1
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Strickland E, Pan D, Godfrey C, Kim JS, Hopke A, Ji W, Degrange M, Villavicencio B, Mansour MK, Zerbe CS, Irimia D, Amir A, Weiner OD. Self-extinguishing relay waves enable homeostatic control of human neutrophil swarming. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00381-2. [PMID: 38971157 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils collectively migrate to sites of injury and infection. How these swarms are coordinated to ensure the proper level of recruitment is unknown. Using an ex vivo model of infection, we show that human neutrophil swarming is organized by multiple pulsatile chemoattractant waves. These waves propagate through active relay in which stimulated neutrophils trigger their neighbors to release additional swarming cues. Unlike canonical active relays, we find these waves to be self-terminating, limiting the spatial range of cell recruitment. We identify an NADPH-oxidase-based negative feedback loop that is needed for this self-terminating behavior. We observe near-constant levels of neutrophil recruitment over a wide range of starting conditions, revealing surprising robustness in the swarming process. This homeostatic control is achieved by larger and more numerous swarming waves at lower cell densities. We link defective wave termination to a broken recruitment homeostat in the context of human chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Strickland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deng Pan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Godfrey
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex Hopke
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wencheng Ji
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maureen Degrange
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Michael K Mansour
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ariel Amir
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Stock C. pH-regulated single cell migration. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:639-658. [PMID: 38214759 PMCID: PMC11006768 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extra- and intracellular pH have emerged as fundamental regulators of cell motility. Fundamental physiological and pathological processes relying on appropriate cell migration, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and a proper immune defense on the one hand, and autoimmune diseases, metastatic cancer, and the progression of certain parasitic diseases on the other, depend on surrounding pH. In addition, migrating single cells create their own localized pH nanodomains at their surface and in the cytosol. By this means, the migrating cells locally modulate their adhesion to, and the re-arrangement and digestion of, the extracellular matrix. At the same time, the cytosolic nanodomains tune cytoskeletal dynamics along the direction of movement resulting in concerted lamellipodia protrusion and rear end retraction. Extracellular pH gradients as found in wounds, inflamed tissues, or the periphery of tumors stimulate directed cell migration, and long-term exposure to acidic conditions can engender a more migratory and invasive phenotype persisting for hours up to several generations of cells after they have left the acidic milieu. In the present review, the different variants of pH-dependent single cell migration are described. The underlying pH-dependent molecular mechanisms such as conformational changes of adhesion molecules, matrix protease activity, actin (de-)polymerization, and signaling events are explained, and molecular pH sensors stimulated by H+ signaling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Larson BT. Perspectives on Principles of Cellular Behavior from the Biophysics of Protists. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1405-1421. [PMID: 37496203 PMCID: PMC10755178 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are the fundamental unit of biological organization. Although it may be easy to think of them as little more than the simple building blocks of complex organisms such as animals, single cells are capable of behaviors of remarkable apparent sophistication. This is abundantly clear when considering the diversity of form and function among the microbial eukaryotes, the protists. How might we navigate this diversity in the search for general principles of cellular behavior? Here, we review cases in which the intensive study of protists from the perspective of cellular biophysics has driven insight into broad biological questions of morphogenesis, navigation and motility, and decision making. We argue that applying such approaches to questions of evolutionary cell biology presents rich, emerging opportunities. Integrating and expanding biophysical studies across protist diversity, exploiting the unique characteristics of each organism, will enrich our understanding of general underlying principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Larson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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4
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Wang XC, Tang YL, Liang XH. Tumour follower cells: A novel driver of leader cells in collective invasion (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:115. [PMID: 37615176 PMCID: PMC10552739 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cellular invasion in malignant tumours is typically characterized by the cooperative migration of multiple cells in close proximity to each other. Follower cells are led away from the tumour by specialized leader cells, and both cell populations play a crucial role in collective invasion. Follower cells form the main body of the migration system and depend on intercellular contact for migration, whereas leader cells indicate the direction for the entire cell population. Although collective invasion can occur in epithelial and non‑epithelial malignant neoplasms, such as medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, the present review mainly provided an extensive analysis of epithelial tumours. In the present review, the cooperative mechanisms of contact inhibition locomotion between follower and leader cells, where follower cells coordinate and direct collective movement through physical (mechanical) and chemical (signalling) interactions, is summarised. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of follower cell invasion and metastasis during remodelling and degradation of the extracellular matrix and how chemotaxis and lateral inhibition mediate follower cell behaviour were analysed. It was also demonstrated that follower cells exhibit genetic and metabolic heterogeneity during invasion, unlike leader cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Wang
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Departments of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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5
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Shergold AL, Devlin RM, Young AL, Roberts EW. Chemotaxis: Dendritic cells as trendsetters of the immune response. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R957-R959. [PMID: 37751709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A new study reports that dendritic cells actively shape the CCL19 chemokine gradient to which they respond and that the chemokine receptor CCR7 both senses CCL19 and mediates its internalisation. Generation of local changes in chemokines allows coordination of movement over longer distances than previous models could explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Shergold
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ryan M Devlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex L Young
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ed W Roberts
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK; School of Cancer Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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6
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Alanko J, Uçar MC, Canigova N, Stopp J, Schwarz J, Merrin J, Hannezo E, Sixt M. CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19 to coordinate collective leukocyte migration. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadc9584. [PMID: 37656776 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adc9584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses rely on the rapid and coordinated migration of leukocytes. Whereas it is well established that single-cell migration is often guided by gradients of chemokines and other chemoattractants, it remains poorly understood how these gradients are generated, maintained, and modulated. By combining experimental data with theory on leukocyte chemotaxis guided by the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CCR7, we demonstrate that in addition to its role as the sensory receptor that steers migration, CCR7 also acts as a generator and a modulator of chemotactic gradients. Upon exposure to the CCR7 ligand CCL19, dendritic cells (DCs) effectively internalize the receptor and ligand as part of the canonical GPCR desensitization response. We show that CCR7 internalization also acts as an effective sink for the chemoattractant, dynamically shaping the spatiotemporal distribution of the chemokine. This mechanism drives complex collective migration patterns, enabling DCs to create or sharpen chemotactic gradients. We further show that these self-generated gradients can sustain the long-range guidance of DCs, adapt collective migration patterns to the size and geometry of the environment, and provide a guidance cue for other comigrating cells. Such a dual role of CCR7 as a GPCR that both senses and consumes its ligand can thus provide a novel mode of cellular self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Alanko
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- MediCity and InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehmet Can Uçar
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nikola Canigova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julian Stopp
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jan Schwarz
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Ibidi GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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7
