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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Kross E, Ramirez JJ, Peterson KP, Tristao T, Teachman BA, Wiers R, Neighbors C. Writing about the future self to shift drinking identity: An experimental investigation. Alcohol 2024; 116:35-45. [PMID: 37858781 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
College student drinking is prevalent and costly to public and personal health, leading to calls to identify and target novel mechanisms of behavior change. We aimed to manipulate drinking identity (a cognitive risk factor for hazardous drinking) via three sessions of narrative writing about a future self. We tested whether writing could shift drinking identity and would be accompanied by changes in alcohol consumption and problems. Participants were college students meeting hazardous drinking criteria (N = 328; Mage = 20.15; 59% women, 40% men, 1% gender-diverse; 60% white; 23% Asian; 12% multiple races; 2% other racial groups; 8% identified as Hispanic/Latino/a/x). The study had a 2 [narrative writing topic: low-risk drinker vs. reduced smartphone use] × 2 [writing perspective: first person vs. non-first-person] × 2 [social network instruction: instructed to include vs. not] factorial design. Outcomes were drinking identity, drinking refusal self-efficacy, alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, and craving. Participants completed three writing sessions and online follow-up assessments at 2, 4, and 12 weeks. The study is a registered clinical trial; hypotheses and analyses were preregistered (https://osf.io/vy2ep/). Contrary to predictions, narrative writing about a future self as a low-risk drinker did not significantly impact outcomes. Null results extended to expected interactions with writing perspective and social network instructions. The narrative writing task did not shift drinking or alcohol-related outcomes. Future experimental work may benefit from greater flexibility in conceptualizing a future self, recruiting individuals interested in behavior change, and more sensitive measures of drinking identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States.
| | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
| | - Kirsten P Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States.
| | - Ty Tristao
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
| | - Bethany A Teachman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.
| | - Reinout Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States.
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Kross E, Ramirez JJ, Tristao T, Peterson KP, Teachman BA, Wiers RW, Neighbors C. Investigating cognitive and motivational proximal outcomes in a randomized clinical trial of writing about the future self to reduce drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38658188 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking identity (the extent to which one links the self with drinking alcohol) is a unique risk factor for college students' hazardous drinking that is not directly targeted by existing interventions. We conducted a study that aimed to decrease drinking identity among college students with hazardous drinking. We adapted a writing task about the future self and tested whether three writing sessions could decrease drinking identity and change drinking. We also investigated whether two additional factors (writing perspective and inclusion of participants' social networks) would enhance task impact. The present study evaluated whether posited proximal cognitive and motivational outcomes (drinking identity, self-efficacy, readiness to change, and drinking intentions) changed immediately after each writing session. METHOD The study is a randomized clinical trial in which hypotheses and analyses were pre-registered. Participants were 328 college students who met hazardous drinking criteria. The study had a 2 (narrative writing topic: low-risk drinker vs. reduced smartphone use) × 2 (writing perspective: first-person vs. non-first-person) × 2 (social network instruction: instructed to include vs. not) factorial design. Proximal outcomes were drinking identity, self-efficacy, readiness to change, and drinking intentions. The clinical outcome was alcohol consumption. Participants completed three laboratory sessions at weekly intervals that included the writing task and pre- and post-task assessments. RESULTS Results were largely null, except that readiness to reduce drinking was higher in the low-risk drinker condition and increased over the lab sessions. Time effects indicated that reductions in drinking identity, drinking intentions, and alcohol consumption, and increases in self-efficacy were observed but did not change above and beyond control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate the need to strengthen the writing task and select a more appropriate control task to target proposed proximal outcomes. Future studies might try personalizing the task, evaluating its efficacy with individuals motivated to change their drinking, and using a control task that does not involve imagining a future self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ty Tristao
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten P Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bethany A Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Xie Q, Riordan KM, Baldwin SA, Simonsson O, Hirshberg MJ, Dahl CJ, Nahum-Shani I, Davidson RJ, Goldberg SB. Is informal practice associated with outcomes in loving-kindness and compassion training? Evidence from pre-post and daily diary assessments. Behav Res Ther 2024; 177:104537. [PMID: 38608409 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether informal meditation practice (i.e., self-reported application of meditative techniques outside a period of formal meditation) was associated with outcomes in smartphone-based loving-kindness and compassion training. Meditation-naïve participants (n = 351) with clinically elevated symptoms completed measures of psychological distress, loneliness, empathy, and prosociality at baseline and following a two-week intervention. Informal practice, psychological distress, and loneliness were also assessed daily. Steeper increases in informal practice had small associations with pre-post improvements in distress (r = -.18, p = .008) and loneliness (r = -.19, p = .009) but not empathy or prosociality. Using a currently recommended approach for establishing cross-lagged effects in longitudinal data (latent curve model with structured residuals), higher current-day informal practice was associated with decreased next-day distress with a very small effect size (βs = -.06 to -.04, p = .018) but not decreased next-day loneliness. No cross-lagged associations emerged from distress or loneliness to informal practice. Findings suggest that further investigation into a potential causal role of informal practice is warranted. Future studies experimentally manipulating informal practice are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin M Riordan
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Otto Simonsson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Cortland J Dahl
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Healthy Minds Innovations Inc, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Simon B Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Nguyen KC, Jameson CD, Baldwin SA, Nardini JT, Smith RC, Haugh JM, Flores KB. Quantifying collective motion patterns in mesenchymal cell populations using topological data analysis and agent-based modeling. Math Biosci 2024; 370:109158. [PMID: 38373479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts in a confluent monolayer are known to adopt elongated morphologies in which cells are oriented parallel to their neighbors. We collected and analyzed new microscopy movies to show that confluent fibroblasts are motile and that neighboring cells often move in anti-parallel directions in a collective motion phenomenon we refer to as "fluidization" of the cell population. We used machine learning to perform cell tracking for each movie and then leveraged topological data analysis (TDA) to show that time-varying point-clouds generated by the tracks contain significant topological information content that is driven by fluidization, i.e., the anti-parallel movement of individual neighboring cells and neighboring groups of cells over long distances. We then utilized the TDA summaries extracted from each movie to perform Bayesian parameter estimation for the D'Orsgona model, an agent-based model (ABM) known to produce a wide array of different patterns, including patterns that are qualitatively similar to fluidization. Although the D'Orsgona ABM is a phenomenological model that only describes inter-cellular attraction and repulsion, the estimated region of D'Orsogna model parameter space was consistent across all movies, suggesting that a specific level of inter-cellular repulsion force at close range may be a mechanism that helps drive fluidization patterns in confluent mesenchymal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Nguyen
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | | | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John T Nardini
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Ralph C Smith
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kevin B Flores
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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5
