1
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Li G, Wang L, Ye F, Li S, Yu H. Molecular determinants of olfactory receptor activation: Comparative analysis of Olfr205 and Olfr740 family member responses to indole. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 758:110061. [PMID: 38880319 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole is widely present in nature and contributes significantly to the smell of flowers and animal excretion. However, the odor perception mechanism for indole is unclear, despite previous reports suggesting that it activates the Olfr740 family of receptors. In this study, we successfully identified another receptor, Olfr205, that is responsive to indole. Molecular model construction and binding pocket analysis predicted that the A202 residue in transmembrane helix 5 of Olfr205 forms a crucial hydrogen bond with indole, facilitating receptor activation. Additionally, G112 in transmembrane helix 3 of the Olfr740 family is involved in indole activation of receptors. Finally, our mutant function assay showed that substitution of A202 in Olfr205 and G112 in Olfr740 with other amino acids significantly decreased the receptor response to indole, which provides robust evidence to confirm the docking results. In summary, our study is the first to reveal that Olfr205 is an olfactory receptor distinct from those in the Olfr740 family that is activated by indole. Moreover, these receptors display different indole-binding mechanisms. This study sheds light on molecular binding mechanisms and contributes to a deeper understanding of indole perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Fangzhou Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Shengju Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA.
| | - Hongmeng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China; Research Units of New Technologies of Endoscopic Surgery in Skull Base Tumor (2018RU003), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
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2
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Abstract
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Lalis M, Hladiš M, Khalil SA, Briand L, Fiorucci S, Topin J. M2OR: a database of olfactory receptor-odorant pairs for understanding the molecular mechanisms of olfaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1370-D1379. [PMID: 37870437 PMCID: PMC10767820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sense of smell is triggered by interaction between odorant molecules and a class of proteins, called olfactory receptors (ORs). These receptors, expressed at the surface of olfactory sensory neurons, encode myriad of distinct odors via a sophisticated activation pattern. However, determining the molecular recognition spectrum of ORs remains a major challenge. The Molecule to Olfactory Receptor database (M2OR, https://m2or.chemsensim.fr/) provides curated data that allows an easy exploration of the current state of the research on OR-molecule interaction. We have gathered a database of 75,050 bioassay experiments for 51 395 distinct OR-molecule pairs. Drawn from published literature and public databases, M2OR contains information about OR responses to molecules and their mixtures, receptor sequences and experimental details. Users can obtain information on the activity of a chosen molecule or a group of molecules, or search for agonists for a specific OR or a group of ORs. Advanced search allows for fine-grained queries using various metadata such as species or experimental assay system, and the database can be queried by multiple inputs via a batch search. Finally, for a given search query, users can access and download a curated aggregation of the experimental data into a binarized combinatorial code of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Lalis
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR 7272 CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Matej Hladiš
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR 7272 CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Samar Abi Khalil
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR 7272 CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR 7272 CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Jérémie Topin
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR 7272 CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
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4
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Matiashova L, Hoogkamer AL, Timper K. The Role of the Olfactory System in Obesity and Metabolism in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 14:16. [PMID: 38248819 PMCID: PMC10821293 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, linked to chronic diseases, poses a global health challenge. While the role of the olfactory system in energy homeostasis is well-documented in rodents, its role in metabolism regulation and obesity in humans remains understudied. This review examines the interplay between olfactory function and metabolic alterations in human obesity and the effects of bariatric surgery on olfactory capabilities in humans. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, focusing exclusively on original human studies. From 51 articles, 14 were selected for the meta-analysis. It was found that variations in olfactory receptor genes influence the susceptibility to odors and predisposition to weight gain and poor eating habits. Bariatric surgery, particularly sleeve gastrectomy, shows significant improvements in olfactory function (SMD 2.37, 95% CI [0.96, 3.77], I = 92%, p = 0.001), especially regarding the olfactory threshold (SMD -1.65, 95% CI [-3.03, -0.27], I = 81%, p = 0.02). There is a bidirectional relationship between olfactory function and metabolism in humans. Bariatric surgery improves olfactory perception in obese patients, but it is still unclear if impacting the olfactory system directly affects eating behavior and the energy balance. However, these findings open novel avenues for future studies addressing the olfactory system as a novel target to alter systemic metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Matiashova
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (A.L.H.); or (K.T.)
| | - Anouk Lisa Hoogkamer
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (A.L.H.); or (K.T.)
| | - Katharina Timper
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (A.L.H.); or (K.T.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Zhou C, Liu Y, Zhao G, Liu Z, Chen Q, Yue B, Du C, Zhang X. Comparative Analysis of Olfactory Receptor Repertoires Sheds Light on the Diet Adaptation of the Bamboo-Eating Giant Panda Based on the Chromosome-Level Genome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13060979. [PMID: 36978520 PMCID: PMC10044402 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the epitome of a flagship species for wildlife conservation and also an ideal model of adaptive evolution. As an obligate bamboo feeder, the giant panda relies on the olfaction for food recognition. The number of olfactory receptor (OR) genes and the rate of pseudogenes are the main factors affecting the olfactory ability of animals. In this study, we used the chromosome-level genome of the giant panda to identify OR genes and compared the genome sequences of OR genes with five other Ursidae species (spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), American black bear (Ursus americanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)). The giant panda had 639 OR genes, including 408 functional genes, 94 partial OR genes and 137 pseudogenes. Among them, 222 OR genes were detected and distributed on 18 chromosomes, and chromosome 8 had the most OR genes. A total of 448, 617, 582, 521 and 792 OR genes were identified in the spectacled bear, American black bear, brown bear, polar bear and Asian black bear, respectively. Clustering analysis based on the OR protein sequences of the six species showed that the OR genes distributed in 69 families and 438 subfamilies based on sequence similarity, and the six mammals shared 72 OR gene subfamilies, while the giant panda had 31 unique OR gene subfamilies (containing 35 genes). Among the 35 genes, there are 10 genes clustered into 8 clusters with 10 known human OR genes (OR8J3, OR51I1, OR10AC1, OR1S2, OR1S1, OR51S1, OR4M1, OR4M2, OR51T1 and OR5W2). However, the kind of odor molecules can be recognized by the 10 known human OR genes separately, which needs further research. The phylogenetic tree showed that 345 (about 84.56%) functional OR genes were clustered as Class-II, while only 63 (about 15.44%) functional OR genes were clustered as Class-I, which required further and more in-depth research. The potential odor specificity of some giant panda OR genes was identified through the similarity to human protein sequences. Sequences similar to OR2B1, OR10G3, OR11H6 and OR11H7P were giant panda-specific lacking, which may be related to the transformation and specialization from carnivore to herbivore of the giant panda. Since our reference to flavoring agents comes from human research, the possible flavoring agents from giant panda-specific OR genes need further investigation. Moreover, the conserved motifs of OR genes were highly conserved in Ursidae species. This systematic study of OR genes in the giant panda will provide a solid foundation for further research on the olfactory function and variation of the giant panda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Guangqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chao Du
- Baotou Teachers College, Baotou 014060, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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6
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Sato-Akuhara N, Trimmer C, Keller A, Niimura Y, Shirasu M, Mainland JD, Touhara K. Genetic variation in the human olfactory receptor OR5AN1 associates with the perception of musks. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjac037. [PMID: 36625229 PMCID: PMC9874024 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have significant individual variations in odor perception, derived from their experience or sometimes from differences in the olfactory receptor (OR) gene repertoire. In several cases, the genetic variation of a single OR affects the perception of its cognate odor ligand. Musks are widely used for fragrance and are known to demonstrate specific anosmia. It, however, remains to be elucidated whether the OR polymorphism contributes to individual variations in musk odor perception. Previous studies reported that responses of the human musk receptor OR5AN1 to a variety of musks in vitro correlated well with perceptual sensitivity to those odors in humans and that the mouse ortholog, Olfr1440 (MOR215-1), plays a critical role in muscone perception. Here, we took advantage of genetic variation in OR5AN1 to examine how changes in receptor sensitivity are associated with human musk perception. We investigated the functional differences between OR5AN1 variants in an in vitro assay and measured both perceived intensity and detection threshold in human subjects with different OR5AN1 genotypes. Human subjects homozygous for the more sensitive L289F allele had a lower detection threshold for muscone and found macrocyclic musks to be more intense than subjects homozygous for the reference allele. These results demonstrate that the genetic variation in OR5AN1 contributes to perceptual differences for some musks. In addition, we found that the more functional variant of OR5A1, a receptor involved in β-ionone perception, is associated with the less functional variant of OR5AN1, suggesting that the perceived intensities of macrocyclic musks and β-ionone are inversely correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Sato-Akuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Casey Trimmer
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Andreas Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yoshihito Niimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mika Shirasu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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7
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Olfactory Sensitivity Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Kv1.3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234986. [PMID: 36501016 PMCID: PMC9736683 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and its hedonistic evaluation. A reduction or loss of smell has been related to malnutrition problems, resulting in excessive weight loss or gain. Voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 are widely expressed in the olfactory bulb, and contribute mainly to the value of the resting membrane potential and to the frequency of action potentials. Mutations in the Kv1.3 gene are associated with alterations in glycemic homeostasis and olfactory sensitivity. We evaluated the olfactory performance in 102 healthy subjects and its association with BMI and polymorphism in the human Kv1.3 gene. Olfactory performance, based on the olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification scores and their summed score (TDI), was measured using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2821557 polymorphism of the Kv1.3 gene, whose major allele T was associated with a super-smeller phenotype, lower plasma glucose levels and resistance to diet-induced obesity as compared with the minor allele C. Based on the Kv1.3 genotype, the TDI and I olfactory scores obtained by the subjects were the following: TT > TC > CC. Subjects who were TT homozygous or heterozygous exhibited lower BMIs and reached higher olfactory scores than those with the CC genotype. The results were sex-dependent: heterozygous females performed better than heterozygous males. These findings show an inverse relationship between olfactory function and BMI, and a significant effect of the Kv1.3 genotypes on the olfactory functions and on the BMIs of the subjects. Finally, they suggest that the sex-related differences in the olfactory function can be partially ascribed to the Kv1.3 gene’s polymorphism.