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Donnelly H, Mandrou E, Insall R. Sinking while you swim: A dual role for CCR7 in leukocyte migration. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadj3102. [PMID: 37656778 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The CCR7 receptor allows dendritic cells to sense the chemokine CCL19. It also depletes CCL19 from the environment by endocytosis, leading to local gradients that can steer cells accurately and robustly through tissues, even over long distances (see related Research Article by Alanko et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Donnelly
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Elena Mandrou
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert Insall
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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8
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Town JP, Weiner OD. Local negative feedback of Rac activity at the leading edge underlies a pilot pseudopod-like program for amoeboid cell guidance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002307. [PMID: 37747905 PMCID: PMC10553818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently, neutrophils must polarize their cytoskeletal regulators along a single axis of motion. This polarization process is thought to be mediated through local positive feedback that amplifies leading edge signals and global negative feedback that enables sites of positive feedback to compete for dominance. Though this two-component model efficiently establishes cell polarity, it has potential limitations, including a tendency to "lock" onto a particular direction, limiting the ability of cells to reorient. We use spatially defined optogenetic control of a leading edge organizer (PI3K) to probe how neutrophil-like HL-60 cells balance "decisiveness" needed to polarize in a single direction with the flexibility needed to respond to new cues. Underlying this balancing act is a local Rac inhibition process that destabilizes the leading edge to promote exploration. We show that this local inhibition enables cells to process input signal dynamics, linking front stability and orientation to local temporal increases in input signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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9
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van der Kolk J, Raßhofer F, Swiderski R, Haldar A, Basu A, Frey E. Anomalous Collective Dynamics of Autochemotactic Populations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:088201. [PMID: 37683146 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.088201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
While the role of local interactions in nonequilibrium phase transitions is well studied, a fundamental understanding of the effects of long-range interactions is lacking. We study the critical dynamics of reproducing agents subject to autochemotactic interactions and limited resources. A renormalization group analysis reveals distinct scaling regimes for fast (attractive or repulsive) interactions; for slow signal transduction, the dynamics is dominated by a diffusive fixed point. Furthermore, we present a correction to the Keller-Segel nonlinearity emerging close to the extinction threshold and a novel nonlinear mechanism that stabilizes the continuous transition against the emergence of a characteristic length scale due to a chemotactic collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van der Kolk
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Raßhofer
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Swiderski
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Astik Haldar
- Theory Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Calcutta 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhik Basu
- Theory Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Calcutta 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Hofgartenstraße 8, 80539 Munich, Germany
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10
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Baldwin SA, Haugh JM. Semi-autonomous wound invasion via matrix-deposited, haptotactic cues. J Theor Biol 2023; 568:111506. [PMID: 37094713 PMCID: PMC10393182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Proper wound healing relies on invasion of fibroblasts via directed migration. While the related experimental and mathematical modeling literature has mainly focused on cell migration directed by soluble cues (chemotaxis), there is ample evidence that fibroblast migration is also directed by insoluble, matrix-bound cues (haptotaxis). Furthermore, numerous studies indicate that fibronectin (FN), a haptotactic ligand for fibroblasts, is present and dynamic in the provisional matrix throughout the proliferative phase of wound healing. In the present work, we show the plausibility of a hypothesis that fibroblasts themselves form and maintain haptotactic gradients in a semi-autonomous fashion. As a precursor to this, we examine the positive control scenario where FN is pre-deposited in the wound matrix, and fibroblasts maintain haptotaxis by removing FN at an appropriate rate. After developing conceptual and quantitative understanding of this scenario, we consider two cases in which fibroblasts activate the latent form of a matrix-loaded cytokine, TGFβ, which upregulates the fibroblasts' own secretion of FN. In the first of these, the latent cytokine is pre-patterned and released by the fibroblasts. In the second, fibroblasts in the wound produce the latent TGFβ, with the presence of the wound providing the only instruction. In all cases, wound invasion is more effective than a negative control model with haptotaxis disabled; however, there is a trade-off between the degree of fibroblast autonomy and the rate of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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11
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Strickland E, Pan D, Godfrey C, Kim JS, Hopke A, Degrange M, Villavicencio B, Mansour MK, Zerbe CS, Irimia D, Amir A, Weiner OD. Self-extinguishing relay waves enable homeostatic control of human neutrophil swarming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546744. [PMID: 37425711 PMCID: PMC10327146 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils exhibit self-amplified swarming to sites of injury and infection. How swarming is controlled to ensure the proper level of neutrophil recruitment is unknown. Using an ex vivo model of infection, we find that human neutrophils use active relay to generate multiple pulsatile waves of swarming signals. Unlike classic active relay systems such as action potentials, neutrophil swarming relay waves are self-extinguishing, limiting the spatial range of cell recruitment. We identify an NADPH-oxidase-based negative feedback loop that is needed for this self-extinguishing behavior. Through this circuit, neutrophils adjust the number and size of swarming waves for homeostatic levels of cell recruitment over a wide range of initial cell densities. We link a broken homeostat to neutrophil over-recruitment in the context of human chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Strickland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deng Pan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Godfrey
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex Hopke
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen Degrange
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Michael K Mansour
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Amir
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Complex Systems, Faculty of Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Hartmann J, Mayor R. Self-organized collective cell behaviors as design principles for synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:63-73. [PMID: 35450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, molecular cell biology has graduated from a mostly analytic science to one with substantial synthetic capability. This success is built on a deep understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules and molecular mechanisms. For synthetic biology to achieve similar success at the scale of tissues and organs, an equally deep understanding of the principles of development is required. Here, we review some of the central concepts and recent progress in tissue patterning, morphogenesis and collective cell migration and discuss their value for synthetic developmental biology, emphasizing in particular the power of (guided) self-organization and the role of theoretical advances in making developmental insights applicable in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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13
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Dowdell A, Paschke PI, Thomason PA, Tweedy L, Insall RH. Competition between chemoattractants causes unexpected complexity and can explain negative chemotaxis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1704-1715.e3. [PMID: 37001521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Negative chemotaxis, where eukaryotic cells migrate away from repellents, is important throughout biology, for example, in nervous system patterning and resolution of inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which molecules repel migrating cells are unknown. Here, we use predictive modeling and experiments with Dictyostelium cells to show that competition between different ligands that bind to the same receptor leads to effective chemorepulsion. 8-CPT-cAMP, widely described as a simple chemorepellent, is inactive on its own and only repels cells when it acts in combination with the attractant cAMP. If cells degrade either competing ligand, the pattern of migration becomes more complex; cells may be repelled in one part of a gradient but attracted elsewhere, leading to populations moving in different directions in the same assay or converging in an arbitrary place. More counterintuitively still, two chemicals that normally attract cells can become repellent when combined. Computational models of chemotaxis are now accurate enough to predict phenomena that have not been anticipated by experiments. We have used them to identify new mechanisms that drive reverse chemotaxis, which we have confirmed through experiments with real cells. These findings are important whenever multiple ligands compete for the same receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dowdell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G63 9AE, UK
| | - Peggy I Paschke
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G63 9AE, UK
| | | | - Luke Tweedy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G63 9AE, UK
| | - Robert H Insall
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G63 9AE, UK.
