innovative approach to community pharmacy practice aiming to foster a new patient-centered care delivery model that expands clinical service delivery and fosters collaboration across health care settings through task delegation, primarily through technician product verification (TPV). To investigate the impact of its sustained implementation, a quasi-experimental, 1-group pretest-posttest design was used. Outcomes assessed included medication errors, clinical activities, and workday composition. RESULTS Six chain and 3 independent pharmacies completed the final, continuation phase of the study. Overall pharmacist time spent delivering patient care services increased significantly upon implementation of the Optimizing Care Model (21% vs. 43%; P < 0.05), whereas pharmacist time spent performing dispensing-related activities decreased significantly (67% vs. 37%; P < 0.05). Total undetected error rates were significantly less in the Optimizing Care Model phase compared with the traditional model (0.05% vs. 0.01%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study presented the final results of a 2-year assessment of the Optimizing Care Model. Results reaffirmed initial published findings that the model and its use of TPV increase the array and frequency of direct patient care services rendered while resulting in lower undetected error rates. Final project results of the Optimizing Care Model demonstrate increased clinical service delivery versus the traditional model, while also improving patient safety with lower rates of undetected dispensing errors within the Optimizing Care Model. The Optimizing Care Model continues to show promise as a future practice model for community pharmacies.
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Garbinsky D, Hunter S, La EM, Poston S, Hogea C. State-Level Variations and Factors Associated with Adult Vaccination Coverage: A Multilevel Modeling Approach. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2021; 5:411-423. [PMID: 33860921 PMCID: PMC8333180 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-021-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult vaccination rates in the USA are generally low and fall short of public health goals. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate the effect of state-level characteristics on adult vaccination coverage in the USA. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of 2015-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, conducted from March to October 2019 and including seasonal influenza; pneumococcal; tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap); and herpes zoster (HZ) vaccines. Multilevel logistic regression models examined interstate vaccination coverage variability and assessed the impact of state-level characteristics, with model-adjusted coverage estimated. RESULTS Model-adjusted vaccination coverage varied by state, with 35.1-48.1% coverage for influenza (2017), 68.2-80.8% for pneumococcal (2017), 21.9-46.5% for Tdap (2016), and 30.5-50.9% for HZ (2017). Characteristics associated with vaccination included state-level insurance coverage, pharmacists' vaccination authority, vaccination exemptions, and adult immunization information systems participation, as well as individual-level measures of income and education. After adjusting for these factors, substantial interstate heterogeneity remained. CONCLUSIONS Model-adjusted coverage was generally low and varied by state. A small number of state-level characteristics partially explained interstate coverage variability. This and future research assessing additional state characteristics may help determine policies most likely to increase adult vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garbinsky
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shannon Hunter
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | - Sara Poston
- GSK, 5 Crescent Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19118, USA.
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Newlon JL, Bentley JP, Snyder ME, Zillich AJ, Rafie S, Illingworth Plake KS. Impact of pharmacist prescribing through direct pharmacy access policies on access to hormonal contraception. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:194-201.e1. [PMID: 34454867 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE This study assesses the impact of direct pharmacy access (DPA) policies that allow pharmacists to prescribe hormonal contraceptives on women's access by comparing access among 3 groups: (1) women in a state without DPA (Indiana), (2) women in a state with DPA, but not using DPA, and (3) women in a state with DPA and using DPA. METHODS This cross-sectional survey, including a scale to measure access to contraceptives, perception items, and demographics, was distributed through Amazon Mechanical Turk (Amazon.com, Inc). Kruskal-Wallis tests and linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS The sample size was 316. When controlling for education, income, and age, the women not using DPA (in Indiana and a DPA state, respectively) reported significantly higher levels of approachability (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), acceptability (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), availability and accommodation (P < 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively), affordability (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), and appropriateness (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) access than the women using DPA. The women using DPA reported significantly lower levels of privacy access than those not using DPA in a DPA state (P = 0.004) when controlling for education, income, and age. However, 78.9% of women using DPA agreed DPA made obtaining contraceptives easier. Most of the women who had never used DPA were previously unaware of DPA (81.1% in DPA states and 86.2% in Indiana) but felt that it would improve access (82.8% and 80.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION Understanding the effects of DPA policies on women's access to contraceptives can inform future policies and support implementation. Lower levels of access across all dimensions among those using DPA may be influenced by imperfect implementation and failure to legislatively enable the sustainability of this service rather than pharmacists' ability to improve women's access.