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Tan L, Luningham JM, Huh D, Zhou Z, Tanner-Smith EE, Baldwin SA, Mun EY. The selection of statistical models for reporting count outcomes and intervention effects in brief alcohol intervention trials: A review and recommendations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2024; 48:16-28. [PMID: 38054529 PMCID: PMC10841606 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the efficacy and relative effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention (BAI) relies on obtaining a credible intervention effect estimate. Outcomes in BAI trials are often count variables, such as the number of drinks consumed, which may be overdispersed (i.e., greater variability than expected based on a given model) and zero-inflated (i.e., greater probability of zeros than expected based on a given model). Ignoring such distribution characteristics can lead to biased estimates and invalid statistical conclusions. In this critical review, we identified and reviewed 64 articles that reported count outcomes from a systematic review of BAI trials for adolescents and young adults from 2013 to 2018. Given many statistical models to choose from when analyzing count outcomes, we reviewed the models used and reporting practices in the BAI trial literature. A majority (61.3%) of analyses with count outcomes used linear models despite violations of normality assumptions; 75.6% of outcome variables demonstrated clear overdispersion. We provide an overview of available count models (Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated or hurdle, and marginalized zero-inflated Poisson regression) and formulate practical guidelines for reporting outcomes of BAIs. We provide a visual step-by-step decision guide for selecting appropriate statistical models and reporting results for count outcomes. We list accessible resources to help researchers select an appropriate model with which to analyze their data. Recent advances in count distribution-based models hold promise for evaluating count outcomes to gauge the efficacy and effectiveness of BAIs and identify critical covariates in alcohol epidemiologic research. We recommend that researchers report the distributional properties of count outcomes, such as the proportion of zero counts, and select an appropriate statistical analysis for count outcomes using the provided decision tree. By following these recommendations, future research may yield more accurate, transparent, and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- School of Public Health, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Justin M Luningham
- School of Public Health, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - David Huh
- School of Social Work, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- School of Public Health, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Emily E Tanner-Smith
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, The University of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- School of Public Health, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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6
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Clayson PE, Shuford JL, Rast P, Baldwin SA, Weissman DH, Larson MJ. Normal congruency sequence effects in psychopathology: A behavioral and electrophysiological examination using a confound-minimized design. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14426. [PMID: 37668221 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies of adaptive control emphasize the role disruptions in control play in psychopathology. However, many studies used confound-laden designs and examined only one type of psychopathology. Recent studies of event-related potentials (ERPs) suggest that robust congruency sequence effects (CSEs)-a popular index of adaptive control-appear in confound-minimized designs. Thus, the present study sought to determine whether a confound-minimized CSE paradigm could identify adaptive control dysfunction in people with major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We predicted that participants with MDD and GAD would show smaller ERP CSEs and that participants with OCD would show larger ERP CSEs than healthy controls. Data from 44 people with GAD, 51 people with MDD, 31 people with OCD, and 56 healthy comparison participants revealed normal CSEs as indexed by response times (RTs) and ERPs in the psychopathology groups. Moreover, psychiatric symptoms did not moderate these CSEs. Finally, we observed a strong mean-variance relationship in RT CSEs, such that participants with stronger post-recruitment of control in mean RT scores showed the most consistent post-conflict responses (i.e., the least intraindividual variability). These findings suggest that prior findings from confound-laden tasks indicating altered CSEs in psychopathology stem from processes that are unrelated to adaptive control. Future research should employ experimental designs that isolate these processes to advance our understanding of abnormal CSEs in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - John L Shuford
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Philippe Rast
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel H Weissman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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7
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Clayson PE, Mcdonald JB, Park B, Holbrook A, Baldwin SA, Riesel A, Larson MJ. Registered replication report of the construct validity of the error-related negativity (ERN): A multi-site study of task-specific ERN correlations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Psychophysiology 2023:e14496. [PMID: 38155370 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Intact cognitive control is critical for goal-directed behavior and is widely studied using the error-related negativity (ERN). A common assumption in such studies is that ERNs recorded during different experimental paradigms reflect the same construct or functionally equivalent processes and that ERN is functionally distinct from other error-monitoring event-related brain potentials (ERPs; error positivity [Pe]), other neurophysiological indices of cognitive control (N2), and even other theoretically unrelated indices (visual N1). The present registered report represents a replication-plus-extension study of the psychometric validity of cognitive control ERPs and evaluated the convergent and divergent validity of ERN, Pe, N2, and visual N1 recorded during flanker, Stroop, and Go/no-go tasks. Data from 182 participants were collected from two study sites, and ERP psychometric reliability and validity were evaluated. Findings supported replication of convergent and divergent validity of ERN, Pe, and ΔPe (error minus correct)-these ERPs correlated more with themselves across tasks than with other ERPs measured during the same task. Convergent validity of ΔERN across tasks was not replicated, despite high internal consistency. ERN strongly correlated with N2 at levels similar or higher than those in support of convergent validity for other ERPs, and the present study failed to provide evidence of divergent validity for ERN and Pe from N2 or N1. ERN and ΔERN were unrelated to internalizing or externalizing symptoms. Findings underscore the importance of considering the psychometric validity of ERPs, as it provides a foundation for interpreting and comparing ERPs across tasks and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Julia B Mcdonald
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda Holbrook
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Anja Riesel
- Department of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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8
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Huh D, Baldwin SA, Zhou Z, Park J, Mun EY. Which is Better for Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Zero-Inflated Count Outcomes, One-Step or Two-Step Analysis? A Simulation Study. Multivariate Behav Res 2023; 58:1090-1105. [PMID: 36952487 PMCID: PMC10517064 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2023.2173135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analysis using individual participant data (IPD) is an important methodology in intervention research because it (a) increases accuracy and precision of estimates, (b) allows researchers to investigate mediators and moderators of treatment effects, and (c) makes use of extant data. IPD meta-analysis can be conducted either via a one-step approach that uses data from all studies simultaneously, or a two-step approach, which aggregates data for each study and then combines them in a traditional meta-analysis model. Unfortunately, there are no evidence-based guidelines for how best to approach IPD meta-analysis for count outcomes with many zeroes, such as alcohol use. We used simulation to compare the performance of four hurdle models (3 one-step and 1 two-step models) for zero-inflated count IPD, under realistic data conditions. Overall, all models yielded adequate coverage and bias for the treatment effect in the count portion of the model, across all data conditions. However, in the zero portion, the treatment effect was underestimated in most models and data conditions, especially when there were fewer studies. The performance of both one- and two-step approaches depended on the formulation of the treatment effects, suggesting a need to carefully consider model assumptions and specifications when using IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huh
- University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Joonsuk Park
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Baldwin SA, Haugh JM. Semi-autonomous wound invasion via matrix-deposited, haptotactic cues. J Theor Biol 2023; 568:111506. [PMID: 37094713 PMCID: PMC10393182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Proper wound healing relies on invasion of fibroblasts via directed migration. While the related experimental and mathematical modeling literature has mainly focused on cell migration directed by soluble cues (chemotaxis), there is ample evidence that fibroblast migration is also directed by insoluble, matrix-bound cues (haptotaxis). Furthermore, numerous studies indicate that fibronectin (FN), a haptotactic ligand for fibroblasts, is present and dynamic in the provisional matrix throughout the proliferative phase of wound healing. In the present work, we show the plausibility of a hypothesis that fibroblasts themselves form and maintain haptotactic gradients in a semi-autonomous fashion. As a precursor to this, we examine the positive control scenario where FN is pre-deposited in the wound matrix, and fibroblasts maintain haptotaxis by removing FN at an appropriate rate. After developing conceptual and quantitative understanding of this scenario, we consider two cases in which fibroblasts activate the latent form of a matrix-loaded cytokine, TGFβ, which upregulates the fibroblasts' own secretion of FN. In the first of these, the latent cytokine is pre-patterned and released by the fibroblasts. In the second, fibroblasts in the wound produce the latent TGFβ, with the presence of the wound providing the only instruction. In all cases, wound invasion is more effective than a negative control model with haptotaxis disabled; however, there is a trade-off between the degree of fibroblast autonomy and the rate of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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10