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14
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Insall RH. Receptors, enzymes and self-attraction as autocrine generators and amplifiers of chemotaxis and cell steering. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102169. [PMID: 37075582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Cells create their own steering cues, or modify cues from their outside, for a number of reasons. These include generating optimal, legible directional information; probing their environments for information to help decide an optimal route; symmetry breaking; generating new patterns and complexity; and bringing together collectives such as neutrophil swarms. Recent advances include more mechanisms of self-steering, in particular by using cell-generated mechanical cues, and gradients of respired oxygen. An increasing number of cell types are being found to use self-steering, in particular immune cells responding to chemokines and mesodermal cells during gastrulation. Finally, receptor modification has emerged as an important limit on the range of neutrophil swarming, allowing cells to monitor other areas as well as coming together. Self-steering is thus emerging as a dominant feature of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Insall
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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15
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Levario-Diaz V, Alvarado RE, Rodriguez-Quinteros CM, Fink A, Christian J, Feng W, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. 1D micro-nanopatterned integrin ligand surfaces for directed cell movement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:972624. [PMID: 36531964 PMCID: PMC9755580 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.972624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion mediated by integrins is a highly regulated process involved in many vital cellular functions such as motility, proliferation and survival. However, the influence of lateral integrin clustering in the coordination of cell front and rear dynamics during cell migration remains unresolved. For this purpose, we describe a novel protocol to fabricate 1D micro-nanopatterned stripes by integrating the block copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCMNL) technique and maskless near UV lithography-based photopatterning. The photopatterned 10 μm-wide stripes consist of a quasi-perfect hexagonal arrangement of gold nanoparticles, decorated with the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) motif for single integrin heterodimer binding, and placed at a distance of 50, 80, and 100 nm to regulate integrin clustering and focal adhesion dynamics. By employing time-lapse microscopy and immunostaining, we show that the displacement and speed of fibroblasts changes according to the nanoscale spacing of adhesion sites. We found that as the lateral spacing of adhesive peptides increased, fibroblast morphology was more elongated. This was accompanied by a decreased formation of mature focal adhesions and stress fibers, which increased cell displacement and speed. These results provide new insights into the migratory behavior of fibroblasts in 1D environments and our protocol offers a new platform to design and manufacture confined environments in 1D for integrin-mediated cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Levario-Diaz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Fink
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Christian
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Stock J, Kazmar T, Schlumm F, Hannezo E, Pauli A. A self-generated Toddler gradient guides mesodermal cell migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2488. [PMID: 36103529 PMCID: PMC9473572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting of germ layers during gastrulation relies on the coordinated migration of progenitor cells, yet the cues controlling these long-range directed movements remain largely unknown. While directional migration often relies on a chemokine gradient generated from a localized source, we find that zebrafish ventrolateral mesoderm is guided by a self-generated gradient of the initially uniformly expressed and secreted protein Toddler/ELABELA/Apela. We show that the Apelin receptor, which is specifically expressed in mesodermal cells, has a dual role during gastrulation, acting as a scavenger receptor to generate a Toddler gradient, and as a chemokine receptor to sense this guidance cue. Thus, we uncover a single receptor-based self-generated gradient as the enigmatic guidance cue that can robustly steer the directional migration of mesoderm through the complex and continuously changing environment of the gastrulating embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stock
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Kazmar
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Friederike Schlumm
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Pauli
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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17
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Conejeros I, López-Osorio S, Zhou E, Velásquez ZD, Del Río MC, Burgos RA, Alarcón P, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Glycolysis, monocarboxylate transport, and purinergic signaling are key events in Eimeria bovis-induced NETosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842482. [PMID: 36032127 PMCID: PMC9403323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Eimeria bovis is the causative agent of bovine coccidiosis, an enteric disease of global importance that significantly affects cattle productivity. Previous studies showed that bovine NETosis—an important early host innate effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)—is elicited by E. bovis stages. So far, the metabolic requirements of E. bovis-triggered NET formation are unknown. We here studied early glycolytic and mitochondrial responses of PMN as well as the role of pH, distinct metabolic pathways, P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling, and monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2 (MCT1, MCT2) in E. bovis sporozoite-induced NET formation. Seahorse-based experiments revealed a rapid induction of both neutrophil oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and early glycolytic responses, thereby reflecting immediate PMN activation and metabolic changes upon confrontation with sporozoites. The impact of these metabolic changes on NET formation was studied via chemical inhibition experiments targeting glycolysis and energy generation by the use of 2-fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucin (DON), sodium dichloroacetate (DCA), oxythiamine (OT), sodium oxamate (OXA), and oligomycin A (OmA) to block glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial ATP-synthase, respectively. Overall, sporozoite-induced NET formation was significantly diminished via PMN pretreatments with OmA and OXA, thereby indicating a key role of ATP- and lactate-mediated metabolic pathways. Consequently, we additionally studied the effects of extracellular pH, MCT1, MCT2, and purinergic receptor inhibitors (AR-C141900, AR-C155858, theobromine, and NF449, respectively). Pretreatment with the latter inhibitors led to blockage of sporozoite-triggered DNA release from exposed bovine PMN. This report provides first evidence on the pivotal role of carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways and purinergic receptors being involved in E. bovis sporozoite-induced NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Iván Conejeros,
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ershun Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Cristina Del Río
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Collective behavior and nongenetic inheritance allow bacterial populations to adapt to changing environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117377119. [PMID: 35727978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117377119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behaviors require coordination among a group of individuals. As a result, individuals that are too phenotypically different from the rest of the group can be left out, reducing heterogeneity, but increasing coordination. If individuals also reproduce, the offspring can have different phenotypes from their parent(s). This raises the question of how these two opposing processes-loss of diversity by collective behaviors and generation of it through growth and inheritance-dynamically shape the phenotypic composition of an isogenic population. We examine this question theoretically using collective migration of chemotactic bacteria as a model system, where cells of different swimming phenotypes are better suited to navigate in different environments. We find that the differential loss of phenotypes caused by collective migration is environment-dependent. With cell growth, this differential loss enables migrating populations to dynamically adapt their phenotype compositions to the environment, enhancing migration through multiple environments. Which phenotypes are produced upon cell division depends on the level of nongenetic inheritance, and higher inheritance leads to larger composition adaptation and faster migration at steady state. However, this comes at the cost of slower responses to new environments. Due to this trade-off, there is an optimal level of inheritance that maximizes migration speed through changing environments, which enables a diverse population to outperform a nondiverse one. Growing populations might generally leverage the selection-like effects provided by collective behaviors to dynamically shape their own phenotype compositions, without mutations.