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Fonzi V, Thapa K, Luitel K, Padilla H, Harris C, Khan MM, Nowak G, Rajbhandari-Thapa J. Using Influenza Vaccination Location Data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to Expand COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157753. [PMID: 34360048 PMCID: PMC8345551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective COVID-19 vaccine distribution requires prioritizing locations that are accessible to high-risk target populations. However, little is known about the vaccination location preferences of individuals with underlying chronic conditions. Using data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we grouped 162,744 respondents into high-risk and low-risk groups for COVID-19 and analyzed the odds of previous influenza vaccination at doctor’s offices, health departments, community settings, stores, or hospitals. Individuals at high risk for severe COVID-19 were more likely to be vaccinated in doctor’s offices and stores and less likely to be vaccinated in community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fonzi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (V.F.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Kiran Thapa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Kishor Luitel
- School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA;
| | - Heather Padilla
- Department of Health Promotion & Behavior, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Curt Harris
- Institute for Disaster Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - M. Mahmud Khan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (V.F.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Glen Nowak
- Grady College Center for Health and Risk Communication, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Janani Rajbhandari-Thapa
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (V.F.); (M.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Daniel CL, Lawson F, Vickers M, Green C, Wright A, Coyne-Beasley T, Lee HY, Turberville S. Enrolling a rural community pharmacy as a Vaccines for Children provider to increase HPV vaccination: a feasibility study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1266. [PMID: 34187438 PMCID: PMC8240772 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. with over 80 million infected individuals. High-risk strains are associated with 6 different cancers. Although infection is preventable, U.S. vaccination rates remain suboptimal and there are noted disparities between urban and rural communities due to economic barriers, lack of access, and low awareness and education. Methods The current pilot study sought to overcome these barriers through an interprofessional collaborative enrolling a community pharmacy in a rural, medically underserved Alabama county as a Vaccines for Children (VFC) provider to provide free vaccines to eligible adolescents. Program evaluation was conducted to determine the intervention’s feasibility. Potential efficacy was assessed by analyzing county-level HPV vaccination uptake and completion rates using state immunization registry data. Results Over the 8-month study, 166 total vaccines were administered to 89 adolescents ages 10–18, including 55 doses of HPV vaccine, 53 doses of Tdap vaccine, 45 doses of meningococcal vaccine, and 13 doses of influenza vaccine. Among these adolescents, mean age was 12.6 years old, and 64 (71.9%) were VFC patients. The pharmacy recorded an increase in total vaccine administration of 158.8%, an increase in prescription revenue of 34.8%, and an increase in total revenue by 24.4% during the course of the study, compared to the previous year. Conclusions Findings from the current work demonstrate the potential of this strategy and can serve as a blueprint for statewide and national dissemination and implementation to ultimately increase access to vaccination services, increase vaccination rates, and reduce urban-rural vaccine disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Daniel
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
| | - Frances Lawson
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Macy Vickers
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Chelsea Green
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Anna Wright
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Tamera Coyne-Beasley
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hee Y Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Stacie Turberville
- Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
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Patterson BJ, Buck PO, Curran D, Van Oorschot D, Carrico J, Herring WL, Zhang Y, Stoddard JJ. Estimated Public Health Impact of the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:596-604. [PMID: 34195552 PMCID: PMC8240325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential public health impact of adult herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination with the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in the United States in the first 15 years after launch. METHODS We used a publicly available model accounting for national population characteristics and HZ epidemiological data, vaccine characteristics from clinical studies, and anticipated vaccine coverage with RZV after launch in 2018. Two scenarios were modeled: a scenario with RZV implemented with 65% coverage after 15 years and a scenario continuing with zoster vaccine live (ZVL) with coverage increasing 10% over the same period. We estimated the numbers vaccinated, and the clinical outcomes and health care use avoided yearly, from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2032. We varied RZV coverage and investigated the associated impact on HZ cases, complications, and health care resource use. RESULTS With RZV adoption, the numbers of individuals affected by HZ was predicted to progressively decline with an additional 4.6 million cumulative cases avoided if 65% vaccination with RZV was reached within 15 years. In the year 2032, it was predicted that an additional 1.3 million physicians' visits and 14.4 thousand hospitalizations could be avoided, compared with continuing with ZVL alone. These numbers could be reached 2 to 5 years earlier with 15% higher RZV vaccination rates. CONCLUSION Substantial personal and health care burden can be alleviated when vaccination with RZV is adopted. The predicted numbers of HZ cases, complications, physicians' visits, and hospitalizations avoided, compared with continued ZVL vaccination, depends upon the RZV vaccination coverage achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip O. Buck