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8
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Abstract
Chemical biosensors are an increasingly ubiquitous part of our lives. Beyond enzyme-coupled assays, recent synthetic biology advances now allow us to hijack more complex biosensing systems to respond to difficult to detect analytes, such as chemical small molecules. Here, we briefly overview recent advances in the biosensing of small molecules, including nucleic acid aptamers, allosteric transcription factors, and two-component systems. We then look more closely at a recently developed chemical sensing system, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based sensors. Finally, we consider the chemical sensing capabilities of the largest GPCR subfamily, olfactory receptors (ORs). We examine ORs' role in nature, their potential as a biomedical target, and their ability to detect compounds not amenable for detection using other biological scaffolds. We conclude by evaluating the current challenges, opportunities, and future applications of GPCR- and OR-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha Patel
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Pamela Peralta-Yahya
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States,School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States,E-mail:
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9
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Genetic variations associated with the soapy flavor perception in Gorgonzola PDO cheese. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Geng R, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhao Y, Li M, Kang SG, Huang K, Tong T. Ectopic odorant receptors responding to flavor compounds in skin health and disease: Current insights and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9392-9408. [PMID: 35445618 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ of human body, acts as a barrier to protect body from the external environment and is exposed to a myriad of flavor compounds, especially food- and plant essential oil-derived odorant compounds. Skin cells are known to express various chemosensory receptors, such as transient potential receptors, adenosine triphosphate receptors, taste receptors, and odorant receptors (ORs). We aim to provide a review of this rapidly developing field and discuss latest discoveries related to the skin ORs activated by flavor compounds, their impacts on skin health and disease, odorant ligands interacting with ORs exerting specific biological effects, and the mechanisms involved. ORs are recently found to be expressed in skin tissue and cells, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. To date, several ectopic skin ORs responding to flavor compounds, are involved in different skin biological processes, such as wound healing, hair growth, melanin regulation, pressure stress, skin barrier function, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. The recognition of physiological role of skin ORs, combined with the fact that ORs belong to a highly druggable protein family (G protein-coupled receptors), underscores the potential of skin ORs responding to flavor compounds as a novel regulating strategy for skin health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Seong-Gook Kang
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Chungkyemyon, Muangun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
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11
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Functional analysis of human olfactory receptors with a high basal activity using LNCaP cell line. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267356. [PMID: 35446888 PMCID: PMC9022881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans use a family of more than 400 olfactory receptors (ORs) to detect odorants. However, deorphanization of ORs is a critical issue because the functional properties of more than 80% of ORs remain unknown, thus, hampering our understanding of the relationship between receptor function and perception. HEK293 cells are the most commonly used heterologous expression system to determine the function of a given OR; however, they cannot functionally express a majority of ORs probably due to a lack of factor(s) required in cells in which ORs function endogenously. Interestingly, ORs have been known to be expressed in a variety of cells outside the nose and play critical physiological roles. These findings prompted us to test the capacity of cells to functionally express a specific repertoire of ORs. In this study, we selected three cell lines that endogenously express functional ORs. We demonstrated that human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP) cell lines successfully identified novel ligands for ORs that were not recognized when expressed in HEK293 cells. Further experiments suggested that the LNCaP cell line was effective for functional expression of ORs, especially with a high basal activity, which impeded the sensitive detection of ligand-mediated activity of ORs. This report provides an efficient functional assay system for a specific repertoire of ORs that cannot be characterized in current cell systems.
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12
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Zhou C, Liu Y, Zheng X, Shang K, Cheng M, Wang L, Yang N, Yue B. Characterization of olfactory receptor repertoires provides insights into the high-altitude adaptation of the yak based on the chromosome-level genome. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:220-230. [PMID: 35378160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction in vertebrates plays pivotal parts in many aspects, such as localizing prey or food, mating behavior, avoiding predators, and social communication. Yak (Bos grunniens) is the only Bos species that can thrive in high-altitude areas. In view of the critical role of olfactory receptors (ORs) in the specific recognition of diverse stimuli, investigating the evolutionary dynamics of ORs in the yak means a lot. In this study, we used the chromosome-level genome of the yak to identify the ORs genes and discussed the effects of high altitude on the yak's olfaction by comparing the yak with other low-altitude living Bos species (Bos frontalis (gayal), Bos gaurus (gaur), Bos indicus (zebu) and Bos taurus (cattle)). The yak had 400 OR genes, including 264 functional genes, 16 partial genes and 120 OR pseudo genes. There were 387 OR genes mapped to yak 31 chromosomes, and chromosomes 13 and 8 had the most OR genes and functional OR genes. Among these five Bos species, yak had the least number of OR gene subfamilies, OR genes and functional OR genes, while the total number of OR genes in gayal (n = 784) was almost twice as many as that of yak, indicating that the olfaction of yak may be less developed. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships of the functional Bos OR genes were illustrated, which comprised 79 families and 466 subfamilies distributed in two classes (Class I and Class II). There were 76 OR gene subfamilies shared by these five Bos species and 17 OR gene subfamilies were unique to the yak. The potential odor specificity of 44 yak OR genes was identified through the similarity to human OR protein sequences. Remarkably, yak lacks β-ionone and Isovaleric acid(IVA)-related ORs, which may be related to the decline of high-altitude herbaceous plant diversity and underdeveloped yak sweat glands. The conserved motifs of OR genes were highly conserved in Bos species. These results provided a solid foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of the yak's adaptation to the high-altitude environment in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Meiling Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610064, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Animal Husbandry of Qinghai- Tibetan plateau, Southwest Minzu University.