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19
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Zhu X, Hager ER, Huyan C, Sgro AE. Leveraging the model-experiment loop: Examples from cellular slime mold chemotaxis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 418:113218. [PMID: 35618013 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interplay between models and experimental data advances discovery and understanding in biology, particularly when models generate predictions that allow well-designed experiments to distinguish between alternative mechanisms. To illustrate how this feedback between models and experiments can lead to key insights into biological mechanisms, we explore three examples from cellular slime mold chemotaxis. These examples include studies that identified chemotaxis as the primary mechanism behind slime mold aggregation, discovered that cells likely measure chemoattractant gradients by sensing concentration differences across cell length, and tested the role of cell-associated chemoattractant degradation in shaping chemotactic fields. Although each study used a different model class appropriate to their hypotheses - qualitative, mathematical, or simulation-based - these examples all highlight the utility of modeling to formalize assumptions and generate testable predictions. A central element of this framework is the iterative use of models and experiments, specifically: matching experimental designs to the models, revising models based on mismatches with experimental data, and validating critical model assumptions and predictions with experiments. We advocate for continued use of this interplay between models and experiments to advance biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Emily R Hager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chuqiao Huyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Allyson E Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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20
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Levine H. Let the robotic games begin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204152119. [PMID: 35439058 PMCID: PMC9170013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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21
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Insall RH, Paschke P, Tweedy L. Steering yourself by the bootstraps: how cells create their own gradients for chemotaxis. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:585-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Li D, Sun F, Yang Y, Tu H, Cai H. Gradients of PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,5)P2 Jointly Participate in Shaping the Back State of Dictyostelium Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:835185. [PMID: 35186938 PMCID: PMC8855053 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.835185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity, which refers to the molecular or structural asymmetry in cells, is essential for diverse cellular functions. Dictyostelium has proven to be a valuable system for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity. Previous studies in Dictyostelium have revealed a range of signaling and cytoskeletal proteins that function at the leading edge to promote pseudopod extension and migration. In contrast, how proteins are localized to the trailing edge is not well understood. By screening for asymmetrically localized proteins, we identified a novel trailing-edge protein we named Teep1. We show that a charged surface formed by two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in Teep1 is necessary and sufficient for targeting it to the rear of cells. Combining biochemical and imaging analyses, we demonstrate that Teep1 interacts preferentially with PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,5)P2in vitro and simultaneous elimination of these lipid species in cells blocks the membrane association of Teep1. Furthermore, a leading-edge localized myotubularin phosphatase likely mediates the removal of PI(3,5)P2 from the front, as well as the formation of a back-to-front gradient of PI(3,5)P2. Together our data indicate that PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,5)P2 on the plasma membrane jointly participate in shaping the back state of Dictyostelium cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huaqing Cai,
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23
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Mukhopadhyay D, De R. Growth kinetics and power laws indicate distinct mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in the aggregation process. Biophys J 2022; 121:481-490. [PMID: 34968426 PMCID: PMC8822615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular aggregation is a complex process orchestrated by various kinds of interactions depending on the environment. Different interactions give rise to different pathways of cellular rearrangement and the development of specialized tissues. To distinguish the underlying mechanisms, in this theoretical work, we investigate the spontaneous emergence of tissue patterns from an ensemble of single cells on a substrate following three leading pathways of cell-cell interactions, namely, direct cell adhesion contacts, matrix-mediated mechanical interaction, and chemical signaling. Our analysis shows that the growth kinetics of the aggregation process are distinctly different for each pathway and bear the signature of the specific cell-cell interactions. Interestingly, we find that the average domain size and the mass of the clusters exhibit a power law growth in time under certain interaction mechanisms hitherto unexplored. Further, as observed in experiments, the cluster size distribution can be characterized by stretched exponential functions showing distinct cellular organization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debangana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rumi De
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
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24
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Brazill D, Knecht DA. Chemotaxis: Under Agarose Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2364:327-338. [PMID: 34542861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1661-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular eukaryotic amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, represents a superb model for examining the molecular mechanism of chemotaxis. Under vegetative conditions, the amoebae are chemotactically responsive to pterins, such as folic acid. Under starved conditions, they lose their sensitivity to pterins and become chemotactically responsive to cAMP. As an NIH model system, Dictyostelium offers a variety of advantages in studying chemotaxis, including ease of growth, genetic tractability, and the conservation of mammalian signaling pathways. In this chapter, we describe the use of the under-agarose chemotaxis assay to understand the signaling pathways controlling directional sensing and motility in Dictyostelium discoideum. Given the similarities between Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, this allows us to dissect conserved pathways involved in eukaryotic chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Brazill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA. .,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David A Knecht
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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25
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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26
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Glaser KM, Mihlan M, Lämmermann T. Positive feedback amplification in swarming immune cell populations. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:156-162. [PMID: 34500367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several immune cell types (neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, and innate-like lymphocytes) display coordinated migration patterns when a population, formed of individually responding cells, moves through inflamed or infected tissues. "Swarming" refers to the process in which a population of migrating leukocytes switches from random motility to highly directed chemotaxis to form local cell clusters. Positive feedback amplification underlies this behavior and results from intercellular communication in the immune cell population. We here highlight recent findings on neutrophil swarming from mouse models, zebrafish larvae, and in vitro platforms for human cells, which together advanced our understanding of the principles and molecular mechanisms that shape immune cell swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Rocha-Gregg B, Huttenlocher A. Signal integration in forward and reverse neutrophil migration: Fundamentals and emerging mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:124-130. [PMID: 34411839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils migrate to sites of tissue damage, where they protect the host against pathogens. Often, the cost of these neutrophil defenses is collateral damage to healthy tissues. Thus, the immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to regulate neutrophil migration. One of these mechanisms is reverse migration - the process whereby neutrophils leave the source of inflammation. In vivo, neutrophils arrive and depart the wound simultaneously - indicating that neutrophils dynamically integrate conflicting signals to engage in forward and reverse migration. This finding is seemingly at odds with the established chemoattractant hierarchy in vitro, which places wound-derived signals at the top. Here we will discuss recent work that has uncovered key players involved in retaining and dispersing neutrophils from wounds. These findings offer the opportunity to integrate established and emerging mechanisms into a holistic model for neutrophil migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Rocha-Gregg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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28
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Wong M, Gilmour D. Going your own way: Self-guidance mechanisms in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:116-123. [PMID: 34403875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How cells and tissues migrate from one location to another is a question of significant biological and medical relevance. Migration is generally thought to be controlled by external hardwired guidance cues, which cells follow by polarizing their internal locomotory machinery in the imposed direction. However, a number of recently discovered 'self-guidance' mechanisms have revealed that migrating cells have more control over the path they follow than previously thought. Here, directional information is generated by the migrating cells themselves via a dynamic interplay of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic regulators. In this review, we discuss how self-guidance can emerge from mechanisms acting at different levels of scale and how these enable cells to rapidly adapt to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Wong