- GSK, US Health Outcomes & Epidemiology, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Justin Carrico
- RTI Health Solutions, Health Economics, Research Triangle, NC
| | | | - Yuanhui Zhang
- RTI Health Solutions, Health Economics, Research Triangle, NC
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Lu PJ, Srivastav A, Santibanez TA, Amaya A, Dever JA, Roycroft J, Kurtz MS, Williams WW. Trends in place of early-season influenza vaccination among adults, 2014-15 through 2018-19 influenza seasons-The importance of medical and nonmedical settings for vaccination. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:555-562. [PMID: 33038459 PMCID: PMC9077541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing influenza. We assessed trends and demographic and access-to-care characteristics associated with place of vaccination in recent years. METHODS Data from the 2014-2018 National Internet Flu Survey were analyzed to assess trends in place of early-season influenza vaccination during the 2014-15 through 2018-19 seasons. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors independently associated with vaccination settings in the 2018-19 season. RESULTS Among vaccinated adults, the proportion vaccinated in medical (range: 49%-53%) versus nonmedical settings (range: 47%-51%) during the 2014-15 through 2018-19 seasons were similar. Among adults aged ≥18 years vaccinated early in the 2018-19 influenza season, a doctor's office was the most common place (34.4%), followed by pharmacies or stores (32.3%), and workplaces (15.0%). Characteristics significantly associated with an increased likelihood of receipt of vaccination in nonmedical settings among adults included household income ≥$50,000, having no doctor visits since July 1, 2018, or having a doctor visit but not receiving an influenza vaccination recommendation from the medical professional. CONCLUSIONS Place of early-season influenza vaccination among adults who reported receiving influenza vaccination was stable over 5 recent seasons. Both medical and nonmedical settings were important places for influenza vaccination. Increasing access to vaccination services in medical and nonmedical settings should be considered as an important strategy for improving vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jun Lu
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Anup Srivastav
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Leidos Inc., Atlanta, GA
| | - Tammy A Santibanez
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter W Williams
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Strengthening pandemic preparedness through pharmacy and public health collaborations: Findings from a facilitated discussion exercise. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:e99-e106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kulczycki A, Grubbs J, Hogue MD, Shewchuk R. Community chain pharmacists' perceptions of increased technicians' involvement in the immunization process. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:596-604. [PMID: 34052172 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 2 decades, pharmacists have positioned immunization services as an important aspect of their expanding role in patient care. OBJECTIVES To examine how community chain pharmacists view time spent on immunization, available in-store resources and barriers, and pharmacy technician involvement in the context of their views about the achievement of key National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) Standards of Adult Immunization Practice in their workplace. METHODS A representative, nationwide survey was administered electronically to chain community pharmacists over a 4-week period. Community pharmacists offering year-round immunization in retail chain, supermarket, and mass-merchant settings, randomly sampled from a database maintained by the American Pharmacists Association. We examined several sets of interrelated relationships regarding pharmacists' perceived achievement of 3 key NVAC standards (assessment, recommendation and administration), time spent on the overall immunization process, the effectiveness of available in-store resources, immunization impediments, and the endorsement of increased technician involvement in community pharmacy-based immunization service (PBIS) delivery. RESULTS A sample of 590 survey responses was obtained from 9717 e-mails delivered, with 489 deemed eligible (5% response rate). Sizeable numbers of pharmacists acknowledged that several activities integral to achieving optimal immunization levels were not being addressed. Although pharmacists accepted that appropriately trained pharmacy technicians should be able to ask (77%) and assess (66%) patients, only 24% agreed that technicians should be able to administer vaccine doses. Pharmacists satisfied with in-store immunization resources and technicians' involvement were more likely to report achieving the 3 key NVAC standards. Paradoxically, how pharmacists viewed their immunization time expenditures was unrelated to whether they agreed that pharmacy technicians should have an expanded role in asking, assessing, or administering vaccines to their patients. CONCLUSION Overall, community pharmacies would likely better meet national immunization goals by achieving all 3 key NVAC standards and incorporating expanded roles for appropriately trained and supervised technicians in PBIS.
