1
|
Kalita AI, Keller Valsecchi CI. Dosage compensation in non-model insects - progress and perspectives. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00207-5. [PMID: 39341686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In many multicellular eukaryotes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are responsible for determining the sexual characteristics and reproductive functions of individuals. Sex chromosomes can cause a dosage imbalance between sexes, which in some species is re-equilibrated by dosage compensation (DC). Recent genomic advances have extended our understanding of DC mechanisms in insects beyond model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. We review current knowledge of insect DC, focusing on its conservation and divergence across orders, the evolutionary dynamics of neo-sex chromosomes, and the diversity of molecular mechanisms. We propose a framework to uncover DC regulators in non-model insects that relies on integrating evolutionary, genomic, and functional approaches. This comprehensive approach will facilitate a deeper understanding of the evolution and essentiality of gene regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu W, Zhao K, Zhou A, Wang X, Ge X, Qiao H, Sun X, Yan C, Wang Y. Genome-wide annotation and comparative analysis revealed conserved cuticular protein evolution among non-biting midges with varied environmental adaptability. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 51:101248. [PMID: 38797005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Chironomidae, non-biting midges, a diverse and abundant insect group in global aquatic ecosystems, represent an exceptional model for investigating genetic adaptability mechanisms in aquatic insects due to their extensive species diversity and resilience to various environmental conditions. The cuticle in insects acts as the primary defense against ecological pressures. Cuticular Proteins (CPs) determine cuticle characteristics, facilitating adaptation to diverse challenges. However, systematic annotation of CP genes has only been conducted for one Chironomidae species, Propsilocerus akamusi, by our team. In this study, we expanded this annotation by identifying CP genes in eight additional Chironomidae species, covering all Chironomidae species with available genome data. We identified a total of 889 CP genes, neatly categorized into nine CP families: 215 CPR RR1 genes, 272 CPR RR2 genes, 23 CPR RR3 genes, 21 CPF genes, 16 CPLCA genes, 19 CPLCG genes, 28 CPLCP genes, 77 CPAP genes, and 37 Tweedle genes. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of CPs within the Chironomidae family. This expanded annotation of CP genes across diverse Chironomidae species significantly contributes to our understanding of their remarkable adaptability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Kangzhu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Anmo Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Ge
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China
| | - Chuncai Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Biopesticides, Shanxi University, 237016 Shanxi, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Mank JE, Ban L. The grasshopper genome reveals long-term gene content conservation of the X Chromosome and temporal variation in X Chromosome evolution. Genome Res 2024; 34:997-1007. [PMID: 39103228 PMCID: PMC11368200 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278794.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
We present the first chromosome-level genome assembly of the grasshopper, Locusta migratoria, one of the largest insect genomes. We use coverage differences between females (XX) and males (X0) to identify the X Chromosome gene content, and find that the X Chromosome shows both complete dosage compensation in somatic tissues and an underrepresentation of testis-expressed genes. X-linked gene content from L. migratoria is highly conserved across seven insect orders, namely Orthoptera, Odonata, Phasmatodea, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, and the 800 Mb grasshopper X Chromosome is homologous to the fly ancestral X Chromosome despite 400 million years of divergence, suggesting either repeated origin of sex chromosomes with highly similar gene content, or long-term conservation of the X Chromosome. We use this broad conservation of the X Chromosome to test for temporal dynamics to Fast-X evolution, and find evidence of a recent burst evolution for new X-linked genes in contrast to slow evolution of X-conserved genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- Department of Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Liping Ban
- Department of Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu P, Yu S, Zheng W, Zhang Q, Qiao J, Li Z, Deng Z, Zhang H. Identification and functional verification of Y-chromosome-specific gene typo-gyf in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:1270-1284. [PMID: 38189161 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Genes on the Y chromosome play important roles in male sex determination and development. The identification of Y-chromosome-specific genes not only provides a theoretical basis for the study of male reproductive development, but also offers genetic control targets for agricultural pests. However, Y-chromosome genes are rarely characterized due to their high repeatability and high heterochromatinization, especially in the oriental fruit fly. In this study, 1 011 Y-chromosome-specific candidate sequences were screened from 2 to 4 h Bactrocera dorsalis embryo datasets with the chromosome quotient method, 6 of which were identified as Y-chromosome-specific sequences by polymerase chain reaction, including typo-gyf, a 19 126-bp DNA sequence containing a 575-amino acid open reading frame. Testicular deformation and a significant reduction in sperm number were observed after typo-gyf knockdown with RNA interference in embryos. After typo-gyf knockout with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 in the embryonic stage, the sex ratio of the emergent adults was unbalanced, with far more females than males. A genotype analysis of these females with the Y-chromosome gene MoY revealed no sex reversal. Typo-gyf knockout led to the death of XY individuals in the embryonic stage. We conclude that typo-gyf is an essential gene for male survival, and is also involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. The identification of typo-gyf and its functional verification provide insight into the roles of Y-chromosome genes in male development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuning Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Qiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziniu Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhurong Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Catalán A, Gygax D, Rodríguez-Montes L, Hinzke T, Hoff KJ, Duchen P. Two novel genomes of fireflies with different degrees of sexual dimorphism reveal insights into sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:906. [PMID: 39068254 PMCID: PMC11283472 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism arises because of divergent fitness optima between the sexes. Phenotypic divergence between sexes can range from mild to extreme. Fireflies, bioluminescent beetles, present various degrees of sexual dimorphism, with species showing very mild sexual dimorphism to species presenting female-specific neoteny, posing a unique framework to investigate the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits across species. In this work, we present novel assembled genomes of two firefly species, Lamprohiza splendidula and Luciola italica, species with different degrees of sexual dimorphism. We uncover high synteny conservation of the X-chromosome across ~ 180 Mya and find full X-chromosome dosage compensation in our two fireflies, hinting at common mechanism upregulating the single male X-chromosome. Different degrees of sex-biased expressed genes were found across two body parts showing different proportions of expression conservation between species. Interestingly, we do not find X-chromosome enrichment of sex-biased genes, but retrieve autosomal enrichment of sex-biased genes. We further uncover higher nucleotide diversity in the intronic regions of sex-biased genes, hinting at a maintenance of heterozygosity through sexual selection. We identify different levels of sex-biased gene expression divergence including a set of genes showing conserved sex-biased gene expression between species. Divergent and conserved sex-biased genes are good candidates to test their role in the maintenance of sexually dimorphic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalán
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, 82152, Germany.