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Darren Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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SenGupta S, Parent CA, Bear JE. The principles of directed cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:529-547. [PMID: 33990789 PMCID: PMC8663916 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells have the ability to respond to various types of environmental cues, and in many cases these cues induce directed cell migration towards or away from these signals. How cells sense these cues and how they transmit that information to the cytoskeletal machinery governing cell translocation is one of the oldest and most challenging problems in biology. Chemotaxis, or migration towards diffusible chemical cues, has been studied for more than a century, but information is just now beginning to emerge about how cells respond to other cues, such as substrate-associated cues during haptotaxis (chemical cues on the surface), durotaxis (mechanical substrate compliance) and topotaxis (geometric features of substrate). Here we propose four common principles, or pillars, that underlie all forms of directed migration. First, a signal must be generated, a process that in physiological environments is much more nuanced than early studies suggested. Second, the signal must be sensed, sometimes by cell surface receptors, but also in ways that are not entirely clear, such as in the case of mechanical cues. Third, the signal has to be transmitted from the sensing modules to the machinery that executes the actual movement, a step that often requires amplification. Fourth, the signal has to be converted into the application of asymmetric force relative to the substrate, which involves mostly the cytoskeleton, but perhaps other players as well. Use of these four pillars has allowed us to compare some of the similarities between different types of directed migration, but also to highlight the remarkable diversity in the mechanisms that cells use to respond to different cues provided by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James E Bear
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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30
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Cell dispersal by localized degradation of a chemoattractant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2008126118. [PMID: 33526658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008126118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, the guided motion of cells by chemical gradients, plays a crucial role in many biological processes. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, chemotaxis is critical for the formation of cell aggregates during starvation. The cells in these aggregates generate a pulse of the chemoattractant, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), every 6 min to 10 min, resulting in surrounding cells moving toward the aggregate. In addition to periodic pulses of cAMP, the cells also secrete phosphodiesterase (PDE), which degrades cAMP and prevents the accumulation of the chemoattractant. Here we show that small aggregates of Dictyostelium can disperse, with cells moving away from instead of toward the aggregate. This surprising behavior often exhibited oscillatory cycles of motion toward and away from the aggregate. Furthermore, the onset of outward cell motion was associated with a doubling of the cAMP signaling period. Computational modeling suggests that this dispersal arises from a competition between secreted cAMP and PDE, creating a cAMP gradient that is directed away from the aggregate, resulting in outward cell motion. The model was able to predict the effect of PDE inhibition as well as global addition of exogenous PDE, and these predictions were subsequently verified in experiments. These results suggest that localized degradation of a chemoattractant is a mechanism for morphogenesis.
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31
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Zhou E, Sun Y, Fu Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wu Z, Li P, Wang J, Yang Z. Bongkrekic acid induced neutrophil extracellular traps via p38, ERK, PAD4, and P2X1-mediated signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115580. [PMID: 34019862 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bongkrekic acid (BKA) produced by pseudomonas cocovenenans is a deadly toxin, and is mainly found in spoiled or fermented foods. However, less is known on its immunotoxicity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a novel effector mechanism of neutrophils against invading pathogens, but excessive NETs also contribute to tissue damage. This study aimed to investigate NET formation triggered by BKA in murine neutrophils, and describe its characteristics and potential mechanisms. Our results showed that BKA triggered NET formation via co-localization of DNA and histone or MPO by immunostaining. Moreover, BKA-triggered NET formation was dose- and time-dependent via NET quantification based on Picogreen-derived fluorescence intensities. Furthermore, BKA increased ROS production in neutrophils. Pharmacological inhibition indicated that BKA-triggered NET formation was associated with ROS-p38 and -ERK signaling pathways, but independent on NADPH oxidase. Besides, PAD4 and P2X1 receptor also mediated BKA-triggered NET formation. To our knowledge, all these findings provide for the first time an initial understanding of BKA on innate immunity, which might be helpful for further investigation on BKA immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Youpeng Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yiwu Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhikai Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Peixuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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32
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Yang Y, Li D, Chao X, Singh SP, Thomason P, Yan Y, Dong M, Li L, Insall RH, Cai H. Leep1 interacts with PIP3 and the Scar/WAVE complex to regulate cell migration and macropinocytosis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212090. [PMID: 33978708 PMCID: PMC8127007 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is essential for diverse functions in many cell types. Establishing polarity requires targeting a network of specific signaling and cytoskeleton molecules to different subregions of the cell, yet the full complement of polarity regulators and how their activities are integrated over space and time to form morphologically and functionally distinct domains remain to be uncovered. Here, by using the model system Dictyostelium and exploiting the characteristic chemoattractant-stimulated translocation of polarly distributed molecules, we developed a proteomic screening approach, through which we identified a leucine-rich repeat domain–containing protein we named Leep1 as a novel polarity regulator. We combined imaging, biochemical, and phenotypic analyses to demonstrate that Leep1 localizes selectively at the leading edge of cells by binding to PIP3, where it modulates pseudopod and macropinocytic cup dynamics by negatively regulating the Scar/WAVE complex. The spatiotemporal coordination of PIP3 signaling, Leep1, and the Scar/WAVE complex provides a cellular mechanism for organizing protrusive structures at the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shashi P Singh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Thomason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yonghong Yan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert H Insall
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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van Gestel J, Bareia T, Tenennbaum B, Dal Co A, Guler P, Aframian N, Puyesky S, Grinberg I, D’Souza GG, Erez Z, Ackermann M, Eldar A. Short-range quorum sensing controls horizontal gene transfer at micron scale in bacterial communities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2324. [PMID: 33875666 PMCID: PMC8055654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacterial communities, cells often communicate by the release and detection of small diffusible molecules, a process termed quorum-sensing. Signal molecules are thought to broadly diffuse in space; however, they often regulate traits such as conjugative transfer that strictly depend on the local community composition. This raises the question how nearby cells within the community can be detected. Here, we compare the range of communication of different quorum-sensing systems. While some systems support long-range communication, we show that others support a form of highly localized communication. In these systems, signal molecules propagate no more than a few microns away from signaling cells, due to the irreversible uptake of the signal molecules from the environment. This enables cells to accurately detect micron scale changes in the community composition. Several mobile genetic elements, including conjugative elements and phages, employ short-range communication to assess the fraction of susceptible host cells in their vicinity and adaptively trigger horizontal gene transfer in response. Our results underscore the complex spatial biology of bacteria, which can communicate and interact at widely different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi van Gestel
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.419765.80000 0001 2223 3006Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Tasneem Bareia
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bar Tenennbaum
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alma Dal Co
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XSchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Polina Guler
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Aframian
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Puyesky
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Grinberg
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Glen G. D’Souza
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zohar Erez
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin Ackermann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Avigdor Eldar
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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34
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Stock J, Pauli A. Self-organized cell migration across scales - from single cell movement to tissue formation. Development 2021; 148:148/7/dev191767. [PMID: 33824176 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-organization is a key feature of many biological and developmental processes, including cell migration. Although cell migration has traditionally been viewed as a biological response to extrinsic signals, advances within the past two decades have highlighted the importance of intrinsic self-organizing properties to direct cell migration on multiple scales. In this Review, we will explore self-organizing mechanisms that lay the foundation for both single and collective cell migration. Based on in vitro and in vivo examples, we will discuss theoretical concepts that underlie the persistent migration of single cells in the absence of directional guidance cues, and the formation of an autonomous cell collective that drives coordinated migration. Finally, we highlight the general implications of self-organizing principles guiding cell migration for biological and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stock
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Pauli