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Talbert LD, Kaelberer Z, Gleave E, Driggs A, Driggs AS, Steffen PR, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. A systematic review of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback treatment following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj 2023; 37:635-642. [PMID: 37138494 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2208880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autonomic nervous system dysregulation is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a cost-effective measure of autonomic nervous system functioning, with studies suggesting decreased HRV following moderate-to-severe TBI. HRV biofeedback treatment may improve post-TBI autonomic nervous system functioning and post-injury emotional and cognitive functioning. We provide a systematic evidence-based review of the state of the literature and effectiveness of HRV biofeedback following TBI. METHOD We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Two coders coded each article and provided quality ratings. Seven papers met inclusion criteria. All studies included a measure of emotional functioning and 5 studies (63%) included neuropsychological outcomes. RESULTS Participants completed 11 sessions of HRV biofeedback on average (range = 1 to 40). HRV biofeedback was associated with improved HRV following TBI. There was a positive relationship between increased HRV and TBI recovery following biofeedback, including improvements in cognitive and emotional functioning, and physical symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and sleep problems. CONCLUSION The literature on HRV biofeedback for TBI is promising, but in its infancy; effectiveness is unclear due to poor-to-fair study quality, and potential publication bias (all studies reported positive results).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Talbert
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Zoey Kaelberer
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Emma Gleave
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Annie Driggs
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Ammon S Driggs
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick R Steffen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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11
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Shono Y, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Neighbors C, Lindgren KP. Disentangling the within- and between-person aspects of implicit alcohol associations on hazardous drinking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:116-126. [PMID: 35201828 PMCID: PMC10314812 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Indirect measures have been used to assess the strength of automatically activated, alcohol-related associations and their relation to hazardous drinking. However, little is known about the longitudinal contributions of between-person and within-person components of implicit alcohol associations (IAAs) to college students' hazardous drinking over time. This study examined how within- and between-person variability in three measures of IAA (drinking identity, alcohol approach, and alcohol excite) are related to hazardous drinking while controlling for their explicit, self-report counterparts. First- and second-year U.S. college students (N = 506; 57% female) completed web-based assessments once every 3 months up to eight assessments, which included IAA measures (Implicit Association Tests), explicit counterparts of the IAAs, and self-reported hazardous drinking (alcohol consumption, problems, and risk of alcohol use disorder). Bayesian generalized multilevel models were used to examine between- and within-person associations among IAA, their explicit counterparts, and hazardous drinking. Results showed that between persons, mean levels of all three IAAs were positively associated with hazardous drinking over time. Once their explicit, self-report counterparts were included, however, only drinking identity IAA remained significant. Within persons, increases in drinking identity IAA were associated with increases in subsequent hazardous drinking risk, even after controlling for its explicit counterpart. These results suggest the importance of disentangling and simultaneously investigating between- and within-person processes in IAAs. Although the between-person component of IAAs may play a larger role in the prediction of hazardous drinking, examining the within-person component of IAA, at least for drinking identity, also appears to be important. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shono
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Box354944, Seattle, 98195, United States
| | - Scott A. Baldwin
- Brigham Young University, Department of Psychology, 285 TLRB, Provo, UT 84660, United States
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Box354944, Seattle, 98195, United States
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 3695 Cullen Boulevard Room 126 Houston, TX 77204-5022
| | - Kristen P. Lindgren
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Suite 300, Box354944, Seattle, 98195, United States
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Ramirez JJ, Teachman BA, Kross E, Wiers RW, Neighbors C. Maturing Out: Between- and Within-Persons Changes in Social-Network Drinking, Drinking Identity, and Hazardous Drinking Following College Graduation. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:23-39. [PMID: 36865994 PMCID: PMC9976704 DOI: 10.1177/21677026221082957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many college students reduce hazardous drinking (HD) following graduation without treatment. Identifying cognitive mechanisms facilitating this "natural" reduction in HD during this transition is crucial. We evaluated drinking identity as a potential mechanism and tested whether within-person changes in one's social network's drinking were linked to within-person changes in drinking identity and subsequent within-person changes in HD. A sample of 422 undergraduates reporting HD was followed from six months before until two years after graduation. Their drinking, drinking identity, and social networks were assessed online. Within-person changes in drinking identity did not mediate the relationship between within-person changes in social network drinking and personal HD, though significant positive between-person associations among all constructs were found. Instead, there was some evidence that within-person changes in drinking identity followed changes in HD, suggesting that drinking identity may function as a marker versus mechanism of "natural" HD reduction during transition out of college.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan,Management & Organizations Area, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology & Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam
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Goldberg SB, Baldwin SA, Riordan KM, Torous J, Dahl CJ, Davidson RJ, Hirshberg MJ. Alliance With an Unguided Smartphone App: Validation of the Digital Working Alliance Inventory. Assessment 2022; 29:1331-1345. [PMID: 34000843 PMCID: PMC8599525 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211015310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The working alliance may be relevant in unguided smartphone-based interventions, but no validated measure exists. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the six-item Digital Working Alliance Inventory (DWAI) using a cross-sectional survey of meditation app users (n = 290) and the intervention arm of a randomized trial testing a smartphone-based meditation app (n = 314). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a single-factor solution which was replicated using longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis. The DWAI showed adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity was supported by a lack of association with social desirability, psychological distress, and preference for a waitlist condition. Convergent validity was supported by positive associations with perceived app effectiveness and preference for an app condition. Supporting predictive validity, DWAI scores positively predicted self-reported and objective app utilization. When assessed at Weeks 3 or 4 of the intervention, but not earlier, DWAI scores predicted pre-post reductions in psychological distress.
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14
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Huh D, Li X, Zhou Z, Walters ST, Baldwin SA, Tan Z, Larimer ME, Mun EY. A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Meta-analytic Mediation Analysis Using Individual Participant Data: Testing Protective Behavioral Strategies as a Mediator of Brief Motivational Intervention Effects on Alcohol-Related Problems. Prev Sci 2021; 23:390-402. [PMID: 34767159 PMCID: PMC8975788 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a meta-analytic mediation analysis approach for individual participant data (IPD) from multiple studies. Mediation analysis evaluates whether the effectiveness of an intervention on health outcomes occurs because of change in a key behavior targeted by the intervention. However, individual trials are often statistically underpowered to test mediation hypotheses. Existing approaches for evaluating mediation in the meta-analytic context are limited by their reliance on aggregate data; thus, findings may be confounded with study-level differences unrelated to the pathway of interest. To overcome the limitations of existing meta-analytic mediation approaches, we used a one-stage estimation approach using structural equation modeling (SEM) to combine IPD from multiple studies for mediation analysis. This approach (1) accounts for the clustering of participants within studies, (2) accommodates missing data via multiple imputation, and (3) allows valid inferences about the indirect (i.e., mediated) effects via bootstrapped confidence intervals. We used data (N = 3691 from 10 studies) from Project INTEGRATE (Mun et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 34–48, 2015) to illustrate the SEM approach to meta-analytic mediation analysis by testing whether improvements in the use of protective behavioral strategies mediate the effectiveness of brief motivational interventions for alcohol-related problems among college students. To facilitate the application of the methodology, we provide annotated computer code in R and data for replication. At a substantive level, stand-alone personalized feedback interventions reduced alcohol-related problems via greater use of protective behavioral strategies; however, the net-mediated effect across strategies was small in size, on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huh
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Ave NE, Box 354900, Seattle, WA, 98105-6299, USA.