| | - Daniel Gygax
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, 82152, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Munich, Oberschleißheim, 85764, Germany
| | - Leticia Rodríguez-Montes
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjorven Hinzke
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pathogen Evolution, Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- University of Greifswald, Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pablo Duchen
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tepper K, Edwards O, Sunna A, Paulsen IT, Maselko M. Diverting organic waste from landfills via insect biomanufacturing using engineered black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens). Commun Biol 2024; 7:862. [PMID: 39048665 PMCID: PMC11269589 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A major roadblock towards the realisation of a circular economy are the lack of high-value products that can be generated from waste. Black soldier flies (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are gaining traction for their ability to rapidly consume large quantities of organic wastes. However, these are primarily used to produce a small variety of products, such as animal feed ingredients and fertiliser. Using synthetic biology, BSF could be developed into a novel sustainable biomanufacturing platform to valorise a broader variety of organic waste feedstocks into enhanced animal feeds, a large variety of high-value biomolecules including industrial enzymes and lipids, and improved fertiliser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tepper
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- EntoZyme PTY LTD, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anwar Sunna
- School of Natural Sciences, Mascquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Mascquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maciej Maselko
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- EntoZyme PTY LTD, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Z, Younas L, Zhou Q. Evolution and regulation of animal sex chromosomes. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00757-3. [PMID: 39026082 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Animal sex chromosomes typically carry the upstream sex-determining gene that triggers testis or ovary development and, in some species, are regulated by global dosage compensation in response to functional decay of the Y chromosome. Despite the importance of these pathways, they exhibit striking differences across species, raising fundamental questions regarding the mechanisms underlying their evolutionary turnover. Recent studies of non-model organisms, including insects, reptiles and teleosts, have yielded a broad view of the diversity of sex chromosomes that challenges established theories. Moreover, continued studies in model organisms with recently developed technologies have characterized the dynamics of sex determination and dosage compensation in three-dimensional nuclear space and at single-cell resolution. Here, we synthesize recent insights into sex chromosomes from a variety of species to review their evolutionary dynamics with respect to the canonical model, as well as their diverse mechanisms of regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zexian Zhu
- Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Research Center and Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lubna Younas
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qi Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Minovic A, Nozawa M. Evolution of sex-biased genes in Drosophila species with neo-sex chromosomes: Potential contribution to reducing the sexual conflict. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11701. [PMID: 39050657 PMCID: PMC11266434 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An advantage of sex chromosomes may be the potential to reduce sexual conflict because they provide a basis for selection to operate separately on females and males. However, evaluating the relationship between sex chromosomes and sexual conflict is challenging owing to the difficulty in measuring sexual conflict and substantial divergence between species with and without sex chromosomes. We therefore examined sex-biased gene expression as a proxy for sexual conflict in three sets of Drosophila species with and without young sex chromosomes, the so-called neo-sex chromosomes. In all sets, we detected more sex-biased genes in the species with neo-sex chromosomes than in the species without neo-sex chromosomes in larvae, pupae, and adult somatic tissues but not in gonads. In particular, many unbiased genes became either female- or male-biased after linkage to the neo-sex chromosomes in larvae, despite the low sexual dimorphism. For example, genes involved in metabolism, a key determinant for the rate of development in many animals, were enriched in the genes that acquired sex-biased expression on the neo-sex chromosomes at the larval stage. These genes may be targets of sexually antagonistic selection (i.e., large size and rapid development are selected for in females but selected against in males). These results indicate that acquiring neo-sex chromosomes may have contributed to a reduction in sexual conflict, particularly at the larval stage, in Drosophila..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Minovic
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
| | - Masafumi Nozawa
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
- Research Center for Genomics and BioinformaticsTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim BY, Gellert HR, Church SH, Suvorov A, Anderson SS, Barmina O, Beskid SG, Comeault AA, Crown KN, Diamond SE, Dorus S, Fujichika T, Hemker JA, Hrcek J, Kankare M, Katoh T, Magnacca KN, Martin RA, Matsunaga T, Medeiros MJ, Miller DE, Pitnick S, Schiffer M, Simoni S, Steenwinkel TE, Syed ZA, Takahashi A, Wei KHC, Yokoyama T, Eisen MB, Kopp A, Matute D, Obbard DJ, O’Grady PM, Price DK, Toda MJ, Werner T, Petrov DA. Single-fly genome assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002697. [PMID: 39024225 PMCID: PMC11257246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-read sequencing is driving rapid progress in genome assembly across all major groups of life, including species of the family Drosophilidae, a longtime model system for genetics, genomics, and evolution. We previously developed a cost-effective hybrid Oxford Nanopore (ONT) long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing approach and used it to assemble 101 drosophilid genomes from laboratory cultures, greatly increasing the number of genome assemblies for this taxonomic group. The next major challenge is to address the laboratory culture bias in taxon sampling by sequencing genomes of species that cannot easily be reared in the lab. Here, we build upon our previous methods to perform amplification-free ONT sequencing of single wild flies obtained either directly from the field or from ethanol-preserved specimens in museum collections, greatly improving the representation of lesser studied drosophilid taxa in whole-genome data. Using Illumina Novaseq X Plus and ONT P2 sequencers with R10.4.1 chemistry, we set a new benchmark for inexpensive hybrid genome assembly at US $150 per genome while assembling genomes from as little as 35 ng of genomic DNA from a single fly. We present 183 new genome assemblies for 179 species as a resource for drosophilid systematics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics. Of these genomes, 62 are from pooled lab strains and 121 from single adult flies. Despite the sample limitations of working with small insects, most single-fly diploid assemblies are comparable in contiguity (>1 Mb contig N50), completeness (>98% complete dipteran BUSCOs), and accuracy (>QV40 genome-wide with ONT R10.4.1) to assemblies from inbred lines. We present a well-resolved multi-locus phylogeny for 360 drosophilid and 4 outgroup species encompassing all publicly available (as of August 2023) genomes for this group. Finally, we present a Progressive Cactus whole-genome, reference-free alignment built from a subset of 298 suitably high-quality drosophilid genomes. The new assemblies and alignment, along with updated laboratory protocols and computational pipelines, are released as an open resource and as a tool for studying evolution at the scale of an entire insect family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Y. Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah R. Gellert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Church
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States of America
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sean S. Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sofia G. Beskid
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron A. Comeault
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - K. Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Takako Fujichika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James A. Hemker
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Hrcek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Karl N. Magnacca
- Hawaii Invertebrate Program, Division of Forestry & Wildlife, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew J. Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi, Mānoa, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Danny E. Miller
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Michele Schiffer
- Daintree Rainforest Observatory, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Sara Simoni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Zeeshan A. Syed
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kevin H-C. Wei
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tsuya Yokoyama
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Eisen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. O’Grady
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald K. Price
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dmitri A. Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- CZ Biohub, Investigator, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han MJ, Luo C, Hu H, Lin M, Lu K, Shen J, Ren J, Ye Y, Westhof E, Tong X, Dai F. Multiple independent origins of the female W chromosome in moths and butterflies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9851. [PMID: 38896616 PMCID: PMC11186504 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Lepidoptera, the most diverse group of insects, exhibit female heterogamy (Z0 or ZW), which is different from most other insects (male heterogamy, XY). Previous studies suggest a single origin of the Z chromosome. However, the origin of the lepidopteran W chromosome remains poorly understood. Here, we assemble the genome from females down to the chromosome level of a model insect (Bombyx mori) and identify a W chromosome of approximately 10.1 megabase using a newly developed tool. In addition, we identify 3593 genes that were not previously annotated in the genomes of B. mori. Comparisons of 21 lepidopteran species (including 17 ZW and four Z0 systems) and three trichopteran species (Z0 system) reveal that the formation of Ditrysia W involves multiple mechanisms, including previously proposed canonical and noncanonical models, as well as a newly proposed mechanism called single-Z turnover. We conclude that there are multiple independent origins of the W chromosome in the Ditrysia (most moths and all butterflies) of Lepidoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaorui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Meixing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kunpeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianghong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanzhuo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Eric Westhof
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9002 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aharonoff A, Kim J, Washington A, Ercan S. SMC-mediated dosage compensation in C. elegans evolved in the presence of an ancestral nematode mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595224. [PMID: 38826443 PMCID: PMC11142195 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms of X chromosome dosage compensation have been studied extensively in a few model species representing clades of shared sex chromosome ancestry. However, the diversity within each clade as a function of sex chromosome evolution is largely unknown. Here, we anchor ourselves to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, for which a well-studied mechanism of dosage compensation occurs through a specialized structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex, and explore the diversity of dosage compensation in the surrounding phylogeny of nematodes. Through phylogenetic analysis of the C. elegans dosage compensation complex and a survey of its epigenetic signatures, including X-specific topologically associating domains (TADs) and X-enrichment of H4K20me1, we found that the condensin-mediated mechanism evolved recently in the lineage leading to Caenorhabditis through an SMC-4 duplication. Intriguingly, an independent duplication of SMC-4 and the presence of X-specific TADs in Pristionchus pacificus suggest that condensin-mediated dosage compensation arose more than once. mRNA-seq analyses of gene expression in several nematode species indicate that dosage compensation itself is ancestral, as expected from the ancient XO sex determination system. Indicative of the ancestral mechanism, H4K20me1 is enriched on the X chromosomes in Oscheius tipulae, which does not contain X-specific TADs or SMC-4 paralogs. Together, our results indicate that the dosage compensation system in C. elegans is surprisingly new, and condensin may have been co-opted repeatedly in nematodes, suggesting that the process of evolving a chromosome-wide gene regulatory mechanism for dosage compensation is constrained. Significance statement X chromosome dosage compensation mechanisms evolved in response to Y chromosome degeneration during sex chromosome evolution. However, establishment of dosage compensation is not an endpoint. As sex chromosomes change, dosage compensation strategies may have also changed. In this study, we performed phylogenetic and epigenomic analyses surrounding Caenorhabditis elegans and found that the condensin-mediated dosage compensation mechanism in C. elegans is surprisingly new, and has evolved in the presence of an ancestral mechanism. Intriguingly, condensin-based dosage compensation may have evolved more than once in the nematode lineage, the other time in Pristionchus. Together, our work highlights a previously unappreciated diversity of dosage compensation mechanisms within a clade, and suggests constraints in evolving new mechanisms in the presence of an existing one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avrami Aharonoff
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Jun Kim
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Aaliyah Washington
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Sevinç Ercan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gunther D, Alford R, Johnson J, Neilsen P, Zhang L, Harrell R, Day C. Transgenic black soldier flies for production of carotenoids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104110. [PMID: 38522557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has gained traction recently as a means to achieve closed-loop production cycles. BSF can subsist off mammalian waste products and their consumption of such waste in turn generates compost that can be used in agricultural operations. Their environmental impact is minimal and BSF larvae are edible, with a nutritional profile high in protein and other essential vitamins. Therefore, it is conceivable to use BSF as a mechanism for both reducing organic waste and maintaining a low-impact food source for animal livestock or humans. The main drawback to BSF as a potential human food source is they are deficient in fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamins A, D, and E. While loading BSF with essential vitamins may be achieved via diet-based interventions, this undercuts the goal of a closed-loop as specialized diets would require additional supply chains. An alternative is to genetically engineer BSF that can synthesize these essential vitamins. Here we describe a BSF line that has been engineered with the two main carotenoid biosynthetic genes, CarRA and CarB for production of provitamin carotenoids within the Vitamin A family. Our data describe the manipulation of the BSF genome to insert transgenes for expression of functional protein products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Gunther
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, United States.