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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13
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Li B, Kamarck ML, Peng Q, Lim FL, Keller A, Smeets MAM, Mainland JD, Wang S. From musk to body odor: Decoding olfaction through genetic variation. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009564. [PMID: 35113854 PMCID: PMC8812863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1000 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n = 364). In both populations, consistent with previous studies, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A1, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), but not for odors containing aldehydes, suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first human OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We noticed that SNPs detected for odor intensity were enriched with amino acid substitutions, implying functional changes of odor receptors. Furthermore, we also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs tend to be associated with reduced odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marissa L. Kamarck
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Ling Lim
- Unilever Research & Development, Colworth, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York State, United States of America
| | | | - Joel D. Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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14
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AKHTAR MUHAMMADSHOAIB, ASHINO RYUICHI, OOTA HIROKI, ISHIDA HAJIME, NIIMURA YOSHIHITO, TOUHARA KAZUSHIGE, MELIN AMANDAD, KAWAMURA SHOJI. Genetic variation of olfactory receptor gene family in a Japanese population. ANTHROPOL SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.211024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MUHAMMAD SHOAIB AKHTAR
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
| | - RYUICHI ASHINO
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
| | - HIROKI OOTA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - HAJIME ISHIDA
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara
| | - YOSHIHITO NIIMURA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki
| | - KAZUSHIGE TOUHARA
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - AMANDA D. MELIN
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology & Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - SHOJI KAWAMURA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
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15
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African Gene Flow Reduces Beta-Ionone Anosmia/Hyposmia Prevalence in Admixed Malagasy Populations. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111405. [PMID: 34827404 PMCID: PMC8615941 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While recent advances in genetics make it possible to follow the genetic exchanges between populations and their phenotypic consequences, the impact of the genetic exchanges on the sensory perception of populations has yet to be explored. From this perspective, the present study investigated the consequences of African gene flow on odor perception in a Malagasy population with a predominantly East Asian genetic background. To this end, we combined psychophysical tests with genotype data of 235 individuals who were asked to smell the odorant molecule beta-ionone (βI). Results showed that in this population the ancestry of the OR5A1 gene significantly influences the ability to detect βI. At the individual level, African ancestry significantly protects against specific anosmia/hyposmia due to the higher frequency of the functional gene (OR ratios = 14, CI: 1.8–110, p-value = 0.012). At the population level, African introgression decreased the prevalence of specific anosmia/hyposmia to this odorous compound. Taken together, these findings validate the conjecture that in addition to cultural exchanges, genetic transfer may also influence the sensory perception of the population in contact.
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16
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Palmieri B, Corazzari V, Vadalaʹ M, Vallelunga A, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T. The role of sensory and olfactory pathways in multiple chemical sensitivity. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:319-326. [PMID: 33070122 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is characterised by non-specific and recurring symptoms affecting multiple organs and associated with exposure to chemicals, even at low concentrations, which are, under normal circumstances, harmless to the general population. Symptoms include general discomfort, cardiovascular instability, irritation of the sensory organs, breath disorders, hypersensitivity affecting the skin and epithelial lining of the gut, throat and lungs, anxiety, and learning and memory loss. Chemical intolerance is a key distinguishing feature of MCS, limiting considerably patients' lifestyle with serious social, occupational and economic implications. Since no specific diagnostic markers are currently available for chemical intolerance, the diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms. Despite the formulation of several hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of MCS, its mechanisms remain undefined. A person-centred care approach, based on multidisciplinary and individualised medical plans, has shown promising results. However, more definite treatment strategies are required. We have reviewed the main experimental studies on MCS pathophysiology, focusing on the brain networks involved, the impact of environmental pollution on the olfactory system and the correlation with other pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss treatment strategies targeting the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Palmieri
- Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences Departments with interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Network of Second Opinion, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Vadalaʹ
- Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences Departments with interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Network of Second Opinion, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vallelunga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Julio César Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Limited, Portishead, UK
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E-Nose and Olfactory Assessment: Teamwork or a Challenge to the Last Data? The Case of Virgin Olive Oil Stability and Shelf Life. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nose (E-nose) devices represent one of the most trailblazing innovations in current technological research, since mimicking the functioning of the biological sense of smell has always represented a fascinating challenge for technological development applied to life sciences and beyond. Sensor array tools are right now used in a plethora of applications, including, but not limited to, (bio-)medical, environmental, and food industry related. In particular, the food industry has seen a significant rise in the application of technological tools for determining the quality of edibles, progressively replacing human panelists, therefore changing the whole quality control chain in the field. To this end, the present review, conducted on PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science, screening papers published between January 2010 and May 2021, sought to investigate the current trends in the usage of human panels and sensorized tools (E-nose and similar) in the food industry, comparing the performances between the two different approaches. In particular, the focus was mainly addressed towards the stability and shelf life assessment of olive oil, the main constituent of the renowned “Mediterranean diet”, and nowadays appreciated in cuisines from all around the world. The obtained results demonstrate that, despite the satisfying performances of both approaches, the best strategy merges the potentialities of human sensory panels and technological sensor arrays, (i.e., E-nose somewhat supported by E-tongue and/or E-eye). The current investigation can be used as a reference for future guidance towards the choice between human panelists and sensorized tools, to the benefit of food manufacturers.
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Sollai G, Crnjar R. Age-Related Olfactory Decline Is Associated With Levels of Exercise and Non-exercise Physical Activities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:695115. [PMID: 34504418 PMCID: PMC8423134 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.695115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluates the impact of active or non-active lifestyle in terms of physical, cognitive and social activity on the olfactory function in Elderly Subjects (ES) and aims at looking for a correlation between the time devoted to life activities and the score obtained during the olfactory tests by each individual. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two elderly volunteers were recruited in Sardinia (Italy) and divided into active ES (n = 60; 17 men, 43 women; age 67.8 ± 1.12 years) and inactive ES (n = 62; 21 men, 41 women, age 71.1 ± 1.14 years) based on their daily physical activities. The olfactory function was evaluated using the “Sniffin’s Sticks” battery test, while the assessment of daily activities was made by means of personal interviews. Results: A significant effect of active or inactive lifestyle was found on the olfactory function of ES (F(1,120) > 10.16; p < 0.005). A positive correlation was found between the olfactory scores and the number of hours per week dedicated to physical activities (Pearson’s r > 0.32, p ≤ 0.014) in both active and inactive ES. Conclusions: High levels of exercise and non-exercise physical activity are strongly associated with the olfactory function and, consequently, with the quality of life of the elderly. Given the limited physical exercise of elderly people, they can benefit from a more active lifestyle by increasing non-exercise physical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Sharma A, Saha BK, Kumar R, Varadwaj PK. OlfactionBase: a repository to explore odors, odorants, olfactory receptors and odorant-receptor interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D678-D686. [PMID: 34469532 PMCID: PMC8728123 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a multi-stage process that initiates with the odorants entering the nose and terminates with the brain recognizing the odor associated with the odorant. In a very intricate way, the process incorporates various components functioning together and in synchronization. OlfactionBase is a free, open-access web server that aims to bring together knowledge about many aspects of the olfaction mechanism in one place. OlfactionBase contains detailed information of components like odors, odorants, and odorless compounds with physicochemical and ADMET properties, olfactory receptors (ORs), odorant- and pheromone binding proteins, OR-odorant interactions in Human and Mus musculus. The dynamic, user-friendly interface of the resource facilitates exploration of different entities: finding chemical compounds having desired odor, finding odorants associated with OR, associating chemical features with odor and OR, finding sequence information of ORs and related proteins. Finally, the data in OlfactionBase on odors, odorants, olfactory receptors, human and mouse OR-odorant pairs, and other associated proteins could aid in the inference and improved understanding of odor perception, which might provide new insights into the mechanism underlying olfaction. The OlfactionBase is available at https://bioserver.iiita.ac.in/olfactionbase/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211015, India
| | | | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh 226028, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211015, India
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20
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Ectopic Odorant Receptor Responding to Flavor Compounds: Versatile Roles in Health and Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081314. [PMID: 34452275 PMCID: PMC8402194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompted by the ground-breaking discovery of the rodent odorant receptor (OR) gene family within the olfactory epithelium nearly 30 years ago, followed by that of OR genes in cells of the mammalian germ line, and potentiated by the identification of ORs throughout the body, our appreciation for ORs as general chemoreceptors responding to odorant compounds in the regulation of physiological or pathophysiological processes continues to expand. Ectopic ORs are now activated by a diversity of flavor compounds and are involved in diverse physiological phenomena varying from adipogenesis to myogenesis to hepatic lipid accumulation to serotonin secretion. In this review, we outline the key biological functions of the ectopic ORs responding to flavor compounds and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss research opportunities for utilizing ectopic ORs as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of human disease as well as challenges to be overcome in the future. The recognition of the potent function, signaling pathway, and pharmacology of ectopic ORs in diverse tissues and cell types, coupled with the fact that they belong to G protein-coupled receptors, a highly druggable protein family, unequivocally highlight the potential of ectopic ORs responding to flavor compounds, especially food-derived odorant compounds, as a promising therapeutic strategy for various diseases.