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Zhengqi Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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15
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Clayson PE, Rocha HA, Baldwin SA, Rast P, Larson MJ. Understanding the Error in Psychopathology: Notable Intraindividual Differences in Neural Variability of Performance Monitoring. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2021; 7:555-565. [PMID: 34740848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal performance monitoring is a possible transdiagnostic marker of psychopathology. Research on neural indices of performance monitoring, including the error-related negativity (ERN), typically examines group and interindividual (between-person) differences in mean/average scores. Intraindividual (within-person) variability in activity captures the capacity to dynamically adjust from moment to moment, and excessive variability appears maladaptive. Intraindividual variability in ERN represents a unique and largely unexamined dimension that might impact functioning. We tested whether psychopathology group differences (major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD]) or corresponding psychiatric symptoms account for intraindividual variability in single-trial ERN scores. METHODS High-density electroencephalogram (Electrical Geodesics, Inc.) was recorded during a semantic flanker task in 51 participants with MDD, 44 participants with GAD, 31 participants with OCD, and 56 psychiatrically-healthy participants. Mean ERN amplitude was scored 0-125ms following participant response across four fronto-central sites. Multilevel location-scale models were used to simultaneously examine interindividual and intraindividual differences in ERN. RESULTS Analyses indicated considerable intraindividual variability in ERN that was common across groups. However, we did not find strong evidence to support relationships between ERN and psychopathology groups or transdiagnostic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to important methodological implications for studies of performance monitoring in healthy and clinical populations-the common assumption of fixed intraindividual variability (i.e., residual variance) may be inappropriate for ERN studies. Implementation of multilevel location-scale models in future research can leverage between-person differences in intraindividual variability in performance monitoring to gain a rich understanding of trial-to-trial performance monitoring dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Harold A Rocha
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Philippe Rast
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Clayson PE, Carbine KA, Baldwin SA, Olsen JA, Larson MJ. Using generalizability theory and the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox for assessing test-retest reliability of ERP scores part 1: Algorithms, framework, and implementation. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:174-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Baldwin SA, Van Bruggen SM, Koelbl JM, Appalabhotla R, Bear JE, Haugh JM. Microfluidic devices fitted with "flowver" paper pumps generate steady, tunable gradients for extended observation of chemotactic cell migration. Biomicrofluidics 2021; 15:044101. [PMID: 34290842 PMCID: PMC8282348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics approaches have gained popularity in the field of directed cell migration, enabling control of the extracellular environment and integration with live-cell microscopy; however, technical hurdles remain. Among the challenges are the stability and predictability of the environment, which are especially critical for the observation of fibroblasts and other slow-moving cells. Such experiments require several hours and are typically plagued by the introduction of bubbles and other disturbances that naturally arise in standard microfluidics protocols. Here, we report on the development of a passive pumping strategy, driven by the high capillary pressure and evaporative capacity of paper, and its application to study fibroblast chemotaxis. The paper pumps-flowvers (flow + clover)-are inexpensive, compact, and scalable, and they allow nearly bubble-free operation, with a predictable volumetric flow rate on the order of μl/min, for several hours. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we combined the flowver pumping strategy with a Y-junction microfluidic device to generate a chemoattractant gradient landscape that is both stable (6+ h) and predictable (by finite-element modeling calculations). Integrated with fluorescence microscopy, we were able to recapitulate previous, live-cell imaging studies of fibroblast chemotaxis to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), with an order-of-magnitude gain in throughput. The increased throughput of single-cell analysis allowed us to more precisely define PDGF gradient conditions conducive for chemotaxis; we were also able to interpret how the orientation of signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway affects the cells' sensing of and response to conducive gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shawn M. Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Joseph M. Koelbl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ravikanth Appalabhotla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jason M. Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Hertel AW, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Lindgren KP. Identification with drinking predicts increases in drinking behaviors (but not vice versa). Addict Behav 2021; 116:106796. [PMID: 33453585 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional research has demonstrated that endorsing, or acknowledging, and frequently thinking about having a drinking identity are uniquely and positively associated with alcohol consumption and risk for hazardous drinking. In the current investigation, we evaluated whether these facets of drinking identity indicated a latent drinking identity variable. We also investigated whether greater identification with drinking predicted subsequent increases in alcohol consumption and risk for hazardous drinking, and whether higher levels of these drinking behavior variables predicted subsequent increases in identification with drinking. Data were collected from participants (N = 422) near their graduation from college and then again eight months later. Drinking identity endorsement and drinking identity thought frequency were positive indicators of a latent drinking identity variable. Identification with drinking was concurrently, positively associated with both alcohol consumption and risk for hazardous drinking at both time points. Greater identification with drinking at the first assessment predicted subsequent increases in alcohol consumption and risk for hazardous drinking. Surprisingly, the drinking behavior variables did not prospectively predict changes in identification with drinking. These findings support an expanded conceptualization of drinking identity, provide further evidence that greater identification with drinking prospectively predicts more drinking behaviors, and suggest that drinking identity should be considered in interventions to reduce hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hertel
- Department of Psychology, Knox College, 2 East South Street, Galesburg, IL 61401, United States.
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 285 TLRB, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Kirsten P Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45(th) Street, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Kristen P Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45(th) Street, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
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19
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Clayson PE, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. The open access advantage for studies of human electrophysiology: Impact on citations and Altmetrics. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:103-111. [PMID: 33774077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to accessing scientific findings contribute to knowledge inequalities based on financial resources and decrease the transparency and rigor of scientific research. Recent initiatives aim to improve access to research as well as methodological rigor via transparency and openness. We sought to determine the impact of such initiatives on open access publishing in the sub-area of human electrophysiology and the impact of open access on the attention articles received in the scholarly literature and other outlets. Data for 35,144 articles across 967 journals from the last 20 years were examined. Approximately 35% of articles were open access, and the rate of publication of open-access articles increased over time. Open access articles showed 9 to 21% more PubMed and CrossRef citations and 39% more Altmetric mentions than closed access articles. Green open access articles (i.e., author archived) did not differ from non-green open access articles (i.e., publisher archived) with respect to citations and were related to higher Altmetric mentions. These findings demonstrate that open-access publishing is increasing in popularity in the sub-area of human electrophysiology and that open-access articles enjoy the "open access advantage" in citations similar to the larger scientific literature. The benefit of the open access advantage may motivate researchers to make their publications open access and pursue publication outlets that support it. In consideration of the direct connection between citations and journal impact factor, journal editors may improve the accessibility and impact of published articles by encouraging authors to self-archive manuscripts on preprint servers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America.