| | - Robert Alford
- University of Maryland, Insect Transformation Facility (ITF), Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States.
| | - Jeff Johnson
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, United States.
| | - Paul Neilsen
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, United States.
| | - Liuyin Zhang
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, United States.
| | - Robert Harrell
- University of Maryland, Insect Transformation Facility (ITF), Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States.
| | - Cameron Day
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei KHC, Chatla K, Bachtrog D. Single-cell RNA-seq of Drosophila miranda testis reveals the evolution and trajectory of germline sex chromosome regulation. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002605. [PMID: 38687805 PMCID: PMC11135767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although sex chromosomes have evolved from autosomes, they often have unusual regulatory regimes that are sex- and cell-type-specific such as dosage compensation (DC) and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). The molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces driving these unique transcriptional programs are critical for genome evolution but have been, in the case of MSCI in Drosophila, subject to continuous debate. Here, we take advantage of the younger sex chromosomes in D. miranda (XR and the neo-X) to infer how former autosomes acquire sex-chromosome-specific regulatory programs using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling, in a comparative evolutionary context. We show that contrary to mammals and worms, the X down-regulation through germline progression is most consistent with the shutdown of DC instead of MSCI, resulting in half gene dosage at the end of meiosis for all 3 X's. Moreover, lowly expressed germline and meiotic genes on the neo-X are ancestrally lowly expressed, instead of acquired suppression after sex linkage. For the young neo-X, DC is incomplete across all tissue and cell types and this dosage imbalance is rescued by contributions from Y-linked gametologs which produce transcripts that are translated to compensate both gene and protein dosage. We find an excess of previously autosomal testis genes becoming Y-specific, showing that the neo-Y and its masculinization likely resolve sexual antagonism. Multicopy neo-sex genes are predominantly expressed during meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, consistent with their amplification being driven to interfere with mendelian segregation. Altogether, this study reveals germline regulation of evolving sex chromosomes and elucidates the consequences these unique regulatory mechanisms have on the evolution of sex chromosome architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H-C. Wei
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamalakar Chatla
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Doris Bachtrog
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pramono AK, Hidayanti AK, Tagami Y, Ando H. Bacterial community and genome analysis of cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia in American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1304401. [PMID: 38380092 PMCID: PMC10877061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1304401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Liriomyza trifolii, an agricultural pest, is occasionally infected by Wolbachia. A Wolbachia strain present in Liriomyza trifolii is associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) effects, leading to the death of embryos resulting from incompatible crosses between antibiotic-treated or naturally Wolbachia-free strain females and Wolbachia-infected males. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of hypervariable rRNA genes was employed to characterize the bacterial community in Wolbachia-infected L. trifolii without antibiotic treatment. The analysis revealed that Wolbachia dominates the bacterial community in L. trifolii, with minor presence of Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Limnobacter. To elucidate the genetic basis of the CI phenotype, metagenomic sequencing was also conducted to assemble the genome of the Wolbachia strain. The draft-genome of the Wolbachia strain wLtri was 1.35 Mbp with 34% GC content and contained 1,487 predicted genes. Notably, within the wLtri genome, there are three distinct types of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes: Type I, Type III, and Type V cifA;B. These genes are likely responsible for inducing the strong cytoplasmic incompatibility observed in L. trifolii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeng K. Pramono
- Laboratory of Phage Biologics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ardhiani K. Hidayanti
- School of Biological Environment, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yohsuke Tagami
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Laboratory of Phage Biologics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hopkins BR, Angus-Henry A, Kim BY, Carlisle JA, Thompson A, Kopp A. Decoupled evolution of the Sex Peptide gene family and Sex Peptide Receptor in Drosophilidae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312380120. [PMID: 38215185 PMCID: PMC10801855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312380120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Across internally fertilising species, males transfer ejaculate proteins that trigger wide-ranging changes in female behaviour and physiology. Much theory has been developed to explore the drivers of ejaculate protein evolution. The accelerating availability of high-quality genomes now allows us to test how these proteins are evolving at fine taxonomic scales. Here, we use genomes from 264 species to chart the evolutionary history of Sex Peptide (SP), a potent regulator of female post-mating responses in Drosophila melanogaster. We infer that SP first evolved in the Drosophilinae subfamily and has since followed markedly different evolutionary trajectories in different lineages. Outside of the Sophophora-Lordiphosa, SP exists largely as a single-copy gene with independent losses in several lineages. Within the Sophophora-Lordiphosa, the SP gene family has repeatedly and independently expanded. Up to seven copies, collectively displaying extensive sequence variation, are present in some species. Despite these changes, SP expression remains restricted to the male reproductive tract. Alongside, we document considerable interspecific variation in the presence and morphology of seminal microcarriers that, despite the critical role SP plays in microcarrier assembly in D. melanogaster, appears to be independent of changes in the presence/absence or sequence of SP. We end by providing evidence that SP's evolution is decoupled from that of its receptor, Sex Peptide Receptor, in which we detect no evidence of correlated diversifying selection. Collectively, our work describes the divergent evolutionary trajectories that a novel gene has taken following its origin and finds a surprisingly weak coevolutionary signal between a supposedly sexually antagonistic protein and its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben R. Hopkins
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Aidan Angus-Henry
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Bernard Y. Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jolie A. Carlisle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Ammon Thompson
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sieriebriennikov B, Porter ML, Mlejnek J, Short K, Lebhardt F, Holguera I, Desplan C, Perry MW. Whole genome sequence of a long-legged fly Condylostylus longicornis from Hawai'i. Front Genet 2023; 14:1325213. [PMID: 38146342 PMCID: PMC10749331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1325213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Sieriebriennikov
- New York University, New York, NY, United States
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jakub Mlejnek
- New York University, New York, NY, United States
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Keith Short
- Independent Researcher, Loves Park, IL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. Perry
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lasne C, Elkrewi M, Toups MA, Layana L, Macon A, Vicoso B. The Scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad245. [PMID: 37988296 PMCID: PMC10715201 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome-the Drosophila Muller element F-that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, the X has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 My. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed to this sudden increase in rate of turnover. Here, we produce the first genome and transcriptome of a long overlooked sister-order to Diptera: Mecoptera. We compare the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata X-chromosome gene content, expression, and structure to that of several dipteran species as well as more distantly related insect orders (Orthoptera and Blattodea). We find high conservation of gene content between the mecopteran X and the dipteran Muller F element, as well as several shared biological features, such as the presence of dosage compensation and a low amount of genetic diversity, consistent with a low recombination rate. However, the 2 homologous X chromosomes differ strikingly in their size and number of genes they carry. Our results therefore support a common ancestry of the mecopteran and ancestral dipteran X chromosomes, and suggest that Muller element F shrank in size and gene content after the split of Diptera and Mecoptera, which may have contributed to its turnover in dipteran insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Lasne
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marwan Elkrewi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Melissa A Toups
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Lorena Layana
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ashworth M, Sivell D. The genome sequence of the flutter-wing fly, Palloptera scutellata (Macquart, 1835). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:534. [PMID: 38798990 PMCID: PMC11126900 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20381.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Palloptera scutellata (the flutter-wing fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Pallopteridae). The genome sequence is 415.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 5 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.93 kilobases in length.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hopkins BR, Angus-Henry A, Kim BY, Carlisle JA, Thompson A, Kopp A. Decoupled evolution of the Sex Peptide gene family and Sex Peptide Receptor in Drosophilidae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547128. [PMID: 37425821 PMCID: PMC10327216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Across internally fertilising species, males transfer ejaculate proteins that trigger wide-ranging changes in female behaviour and physiology. Much theory has been developed to explore the drivers of ejaculate protein evolution. The accelerating availability of high-quality genomes now allows us to test how these proteins are evolving at fine taxonomic scales. Here, we use genomes from 264 species to chart the evolutionary history of Sex Peptide (SP), a potent regulator of female post-mating responses in Drosophila melanogaster. We infer that SP first evolved in the Drosophilinae subfamily and has followed markedly different evolutionary trajectories in different lineages. Outside of the Sophophora-Lordiphosa, SP exists largely as a single-copy gene with independent losses in several lineages. Within the Sophophora-Lordiphosa, the SP gene family has repeatedly and independently expanded. Up to seven copies, collectively displaying extensive sequence variation, are present in some species. Despite these changes, SP expression remains restricted to the male reproductive tract. Alongside, we document considerable interspecific variation in the presence and morphology of seminal microcarriers that, despite the critical role SP plays in microcarrier assembly in D. melanogaster, appear to be independent of changes in the presence/absence or sequence of SP. We end by providing evidence that SP's evolution is decoupled from that of its receptor, SPR, in which we detect no evidence of correlated diversifying selection. Collectively, our work describes the divergent evolutionary trajectories that a novel gene has taken following its origin and finds a surprisingly weak coevolutionary signal between a supposedly sexually antagonistic protein and its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben R. Hopkins