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21
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Koyama S, Kondo K, Ueha R, Kashiwadani H, Heinbockel T. Possible Use of Phytochemicals for Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8912. [PMID: 34445619 PMCID: PMC8396277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 became the year of the outbreak of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which escalated into a worldwide pandemic and continued into 2021. One of the unique symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 disease, COVID-19, is the loss of chemical senses, i.e., smell and taste. Smell training is one of the methods used in facilitating recovery of the olfactory sense, and it uses essential oils of lemon, rose, clove, and eucalyptus. These essential oils were not selected based on their chemical constituents. Although scientific studies have shown that they improve recovery, there may be better combinations for facilitating recovery. Many phytochemicals have bioactive properties with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. In this review, we describe the chemical compounds with anti- inflammatory and anti-viral effects, and we list the plants that contain these chemical compounds. We expand the review from terpenes to the less volatile flavonoids in order to propose a combination of essential oils and diets that can be used to develop a new taste training method, as there has been no taste training so far. Finally, we discuss the possible use of these in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashiwadani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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22
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What Is the Relationship between the Presence of Volatile Organic Compounds in Food and Drink Products and Multisensory Flavour Perception? Foods 2021; 10:foods10071570. [PMID: 34359439 PMCID: PMC8304950 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review examines the complex relationship that exists between the presence of specific configurations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food and drink products and multisensory flavour perception. Advances in gas chromatography technology and mass spectrometry data analysis mean that it is easier than ever before to identify the unique chemical profile of a particular food or beverage item. Importantly, however, there is simply no one-to-one mapping between the presence of specific VOCs and the flavours that are perceived by the consumer. While the profile of VOCs in a particular product undoubtedly does tightly constrain the space of possible flavour experiences that a taster is likely to have, the gustatory and trigeminal components (i.e., sapid elements) in foods and beverages can also play a significant role in determining the actual flavour experience. Genetic differences add further variation to the range of multisensory flavour experiences that may be elicited by a given configuration of VOCs, while an individual’s prior tasting history has been shown to determine congruency relations (between olfaction and gustation) that, in turn, modulate the degree of oral referral, and ultimately flavour pleasantness, in the case of familiar foods and beverages.
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Sollai G, Melis M, Mastinu M, Paduano D, Chicco F, Magri S, Usai P, Hummel T, Barbarossa IT, Crnjar R. Olfactory Function in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Is Associated with Their Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Odor Binding-Protein (OBPIIa) Gene. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020703. [PMID: 33671721 PMCID: PMC7926749 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and intake, influencing energy balance and body weight; its reduction or loss has been related to malnutrition problems. Some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are underweight, while others are overweight. Some studies suggest that changes in eating habits could be linked to specific disorders of the olfactory functions. We assessed the olfactory performance in 199 subjects (healthy control (HC) n = 99, IBD n = 100), based on the olfactory Threshold, Discrimination and Identification score (TDI score), measured with the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene. IBD patients showed both a slightly, but significantly, lower olfactory function and a higher BMI compared to HC subjects. Threshold (in both population) and Discrimination (in IBD patients) olfactory score were affected by the OBPIIa genotype. BMI was influenced by both health status and OBPIIa genotype. A lower olfactory function may delay the satiety sensation and thus increase meal duration and body weight in IBD patients. However, the AA genotype of the OBPIIa seems to “protect” IBD patients from more severe olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754160
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Danilo Paduano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Fabio Chicco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Salvatore Magri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01067 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
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Jimenez RC, Casajuana-Martin N, García-Recio A, Alcántara L, Pardo L, Campillo M, Gonzalez A. The mutational landscape of human olfactory G protein-coupled receptors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:21. [PMID: 33546694 PMCID: PMC7866472 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute a large family of sensory proteins that enable us to recognize a wide range of chemical volatiles in the environment. By contrast to the extensive information about human olfactory thresholds for thousands of odorants, studies of the genetic influence on olfaction are limited to a few examples. To annotate on a broad scale the impact of mutations at the structural level, here we analyzed a compendium of 119,069 natural variants in human ORs collected from the public domain. RESULTS OR mutations were categorized depending on their genomic and protein contexts, as well as their frequency of occurrence in several human populations. Functional interpretation of the natural changes was estimated from the increasing knowledge of the structure and function of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, to which ORs belong. Our analysis reveals an extraordinary diversity of natural variations in the olfactory gene repertoire between individuals and populations, with a significant number of changes occurring at the structurally conserved regions. A particular attention is paid to mutations in positions linked to the conserved GPCR activation mechanism that could imply phenotypic variation in the olfactory perception. An interactive web application (hORMdb, Human Olfactory Receptor Mutation Database) was developed for the management and visualization of this mutational dataset. CONCLUSION We performed topological annotations and population analysis of natural variants of human olfactory receptors and provide an interactive application to explore human OR mutation data. We envisage that the utility of this information will increase as the amount of available pharmacological data for these receptors grow. This effort, together with ongoing research in the study of genetic changes in other sensory receptors could shape an emerging sensegenomics field of knowledge, which should be considered by food and cosmetic consumer product manufacturers for the benefit of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cierco Jimenez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Present Address: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Evidence Synthesis and Classification Section, WHO Classification of Tumours Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Recio
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lidia Alcántara
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Campillo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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25
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Hummel T, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Effect of the rs2890498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene on the human ability to smell single molecules. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113127. [PMID: 33422593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most odors of foods and drinks are mixtures of molecules. By means of the coupled Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) technique, single components of flavor mixtures can be separated, identified and verbally evaluated by subjects. The number of single molecules smelled by subjects during GC-O analysis (i.e., the number of odor-active compounds) was previously found to be linearly correlated with odor Threshold (T) score. Using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test, the same subjects were classified as normosmic or hyposmic. Hydrophobic odorants are captured and transported through the mucus layer by the odorant binding proteins (OBPs), particularly expressed in the olfactory cleft and associated with the olfactory function. In this study, subjects were genotyped for the rs2590498 (A/G) polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene, whose major allele A is associated with a higher olfactory sensitivity as compared to the minor allele G. One-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of the genotype of the OBPIIa locus on the: a) T score; b) number of odor-active compounds smelled; c) intensity perceived when sniffing the complex odor of banana. In conclusion, the threshold olfactory performance, but also the individual ability to smell single molecules, can be attributed, partly at least, to the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy.