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Hetmanski JHR, Jones MC, Chunara F, Schwartz JM, Caswell PT. Combinatorial mathematical modelling approaches to interrogate rear retraction dynamics in 3D cell migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008213. [PMID: 33690598 PMCID: PMC7984637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in 3D microenvironments is a complex process which depends on the coordinated activity of leading edge protrusive force and rear retraction in a push-pull mechanism. While the potentiation of protrusions has been widely studied, the precise signalling and mechanical events that lead to retraction of the cell rear are much less well understood, particularly in physiological 3D extra-cellular matrix (ECM). We previously discovered that rear retraction in fast moving cells is a highly dynamic process involving the precise spatiotemporal interplay of mechanosensing by caveolae and signalling through RhoA. To further interrogate the dynamics of rear retraction, we have adopted three distinct mathematical modelling approaches here based on (i) Boolean logic, (ii) deterministic kinetic ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and (iii) stochastic simulations. The aims of this multi-faceted approach are twofold: firstly to derive new biological insight into cell rear dynamics via generation of testable hypotheses and predictions; and secondly to compare and contrast the distinct modelling approaches when used to describe the same, relatively under-studied system. Overall, our modelling approaches complement each other, suggesting that such a multi-faceted approach is more informative than methods based on a single modelling technique to interrogate biological systems. Whilst Boolean logic was not able to fully recapitulate the complexity of rear retraction signalling, an ODE model could make plausible population level predictions. Stochastic simulations added a further level of complexity by accurately mimicking previous experimental findings and acting as a single cell simulator. Our approach highlighted the unanticipated role for CDK1 in rear retraction, a prediction we confirmed experimentally. Moreover, our models led to a novel prediction regarding the potential existence of a 'set point' in local stiffness gradients that promotes polarisation and rapid rear retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. R. Hetmanski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JHRH); (PTC)
| | - Matthew C. Jones
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fatima Chunara
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T. Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JHRH); (PTC)
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36
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Hu W, van Steijn L, Li C, Verbeek FJ, Cao L, Merks RMH, Spaink HP. A Novel Function of TLR2 and MyD88 in the Regulation of Leukocyte Cell Migration Behavior During Wounding in Zebrafish Larvae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624571. [PMID: 33659250 PMCID: PMC7917198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling via myeloid differentiation factor 88 protein (MyD88) has been indicated to be involved in the response to wounding. It remains unknown whether the putative role of MyD88 in wounding responses is due to a control of leukocyte cell migration. The aim of this study was to explore in vivo whether TLR2 and MyD88 are involved in modulating neutrophil and macrophage cell migration behavior upon zebrafish larval tail wounding. Live cell imaging of tail-wounded larvae was performed in tlr2 and myd88 mutants and their corresponding wild type siblings. In order to visualize cell migration following tissue damage, we constructed double transgenic lines with fluorescent markers for macrophages and neutrophils in all mutant and sibling zebrafish lines. Three days post fertilization (dpf), tail-wounded larvae were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to quantify the number of recruited cells at the wounding area. We found that in both tlr2-/- and myd88-/- groups the recruited neutrophil and macrophage numbers are decreased compared to their wild type sibling controls. Through analyses of neutrophil and macrophage migration patterns, we demonstrated that both tlr2 and myd88 control the migration direction of distant neutrophils upon wounding. Furthermore, in both the tlr2 and the myd88 mutants, macrophages migrated more slowly toward the wound edge. Taken together, our findings show that tlr2 and myd88 are involved in responses to tail wounding by regulating the behavior and speed of leukocyte migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Hu
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Chen Li
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fons J Verbeek
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lu Cao
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roeland M H Merks
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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37
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Dieterle PB, Min J, Irimia D, Amir A. Dynamics of diffusive cell signaling relays. eLife 2020; 9:61771. [PMID: 33275097 PMCID: PMC7781602 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In biological contexts as diverse as development, apoptosis, and synthetic microbial consortia, collections of cells or subcellular components have been shown to overcome the slow signaling speed of simple diffusion by utilizing diffusive relays, in which the presence of one type of diffusible signaling molecule triggers participation in the emission of the same type of molecule. This collective effect gives rise to fast-traveling diffusive waves. Here, in the context of cell signaling, we show that system dimensionality – the shape of the extracellular medium and the distribution of cells within it – can dramatically affect the wave dynamics, but that these dynamics are insensitive to details of cellular activation. As an example, we show that neutrophil swarming experiments exhibit dynamical signatures consistent with the proposed signaling motif. We further show that cell signaling relays generate much steeper concentration profiles than does simple diffusion, which may facilitate neutrophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Dieterle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jiseon Min
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Ariel Amir
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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38
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Mitochondria-derived ATP participates in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by platelet-activating factor through purinergic signaling in cows. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103768. [PMID: 32692996 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation eliminates/prevents the spread of infectious agents. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is involved in infectious diseases of cattle because it recruits and activates neutrophils. However, its ability to induce NET release and the role of metabolism in this process is not known. We investigated if inhibition of glycolysis, mitochondrial-derived adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and purinergic signaling though P2X1 purinoceptors interfered with NET formation induced by PAF. We inhibited bovine neutrophils with 2-deoxy-d-glucose, rotenone, carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and NF449 to evaluate PAF-mediated NET extrusion. PAF induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and triggered extracellular ATP release via pannexin-1. Inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism prevented extracellular ATP release. Inhibition of glycolysis, complex-I activity and oxidative phosphorylation prevented NET formation induced by PAF. Inhibition of P2X1 purinergic receptors inhibited mitochondrial hyperpolarization and NET formation. We concluded that PAF-induced NET release is dependent upon glycolysis, mitochondrial ATP synthesis and purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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39
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Kopfer KH, Jäger W, Matthäus F. A mechanochemical model for rho GTPase mediated cell polarization. J Theor Biol 2020; 504:110386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Sarkar A, LeVine DN, Kuzmina N, Zhao Y, Wang X. Cell Migration Driven by Self-Generated Integrin Ligand Gradient on Ligand-Labile Surfaces. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4022-4032.e5. [PMID: 32916117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-ligand interaction mediates the adhesion and migration of many metazoan cells. Here, we report a unique mode of cell migration elicited by the lability of integrin ligands. We found that stationary cells spontaneously turn migratory on substrates where integrin ligands are subject to depletion by cellular force. Using TGT, a rupturable molecular linker, we quantitatively tuned the rate of ligand rupture by cellular force and tested platelets (anucleate cells), CHO-K1 cells (nucleated cells), and other cell types on TGT surfaces. These originally stationary cells readily turn motile on the uniform TGT surface, and their motility is correlated with the ligand depletion rate caused by cells. We named this new migration mode ligand-depleting (LD) migration. Through both experiments and simulations, we revealed the biophysical mechanism of LD migration. We found that the cells create and maintain a gradient of ligand surface density underneath the cell body by constantly rupturing local ligands, and the gradient in turn drives and guides cell migration. This is reminiscent of the phenomenon that some liquid droplets or solid beads can spontaneously move on homogeneous surfaces by chemically forming and maintaining a local gradient of surface energy. Here, we showed that cells, as living systems, can harness a similar mechanism to migrate. LD migration is beneficial for cells to maintain adhesion on ligand-labile surfaces, and might also play a role in the migration of cancer cells, immune cells, and platelets that deplete adhesive ligands of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sarkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yuanchang Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Interdepartmental Program, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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41
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All Roads Lead to Directional Cell Migration. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:852-868. [PMID: 32873438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Directional cell migration normally relies on a variety of external signals, such as chemical, mechanical, or electrical, which instruct cells in which direction to move. Many of the major molecular and physical effects derived from these cues are now understood, leading to questions about whether directional cell migration is alike or distinct under these different signals, and how cells might be directed by multiple simultaneous cues, which would be expected in complex in vivo environments. In this review, we compare how different stimuli are spatially distributed, often as gradients, to direct cell movement and the mechanisms by which they steer cells. A comparison of the downstream effectors of directional cues suggests that different external signals regulate a common set of components: small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton, which implies that the mechanisms downstream of different signals are likely to be closely related and underlies the idea that cell migration operates by a common set of physical principles, irrespective of the input.