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aidan Angus-Henry
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jolie A. Carlisle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ammon Thompson
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, CA, USA
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu N, Sanderson BJ, Guo M, Feng G, Gambhir D, Hale H, Wang D, Hyden B, Liu J, Smart LB, DiFazio SP, Ma T, Olson MS. Evolution of a ZW sex chromosome system in willows. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7144. [PMID: 37932261 PMCID: PMC10628195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions in the heterogamety of sex chromosomes (e.g., XY to ZW or vice versa) fundamentally alter the genetic basis of sex determination, however the details of these changes have been studied in only a few cases. In an XY to ZW transition, the X is likely to give rise to the W because they both carry feminizing genes and the X is expected to harbour less genetic load than the Y. Here, using a new reference genome for Salix exigua, we trace the X, Y, Z, and W sex determination regions during the homologous transition from an XY system to a ZW system in willow (Salix). We show that both the W and the Z arose from the Y chromosome. We find that the new Z chromosome shares multiple homologous putative masculinizing factors with the ancestral Y, whereas the new W lost these masculinizing factors and gained feminizing factors. The origination of both the W and Z from the Y was permitted by an unexpectedly low genetic load on the Y and this indicates that the origins of sex chromosomes during homologous transitions may be more flexible than previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brian J Sanderson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Minghao Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Guanqiao Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Diksha Gambhir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Haley Hale
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Deyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Krzywinska E, Ribeca P, Ferretti L, Hammond A, Krzywinski J. A novel factor modulating X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4697-4703.e4. [PMID: 37774706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Dosage compensation (DC), a process countering chromosomal imbalance in individuals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes, has been molecularly characterized only in mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans, and fruit flies.1 In Drosophila melanogaster males, it is achieved by an approximately 2-fold hypertranscription of the monosomic X chromosome mediated by the MSL complex.2,3 The complex is not assembled on female X chromosomes because production of its key protein MSL-2 is prevented due to intron retention and inhibition of translation by Sex-lethal, a female-specific protein operating at the top of the sex determination pathway.4 It remains unclear how DC is mechanistically regulated in other insects. In the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, an approximately 2-fold hypertranscription of the male X also occurs5 by a yet-unknown molecular mechanism distinct from that in D. melanogaster.6 Here we show that a male-specifically spliced gene we call 007, which arose by a tandem duplication in the Anopheles ancestral lineage, is involved in the control of DC in males. Homozygous 007 knockouts lead to a global downregulation of the male X, phenotypically manifested by a slower development compared to wild-type mosquitoes or mutant females-however, without loss of viability or fertility. In females, a 007 intron retention promoted by the sex determination protein Femaleless, known to prevent hypertranscription from both X chromosomes,7 introduces a premature termination codon apparently rendering the female transcripts non-productive. In addition to providing a unique perspective on DC evolution, the 007, with its conserved properties, may represent an important addition to a genetic toolbox for malaria vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Andrew Hammond
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Biocentis, S.r.l., Via Mazzieri, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meisel RP, Freeman JC, Asgari D, Llaca V, Fengler KA, Mann D, Rastogi A, Loso M, Geng C, Scott JG. New insights into immune genes and other expanded gene families of the house fly, Musca domestica, from an improved whole genome sequence. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22049. [PMID: 37608635 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica, is a pest of livestock, transmits pathogens of human diseases, and is a model organism in multiple biological research areas. The first house fly genome assembly was published in 2014 and has been of tremendous use to the community of house fly biologists, but that genome is discontiguous and incomplete by contemporary standards. To improve the house fly reference genome, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the house fly genome using improved techniques and technologies that were not available at the time of the original genome sequencing project. The new genome assembly is substantially more contiguous and complete than the previous genome. The new genome assembly has a scaffold N50 of 12.46 Mb, which is a 50-fold improvement over the previous assembly. In addition, the new genome assembly is within 1% of the estimated genome size based on flow cytometry, whereas the previous assembly was missing nearly one-third of the predicted genome sequence. The improved genome assembly has much more contiguous scaffolds containing large gene families. To provide an example of the benefit of the new genome, we used it to investigate tandemly arrayed immune gene families. The new contiguous assembly of these loci provides a clearer picture of the regulation of the expression of immune genes, and it leads to new insights into the selection pressures that shape their evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Science and Research 2, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jamie C Freeman
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Danial Asgari
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Science and Research 2, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - David Mann
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Mike Loso
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kalita AI, Marois E, Kozielska M, Weissing FJ, Jaouen E, Möckel MM, Rühle F, Butter F, Basilicata MF, Keller Valsecchi CI. The sex-specific factor SOA controls dosage compensation in Anopheles mosquitoes. Nature 2023; 623:175-182. [PMID: 37769784 PMCID: PMC10620080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The Anopheles mosquito is one of thousands of species in which sex differences play a central part in their biology, as only females need a blood meal to produce eggs. Sex differentiation is regulated by sex chromosomes, but their presence creates a dosage imbalance between males (XY) and females (XX). Dosage compensation (DC) can re-equilibrate the expression of sex chromosomal genes. However, because DC mechanisms have only been fully characterized in a few model organisms, key questions about its evolutionary diversity and functional necessity remain unresolved1. Here we report the discovery of a previously uncharacterized gene (sex chromosome activation (SOA)) as a master regulator of DC in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Sex-specific alternative splicing prevents functional SOA protein expression in females. The male isoform encodes a DNA-binding protein that binds the promoters of active X chromosomal genes. Expressing male SOA is sufficient to induce DC in female cells. Male mosquitoes lacking SOA or female mosquitoes ectopically expressing the male isoform exhibit X chromosome misregulation, which is compatible with viability but causes developmental delay. Thus, our molecular analyses of a DC master regulator in a non-model organism elucidates the evolutionary steps that lead to the establishment of a chromosome-specific fine-tuning mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Marois
- INSERM U1257, CNRS UPR9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Magdalena Kozielska
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franz J Weissing
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Etienne Jaouen
- INSERM U1257, CNRS UPR9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Frank Rühle
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Felicia Basilicata
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hawkes WL, Wotton KR. The genome sequence of the Common Spotted Hoverfly, Eupeodes luniger (Meigen, 1822). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:472. [PMID: 38798994 PMCID: PMC11128045 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20144.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Eupeodes luniger (the Common Spotted Hoverfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Syrphidae). The genome sequence is 616.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 4 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.45 kilobases in length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L.S. Hawkes
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, England, UK
| | - Karl R. Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim BY, Gellert HR, Church SH, Suvorov A, Anderson SS, Barmina O, Beskid SG, Comeault AA, Crown KN, Diamond SE, Dorus S, Fujichika T, Hemker JA, Hrcek J, Kankare M, Katoh T, Magnacca KN, Martin RA, Matsunaga T, Medeiros MJ, Miller DE, Pitnick S, Simoni S, Steenwinkel TE, Schiffer M, Syed ZA, Takahashi A, Wei KHC, Yokoyama T, Eisen MB, Kopp A, Matute D, Obbard DJ, O'Grady PM, Price DK, Toda MJ, Werner T, Petrov DA. Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560517. [PMID: 37873137 PMCID: PMC10592941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-read sequencing is driving rapid progress in genome assembly across all major groups of life, including species of the family Drosophilidae, a longtime model system for genetics, genomics, and evolution. We previously developed a cost-effective hybrid Oxford Nanopore (ONT) long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing approach and used it to assemble 101 drosophilid genomes from laboratory cultures, greatly increasing the number of genome assemblies for this taxonomic group. The next major challenge is to address the laboratory culture bias in taxon sampling by sequencing genomes of species that cannot easily be reared in the lab. Here, we build upon our previous methods to perform amplification-free ONT sequencing of single wild flies obtained either directly from the field or from ethanol-preserved specimens in museum collections, greatly improving the representation of lesser studied drosophilid taxa in whole-genome data. Using Illumina Novaseq X Plus and ONT P2 sequencers with R10.4.1 chemistry, we set a new benchmark for inexpensive hybrid genome assembly at US $150 per genome while assembling genomes from as little as 35 ng of genomic DNA from a single fly. We present 183 new genome assemblies for 179 species as a resource for drosophilid systematics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics. Of these genomes, 62 are from pooled lab strains and 121 from single adult flies. Despite the sample limitations of working with small insects, most single-fly diploid assemblies are comparable in contiguity (>1Mb contig N50), completeness (>98% complete dipteran BUSCOs), and accuracy (>QV40 genome-wide with ONT R10.4.1) to assemblies from inbred lines. We present a well-resolved multi-locus phylogeny for 360 drosophilid and 4 outgroup species encompassing all publicly available (as of August 2023) genomes for this group. Finally, we present a Progressive Cactus whole-genome, reference-free alignment built from a subset of 298 suitably high-quality drosophilid genomes. The new assemblies and alignment, along with updated laboratory protocols and computational pipelines, are released as an open resource and as a tool for studying evolution at the scale of an entire insect family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel H Church