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26
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Han P, Stiller-Stut FP, Fjaeldstad A, Hummel T. Greater hippocampal gray matter volume in subjective hyperosmia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18869. [PMID: 33139777 PMCID: PMC7608672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective hyperosmia refers to a self-reported olfactory ability that is superior to a normal, intact sense of smell (normosmia), and is associated with olfactory emotional experience. The current study used voxel-based morphometry to investigate the gray matter volume (GMV) in people with self-rated hyperosmia (subjective hyperosmia, SH, N = 18) in comparison to people with self-rated normal olfaction (subjective normosmia, SN, N = 14). Participants’ olfactory function were assessed by the extensive olfactory test battery, the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Within the predicted brain regions (regions-of-interest analyses), the SH participants showed larger GMV of the left hippocampus as compared to SN participants (FWE corrected p < 0.05). Further, the whole-brain search indicated that SH had larger GMV of the bilateral hippocampus, the right hypothalamus, the left precuneus, and the left superior frontal gyrus as compared to the SN group. ROI analyses showed positive correlations between the left hippocampal GMV and odor threshold or discrimination scores across all participants. In addition, the whole-brain analysis suggested that the self-rated olfactory ability was positively associated with GMV in the cerebellum, superior frontal gyrus and the precentral gyrus among SH participants. In conclusion, the current results suggest that SH was associated with increased GMV in several brain regions that were previously shown to be involved in the processing of cognitive aspects of odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,The Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China. .,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Franz Paul Stiller-Stut
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Fitzwater E, Coppola DM. Olfactory Deprivation and Enrichment: An Identity of Opposites? Chem Senses 2020; 46:5939855. [PMID: 33103187 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of deprivation and enrichment on the electroolfactogram of mice were studied through the paradigms of unilateral naris occlusion and odor induction, respectively. Deprivation was shown to cause an increase in electroolfactogram amplitudes after 7 days. We also show that unilateral naris occlusion is not detrimental to the gross anatomical appearance or electroolfactogram of either the ipsilateral or contralateral olfactory epithelium even after year-long survival periods, consistent with our previous assumptions. Turning to induction, the increase in olfactory responses after a period of odor enrichment, could not be shown in CD-1 outbred mice for any odorant tried. However, consistent with classical studies, it was evident in C57BL/6J inbred mice, which are initially insensitive to isovaleric acid. As is the case for deprivation, enriching C57BL/6J mice with isovaleric acid causes an increase in their electroolfactogram response to this odorant over time. In several experiments on C57BL/6J mice, the odorant specificity, onset timing, recovery timing, and magnitude of the induction effect were studied. Considered together, the current findings and previous work from the laboratory support the counterintuitive conclusion that both compensatory plasticity in response to deprivation and induction in response to odor enrichment are caused by the same underlying homeostatic mechanism, the purpose of which is to preserve sensory information flow no matter the odorant milieu. This hypothesis, the detailed evidence supporting it, and speculations concerning human odor induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fitzwater
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, USA
| | - David M Coppola
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, USA
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Gisladottir RS, Ivarsdottir EV, Helgason A, Jonsson L, Hannesdottir NK, Rutsdottir G, Arnadottir GA, Skuladottir A, Jonsson BA, Norddahl GL, Ulfarsson MO, Helgason H, Halldorsson BV, Nawaz MS, Tragante V, Sveinbjornsson G, Thorgeirsson T, Oddsson A, Kristjansson RP, Bjornsdottir G, Thorgeirsson G, Jonsdottir I, Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Stefansson K. Sequence Variants in TAAR5 and Other Loci Affect Human Odor Perception and Naming. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4643-4653.e3. [PMID: 33035477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR) genes in humans form a special class characterized by unusually high DNA sequence diversity, which should give rise to differences in perception and behavior. In the largest genome-wide association study to date based on olfactory testing, we investigated odor perception and naming with smell tasks performed by 9,122 Icelanders, with replication in a separate sample of 2,204 individuals. We discovered an association between a low-frequency missense variant in TAAR5 and reduced intensity rating of fish odor containing trimethylamine (p.Ser95Pro, pcombined = 5.6 × 10-15). We demonstrate that TAAR5 genotype affects aversion to fish odor, reflected by linguistic descriptions of the odor and pleasantness ratings. We also discovered common sequence variants in two canonical olfactory receptor loci that associate with increased intensity and naming of licorice odor (trans-anethole: lead variant p.Lys233Asn in OR6C70, pcombined = 8.8 × 10-16 and pcombined = 1.4 × 10-9) and enhanced naming of cinnamon (trans-cinnamaldehyde; intergenic variant rs317787-T, pcombined = 5.0 × 10-17). Together, our results show that TAAR5 genotype variation influences human odor responses and highlight that sequence diversity in canonical OR genes can lead to enhanced olfactory ability, in contrast to the view that greater tolerance for mutations in the human OR repertoire leads to diminished function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa S Gisladottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Humanities, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Erna V Ivarsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 10, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lina Jonsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Muhammad S Nawaz
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Asmundur Oddsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Kowalewski J, Ray A. Predicting Human Olfactory Perception from Activities of Odorant Receptors. iScience 2020; 23:101361. [PMID: 32731170 PMCID: PMC7393469 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor perception in humans is initiated by activation of odorant receptors (ORs) in the nose. However, the ORs linked to specific olfactory percepts are unknown, unlike in vision or taste where receptors are linked to perception of different colors and tastes. The large family of ORs (~400) and multiple receptors activated by an odorant present serious challenges. Here, we first use machine learning to screen ~0.5 million compounds for new ligands and identify enriched structural motifs for ligands of 34 human ORs. We next demonstrate that the activity of ORs successfully predicts many of the 146 different perceptual qualities of chemicals. Although chemical features have been used to model odor percepts, we show that biologically relevant OR activity is often superior. Interestingly, each odor percept could be predicted with very few ORs, implying they contribute more to each olfactory percept. A similar model is observed in Drosophila where comprehensive OR-neuron data are available. Machine learning predicted activity of 34 human ORs for ~0.5 million chemicals Activities of human ORs could predict odor character using machine learning Few OR activities were needed to optimize predictions of each odor percept Behavior predictions in Drosophila also need few olfactory receptor activities
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kowalewski
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anandasankar Ray
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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30
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Pfister P, Smith BC, Evans BJ, Brann JH, Trimmer C, Sheikh M, Arroyave R, Reddy G, Jeong HY, Raps DA, Peterlin Z, Vergassola M, Rogers ME. Odorant Receptor Inhibition Is Fundamental to Odor Encoding. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2574-2587.e6. [PMID: 32470365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most natural odors are complex mixtures of volatile components, competing to bind odorant receptors (ORs) expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the nose. To date, surprisingly little is known about how OR antagonism shapes neuronal representations in the detection layer of the olfactory system. Here, we investigated its prevalence, the degree to which it disrupts OR ensemble activity, and its conservation across phylogenetically related ORs. Calcium imaging microscopy of dissociated OSNs revealed significant inhibition, often complete attenuation, of responses to indole-a commonly occurring volatile associated with both floral and fecal odors-by a set of 36 tested odorants. To confirm an OR mechanism for the observed inhibition, we performed single-cell transcriptomics on OSNs exhibiting specific response profiles to a diagnostic panel of odorants and identified three paralogous receptors-Olfr740, Olfr741, and Olfr743-which, when tested in vitro, recapitulated OSN responses. We screened ten ORs from the Olfr740 gene family with ∼800 perfumery-related odorants spanning a range of chemical scaffolds and functional groups. Over half of these compounds (430) antagonized at least one of the ten ORs. OR activity fitted a mathematical model of competitive receptor binding and suggests normalization of OSN ensemble responses to odorant mixtures is the rule rather than the exception. In summary, we observed OR antagonism occurred frequently and in a combinatorial manner. Thus, extensive receptor-mediated computation of mixture information appears to occur in the olfactory epithelium prior to transmission of odor information to the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pfister
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Benjamin C Smith
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Barry J Evans
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Jessica H Brann
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Casey Trimmer
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Mushhood Sheikh
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Randy Arroyave
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Gautam Reddy
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hyo-Young Jeong
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Daniel A Raps
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Zita Peterlin
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Massimo Vergassola
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew E Rogers
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Olfactory and taste receptors are expressed primarily in the nasal olfactory epithelium and gustatory taste bud cells, where they transmit real-time sensory signals to the brain. However, they are also expressed in multiple extra-nasal and extra-oral tissues, being implicated in diverse biological processes including sperm chemotaxis, muscle regeneration, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation, inflammation, appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Elucidation of the physiological roles of these ectopic receptors is revealing potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in conditions including wounds, hair loss, asthma, obesity and cancers. This Review outlines current understanding of the diverse functions of ectopic olfactory and taste receptors and assesses their potential to be therapeutically exploited.