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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20
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Clayson PE, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. Evaluating the internal consistency of subtraction‐based and residualized difference scores: Considerations for psychometric reliability analyses of event‐related potentials. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13762. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Clayson
- Department of Psychology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | | | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
- Neuroscience Center Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
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21
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Carbine KA, Muir AM, Allen WD, LeCheminant JD, Baldwin SA, Jensen CD, Kirwan CB, Larson MJ. Does inhibitory control training reduce weight and caloric intake in adults with overweight and obesity? A pre-registered, randomized controlled event-related potential (ERP) study. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pescatello MS, Pedersen TR, Baldwin SA. Treatment engagement and effectiveness of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy program at a university counseling center. Psychother Res 2020; 31:656-667. [PMID: 33021462 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1822559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Technology can provide affordable, accessible mental health care and some research suggests internet-delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy (iCBT) can be an effective treatment for various problems and can be an affordable, accessible alternative to traditional treatments. Advantages of iCBT over face-to-face therapy include lower cost, no travel time, easy access, no waitlists, and trackable progress. To our knowledge there have been no studies of iCBT programs used during the course of routine care. This study evaluated the usage and effectiveness of one iCBT program, SilverCloud (SC), in a university counseling center. Methods: Participants (N = 5568) were students at a large, private western university. Participants were either self-referred to the program, chose to enroll at intake as a standalone intervention, or were referred by their treating clinician as an adjunct to regular treatment. Data was analyzed using regression models with robust standard errors that allowed us to take into account the fact that there may be an effect of participants seeing the same therapist. Results: Results indicated that all three groups had comparable outcomes. However, usage was generally low (less than 10% of the program) and SC usage accounted for less than 1% of the variance in outcome. Conclusions: These results suggest that internet-delivered therapy may be a viable alternative to in-person therapy.
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Johnson LN, Baldwin SA. An Introduction and Illustration of Bayesian Modeling in Couple and Family Therapy Research. J Marital Fam Ther 2020; 46:620-637. [PMID: 33141962 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian modeling is becoming increasing popular as a method for data analyses in the social sciences and can move couple, marriage, and family therapy (C/MFT) research forward. Bayesian modeling helps researchers better understand the uncertainty of findings and incorporate previous research into analyses. Other benefits of Bayesian modeling are the straightforward interpretation of findings, high-quality inferences even with small samples (in combination with an informative prior), and the ability to work with complex data structures (observations nested in relationships and time points) which are common in C/MFT research. This article introduces the benefits of Bayesian modeling and provides an example of an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model using R. Information on how to conduct the same analyses using Stata and MPlus is provided in the Supplemental Information.
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Wiers RW, Teachman BA. Change in implicit alcohol associations over time: Moderation by drinking history and gender. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106413. [PMID: 32283446 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Implicit measures of alcohol-related associations or implicit alcohol associations are associated with drinking outcomes over time and can be understood as vulnerability markers for problem drinking. Longitudinal research remains rare, leaving open questions about how implicit alcohol associations themselves change over time and what factors moderate that change. We examined these questions with data from a larger study of first and second year U.S. college students. We investigated how these implicit alcohol associations change over time and potential moderators of those changes (gender, lifetime drinking history, family history of problem drinking, and class standing). A sample of 506 students (57% women) completed baseline demographic measures and implicit measures (variants of the Implicit Association Test [IAT]) assessing associations with drinking and the self [drinking identity], alcohol and excite [alcohol-excite], and alcohol and approach [alcohol-approach]). IATs were completed at 3-month intervals for a total of 8 assessments. Results indicated small, but significant, change in alcohol-excite and alcohol-approach IAT scores over time, and mixed findings for hypothesized moderators. Drinking history moderated change in drinking identity IAT scores, with increases over time among individuals with no history of drinking or no history of intoxication and decreases among individuals with a history of intoxication. Gender moderated change in alcohol-excite IAT scores with greater change among women (vs. men). No significant moderators of change in alcohol approach IAT scores were found. Results point to the importance of evaluating implicit associations' trajectories and identifying additional factors that predict those trajectories and concomitant vulnerability to problem drinking.
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25
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Merced K, Imel ZE, Baldwin SA, Fischer H, Yoon T, Stewart C, Simon G, Ahmedani B, Beck A, Daida Y, Hubley S, Rossom R, Waitzfelder B, Zeber JE, Coleman KJ. Provider Contributions to Disparities in Mental Health Care. Psychiatr Serv 2020; 71:765-771. [PMID: 32340593 PMCID: PMC7590958 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disparities in diagnosis of mental health problems and in access to treatment among racial-ethnic groups are apparent across different behavioral conditions, particularly in the quality of treatment for depression. This study aimed to determine how much disparities differ across providers. METHODS Bayesian mixed-effects models were used to estimate whether disparities in patient adherence to antidepressant medication (N=331,776) or psychotherapy (N=275,095) were associated with specific providers. Models also tested whether providers who achieved greater adherence to treatment, on average, among non-Hispanic white patients than among patients from racial-ethnic minority groups attained lower disparities and whether the percentage of patients from racial-ethnic minority groups in a provider caseload was associated with disparities. RESULTS Disparities in adherence to both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy were associated with the provider. Provider performance with non-Hispanic white patients was negatively correlated with provider-specific disparities in adherence to psychotherapy but not to antidepressants. A higher proportion of patients from racial-ethnic minority groups in a provider's caseload was associated with lower adherence among non-Hispanic white patients, lower disparities in adherence to psychotherapy, and greater disparities in adherence to antidepressant medication. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to depression treatment among a provider's patients from racial-ethnic minority groups was related to adherence among that provider's non-Hispanic white patients, but evidence also suggested provider-specific disparities. Efforts among providers to decrease disparities might focus on improving the general skill of providers who treat more patients from racial-ethnic minority groups as well as offering culturally based training to providers with notable disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Fischer
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Tae Yoon
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | | | - Greg Simon
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Brian Ahmedani
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Arne Beck
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Yihe Daida
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Sam Hubley
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | - Rebecca Rossom
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
| | | | - John E. Zeber
- Southern California and Washington Regions of Kaiser Permanente
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Goldberg SB, Hanley AW, Baldwin SA, Bernstein A, Garland EL. Does mindfulness practice promote psychological functioning or is it the other way around? A daily diary study. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2020; 57:310-322. [PMID: 32352811 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based interventions are commonly used to reduce psychological symptoms and enhance positive qualities of human functioning. However, the influence of mindfulness practice dosage remains poorly understood, limiting dissemination and implementation efforts. The current study examined the association between practice dosage and several constructs related to psychological functioning (positive and negative affect, state mindfulness) over the course of a standardized mindfulness-based intervention (Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement). Twenty-five participants completed daily diary assessments for 12 weeks. Two-part gamma regression models examined the dichotomous (did practice occur?) and continuous (how much practice?) components of practice minutes. Practice time and outcomes showed same-day relationships in the expected directions. Lagged models, however, showed no evidence that current day practice time predicts subsequent day outcomes. In contrast, higher current day negative affect predicted less subsequent day practice time, and higher current day mindfulness predicted more subsequent day practice time. In a post hoc analysis, practice time moderated the link between day-to-day affect, strengthening the link for positive affect and weakening the link for negative affect. Collectively, these findings suggest that the causal direction linking practice time and outcome may flow from outcome to practice time, rather than the reverse-with potential recursive relationships between these factors. Further examination of lagged relationships between practice time and outcome as well as random assignment of participants to varying practice dosages (e.g., in within-person microrandomized trials) may help clarify the influence of this central treatment ingredient within mindfulness-based interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Adam W Hanley
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah