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Sean S Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, USA
| | | | - Aaron A Comeault
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, UK
| | - K Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | | | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Takako Fujichika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - James A Hemker
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Jan Hrcek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Karl N Magnacca
- Hawaii Invertebrate Program, Division of Forestry & Wildlife, State of Hawaii, USA
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Danny E Miller
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, USA
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Sara Simoni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Michele Schiffer
- Daintree Rainforest Observatory, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Zeeshan A Syed
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Kevin H-C Wei
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia
| | | | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,University of California Berkeley, United States
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Daniel Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Donald K Price
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, USA
- CZ Biohub, Investigator
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saarman NP, Son JH, Zhao H, Cosme LV, Kong Y, Li M, Wang S, Weiss BL, Echodu R, Opiro R, Aksoy S, Caccone A. Genomic evidence of sex chromosome aneuploidy and infection-associated genotypes in the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes, the major vector of African trypanosomiasis in Uganda. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 114:105501. [PMID: 37709241 PMCID: PMC10593118 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The primary vector of the trypanosome parasite causing human and animal African trypanosomiasis in Uganda is the riverine tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff). Our study improved the Gff genome assembly with whole genome 10× Chromium sequencing of a lab reared pupae, identified autosomal versus sex-chromosomal regions of the genome with ddRAD-seq data from 627 field caught Gff, and identified SNPs associated with trypanosome infection with genome-wide association (GWA) analysis in a subset of 351 flies. Results from 10× Chromium sequencing greatly improved Gff genome assembly metrics and assigned a full third of the genome to the sex chromosome. Results from ddRAD-seq suggested possible sex-chromosome aneuploidy in Gff and identified a single autosomal SNP to be highly associated with trypanosome infection. The top associated SNP was ∼1100 bp upstream of the gene lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an important component of the molecular pathway that initiates trypanosome lysis and protection in mammals. Results suggest that there may be naturally occurring genetic variation in Gff in genomic regions in linkage disequilibrium with LCAT that can protect against trypanosome infection, thereby paving the way for targeted research into novel vector control strategies that can promote parasite resistance in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae Hak Son
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Yong Kong
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mo Li
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Falk S, Lennon R. The genome sequence of a satellite fly, Leucophora obtusa (Zetterstedt, 1837). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:392. [PMID: 38283326 PMCID: PMC10811419 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19920.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Leucophora obtusa (a satellite fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Anthomyiidae). The genome sequence is 1,289.8 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 6 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 18.72 kilobases in length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Falk
- Independent researcher, Kenilworth, England, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Z, Pu J, Richards C, Giannetti E, Cong H, Lin Z, Chung H. Evolution of a fatty acyl-CoA elongase underlies desert adaptation in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0328. [PMID: 37647401 PMCID: PMC10468142 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Traits that allow species to survive in extreme environments such as hot-arid deserts have independently evolved in multiple taxa. However, the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these traits have thus far not been elucidated. Here, we show that Drosophila mojavensis, a desert-adapted fruit fly species, has evolved high desiccation resistance by producing long-chain methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons (mbCHCs) that contribute to a cuticular lipid layer reducing water loss. We show that the ability to synthesize these longer mbCHCs is due to evolutionary changes in a fatty acyl-CoA elongase (mElo). mElo knockout in D. mojavensis led to loss of longer mbCHCs and reduction of desiccation resistance at high temperatures but did not affect mortality at either high temperatures or desiccating conditions individually. Phylogenetic analysis showed that mElo is a Drosophila-specific gene, suggesting that while the physiological mechanisms underlying desert adaptation may be similar between species, the genes involved in these mechanisms may be species or lineage specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Cole Richards
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Elaina Giannetti
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Haosu Cong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Obbard DJ. The genome sequence of a drosophilid fruit fly, Hirtodrosophila cameraria (Haliday, 1833). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:361. [PMID: 38868628 PMCID: PMC11167333 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19850.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Hirtodrosophila cameraria (a drosophilid fruit fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Drosophilidae). The genome sequence is 214.5 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 4 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.94 kilobases in length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
He H, Yang H, Foo R, Chan W, Zhu F, Liu Y, Zhou X, Ma L, Wang LF, Zhai W. Population genomic analysis reveals distinct demographics and recent adaptation in the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto). J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:554-562. [PMID: 37182682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As the only mammalian group capable of powered flight, bats have many unique biological traits. Previous comparative genomic studies in bats have focused on long-term evolution. However, the micro-evolutionary processes driving recent evolution are largely under-explored. Using resequencing data from 50 black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto), one of the model species for bats, we find that black flying fox has much higher genetic diversity and lower levels of linkage disequilibrium than most of the mammalian species. Demographic inference reveals strong population fluctuations (>100 fold) coinciding with multiple historical events including the last glacial change and Toba super eruption, suggesting that the black flying fox is a very resilient species with strong recovery abilities. While long-term adaptation in the black flying fox is enriched in metabolic genes, recent adaptation in the black flying fox has a unique landscape where recently selected genes are not strongly enriched in any functional category. The demographic history and mode of adaptation suggest that black flying fox might be a well-adapted species with strong evolutionary resilience. Taken together, this study unravels a vibrant landscape of recent evolution for the black flying fox and sheds light on several unique evolutionary processes for bats comparing to other mammalian groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng He
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hechuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wharton Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hanson MA, Grollmus L, Lemaitre B. Ecology-relevant bacteria drive the evolution of host antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Science 2023; 381:eadg5725. [PMID: 37471548 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are host-encoded immune effectors that combat pathogens and shape the microbiome in plants and animals. However, little is known about how the host antimicrobial peptide repertoire is adapted to its microbiome. Here, we characterized the function and evolution of the Diptericin antimicrobial peptide family of Diptera. Using mutations affecting the two Diptericins (Dpt) of Drosophila melanogaster, we reveal the specific role of DptA for the pathogen Providencia rettgeri and DptB for the gut mutualist Acetobacter. The presence of DptA- or DptB-like genes across Diptera correlates with the presence of Providencia and Acetobacter in their environment. Moreover, DptA- and DptB-like sequences predict host resistance against infection by these bacteria across the genus Drosophila. Our study explains the evolutionary logic behind the bursts of rapid evolution of an antimicrobial peptide family and reveals how the host immune repertoire adapts to changing microbial environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Disease Ecology and Evolution, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - L Grollmus
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reinhardt JA, Baker RH, Zimin AV, Ladias C, Paczolt KA, Werren JH, Hayashi CY, Wilkinson GS. Impacts of Sex Ratio Meiotic Drive on Genome Structure and Function in a Stalk-Eyed Fly. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad118. [PMID: 37364298 PMCID: PMC10319772 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stalk-eyed flies in the genus Teleopsis carry selfish genetic elements that induce sex ratio (SR) meiotic drive and impact the fitness of male and female carriers. Here, we assemble and describe a chromosome-level genome assembly of the stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni, to elucidate patterns of divergence associated with SR. The genome contains tens of thousands of transposable element (TE) insertions and hundreds of transcriptionally and insertionally active TE families. By resequencing pools of SR and ST males using short and long reads, we find widespread differentiation and divergence between XSR and XST associated with multiple nested inversions involving most of the SR haplotype. Examination of genomic coverage and gene expression data revealed seven X-linked genes with elevated expression and coverage in SR males. The most extreme and likely drive candidate involves an XSR-specific expansion of an array of partial copies of JASPer, a gene necessary for maintenance of euchromatin and associated with regulation of TE expression. In addition, we find evidence for rapid protein evolution between XSR and XST for testis expressed and novel genes, that is, either recent duplicates or lacking a Dipteran ortholog, including an X-linked duplicate of maelstrom, which is also involved in TE silencing. Overall, the evidence suggests that this ancient XSR polymorphism has had a variety of impacts on repetitive DNA and its regulation in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard H Baker