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Liao CY, Mott DA, Ford Ii JH, Look KA, Hayney MS. Influenza vaccination rates and location for receiving the influenza vaccination among older adult Medicare beneficiaries. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:432-441.e2. [PMID: 33775540 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the trends in older adult influenza vaccination rates and (2) locations at which U.S. older adults received influenza vaccinations for the 2008-2009 to 2017-2018 influenza seasons, and (3) compare the estimates of influenza vaccination rates and locations with the estimates from other sources reported previously. METHODS Data from the 2009 to 2017 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) were used in this analysis. The weighted sample included an average of approximately 37 million community-dwelling older Medicare beneficiaries who completed questionnaires per year. The estimates for older adult influenza vaccination rates and the locations that they used to receive the influenza vaccination were weighted and reported for the 2008-2009 to 2017-2018 influenza seasons. RESULTS The self-reported older adult influenza vaccination rates between 2008-09 and 2017-2018 ranged from 69.6% (24.6 million) to 75.0% (31.3 million). Across the study period, the percentage of older adults receiving the influenza vaccination at a physician office and clinic declined by 10.4%. The decline was more than offset by an increase in older adult influenza vaccination receipt at a community pharmacy, which substantially increased from 16.6% (4.1 million) in 2008-2009 to 34.8% (10.9 million) in 2014-2015. When compared with the estimates from other sources, the absolute value of the MCBS estimates corresponds with National Health Interview Survey estimates. The older adult influenza vaccination rate increased slightly between the 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 influenza seasons but is still below the 90% benchmark. CONCLUSION Community pharmacies-increasingly important access points for the influenza vaccination for older adults-likely contributed to the growth in the rate of older adults vaccinated with influenza vaccines.
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Pharmacy patient perceptions of pharmacy technicians as immunizers. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:284-292. [PMID: 33541844 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to gather pharmacy patient perceptions about receiving immunizations from pharmacy technicians. Specifically, researchers sought to understand if pharmacy patients were comfortable with being immunized by a pharmacy technician, and also if knowing the technician personally, knowing that the technician was trained to immunize, the waiting time, or the patient age were factors that changed the patient comfort level. METHODS Qualitative, semi-structured, key informant interviews were conducted using a 12-item interview script. Participants were walk-in patients from 3 chain community pharmacies in a state in which technicians have not started to administer immunizations, but in which the practice is not prohibited. RESULTS A total of 46 pharmacy patients were interviewed and the following 4 themes emerged from the resulting transcripts: pharmacy patients support immunization by pharmacy technicians to increase the accessibility and decrease the waiting time, even for pediatric patients; patients value positive, trusting relationships with the pharmacy team, and knowing technicians had proper immunization technique training added to the patients' feelings of comfort; participants believed that allowing technicians to immunize would broaden the technician's responsibilities and balance the workload among the pharmacy team; and some patients still choose not to be vaccinated at a pharmacy. CONCLUSION This study sought to gather pharmacy patient perspectives about receiving immunizations from pharmacy technicians. The results showed that pharmacy patients support the additional role of pharmacy technicians as immunizers in general. Participants also provided information that can be applied by pharmacy leaders as more technicians begin to administer immunizations.
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Koskan AM, Dominick LN, Helitzer DL. Rural Caregivers' Willingness for Community Pharmacists to Administer the HPV Vaccine to Their Age-Eligible Children. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:189-198. [PMID: 31493172 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-019-01617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake varies by geographic regions with rural, often medically underserved areas, lagging behind more urban regions in terms of vaccine initiation and completion. In these regions, pharmacies may serve as an additional location for HPV vaccine administration. Little is known about rural caregivers' willingness to have their HPV vaccine age-eligible children obtain this vaccine from their local pharmacist. First and second authors conducted 26 in-depth interviews with caregivers of HPV vaccine age-eligible children living in rural regions of a southwestern state to explore their perceptions of the HPV vaccine and their willingness for pharmacist-administered HPV vaccination. They analyzed interview data using an inductive qualitative content analyses approach. The majority of caregivers were unaware that pharmacists could offer adolescent vaccines. However, most were willing to allow their children to receive the vaccine from this non-traditional source. Comments related to obtaining vaccinations from pharmacists related mostly to concerns about proper training and their certification to vaccinate against HPV. Caregivers believed that having a pharmacist administer the HPV vaccine would not affect their relationship with their primary care provider. Caregivers preferred print health education resources and were interested in also receiving health information via social media to learn more about the HPV vaccine and pharmacists' role in HPV vaccine administration. Pharmacies may serve as an additional site to increase HPV vaccine initiation and completion. Rural regions need additional health information about the HPV vaccine and pharmacists' abilities to administer this cancer prevention resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Koskan