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Tweedy L, Thomason PA, Paschke PI, Martin K, Machesky LM, Zagnoni M, Insall RH. Seeing around corners: Cells solve mazes and respond at a distance using attractant breakdown. Science 2020; 369:eaay9792. [PMID: 32855311 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
During development and metastasis, cells migrate large distances through complex environments. Migration is often guided by chemotaxis, but simple chemoattractant gradients between a source and sink cannot direct cells over such ranges. We describe how self-generated gradients, created by cells locally degrading attractant, allow single cells to navigate long, tortuous paths and make accurate choices between live channels and dead ends. This allows cells to solve complex mazes efficiently. Cells' accuracy at finding live channels was determined by attractant diffusivity, cell speed, and path complexity. Manipulating these parameters directed cells in mathematically predictable ways; specific combinations can even actively misdirect them. We propose that the length and complexity of many long-range migratory processes, including inflammation and germ cell migration, means that self-generated gradients are needed for successful navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tweedy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Peggy I Paschke
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kirsty Martin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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McMenamin PG, Shields GT, Seyed-Razavi Y, Kalirai H, Insall RH, Machesky LM, Coupland SE. Melanoblasts Populate the Mouse Choroid Earlier in Development Than Previously Described. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:33. [PMID: 32797202 PMCID: PMC7441366 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human choroidal melanocytes become evident in the last trimester of development, but very little is known about them. To better understand normal and diseased choroidal melanocyte biology we examined their precursors, melanoblasts (MB), in mouse eyes during development, particularly their relation to the developing vasculature and immune cells. Methods Naïve B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J albino mice were used between embryonic (E) day 15.5 and postnatal (P) day 8, with adult controls. Whole eyes, posterior segments, or dissected choroidal wholemounts were stained with antibodies against tyrosinase-related protein 2, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 or isolectin B4, and examined by confocal microscopy. Immunoreactive cell numbers in the choroid were quantified with Imaris. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test assessed statistical significance. Results Small numbers of MB were present in the presumptive choroid at E15.5 and E18.5. The density significantly increased between E18.5 (381.4 ± 45.8 cells/mm2) and P0 (695.2 ± 87.1 cells/mm2; P = 0.032). In postnatal eyes MB increased in density and formed multiple layers beneath the choriocapillaris. MB in the periocular mesenchyme preceded the appearance of vascular structures at E15.5. Myeloid cells (Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1-positive) were also present at high densities from this time, and attained adult-equivalent densities by P8 (556.4 ± 73.6 cells/mm2). Conclusions We demonstrate that choroidal MB and myeloid cells are both present at very early stages of mouse eye development (E15.5). Although MB and vascularization seemed to be unlinked early in choroidal development, they were closely associated at later stages. MB did not migrate into the choroid in waves, nor did they have a consistent relationship with nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham T. Shields
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mechanistic models of PLC/PKC signaling implicate phosphatidic acid as a key amplifier of chemotactic gradient sensing. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007708. [PMID: 32255775 PMCID: PMC7164671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis of fibroblasts and other mesenchymal cells is critical for embryonic development and wound healing. Fibroblast chemotaxis directed by a gradient of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) requires signaling through the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Diacylglycerol (DAG), the lipid product of PLC that activates conventional PKCs, is focally enriched at the up-gradient leading edge of fibroblasts responding to a shallow gradient of PDGF, signifying polarization. To explain the underlying mechanisms, we formulated reaction-diffusion models including as many as three putative feedback loops based on known biochemistry. These include the previously analyzed mechanism of substrate-buffering by myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and two newly considered feedback loops involving the lipid, phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG kinases and phospholipase D, the enzymes that produce PA, are identified as key regulators in the models. Paradoxically, increasing DAG kinase activity can enhance the robustness of DAG/active PKC polarization with respect to chemoattractant concentration while decreasing their whole-cell levels. Finally, in simulations of wound invasion, efficient collective migration is achieved with thresholds for chemotaxis matching those of polarization in the reaction-diffusion models. This multi-scale modeling framework offers testable predictions to guide further study of signal transduction and cell behavior that affect mesenchymal chemotaxis. Cell movement directed by external gradients of chemical composition is critical for immune responses, wound healing, and development. Although theoretical concepts explaining how shallow external gradients might definitively polarize a cell’s motility have been offered over the past two decades, mathematical models cast in terms of defined molecules and mechanisms are uncommon in this context. Based on both recent and older insights from the literature, we offer mechanistic models that are able to explain experimentally observed polarization of signal transduction elicited by shallow attractant gradients. A novel insight of our models is the implicated role of phosphatidic acid, a membrane lipid produced by at least two enzymatic pathways, in two positive feedback loops that amplify signal transduction locally. In separate simulations, we explored the implications of polarization for efficient cell invasion during wound healing. We expected that the ability to polarize in response to shallow gradients would enhance the speed of wound invasion, but an unexpected finding is that this property can promote intermittent polarization throughout the wound.