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aleksey V Zimin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chloe Ladias
- Biology Department, State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly A Paczolt
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl Y Hayashi
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerald S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lu Z, Gui F. Tracking Adaptive Pathways of Invasive Insects: Novel Insight from Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8004. [PMID: 37175710 PMCID: PMC10179030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge human and economic costs of invasive insects, which are the main group of invasive species, their environmental impacts through various mechanisms remain inadequately explained in databases and much of the invasion biology literature. High-throughput sequencing technology, especially whole-genome sequencing, has been used as a powerful method to study the mechanisms through which insects achieve invasion. In this study, we reviewed whole-genome sequencing-based advances in revealing several important invasion mechanisms of invasive insects, including (1) the rapid genetic variation and evolution of invasive populations, (2) invasion history and dispersal paths, (3) rapid adaptation to different host plant ranges, (4) strong environmental adaptation, (5) the development of insecticide resistance, and (6) the synergistic damage caused by invasive insects and endosymbiotic bacteria. We also discussed prevention and control technologies based on whole-genome sequencing and their prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sperling AL, Glover DM. Parthenogenesis in dipterans: a genetic perspective. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230261. [PMID: 36946111 PMCID: PMC10031431 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis has been documented in almost every phylum of animals, and yet this phenomenon is largely understudied. It has particular importance in dipterans since some parthenogenetic species are also disease vectors and agricultural pests. Here, we present a catalogue of parthenogenetic dipterans, although it is likely that many more remain to be identified, and we discuss how their developmental biology and interactions with diverse environments may be linked to different types of parthenogenetic reproduction. We discuss how the advances in genetics and genomics have identified chromosomal loci associated with parthenogenesis. In particular, a polygenic cause of facultative parthenogenesis has been uncovered in Drosophila mercatorum, allowing the corresponding genetic variants to be tested for their ability to promote parthenogenesis in another species, Drosophila melanogaster. This study probably identifies just one of many routes that could be followed in the evolution of parthenogenesis. We attempt to account for why the phenomenon has evolved so many times in the dipteran order and why facultative parthenogenesis appears particularly prevalent. We also discuss the significance of coarse genomic changes, including non-disjunction, aneuploidy, and polyploidy and how, together with changes to specific genes, these might relate to both facultative and obligate parthenogenesis in dipterans and other parthenogenetic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Sperling
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D. M. Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Laslo M, Just J, Angelini DR. Theme and variation in the evolution of insect sex determination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:162-181. [PMID: 35239250 PMCID: PMC10078687 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of dimorphic adult sexes is a critical process for most animals, one that is subject to intense selection. Work in vertebrate and insect model species has revealed that sex determination mechanisms vary widely among animal groups. However, this variation is not uniform, with a limited number of conserved factors. Therefore, sex determination offers an excellent context to consider themes and variations in gene network evolution. Here we review the literature describing sex determination in diverse insects. We have screened public genomic sequence databases for orthologs and duplicates of 25 genes involved in insect sex determination, identifying patterns of presence and absence. These genes and a 3.5 reference set of 43 others were used to infer phylogenies and compared to accepted organismal relationships to examine patterns of congruence and divergence. The function of candidate genes for roles in sex determination (virilizer, female-lethal-2-d, transformer-2) and sex chromosome dosage compensation (male specific lethal-1, msl-2, msl-3) were tested using RNA interference in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. None of these candidate genes exhibited conserved roles in these processes. Amidst this variation we wish to highlight the following themes for the evolution of sex determination: (1) Unique features within taxa influence network evolution. (2) Their position in the network influences a component's evolution. Our analyses also suggest an inverse association of protein sequence conservation with functional conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Laslo
- Department of Cell Biology, Curriculum Fellows ProgramHarvard Medical School25 Shattuck StBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Josefine Just
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University26 Oxford StCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiologyColby College5734 Mayflower Hill DrWatervilleMaineUSA
| | - David R. Angelini
- Department of BiologyColby College5734 Mayflower Hill DrWatervilleMaineUSA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Heterochiasmy and Sex Chromosome Evolution in Silene. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030543. [PMID: 36980816 PMCID: PMC10048291 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of a non-recombining sex-specific region is a key step in sex chromosome evolution. Suppression of recombination between the (proto-) X- and Y-chromosomes in male meiosis creates a non-recombining Y-linked region (NRY), while the X-chromosome continues to recombine in females. Lack of recombination in the NRY defines its main properties—genetic degeneration and accumulation of repetitive DNA, making X and Y chromosomes very different from each other. How and why recombination suppression on sex chromosomes evolves remains controversial. A strong difference in recombination rates between the sexes (heterochiasmy) can facilitate or even cause recombination suppression. In the extreme case—complete lack of recombination in the heterogametic sex (achiasmy)—the entire sex-specific chromosome is automatically non-recombining. In this study, I analyse sex-specific recombination rates in a dioecious plant Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), which evolved separate sexes and sex chromosomes ~11 million years ago. I reconstruct high-density RNAseq-based genetic maps including over five thousand genic markers for the two sexes separately. The comparison of the male and female maps reveals only modest heterochiasmy across the genome, with the exception of the sex chromosomes, where recombination is suppressed in males. This indicates that heterochiasmy likely played only a minor, if any, role in NRY evolution in S. latifolia, as recombination suppression is specific to NRY rather than to the entire genome in males. Other mechanisms such as structural rearrangements and/or epigenetic modifications were likely involved, and comparative genome analysis and genetic mapping in multiple Silene species will help to shed light on the mechanism(s) of recombination suppression that led to the evolution of sex chromosomes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cowell F. 100 years of Haldane's rule. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:337-346. [PMID: 36357993 PMCID: PMC10098713 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haldane's rule is one of the 'two rules of speciation'. It states that if one sex is 'absent, rare or sterile' in a hybrid population, then that sex will be heterogametic. Since Haldane first made this observation, 100 years have passed and still questions arise over how many independent examples exist and what the underlying causes of Haldane's rule are. This review aims to examine research that has occurred over the last century. It seeks to do so by discussing possible causes of Haldane's rule, as well as gaps in the research of these causes that could be readily addressed today. After 100 years of research, it can be concluded that Haldane's rule is a complicated one, and much current knowledge has been accrued by studying the model organisms of speciation. This has led to the primacy of dominance theory and faster-male theory as explanations for Haldane's rule. However, some of the most interesting findings of the 21st century with regard to Haldane's rule have involved investigating a wider range of taxa emphasizing the need to continue using comparative methods, including ever more taxa as new cases are discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finn Cowell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lemke NB, Dickerson AJ, Tomberlin JK. No neonates without adults: A review of adult black soldier fly biology, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): A review of adult black soldier fly biology, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200162. [PMID: 36382549 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the potential to process the world's agricultural and food waste, provide sustainable fodder for livestock, aquaculture, and pet animals, as well as act as a source of novel biomolecules, the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, has been launched into the leading position within the insects as feed industry. Fulfilment of these goals, however, requires mass-rearing facilities to have a steady supply of neonate larvae, which in-turn requires an efficient mating process to yield fertile eggs; yet, little is known about adult reproductive behavior, nor what physiological factors lead to its emergence. Moreover, fertile egg production tends to be highly variable in colony. Therefore, this review brings together what is currently known of the organismal biology of H. illucens, compiling information on adult morphology, physiology, biogeography, genomics, and behavioral ecology. As a holistic synthesis, it highlights several directions of interest for research to follow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Lemke
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Jean Dickerson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,National Science Foundation Center for Environmental Sustainability Through Insect Farming (NSF CEIF), College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Han W, Liu L, Wang J, Wei H, Li Y, Zhang L, Guo Z, Li Y, Liu T, Zeng Q, Xing Q, Shu Y, Wang T, Yang Y, Zhang M, Li R, Yu J, Pu Z, Lv J, Lian S, Hu J, Hu X, Bao Z, Bao L, Zhang L, Wang S. Ancient homomorphy of molluscan sex chromosomes sustained by reversible sex-biased genes and sex determiner translocation. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1891-1906. [PMID: 36280781 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Han