| | | | | | - Eric L Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Zac E Imel
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Clayson PE, Carbine KA, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. Methodological reporting behavior, sample sizes, and statistical power in studies of event‐related potentials: Barriers to reproducibility and replicability. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13437. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Clayson
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles California
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | | | | | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo Utah
- Neuroscience Center Brigham Young University Provo Utah
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Hatam I, Petticrew EL, French TD, Owens PN, Laval B, Baldwin SA. The bacterial community of Quesnel Lake sediments impacted by a catastrophic mine tailings spill differ in composition from those at undisturbed locations - two years post-spill. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2705. [PMID: 30804448 PMCID: PMC6389986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The West Basin of Quesnel Lake (British Columbia, Canada) suffered a catastrophic disturbance event in August 2014 when mine tailings and scoured natural material were deposited into the lake’s West Basin due to an impoundment failure at the adjacent Mount Polley copper-gold mine. The deposit covered a significant portion of the West Basin floor with a thick layer of material. Since lake sediments host bacterial communities that play key roles in the geochemical cycling in lacustrine environments, it is important to understand which groups inhabit the newly deposited material and what this implies for the ecological function of the West Basin. Here we report a study conducted two years post-spill, comparing the bacterial communities from sediments of both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Our results show that sediments from disturbed sites differed in physical and chemical properties than those in undisturbed sites (e.g. higher pH, particle size and Cu concentration). Furthermore, bacterial communities from the disturbed sites appeared to be legacy communities from the tailings impoundment, with metabolic potential revolving mainly around the cycling of S and metals, whereas the ones from the undisturbed sites were associated with the cycling of N.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hatam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - E L Petticrew
- Geography Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N4Z9, Canada
| | - T D French
- Geography Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N4Z9, Canada.,Environmental Science Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N4Z9, Canada
| | - P N Owens
- Environmental Science Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N4Z9, Canada
| | - B Laval
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - S A Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Ramirez JJ, Olin CC, Peterson KP, Wiers RW, Teachman BA, Norris J, Kaysen D, Neighbors C. Self-control, implicit alcohol associations, and the (lack of) prediction of consumption in an alcohol taste test with college student heavy episodic drinkers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209940. [PMID: 30625204 PMCID: PMC6326486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high levels of problematic drinking in college students make clear the need for improvement in the prediction of problematic drinking. We conducted a laboratory-based experiment that investigated whether implicit measures of alcohol-related associations, self-control, and their interaction predicted drinking. Although a few studies have evaluated self-control as a moderator of the relationship between implicit measures of alcohol-related associations and drinking, this study extended that work by using a previously-validated manipulation that included a more (vs. less) cognitively demanding task and incentive to restrain drinking and by evaluating multiple validated measures of alcohol-related associations. Experimental condition was expected to moderate the relationship between implicit measures of alcohol-related associations and drinking, with a more positive relationship between alcohol-related associations and drinking among participants who completed the more (vs. less) cognitive demanding task. Secondary aims were to evaluate how individual differences in control factors (implicit theories about willpower and working memory capacity) might further moderate those relationships. One hundred and five U.S. undergraduate heavy episodic drinkers completed baseline measures of: drinking patterns, three Implicit Association Tests (evaluating drinking identity, alcohol excite, alcohol approach associations) and their explicit measure counterparts, implicit theories about willpower, and working memory capacity. Participants were randomized to complete a task that was more (vs. less) cognitively demanding and were given an incentive to restrain their drinking. They then completed an alcohol taste test. Results were not consistent with expectations. Despite using a previously validated manipulation, there was no evidence that one condition was more demanding than the other, and none of the predicted interactions reached statistical significance. The findings raise questions about the relation between self-control, implicit measures of alcohol-related associations, and drinking, as well as the conditions under which implicit measures of alcohol-related associations predict alcohol consumption in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cecilia C. Olin
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Norris
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Olin CC, Wiers RW, Teachman BA, Norris J, Kaysen D, Neighbors C. Evaluating Within-Person Change in Implicit Measures of Alcohol Associations: Increases in Alcohol Associations Predict Increases in Drinking Risk and Vice Versa. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:386-393. [PMID: 29506082 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Implicit measures of alcohol associations (i.e. measures designed to assess associations that are fast/reflexive/impulsive) have received substantial research attention. Alcohol associations related to the self (drinking identity), the effects of alcohol (alcohol excite) and appetitive inclinations (alcohol approach) have been found to predict drinking cross-sectionally and over time. A critical next step in this line of research and the goal of this study is to evaluate whether increases in the strength of these associations predict increases in drinking and vice versa. These hypotheses were tested in a sample of first- and second-year US university students: a sample selected because this time period is associated with initiation and escalation of drinking, peak levels of alcohol consumption and severe alcohol-related negative consequences. Short summary This study's purpose was to evaluate whether increases in the strength of alcohol associations with the self (drinking identity), excitement (alcohol excite) and approach (alcohol approach) as assessed by implicit measures predicted subsequent increases in drinking risk and vice versa using a longitudinal, university student sample. Results were consistent with hypotheses. Methods A sample of 506 students' (57% women) alcohol associations and alcohol consumption were assessed every 3 months over a 2-year period. Participants' consumption was converted to risk categories based on NIAAA's criteria: non-drinkers, low-risk drinkers and high-risk drinkers. A series of cross-lagged panel models tested whether changes in alcohol associations predicted subsequent change in drinking risk (and vice versa). Results Across all three measures of alcohol associations, increases in the strength of alcohol associations were associated with subsequent increases in drinking risk and vice versa. Conclusion Results from this study indicate bi-directional relationships between increases in alcohol associations (drinking identity, alcohol excite and alcohol approach) and subsequent increases in drinking risk. Intervention and prevention efforts may benefit from targeting these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 285 TLRB, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Cecilia C Olin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15916, NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bethany A Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeanette Norris
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, 1107 NE 45th St, Ste 120, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, USA
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Bauer AM, Baldwin SA, Anguera JA, Areán PA, Atkins DC. Comparing Approaches to Mobile Depression Assessment for Measurement-Based Care: Prospective Study. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e10001. [PMID: 29921564 PMCID: PMC6030575 DOI: 10.2196/10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform measurement-based care, practice guidelines suggest routine symptom monitoring, often on a weekly or monthly basis. Increasingly, patient-provider contacts occur remotely (eg, by telephone and Web-based portals), and mobile health tools can now monitor depressed mood daily or more frequently. However, the reliability and utility of daily ratings are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between a daily depressive symptom measure and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the most widely adopted depression self-report measure, and compare how well these 2 assessment methods predict patient outcomes. METHODS A total of 547 individuals completed smartphone-based measures, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) modified for daily administration, the PHQ-9, and the Sheehan Disability Scale. Multilevel factor analyses evaluated the reliability of latent depression based on the PHQ-2 (for repeated measures) between weeks 2 and 4 and its correlation with the PHQ-9 at week 4. Regression models predicted week 8 depressive symptoms and disability ratings with daily PHQ-2 and PHQ-9. RESULTS The daily PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 are highly reliable (range: 0.80-0.88) and highly correlated (r=.80). Findings were robust across demographic groups (age, gender, and ethnic minority status). Daily PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 were comparable in predicting week 8 disability and were independent predictors of week 8 depressive symptoms and disability, though the unique contribution of the PHQ-2 was small in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Daily completion of the PHQ-2 is a reasonable proxy for the PHQ-9 and is comparable to the PHQ-9 in predicting future outcomes. Mobile assessment methods offer researchers and clinicians reliable and valid new methods for depression assessment that may be leveraged for measurement-based depression care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Joaquin A Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A Areán