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Dudley MZ, Taitel MS, Smith-Ray R, Singh T, Limaye RJ, Salmon DA. Effect of educational and financial incentive-based interventions on immunization attitudes, beliefs, intentions and receipt among close contacts of pregnant women. Vaccine 2021; 39:961-967. [PMID: 33423837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocooning, the vaccination of close contacts of a newborn, is a strategy to limit the risk of pertussis and influenza infection among vulnerable infants. METHODS Pregnant women in Colorado and Georgia referred close contacts to an app that provided tailored educational videos about vaccines along with a small pharmacy-based financial incentive for vaccine receipt. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing this app-based cocooning intervention. RESULTS Two hundred seventy seven contacts were enrolled in this study. Of those who received the educational videos, 96% found them interesting, 100% found them clear to understand, 97% found them helpful, and 99% trusted them. Completion of the videos led to significant increases in influenza vaccine knowledge (p = 0.025), Tdap vaccine knowledge (p < 0.001), and intention to receive these vaccines (p = 0.046). Of the 136 participants who reported receiving influenza vaccine, 41 (30%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy, and of the 66 who reported receiving Tdap vaccine, 15 (23%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy. Of all participants, 80% reported being comfortable receiving vaccines at a pharmacy instead of a doctor's office. The provision of small pharmacy-based financial incentives combined with individually-tailored educational videos about vaccines led to 6.97 (95%CI: 2.25-21.64) times higher odds of self-reported receipt of influenza vaccine than providing small pharmacy-based financial incentives without these videos. No significant difference was found for Tdap vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Tailored vaccine education can positively impact vaccine knowledge and intentions among adults. An app-based referral program providing education and financial incentives for cocooning vaccination at pharmacies is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michael S Taitel
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Renae Smith-Ray
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Tanya Singh
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Rupali J Limaye
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the roles that community pharmacists in the United States (US) can play to support public health measures during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic (COVID-19). Community pharmacists in the US are highly visible and accessible to the public and have long been regarded as a source for immunization services as well as other public health activities. In the US, the scope of pharmacy practice continues to expand and incorporate various health services on a state-by-state level. For the purposes of this article, a PubMed literature search was undertaken to identify published articles on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, pharmacist- and pharmacy-based immunization and other public health care activities in the US in order to identify and discuss roles that community pharmacists can play during this pandemic including as vaccinators, screeners and testers. In conclusion, community pharmacists are knowledgeable and capable providers of public health services and are easily accessible and well regarded by the public. The incorporation of community pharmacists into this nation's COVID-19 pandemic response plan can help aid recovery efforts in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hess
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Albert Bach
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Won
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sheila M Seed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 116695MCPHS University (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), School of Pharmacy-Worcester/Manchester, Worcester, MA, USA
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Sepp K, Kukk C, Cavaco A, Volmer D. How involvement of community pharmacies improves accessibility to and awareness about flu vaccination? - An example from Estonia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:983-990. [PMID: 32940097 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1825949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Estonia, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage is poor, being in recent years the lowest in the older age groups. In 2018 the flu vaccination was first provided at community pharmacies in Estonia. The aims of this study were to evaluate the experience of flu vaccination at community pharmacies by pharmacy customers and to learn about the perception of community pharmacists regarding the immunization service. METHOD Two cross-sectional surveys: among pharmacy customers after receiving flu vaccination (n = 257), and for pharmacy professionals (n = 209). Descriptive statistics were calculated in both studies. RESULTS In the pharmacy customers` study, 54.9% received flu vaccination for the first time. Most of the respondents (96.8%) were satisfied with the quality of service. In both studies, community pharmacies were described as an accessible and convenient setting for immunization. Age and working experience of pharmacy professionals influenced the readiness to provide flu immunization, with younger pharmacists (<36 years) keener to be involved in vaccination services (p < 0.01). EXPERT OPINION Increasing influenza vaccination in high-risk patient groups is crucial. The involvement of other healthcare professionals, such as community pharmacists, could be key to reaching these patient groups and improving access to vaccination services in general. The development of the pharmacy profession has also shifted from pharmaceutical product based to patient oriented approach with provision of more clinical services. This enables to use professional competency of pharmacists in healthcare more widely. Lack of resources (financial, healthcare professionals, etc.) and an aging population are driving new ways to deliver healthcare more efficiently with the pharmacist working with other healthcare providers taking greater responsibility for patient health outcomes. CONCLUSION Vaccination service at community pharmacy has a great potential to expand flu immunization coverage in Estonia. Despite on pharmacy professionals are not allowed to provide vaccination service at the moment, their contribution to increase public awareness about flu vaccination is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Sepp
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carmen Kukk
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Afonso Cavaco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daisy Volmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
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Kulczycki A, Grubbs J, Hogue MD, Rothholz M, Shewchuk R. Optimizing the immunization activities of community chain pharmacists: Insights from a national survey. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:686-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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