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Liangjie Liu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Huilan Wei
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuli Li
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenyi Guo
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qifan Zeng
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Shu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxin Yang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruojiao Li
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiachen Yu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongqi Pu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanshan Lian
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Lisui Bao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shi Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Darolti I, Almeida P, Wright AE, Mank JE. Comparison of methodological approaches to the study of young sex chromosomes: A case study in Poecilia. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1646-1658. [PMID: 35506576 PMCID: PMC10084049 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of sex chromosome systems at early stages of divergence are key to understanding the initial process and underlying causes of recombination suppression. However, identifying signatures of divergence in homomorphic sex chromosomes can be challenging due to high levels of sequence similarity between the X and the Y. Variations in methodological precision and underlying data can make all the difference between detecting subtle divergence patterns or missing them entirely. Recent efforts to test for X-Y sequence differentiation in the guppy have led to contradictory results. Here, we apply different analytical methodologies to the same data set to test for the accuracy of different approaches in identifying patterns of sex chromosome divergence in the guppy. Our comparative analysis reveals that the most substantial source of variation in the results of the different analyses lies in the reference genome used. Analyses using custom-made genome assemblies for the focal population or species successfully recover a signal of divergence across different methodological approaches. By contrast, using the distantly related Xiphophorus reference genome results in variable patterns, due to both sequence evolution and structural variations on the sex chromosomes between the guppy and Xiphophorus. Changes in mapping and filtering parameters can additionally introduce noise and obscure the signal. Our results illustrate how analytical differences can alter perceived results and we highlight best practices for the study of nascent sex chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Darolti
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pedro Almeida
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison E Wright
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Winkler IS, Kirk-Spriggs AH, Bayless KM, Soghigian J, Meier R, Pape T, Yeates DK, Carvalho AB, Copeland RS, Wiegmann BM. Phylogenetic resolution of the fly superfamily Ephydroidea-Molecular systematics of the enigmatic and diverse relatives of Drosophilidae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274292. [PMID: 36197946 PMCID: PMC9534441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The schizophoran superfamily Ephydroidea (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) includes eight families, ranging from the well-known vinegar flies (Drosophilidae) and shore flies (Ephydridae), to several small, relatively unusual groups, the phylogenetic placement of which has been particularly challenging for systematists. An extraordinary diversity in life histories, feeding habits and morphology are a hallmark of fly biology, and the Ephydroidea are no exception. Extreme specialization can lead to "orphaned" taxa with no clear evidence for their phylogenetic position. To resolve relationships among a diverse sample of Ephydroidea, including the highly modified flies in the families Braulidae and Mormotomyiidae, we conducted phylogenomic sampling. Using exon capture from Anchored Hybrid Enrichment and transcriptomics to obtain 320 orthologous nuclear genes sampled for 32 species of Ephydroidea and 11 outgroups, we evaluate a new phylogenetic hypothesis for representatives of the superfamily. These data strongly support monophyly of Ephydroidea with Ephydridae as an early branching radiation and the placement of Mormotomyiidae as a family-level lineage sister to all remaining families. We confirm placement of Cryptochetidae as sister taxon to a large clade containing both Drosophilidae and Braulidae-the latter a family of honeybee ectoparasites. Our results reaffirm that sampling of both taxa and characters is critical in hyperdiverse clades and that these factors have a major influence on phylogenomic reconstruction of the history of the schizophoran fly radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Keith M. Bayless
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collection, Australia (NRCA), Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Soghigian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David K. Yeates
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collection, Australia (NRCA), Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Bernardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert S. Copeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian M. Wiegmann
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Heterogeneous Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in the Torrent Frog Genus Amolops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911146. [PMID: 36232446 PMCID: PMC9570394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In sharp contrast to birds and mammals, in numerous cold-blooded vertebrates, sex chromosomes have been described as homomorphic. This sex chromosome homomorphy has been suggested to result from the high turnovers often observed across deeply diverged clades. However, little is known about the tempo and mode of sex chromosome evolution among the most closely related species. Here, we examined the evolution of sex chromosome among nine species of the torrent frog genus Amolops. We analyzed male and female GBS and RAD-seq from 182 individuals and performed PCR verification for 176 individuals. We identified signatures of sex chromosomes involving two pairs of chromosomes. We found that sex-chromosome homomorphy results from both turnover and X–Y recombination in the Amolops species, which simultaneously exhibits heterogeneous evolution on homologous and non-homologous sex chromosomes. A low turnover rate of non-homologous sex chromosomes exists in these torrent frogs. The ongoing X–Y recombination in homologous sex chromosomes will act as an indispensable force in preventing sex chromosomes from differentiating.
Collapse
|
43
|
Meisel RP. Ecology and the evolution of sex chromosomes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1601-1618. [PMID: 35950939 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are common features of animal genomes, often carrying a sex determination gene responsible for initiating the development of sexually dimorphic traits. The specific chromosome that serves as the sex chromosome differs across taxa as a result of fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes, along with sex chromosome turnover-autosomes becoming sex chromosomes and sex chromosomes 'reverting' back to autosomes. In addition, the types of genes on sex chromosomes frequently differ from the autosomes, and genes on sex chromosomes often evolve faster than autosomal genes. Sex-specific selection pressures, such as sexual antagonism and sexual selection, are hypothesized to be responsible for sex chromosome turnovers, the unique gene content of sex chromosomes and the accelerated evolutionary rates of genes on sex chromosomes. Sex-specific selection has pronounced effects on sex chromosomes because their sex-biased inheritance can tilt the balance of selection in favour of one sex. Despite the general consensus that sex-specific selection affects sex chromosome evolution, most population genetic models are agnostic as to the specific sources of these sex-specific selection pressures, and many of the details about the effects of sex-specific selection remain unresolved. Here, I review the evidence that ecological factors, including variable selection across heterogeneous environments and conflicts between sexual and natural selection, can be important determinants of sex-specific selection pressures that shape sex chromosome evolution. I also explain how studying the ecology of sex chromosome evolution can help us understand important and unresolved aspects of both sex chromosome evolution and sex-specific selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jaron KS, Hodson CN, Ellers J, Baird SJE, Ross L. Genomic evidence of paternal genome elimination in the globular springtail Allacma fusca. Genetics 2022; 222:6659513. [PMID: 35946560 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal genome elimination (PGE) - a type of reproduction in which males inherit but fail to pass on their father's genome - evolved independently in six to eight arthropod clades. Thousands of species, including several important for agriculture, reproduce via this mode of reproduction. While PGE is well established in some of the clades, the evidence in globular springtails (Symphypleona) remains elusive, even though they represent the oldest and most species rich clade putatively reproducing via PGE. We sequenced genomic DNA from whole bodies of Allacma fusca males with high fractions (>27.5%) of sperm to conclusively confirm that all the sperm carry one parental haplotype only. Although it is suggestive that the single haplotype present in sperm is maternally inherited, definitive genetic proof of the parent of origin is still needed. The genomic approach we developed allows for detection of genotypic differences between germline and soma in all species with sufficiently high fraction of germline in their bodies. This opens new opportunities for scans of reproductive modes in small organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil S Jaron
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Christina N Hodson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, NL
| | - Stuart J E Baird
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Studenec 122 675 02 Koněšín, CZ
| | - Laura Ross
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Parker DJ, Jaron KS, Dumas Z, Robinson‐Rechavi M, Schwander T. X chromosomes show relaxed selection and complete somatic dosage compensation across
Timema
stick insect species. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1734-1750. [PMID: 35933721 PMCID: PMC10087215 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes have evolved repeatedly across the tree of life. As they are present in different copy numbers in males and females, they are expected to experience different selection pressures than the autosomes, with consequences including a faster rate of evolution, increased accumulation of sexually antagonistic alleles and the evolution of dosage compensation. Whether these consequences are general or linked to idiosyncrasies of specific taxa is not clear as relatively few taxa have been studied thus far. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing to identify and characterize the evolution of the X chromosome in five species of Timema stick insects with XX:X0 sex determination. The X chromosome had a similar size (approximately 12% of the genome) and gene content across all five species, suggesting that the X chromosome originated prior to the diversification of the genus. Genes on the X showed evidence of relaxed selection (elevated dN/dS) and a slower evolutionary rate (dN + dS) than genes on the autosomes, likely due to sex-biased mutation rates. Genes on the X also showed almost complete dosage compensation in somatic tissues (heads and legs), but dosage compensation was absent in the reproductive tracts. Contrary to prediction, sex-biased genes showed little enrichment on the X, suggesting that the advantage X-linkage provides to the accumulation of sexually antagonistic alleles is weak. Overall, we found the consequences of X-linkage on gene sequences and expression to be similar across Timema species, showing the characteristics of the X chromosome are surprisingly consistent over 30 million years of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Kamil S. Jaron