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David C Atkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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O'Donnell M, Nelson LD, Ackermann E, Aczel B, Akhtar A, Aldrovandi S, Alshaif N, Andringa R, Aveyard M, Babincak P, Balatekin N, Baldwin SA, Banik G, Baskin E, Bell R, Białobrzeska O, Birt AR, Boot WR, Braithwaite SR, Briggs JC, Buchner A, Budd D, Budzik K, Bullens L, Bulley RL, Cannon PR, Cantarero K, Cesario J, Chambers S, Chartier CR, Chekroun P, Chong C, Cleeremans A, Coary SP, Coulthard J, Cramwinckel FM, Denson TF, Díaz-Lago M, DiDonato TE, Drummond A, Eberlen J, Ebersbach T, Edlund JE, Finnigan KM, Fisher J, Frankowska N, García-Sánchez E, Golom FD, Graves AJ, Greenberg K, Hanioti M, Hansen HA, Harder JA, Harrell ER, Hartanto A, Inzlicht M, Johnson DJ, Karpinski A, Keller VN, Klein O, Koppel L, Krahmer E, Lantian A, Larson MJ, Légal JB, Lucas RE, Lynott D, Magaldino CM, Massar K, McBee MT, McLatchie N, Melia N, Mensink MC, Mieth L, Moore-Berg S, Neeser G, Newell BR, Noordewier MK, Ali Özdoğru A, Pantazi M, Parzuchowski M, Peters K, Philipp MC, Pollmann MMH, Rentzelas P, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Philipp Röer J, Ropovik I, Roque NA, Rueda C, Rutjens BT, Sackett K, Salamon J, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Saunders B, Schaafsma J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Shanks DR, Sherman MF, Steele KM, Steffens NK, Sun J, Susa KJ, Szaszi B, Szollosi A, Tamayo RM, Tinghög G, Tong YY, Tweten C, Vadillo MA, Valcarcel D, Van der Linden N, van Elk M, van Harreveld F, Västfjäll D, Vazire S, Verduyn P, Williams MN, Willis GB, Wood SE, Yang C, Zerhouni O, Zheng R, Zrubka M. Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998). Perspect Psychol Sci 2018; 13:268-294. [PMID: 29463182 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618755704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence ("professor") subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence ("soccer hooligans"). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%-3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the "professor" category and those primed with the "hooligan" category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.
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Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. An introduction to using Bayesian linear regression with clinical data. Behav Res Ther 2017; 98:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Motivational interviewing (MI) theory proposes a process whereby a set of therapist behaviors has direct effects on client outcomes and indirect effects through in-session processes (e.g., client change talk). Despite clear empirical support for the efficacy of MI across settings, the results of studies evaluating proposed links between MI process and outcome have been less clear. In the present study, we used a series of multivariate meta-analyses to test whether there are differential relationships between specific MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent therapist behaviors, MI therapist global ratings, client change language, and clinical outcomes. Based on 19 primary studies (N = 2,614), we found a significant relationship between MI-consistent therapist behaviors and greater client change talk, as well as greater client sustain talk. Higher therapist global ratings (empathy and MI spirit) were significantly related to increased MI-consistent behaviors, decreased MI-inconsistent behaviors, increased client change talk, yet also increased client sustain talk. Therapist global ratings were not significantly related to clinical outcomes. Client sustain talk was a significant predictor of worse clinical outcomes, while client change talk was unrelated to outcome. Variability within the correlations indicated that MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent therapist behaviors were differentially related to therapist global ratings of empathy and MI spirit. Similar to past research, present findings provide equivocal support for hypothesized MI process outcome relationships. Clinical implications and future areas of MI mechanism research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Pace
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Brian T. Pace, University of Utah, Department of Educational Psychology, 1721 Campus Center Dr., SAEC 3220, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-9255,
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Lindgren KP, Neighbors C, Teachman BA, Baldwin SA, Norris J, Kaysen D, Gasser ML, Wiers RW. Implicit alcohol associations, especially drinking identity, predict drinking over time. Health Psychol 2017; 35:908-918. [PMID: 27505215 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is considerable excitement about implicit alcohol associations (IAAs) as predictors of college-student hazardous drinking; however, few studies have investigated IAAs prospectively, included multiple assessments, or controlled for previous drinking. Doing so is essential for showing the utility of these associations as predictors, and ultimately, targets for screening or intervention. Therefore, 3 IAAs (i.e., drinking identity, alcohol approach, and alcohol excitement) were evaluated as prospective predictors of drinking in 1st- and 2nd-year undergraduates in the United States. METHOD A sample of 506 undergraduates completed 8 online assessments of IAAs, explicit measures of the IAA constructs, and hazardous drinking (i.e., consumption, problems, and risk of alcohol-use disorders) every 3 months over a 21-month period. Retention rates, ordered by follow-up time points, were 90%, 76%, 76%, 77%, 72%, 67%, and 66%, respectively. Half of the participants were nondrinkers at baseline; 21% were above clinical cutoffs for hazardous drinking. RESULTS Drinking-identity and alcohol-excitement associations predicted future alcohol consumption and problems after controlling for previous drinking and explicit measures; drinking identity also predicted future risk of alcohol-use disorder. Relative to the other IAAs, drinking identity predicted alcohol consumption for the longest duration (i.e., 21 months). Alcohol-approach associations rarely predicted variance in drinking. CONCLUSION IAAs vary in their utility as prospective predictors of college-student hazardous drinking. Drinking identity and, to a lesser extent, alcohol excitement, emerged as robust prospective predictors of hazardous drinking. Intervention and screening efforts could likely benefit from targeting those associations. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Clawson A, South M, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. Electrophysiological Endophenotypes and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1436-1452. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Baldwin SA. Improving the rigor of psychophysiology research. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 111:5-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ramirez JJ, Dennhardt AA, Baldwin SA, Murphy JG, Lindgren KP. Alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity as predictors of behavioral economic demand for alcohol. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:356-366. [PMID: 27379444 PMCID: PMC5048495 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral economic demand curve indices of alcohol consumption reflect decisions to consume alcohol at varying costs. Although these indices predict alcohol-related problems beyond established predictors, little is known about the determinants of elevated demand. Two cognitive constructs that may underlie alcohol demand are alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity. The aim of this study was to evaluate implicit and explicit measures of these constructs as predictors of alcohol demand curve indices. College student drinkers (N = 223, 59% female) completed implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity and alcohol-approach inclinations at 3 time points separated by 3-month intervals, and completed the Alcohol Purchase Task to assess demand at Time 3. Given no change in our alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity measures over time, random intercept-only models were used to predict 2 demand indices: Amplitude, which represents maximum hypothetical alcohol consumption and expenditures, and Persistence, which represents sensitivity to increasing prices. When modeled separately, implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity and alcohol-approach inclinations positively predicted demand indices. When implicit and explicit measures were included in the same model, both measures of drinking identity predicted Amplitude, but only explicit drinking identity predicted Persistence. In contrast, explicit measures of alcohol-approach inclinations, but not implicit measures, predicted both demand indices. Therefore, there was more support for explicit, versus implicit, measures as unique predictors of alcohol demand. Overall, drinking identity and alcohol-approach inclinations both exhibit positive associations with alcohol demand and represent potentially modifiable cognitive constructs that may underlie elevated demand in college student drinkers. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Lindgren KP, Gasser ML, Werntz A, Namaky N, Baldwin SA, Teachman BA. Moderators of implicit and explicit drinking identity in a large US adult sample. Addict Behav 2016; 60:177-83. [PMID: 27156218 PMCID: PMC4884521 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking identity (viewing oneself as a drinker) is a potential risk factor for problematic drinking in US undergraduate samples. Whether that risk extends to a broader, more general US sample is unknown. Additionally, there are critical, unanswered questions with respect to moderators of the drinking identity-problematic drinking relationship; an important issue for designing prevention efforts. Study aims were to assess the unique associations and interactive effects of implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity on problematic drinking, and to evaluate age and sex as potential moderators of the drinking identity-problematic drinking relationship. A sample of 11,320 adults aged 18-98 completed measures of implicit and explicit drinking identity and problematic drinking (the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; AUDIT). Implicit and explicit drinking identity had positive, significant associations with AUDIT scores, as expected. Moderation analyses indicated small, but significant, interactions. There was an implicit by explicit identity interaction consistent with a synergistic effect: lower implicit and explicit identity was linked to a greater probability of being a non-drinker. Age moderated explicit but not implicit identity: lower drinking identity appeared to be more protective for younger individuals. Sex moderated implicit but not explicit identity: a weaker positive association with implicit identity and AUDIT scores was observed among men, potentially reflecting stigma against women's drinking. Findings suggest that drinking identity's potential as a risk factor for problematic drinking extends to a more general US sample and that both implicit and explicit identity should be targeted in prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Ste 300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Melissa L Gasser
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45th St., Ste 300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Alexandra Werntz
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
| | - Nauder Namaky
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
| | - Scott A Baldwin
- Brigham Young University, Department of Psychology, 268 TLRB, Provo, UT 84660, USA.