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32
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Perceptual learning in the chemical senses: A review. Food Res Int 2019; 123:746-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Saraiva LR, Riveros-McKay F, Mezzavilla M, Abou-Moussa EH, Arayata CJ, Makhlouf M, Trimmer C, Ibarra-Soria X, Khan M, Van Gerven L, Jorissen M, Gibbs M, O’Flynn C, McGrane S, Mombaerts P, Marioni JC, Mainland JD, Logan DW. A transcriptomic atlas of mammalian olfactory mucosae reveals an evolutionary influence on food odor detection in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0396. [PMID: 31392275 PMCID: PMC6669018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system displays species-specific adaptations to different ecological niches. To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) subtypes across mammalian evolution, we applied RNA sequencing of whole olfactory mucosa samples from mouse, rat, dog, marmoset, macaque, and human. We find that OSN subtypes, representative of all known mouse chemosensory receptor gene families, are present in all analyzed species. Further, we show that OSN subtypes expressing canonical olfactory receptors are distributed across a large dynamic range and that homologous subtypes can be either highly abundant across all species or species/order specific. Highly abundant mouse and human OSN subtypes detect odorants with similar sensory profiles and sense ecologically relevant odorants, such as mouse semiochemicals or human key food odorants. Together, our results allow for a better understanding of the evolution of mammalian olfaction in mammals and provide insights into the possible functions of highly abundant OSN subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Casey Trimmer
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mona Khan
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Van Gerven
- Department of ENT-HNS, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Department of ENT-HNS, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Gibbs
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Ciaran O’Flynn
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Scott McGrane
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John C. Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Joel D. Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Darren W. Logan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Genva M, Kenne Kemene T, Deleu M, Lins L, Fauconnier ML. Is It Possible to Predict the Odor of a Molecule on the Basis of its Structure? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123018. [PMID: 31226833 PMCID: PMC6627536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory sense is the dominant sensory perception for many animals. When Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck received the Nobel Prize in 2004 for discovering the G protein-coupled receptors’ role in olfactory cells, they highlighted the importance of olfaction to the scientific community. Several theories have tried to explain how cells are able to distinguish such a wide variety of odorant molecules in a complex context in which enantiomers can result in completely different perceptions and structurally different molecules. Moreover, sex, age, cultural origin, and individual differences contribute to odor perception variations that complicate the picture. In this article, recent advances in olfaction theory are presented, and future trends in human olfaction such as structure-based odor prediction and artificial sniffing are discussed at the frontiers of chemistry, physiology, neurobiology, and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Genva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tierry Kenne Kemene
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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35
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Sollai G, Melis M, Magri S, Usai P, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R. Association between the rs2590498 polymorphism of Odorant Binding Protein (OBPIIa) gene and olfactory performance in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112030. [PMID: 31195037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory function varies by several orders of magnitude among healthy individuals, who may exhibit a reduced sensitivity (hyposmia), a high sensitivity (hyperosmia), or an olfactory blindness (anosmia). Environmental and genetic factors seem to account for this variability. Most of odorant molecules are hydrophobic and it has been suggested that odorants are transported to the olfactory receptors by means of odorant binding proteins (OBPs). Aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of a relationship between the olfactory performance of healthy subjects and the polymorphism in the odor binding-protein (OBPIIa) gene, the only OBP found in the olfactory epithelium of humans. Using the "Sniffin' Sticks" Extended Test we assessed the olfactory performance in 69 subjects, who were genotyped for the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene, whose major allele A has been associated with a higher retronasal perception as compared to the minor allele G. We found that subjects homozygous for the A-allele exhibited threshold scores higher than subjects homozous for the G-allele or heterozygous. In addition, subjects classified as normosmic and hyposmic differed on the basis of genotype distribution and allelic frequencies. In fact, a normosmic condition was associated with genotype AA and allele A and a hyposmic condition was associated with genotype GG and allele G. In conclusion, our results show that a relationship exists between the physiological variations of olfactory performance and the OBPIIa gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
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36
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Genetic variation across the human olfactory receptor repertoire alters odor perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9475-9480. [PMID: 31040214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans use a family of more than 400 olfactory receptors (ORs) to detect odors, but there is currently no model that can predict olfactory perception from receptor activity patterns. Genetic variation in human ORs is abundant and alters receptor function, allowing us to examine the relationship between receptor function and perception. We sequenced the OR repertoire in 332 individuals and examined how genetic variation affected 276 olfactory phenotypes, including the perceived intensity and pleasantness of 68 odorants at two concentrations, detection thresholds of three odorants, and general olfactory acuity. Genetic variation in a single OR was frequently associated with changes in odorant perception, and we validated 10 cases in which in vitro OR function correlated with in vivo odorant perception using a functional assay. In 8 of these 10 cases, reduced receptor function was associated with reduced intensity perception. In addition, we used participant genotypes to quantify genetic ancestry and found that, in combination with single OR genotype, age, and gender, we can explain between 10% and 20% of the perceptual variation in 15 olfactory phenotypes, highlighting the importance of single OR genotype, ancestry, and demographic factors in the variation of olfactory perception.
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Jones EM, Jajoo R, Cancilla D, Lubock NB, Wang J, Satyadi M, Chong R, de March C, Bloom JS, Matsunami H, Kosuri S. A Scalable, Multiplexed Assay for Decoding GPCR-Ligand Interactions with RNA Sequencing. Cell Syst 2019; 8:254-260.e6. [PMID: 30904378 PMCID: PMC6907015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central to how mammalian cells sense and respond to chemicals. Mammalian olfactory receptors (ORs), the largest family of GPCRs, mediate the sense of smell through activation by small molecules, though for most bonafide ligands, they have not been identified. Here, we introduce a platform to screen large chemical panels against multiplexed GPCR libraries using next-generation sequencing of barcoded genetic reporters in stably engineered human cell lines. We mapped 39 mammalian ORs against 181 odorants and identified 79 interactions that have not been reported to our knowledge, including ligands for 15 previously orphaned receptors. This multiplexed receptor assay allows the cost-effective mapping of large chemical libraries to receptor repertoires at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rishi Jajoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Cancilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan B Lubock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Megan Satyadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rockie Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Claire de March
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Department of Neurobiology, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Department of Neurobiology, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sriram Kosuri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-, DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Contribution of individual olfactory receptors to odor-induced attractive or aversive behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 30643144 PMCID: PMC6331590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorants are recognized by multiple olfactory receptors (ORs) and induce innate behaviors like attraction or aversion via olfactory system in mice. However, a role of an individual OR is unclear. Muscone is recognized by a few ORs including MOR215–1 and MOR214–3, and attracts male mice. Odor preference tests using MOR215–1 knockout mice revealed that MOR215–1 and other OR(s), possibly including MOR214–3, are involved in the attraction. (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol (Z5–14:OH) activates ~3 ORs, including Olfr288, and evokes attraction at low levels but aversion at higher levels. Olfr288 knockout mice show no attraction but aversion, suggesting Olfr288 is involved in preference for Z5–14:OH, whereas activation of other low-affinity Z5–14:OH receptors evokes aversion. Each OR appears to send a signal to a neural circuit that possesses distinct valence, leading to a certain behavior. The final output behavior with multiple ORs stimulation is determined by summation (addition or competition) of valences coded by activated ORs. Recent evidence suggests that some olfactory receptor types (OR) may be indispensable to elicit certain innate odor-evoked behaviors. Here, the authors report that eliminating a single OR from the odor-activated ensemble leads to significant changes in odor perception and the evoked behavioral response.