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson‐Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gong Z, Li T, Miao J, Duan Y, Jiang Y, Li H, Guo P, Wang X, Zhang J, Wu Y. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) provides insights into the evolution of a detoxification system. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6617839. [PMID: 35751604 PMCID: PMC9339269 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The orange wheat blossom midge Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an economically important pest, has caused serious yield losses in most wheat-growing areas worldwide in the past half-century. A high-quality chromosome-level genome for S. mosellana was assembled using PacBio long read, Illumina short read, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The final genome assembly was 180.69 Mb, with contig and scaffold N50 sizes of 998.71 kb and 44.56 Mb, respectively. Hi-C scaffolding reliably anchored 4 pseudochromosomes, accounting for 99.67% of the assembled genome. In total, 12,269 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 91% were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that S. mosellana and its close relative, the swede midge Contarinia nasturtii, diverged about 32.7 MYA. The S. mosellana genome showed high chromosomal synteny with the genome of Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. The key gene families involved in the detoxification of plant secondary chemistry were analyzed. The high-quality S. mosellana genome data will provide an invaluable resource for research in a broad range of areas, including the biology, ecology, genetics, and evolution of midges, as well as insect–plant interactions and coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jin Miao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yun Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Pei Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China , Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
First Evidence of Past and Present Interactions between Viruses and the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061274. [PMID: 35746744 PMCID: PMC9231314 DOI: 10.3390/v14061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier flies (BSFs, Hermetia illucens) are becoming a prominent research model encouraged by the insect as food and feed and waste bioconversion industries. Insect mass-rearing facilities are at risk from the spread of viruses, but so far, none have been described in BSFs. To fill this knowledge gap, a bioinformatic approach was undertaken to discover viruses specifically associated with BSFs. First, BSF genomes were screened for the presence of endogenous viral elements (EVEs). This led to the discovery and mapping of seven orthologous EVEs integrated into three BSF genomes originating from five viral families. Secondly, a virus discovery pipeline was used to screen BSF transcriptomes. This led to detecting a new exogenous totivirus that we named hermetia illucens totivirus 1 (HiTV1). Phylogenetic analyses showed this virus belongs to a clade of insect-specific totiviruses and is closely related to the largest EVE located on chromosome 1 of the BSF genome. Lastly, this EVE was found to express a small transcript in some BSFs infected by HiTV1. Altogether, this data mining study showed that far from being unscathed from viruses, BSFs bear traces of past interactions with several viral families and of present interactions with the exogenous HiTV1.
Collapse
|
48
|
Evolution of sexual systems, sex chromosomes and sex-linked gene transcription in flatworms and roundworms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3239. [PMID: 35688815 PMCID: PMC9187692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species with separate male and female individuals (termed ‘gonochorism’ in animals) have sex-linked genome regions. Here, we investigate evolutionary changes when genome regions become completely sex-linked, by analyses of multiple species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes; among which schistosomes recently evolved gonochorism from ancestral hermaphroditism), and roundworms (Nematoda) which have undergone independent translocations of different autosomes. Although neither the evolution of gonochorism nor translocations fusing ancestrally autosomal regions to sex chromosomes causes inevitable loss of recombination, we document that formerly recombining regions show genomic signatures of recombination suppression in both taxa, and become strongly genetically degenerated, with a loss of most genes. Comparisons with hermaphroditic flatworm transcriptomes show masculinisation and some defeminisation in schistosome gonad gene expression. We also find evidence that evolution of sex-linkage in nematodes is accompanied by transcriptional changes and dosage compensation. Our analyses also identify sex-linked genes that could assist future research aimed at controlling some of these important parasites. Transitions between hermaphroditic and separate sexes are relatively understudied in animals compared to pants. Here, Wang et al. reconstruct the evolution of separate sexes in the flatworms and complex changes of sex chromosomes in the roundworms.
Collapse
|
49
|
Anderson N, Jaron KS, Hodson CN, Couger MB, Ševčík J, Weinstein B, Pirro S, Ross L, Roy SW. Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122580119. [PMID: 35653559 PMCID: PMC9191650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122580119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination (HD/PGE) are common in invertebrates, having evolved at least two dozen times, all from male heterogamety (i.e., systems with X chromosomes). However, why X chromosomes are important for the evolution of HD/PGE remains debated. The Haploid Viability Hypothesis posits that X-linked genes promote the evolution of male haploidy by facilitating purging recessive deleterious mutations. The Intragenomic Conflict Hypothesis holds that conflict between genes drives genetic system turnover; under this model, X-linked genes could promote the evolution of male haploidy due to conflicts with autosomes over sex ratios and genetic transmission. We studied lineages where we can distinguish these hypotheses: species with germline PGE that retain an XX/X0 sex determination system (gPGE+X). Because evolving PGE in these cases involves changes in transmission without increases in male hemizygosity, a high degree of X linkage in these systems is predicted by the Intragenomic Conflict Hypothesis but not the Haploid Viability Hypothesis. To quantify the degree of X linkage, we sequenced and compared 7 gPGE+X species’ genomes with 11 related species with typical XX/XY or XX/X0 genetic systems, representing three transitions to gPGE. We find highly increased X linkage in both modern and ancestral genomes of gPGE+X species compared to non-gPGE relatives and recover a significant positive correlation between percent X linkage and the evolution of gPGE. These empirical results substantiate longstanding proposals for a role for intragenomic conflict in the evolution of genetic systems such as HD/PGE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Kamil S. Jaron
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Christina N. Hodson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Couger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jan Ševčík
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Brooke Weinstein
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
| | | | - Laura Ross
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott William Roy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yoshida Y, Shaikhutdinov N, Kozlova O, Itoh M, Tagami M, Murata M, Nishiyori-Sueki H, Kojima-Ishiyama M, Noma S, Cherkasov A, Gazizova G, Nasibullina A, Deviatiiarov R, Shagimardanova E, Ryabova A, Yamaguchi K, Bino T, Shigenobu S, Tokumoto S, Miyata Y, Cornette R, Yamada TG, Funahashi A, Tomita M, Gusev O, Kikawada T. High quality genome assembly of the anhydrobiotic midge provides insights on a single chromosome-based emergence of extreme desiccation tolerance. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac029. [PMID: 35387384 PMCID: PMC8982440 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-biting midges (Chironomidae) are known to inhabit a wide range of environments, and certain species can tolerate extreme conditions, where the rest of insects cannot survive. In particular, the sleeping chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki is known for the remarkable ability of its larvae to withstand almost complete desiccation by entering a state called anhydrobiosis. Chromosome numbers in chironomids are higher than in other dipterans and this extra genomic resource might facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environments. We used improved sequencing strategies to assemble a chromosome-level genome sequence for P. vanderplanki for deep comparative analysis of genomic location of genes associated with desiccation tolerance. Using whole genome-based cross-species and intra-species analysis, we provide evidence for the unique functional specialization of Chromosome 4 through extensive acquisition of novel genes. In contrast to other insect genomes, in the sleeping chironomid a uniquely high degree of subfunctionalization in paralogous anhydrobiosis genes occurs in this chromosome, as well as pseudogenization in a highly duplicated gene family. Our findings suggest that the Chromosome 4 in Polypedilum is a site of high genetic turnover, allowing it to act as a 'sandbox' for evolutionary experiments, thus facilitating the rapid adaptation of midges to harsh environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0035, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Systems Biology Program, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Nurislam Shaikhutdinov
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 21205, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Kozlova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- Preventive Medicine & Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michihira Tagami
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Murata
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Miki Kojima-Ishiyama
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shohei Noma
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alexander Cherkasov
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Guzel Gazizova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Aigul Nasibullina
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Ruslan Deviatiiarov
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Ryabova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bino
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shoko Tokumoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yugo Miyata
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Richard Cornette
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takahiro G Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0035, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Systems Biology Program, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Regulatory Transcriptomics for Medical Genetic Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikawada
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| |
Collapse
|