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Tweedy L, Insall RH. Self-Generated Gradients Yield Exceptionally Robust Steering Cues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:133. [PMID: 32195256 PMCID: PMC7066204 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a widespread mechanism that allows migrating cells to steer to where they are needed. Attractant gradients may be imposed by external sources, or self-generated, when cells create their own steep local gradients by breaking down a prevalent, broadly distributed attractant. Here we show that chemotaxis works far more robustly toward self-generated gradients. Cells can only respond efficiently to a restricted range of attractant concentrations; if attractants are too dilute, their gradients are too shallow for cells to sense, but if they are too high, all receptors become saturated and cells cannot perceive spatial differences. Self-generated gradients are robust because cells maintain the attractant at optimal concentrations. A wave can recruit varying numbers of steered cells, and cells can take time to break down attractant before starting to migrate. Self-generated gradients can therefore operate over a greater range of attractant concentrations, larger distances, and longer times than imposed gradients. The robustness is further enhanced at low cell numbers if attractants also act as mitogens, and at high attractant concentrations if the enzymes that break down attractants are themselves induced by constant attractant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tweedy
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Insall
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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46
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Wong M, Newton LR, Hartmann J, Hennrich ML, Wachsmuth M, Ronchi P, Guzmán-Herrera A, Schwab Y, Gavin AC, Gilmour D. Dynamic Buffering of Extracellular Chemokine by a Dedicated Scavenger Pathway Enables Robust Adaptation during Directed Tissue Migration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:492-508.e10. [PMID: 32059773 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
How tissues migrate robustly through changing guidance landscapes is poorly understood. Here, quantitative imaging is combined with inducible perturbation experiments to investigate the mechanisms that ensure robust tissue migration in vivo. We show that tissues exposed to acute "chemokine floods" halt transiently before they perfectly adapt, i.e., return to the baseline migration behavior in the continued presence of elevated chemokine levels. A chemokine-triggered phosphorylation of the atypical chemokine receptor Cxcr7b reroutes it from constitutive ubiquitination-regulated degradation to plasma membrane recycling, thus coupling scavenging capacity to extracellular chemokine levels. Finally, tissues expressing phosphorylation-deficient Cxcr7b migrate normally in the presence of physiological chemokine levels but show delayed recovery when challenged with elevated chemokine concentrations. This work establishes that adaptation to chemokine fluctuations can be "outsourced" from canonical GPCR signaling to an autonomously acting scavenger receptor that both senses and dynamically buffers chemokine levels to increase the robustness of tissue migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Wong
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lionel R Newton
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Hartmann
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco L Hennrich
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte Wachsmuth
- Luxendo GmbH, Kurfürsten-Anlage 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandra Guzmán-Herrera
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Darren Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Peercy BE, Starz-Gaiano M. Clustered cell migration: Modeling the model system of Drosophila border cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:167-176. [PMID: 31837934 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In diverse developmental contexts, certain cells must migrate to fulfill their roles. Many questions remain unanswered about the genetic and physical properties that govern cell migration. While the simplest case of a single cell moving alone has been well-studied, additional complexities arise in considering how cohorts of cells move together. Significant differences exist between models of collectively migrating cells. We explore the experimental model of migratory border cell clusters in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers, which are amenable to direct observation and precise genetic manipulations. This system involves two special characteristics that are worthy of attention: border cell clusters contain a limited number of both migratory and non-migratory cells that require coordination, and they navigate through a heterogeneous three-dimensional microenvironment. First, we review how clusters of motile border cells are specified and guided in their migration by chemical signals and the physical impact of adjacent tissue interactions. In the second part, we examine questions around the 3D structure of the motile cluster and surrounding microenvironment in understanding the limits to cluster size and speed of movement through the egg chamber. Mathematical models have identified sufficient gene regulatory networks for specification, the key forces that capture emergent behaviors observed in vivo, the minimal regulatory topologies for signaling, and the distribution of key signaling cues that direct cell behaviors. This interdisciplinary approach to studying border cells is likely to reveal governing principles that apply to different types of cell migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford E Peercy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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Metabolic requirements of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:545-557. [PMID: 31782011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease affecting both, animal welfare and cattle productivity. NETosis represents an important and early host innate effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) that also acts against B. besnoiti tachyzoites. So far, no data are available on metabolic requirements of B. besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Therefore, here we analyzed metabolic signatures of tachyzoite-exposed PMN and determined the relevance of distinct PMN-derived metabolic pathways via pharmacological inhibition experiments. Overall, tachyzoite exposure induced a significant increase in glucose and serine consumption as well as glutamate production in PMN. Moreover, tachyzoite-induced cell-free NETs were significantly diminished via PMN pre-treatments with oxamate and dichloroacetate which both induce an inhibition of lactate release as well as oxythiamine, which inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase, thereby indicating a key role of pyruvate- and lactate-mediated metabolic pathways for proper tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. Furthermore, NETosis was increased by enhanced pH conditions; however, inhibitors of MCT-lactate transporters (AR-C141900, AR-C151858) failed to influence NET formation. Moreover, a significant reduction of tachyzoite-induced NET formation was also achieved by treatments with oligomycin A (inhibitor of ATP synthase) and NF449 (purinergic receptor P2X1 antagonist) thereby suggesting a pivotal role of ATP availability for tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. In summary, the current data provide first evidence on carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways and energy supply to be involved in B. besnoiti tachyzoite-induced NETosis.
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Abstract
Actin polymerization is essential for cells to migrate, as well as for various cell biological processes such as cytokinesis and vesicle traffic. This brief review describes the mechanisms underlying its different roles and recent advances in our understanding. Actin usually requires "nuclei"-preformed actin filaments-to start polymerizing, but, once initiated, polymerization continues constitutively. The field therefore has a strong focus on nucleators, in particular the Arp2/3 complex and formins. These have different functions, are controlled by contrasting mechanisms, and generate alternate geometries of actin networks. The Arp2/3 complex functions only when activated by nucleation-promoting factors such as WASP, Scar/WAVE, WASH, and WHAMM and when binding to a pre-existing filament. Formins can be individually active but are usually autoinhibited. Each is controlled by different mechanisms and is involved in different biological roles. We also describe the processes leading to actin disassembly and their regulation and conclude with four questions whose answers are important for understanding actin dynamics but are currently unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buracco
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie Claydon
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
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50
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Micali G, Endres RG. Maximal information transmission is compatible with ultrasensitive biological pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16898. [PMID: 31729454 PMCID: PMC6858467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are often considered input-output devices that maximize the transmission of information by converting extracellular stimuli (input) via signaling pathways (communication channel) to cell behavior (output). However, in biological systems outputs might feed back into inputs due to cell motility, and the biological channel can change by mutations during evolution. Here, we show that the conventional channel capacity obtained by optimizing the input distribution for a fixed channel may not reflect the global optimum. In a new approach we analytically identify both input distributions and input-output curves that optimally transmit information, given constraints from noise and the dynamic range of the channel. We find a universal optimal input distribution only depending on the input noise, and we generalize our formalism to multiple outputs (or inputs). Applying our formalism to Escherichia coli chemotaxis, we find that its pathway is compatible with optimal information transmission despite the ultrasensitive rotary motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Micali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Endres
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK. .,Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College, London, UK.
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