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39
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Connor EE, Zhou Y, Liu GE. The essence of appetite: does olfactory receptor variation play a role? J Anim Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534194 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are G-protein-coupled chemoreceptors expressed on millions of olfactory sensory neurons within the nasal cavity. These receptors detect environmental odorants and signal the brain regarding the location of feed, potential mates, and the presence of possible threats (e.g., predators or chemical toxins). Olfactory receptors also are present in organs outside of the nasal cavity where they bind to molecules such as nutrients and metabolites from the animal's internal environment to elicit physiological responses, including changes in gut motility, ventilation rate, and cellular migration. Recent evidence supports an additional role of olfactory receptors in the regulation of appetite in humans and rodents. In particular, genetic variation among individuals in specific odorant receptor genes has been linked to differences in their feeding behaviors, food choices, and the regulation of energy balance. This review provides a general overview of the olfactory receptors of vertebrates and their genetic variability and provides supporting evidence for a physiological role of olfactory receptors in appetite regulation of livestock. Basic research on olfactory receptors of livestock and their ligands should facilitate the development of novel odorant receptor agonists and identification of specific olfactory receptor variants that may be developed to enhance animal production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Connor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Yang Zhou
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - George E Liu
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
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40
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Raimondi F, Betts MJ, Lu Q, Inoue A, Gutkind JS, Russell RB. Genetic variants affecting equivalent protein family positions reflect human diversity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12771. [PMID: 28986545 PMCID: PMC5630595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of diverse protein families often perform overlapping or redundant functions meaning that different variations within them could reflect differences between individual organisms. We investigated likely functional positions within aligned protein families that contained a significant enrichment of nonsynonymous variants in genomes of healthy individuals. We identified more than a thousand enriched positions across hundreds of family alignments with roles indicative of mammalian individuality, including sensory perception and the immune system. The most significant position is the Arginine from the Olfactory receptor “DRY” motif, which has more variants in healthy individuals than all other positions in the proteome. Odorant binding data suggests that these variants lead to receptor inactivity, and they are mostly mutually exclusive with other loss-of-function (stop/frameshift) variants. Some DRY Arginine variants correlate with smell preferences in sub-populations and all 2,504 humans studied contain a unique spectrum of active and inactive receptors. The many other variant enriched positions, across hundreds of other families might also provide insights into individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Betts
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qianhao Lu
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ibarra-Soria X, Nakahara TS, Lilue J, Jiang Y, Trimmer C, Souza MA, Netto PH, Ikegami K, Murphy NR, Kusma M, Kirton A, Saraiva LR, Keane TM, Matsunami H, Mainland J, Papes F, Logan DW. Variation in olfactory neuron repertoires is genetically controlled and environmentally modulated. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28438259 PMCID: PMC5404925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) repertoire is composed of 10 million cells and each expresses one olfactory receptor (OR) gene from a pool of over 1000. Thus, the nose is sub-stratified into more than a thousand OSN subtypes. Here, we employ and validate an RNA-sequencing-based method to quantify the abundance of all OSN subtypes in parallel, and investigate the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to neuronal diversity. We find that the OSN subtype distribution is stereotyped in genetically identical mice, but varies extensively between different strains. Further, we identify cis-acting genetic variation as the greatest component influencing OSN composition and demonstrate independence from OR function. However, we show that olfactory stimulation with particular odorants results in modulation of dozens of OSN subtypes in a subtle but reproducible, specific and time-dependent manner. Together, these mechanisms generate a highly individualized olfactory sensory system by promoting neuronal diversity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21476.001 Smells are simply chemicals in the air that are recognized by nerves in our nose. Each nerve has a receptor that can identify a limited number of chemicals, and the nerve then relays this information to the brain. Animals have hundreds to thousands of different types of these nerves meaning that they can detect a wide array of smells. Smell receptors are proteins, and the genes that encode these proteins can be very different in two unrelated people. This could partly explain, for example, why some people find certain odors intense and unpleasant while others do not. However, having different genes for smell receptors does not by itself completely explain why some people are more sensitive than others to particular smells. The amounts of each nerve type in the nose might also differ between people and have an effect, but to date it has not been possible to accurately count them all. Ibarra-Soria et al. have now devised a new method to essentially count the number of each nerve type in the noses of mice from different breeds. The method makes use of a technique called RNA-sequencing, which can reveal which genes are active at any one time, and thus show how many nerves are producing each type of smell receptor. Ibarra-Soria et al. learned that different breeds of mice had remarkably different compositions of nerves in their noses. Further analysis revealed that this was due to changes to the DNA code near to the genes that encode the smell receptor. Next, Ibarra-Soria et al. sought to find out how the amount of each nerve type is controlled by giving mice water with different smells for weeks and looking how this affected their noses. These experiments revealed that a small number of the nerve types became more or less common after exposure to a smell. The altered nerves were directly involved in recognizing the smells, proving that the very act of smelling can change the make-up of nerves in a mouse’s nose. These results confirm that the diversity in the nose of each individual is not only dictated by the types of receptors found in there, but also by the number of each nerve type. The next challenge is to understand better how these differences change the way people perceive smells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21476.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago S Nakahara
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jingtao Lilue
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Casey Trimmer
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Mateus Aa Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hm Netto
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Kentaro Ikegami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | | | - Mairi Kusma
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Kirton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Keane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Joel Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, United States
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Abstract
Olfaction is often viewed as difficult, yet the empirical evidence suggests a different picture. A closer look shows people around the world differ in their ability to detect, discriminate, and name odors. This gives rise to the question of what influences our ability to smell. Instead of focusing on olfactory deficiencies, this review presents a positive perspective by focusing on factors that make someone a better smeller. We consider three driving forces in improving olfactory ability: one’s biological makeup, one’s experience, and the environment. For each factor, we consider aspects proposed to improve odor perception and critically examine the evidence; as well as introducing lesser discussed areas. In terms of biology, there are cases of neurodiversity, such as olfactory synesthesia, that serve to enhance olfactory ability. Our lifetime experience, be it typical development or unique training experience, can also modify the trajectory of olfaction. Finally, our odor environment, in terms of ambient odor or culinary traditions, can influence odor perception too. Rather than highlighting the weaknesses of olfaction, we emphasize routes to harnessing our olfactory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Majid
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Speed
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Croijmans
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Artin Arshamian
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kawamura S, Melin AD. Evolution of Genes for Color Vision and the Chemical Senses in Primates. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN GENOME I 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56603-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Marenco L, Wang R, McDougal R, Olender T, Twik M, Bruford E, Liu X, Zhang J, Lancet D, Shepherd G, Crasto C. ORDB, HORDE, ODORactor and other on-line knowledge resources of olfactory receptor-odorant interactions. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw132. [PMID: 27694208 PMCID: PMC5045865 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We present here an exploration of the evolution of three well-established, web-based resources dedicated to the dissemination of information related to olfactory receptors (ORs) and their functional ligands, odorants. These resources are: the Olfactory Receptor Database (ORDB), the Human Olfactory Data Explorer (HORDE) and ODORactor. ORDB is a repository of genomic and proteomic information related to ORs and other chemosensory receptors, such as taste and pheromone receptors. Three companion databases closely integrated with ORDB are OdorDB, ORModelDB and OdorMapDB; these resources are part of the SenseLab suite of databases (http://senselab.med.yale.edu). HORDE (http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/horde/) is a semi-automatically populated database of the OR repertoires of human and several mammals. ODORactor (http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ODORactor/) provides information related to OR-odorant interactions from the perspective of the odorant. All three resources are connected to each other via web-links. Database URL: http://senselab.med.yale.edu; http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/horde/; http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ODORactor/
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rixin Wang
- Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Twik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elspeth Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Doron Lancet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Chiquito Crasto
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Olfactory signaling components and olfactory receptors are expressed in tubule cells of the human kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 610:8-15. [PMID: 27693121 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the renal tubule system are in direct contact with compounds dissolved in the urine, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Murine OR78, a member of the olfactory receptor (OR) family, is involved in SCFA-related regulation of renal blood pressure in mice. It is still unclear whether OR signaling has an impact on human renal physiology. In our study, we showed that OR51E1 and OR11H7, both of which can be activated by the SCFA isovaleric acid, are expressed in the HK-2 human proximal tubule cell line. We observed a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ when isovaleric acid and 4-methylvaleric acid were added to HK-2 cells. The isovaleric acid-induced response was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the canonical olfactory signaling components Gαolf and ACIII are co-localized with OR51E1. The number of cells responding to isovaleric acid correlated with the presence of primary cilia on HK-2 cells. OR51E1 protein expression was confirmed in the tubule system of human kidney tissue. Our study is the first to show the expression of ORs and olfactory signaling components in human kidney cells. Additionally, we discuss ORs as potential modulators of the renal physiology.
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Ligand Specificity and Evolution of Mammalian Musk Odor Receptors: Effect of Single Receptor Deletion on Odor Detection. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4482-91. [PMID: 27098692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3259-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Musk odors have been used widely for fragrance and medicine for >2000 years because of their fascinating scent and physiological effects. Therefore, fragrance manufacturers have been eager to develop high-quality musk compounds that are safe and easily synthesized. We recently identified muscone-responsive olfactory receptors (ORs) MOR215-1 and OR5AN1 in mice and humans, respectively (Shirasu et al., 2014). In this study, we identified musk ORs that are evolutionarily closely related to MOR215-1 or OR5AN1 in various primates and investigated structure-activity relationships for various musk odorants and related compounds. We found that each species has one or two functional musk ORs that exhibit specific ligand spectra to musk compounds. Some of them, including the human OR5AN1, responded to nitro musks with chemical properties distinct from muscone. The ligand specificity of OR5AN1 reflects the perception of musk odors in humans. Genetic deletion of MOR215-1 in mice resulted in drastic reduction of sensitivity to muscone, suggesting that MOR215-1 plays a critical role in muscone perception. Therefore, the current study reveals a clear link between the identified OR and muscone perception. Moreover, the strategy established for screening ligands for the muscone OR may facilitate the development of novel and commercially useful musk odors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The long-sought musk odor receptor family in mammals was discovered and found to be well conserved and narrowly tuned to musk odors. In mice, deletion of the most sensitive musk receptor resulted in drastic reduction in sensitivity to muscone, demonstrating a strong link between receptor and odor perception. In humans, we found one musk receptor that recognized both macrocyclic and nitro musks that had distinct chemical structures. The structure-activity relationships were in a good agreement with human sensory perception and therefore may be used to develop novel musk aroma in fragrance fields. Finally, identification of a natural ligand(s) for musk receptors in mammals other than musk deer would reveal an evolutionarily pivotal role in each species in the future.
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Peng M, Hautus MJ, Jaeger SR. Methods for Fitting Olfactory Psychometric Functions: A Case Study Comparing Psychometric Functions for Individuals with a “Sensitive” or “Insensitive” Genotype for β-Ionone. Chem Senses 2016; 41:771-782. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Keller A, Vosshall LB. Olfactory perception of chemically diverse molecules. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:55. [PMID: 27502425 PMCID: PMC4977894 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the relationship between a stimulus and how it is perceived reveals fundamental principles about the mechanisms of sensory perception. While this stimulus-percept problem is mostly understood for color vision and tone perception, it is not currently possible to predict how a given molecule smells. While there has been some progress in predicting the pleasantness and intensity of an odorant, perceptual data for a larger number of diverse molecules are needed to improve current predictions. Towards this goal, we tested the olfactory perception of 480 structurally and perceptually diverse molecules at two concentrations using a panel of 55 healthy human subjects. Results For each stimulus, we collected data on perceived intensity, pleasantness, and familiarity. In addition, subjects were asked to apply 20 semantic odor quality descriptors to these stimuli, and were offered the option to describe the smell in their own words. Using this dataset, we replicated several previous correlations between molecular features of the stimulus and olfactory perception. The number of sulfur atoms in a molecule was correlated with the odor quality descriptors “garlic,” “fish,” and “decayed,” and large and structurally complex molecules were perceived to be more pleasant. We discovered a number of correlations in intensity perception between molecules. We show that familiarity had a strong effect on the ability of subjects to describe a smell. Many subjects used commercial products to describe familiar odorants, highlighting the role of prior experience in verbal reports of olfactory perception. Nonspecific descriptors like “chemical” were applied frequently to unfamiliar odorants, and unfamiliar odorants were generally rated as neither pleasant nor unpleasant. Conclusions We present a very large psychophysical dataset and use this to correlate molecular features of a stimulus to olfactory percept. Our work reveals robust correlations between molecular features and perceptual qualities, and highlights the dominant role of familiarity and experience in assigning verbal descriptors to odorants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0287-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Leslie B Vosshall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA. .,Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
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49
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Malaspina D, Walsh-Messinger J, Antonius D, Dracxler R, Rothman K, Puthota J, Gilman C, Feuerstein JL, Keefe D, Goetz D, Goetz RR, Buckley P, Lehrer DS, Pato M, Pato C. Parental age effects on odor sensitivity in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016. [PMID: 26224136 PMCID: PMC8843882 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A schizophrenia phenotype for paternal and maternal age effects on illness risk could benefit etiological research. As odor sensitivity is associated with variability in symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia, we examined if it was related to parental ages in patients and healthy controls. We tested Leukocyte Telomere Length (LTL) as an explanatory factor, as LTL is associated with paternal age and schizophrenia risk. Seventy-five DSM-IV patients and 46 controls were assessed for detection of PEA, WAIS-III for cognition, and LTL, assessed by qPCR. In healthy controls, but not schizophrenia patients, decreasing sensitivity was monotonically related to advancing parental ages, particularly in sons. The relationships between parental aging and odor sensitivity differed significantly for patients and controls (Fisher's R to Z: χ(2) = 6.95, P = 0.009). The groups also differed in the association of odor sensitivity with cognition; lesser sensitivity robustly predicted cognitive impairments in patients (<0.001), but these were unassociated in controls. LTL was unrelated to odor sensitivity and did not explain the association of lesser sensitivity with cognitive deficits.Parental aging predicted less sensitive detection in healthy subjects but not in schizophrenia patients. In patients, decreased odor sensitivity strongly predicted cognitive deficits, whereas more sensitive acuity was associated with older parents. These data support separate risk pathways for schizophrenia. A parental age-related pathway may produce psychosis without impairing cognition and odor sensitivity. Diminished odor sensitivity may furthermore be useful as a biomarker for research and treatment studies in schizophrenia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Dolores Malaspina, M.D., M.S.P.H., Department of Psychiatry and Child Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, Room 222, New York, NY 10016.,
| | - Julie Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Antonius
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Roberta Dracxler
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Karen Rothman
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Puthota
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Caitlin Gilman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Deborah Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Raymond R. Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter Buckley
- Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Douglas S. Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michele Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlos Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Mazzatenta A, Cellerino A, Origlia N, Barloscio D, Sartucci F, Giulio CD, Domenici L. Olfactory phenotypic expression unveils human aging. Oncotarget 2016; 7:19193-200. [PMID: 27027240 PMCID: PMC4991375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the natural aging of olfaction and its declinein the absence of any overt disease conditions remains unclear. Here, we investigated this mechanism through measurement of one of the parameters of olfactory function, the absolute threshold, in a healthy population from childhood to old age. The absolute olfactory threshold data were collected from an Italian observational study with 622 participants aged 5-105 years. A subjective testing procedure of constant stimuli was used, which was also compared to the 'staircase' method, with the calculation of the reliability. The n-butanol stimulus was used as an ascending series of nine molar concentrations that were monitored using an electronic nose. The data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics because of the multimodal distribution. We show that the age-related variations in the absolute olfactory threshold are not continuous; instead, there are multiple olfactory phenotypes. Three distinct age-related phenotypes were defined, termed as 'juvenile', 'mature' and 'elder'. The frequency of these three phenotypes depends on age. Our data suggest that the sense of smell does not decrease linearly with aging. Our findings provide the basis for further understanding of olfactory loss as an anticipatory sign of aging and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, ‘G. d'AnnunziO' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Barloscio
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR-Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Neurologia, e Dai di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Neurologia, e Dai di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Di Giulio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, ‘G. d'AnnunziO' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciano Domenici
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR-Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology (DISCAB), School of Medicine, l'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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