| | - Bethany A Teachman
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
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Imel ZE, Sheng E, Baldwin SA, Atkins DC. Removing very low-performing therapists: A simulation of performance-based retention in psychotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 52:329-36. [PMID: 26301424 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Therapists can impact the likelihood a given patient will benefit from psychotherapy. However, therapists are rarely held accountable for their patients' outcomes. As a result, low-performing providers likely continue to practice alongside providers with high response rates. In the current study, we conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to illustrate a thought experiment-what happens to patient outcomes if therapists with the worst outcomes were removed from practice? We drew initial samples of 50 therapists from 3 simulated populations of 1,000 therapists with a mean patient response rate of 50% and different effect sizes for therapist variability in outcomes. We simulated 30 patient outcomes for each therapist, with outcome defined as response to treatment versus no response. We removed therapists with response rates in the bottom 5% and replaced them with a random sample of therapists from the population. Over 10 years, the difference in responses between the lowest and highest performing therapists was substantial (between 697 and 997 additional responses to treatment). After repeatedly removing the lowest performing providers 40 times (simulating a 10-year time span), response rates increased substantially. The cumulative number of patient responses (i.e., summing the total number of responses across 10 years) increased by 4,266, 6,404, and 9,307 when therapists accounted for 5%, 10%, or 20% of the patient outcome variance, respectively. These findings indicate that performance-based retention of therapists could improve the quality of psychotherapy in health systems by improving the average response rate and decreasing the probability that a patient will be treated by a therapist who consistently has poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington
| | | | - David C Atkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Lee CM, Cronce JM, Baldwin SA, Fairlie AM, Atkins DC, Patrick ME, Zimmerman L, Larimer ME, Leigh BC. Psychometric analysis and validity of the daily alcohol-related consequences and evaluations measure for young adults. Psychol Assess 2016; 29:253-263. [PMID: 27196690 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
College students experience a variety of effects resulting from alcohol use and evaluate their experiences on a continuum from negative to positive. Using daily reports collected via cell phone, we examined the psychometric properties of alcohol use consequences and evaluations of those consequences. Participants were 349 undergraduate students (mean age 19.7 [SD = 1.26], 53.4% female). Data were analyzed using a multilevel factor analysis framework, incorporating binary items (consequences) and normally distributed items (evaluations). Our model converged on 2 factors-positive and negative-with similar loadings between- and within-persons. Intraclass correlation coefficients for positive consequences and their evaluations ranged from .30 to .40, whereas values for negative consequences were more variable. Intraclass correlation coefficients for negative evaluations were higher, suggesting evaluations were more trait-like compared to experience of consequences which may be context dependent. Generalizability coefficients on the whole were good to excellent, suggesting highly reliable scales at both person-mean and daily-mean levels. However, likely due to binary scale and infrequency, the generalizability coefficients for negative consequences at the daily level was somewhat low. Convergent validity was demonstrated by (a) positive associations between baseline Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores with latent factors for daily positive and negative consequences, and (b) positive associations between daily drinking and daily consequences and evaluations of consequences. Overall, this measure demonstrated good psychometric properties for use in studies examining daily and lagged relationships between alcohol use and related consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Jessica M Cronce
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - David C Atkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Lindsey Zimmerman
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Baldwin SA, Fellingham GW, Baldwin AS. Statistical models for multilevel skewed physical activity data in health research and behavioral medicine. Health Psychol 2016; 35:552-62. [DOI: 10.1037/hea0000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rosen GM, Baldwin SA, Smith RE. Reassessing the "traditional background hypothesis" for elevated MMPI and MMPI-2 Lie-scale scores. Psychol Assess 2015; 28:1336-1343. [PMID: 26653053 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Lie (L) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is widely regarded as a measure of conscious attempts to deny common human foibles and to present oneself in an unrealistically positive light. At the same time, the current MMPI-2 manual states that "traditional" and religious backgrounds can account for elevated L scale scores as high as 65T-79T, thereby tempering impression management interpretations for faith-based individuals. To assess the validity of the traditional background hypothesis, we reviewed 11 published studies that employed the original MMPI with religious samples and found that only 1 obtained an elevated mean L score. We then conducted a meta-analysis of 12 published MMPI-2 studies in which we compared L scores of religious samples to the test normative group. The meta-analysis revealed large between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 87.1), L scale scores for religious samples that were somewhat higher but did not approach the upper limits specified in the MMPI-2 manual, and an overall moderate effect size (d¯ = 0.54, p < .001; 95% confidence interval [0.37, 0.70]). Our analyses indicated that religious-group membership accounts, on average, for elevations on L of about 5 t-score points. Whether these scores reflect conscious "fake good" impression management or religious-based virtuousness remains unanswered. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Baldwin SA, Larson MJ, Clayson PE. The dependability of electrophysiological measurements of performance monitoring in a clinical sample: A generalizability and decision analysis of the ERN and Pe. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:790-800. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
| | | | - Peter E. Clayson
- Department of Psychology; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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Gottfredson NC, Bauer DJ, Baldwin SA, Okiishi JC. Using a shared parameter mixture model to estimate change during treatment when termination is related to recovery speed. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014; 82:813-27. [PMID: 24274626 PMCID: PMC4032810 DOI: 10.1037/a0034831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study demonstrates how to use a shared parameter mixture model (SPMM) in longitudinal psychotherapy studies to accommodate missingness that is due to a correlation between rate of improvement and termination of therapy. Traditional growth models assume that such a relationship does not exist (i.e., assume that data are missing at random) and produce biased results if this assumption is incorrect. METHOD We used longitudinal data from 4,676 patients enrolled in a naturalistic study of psychotherapy to compare results from a latent growth model and an SPMM. RESULTS In this data set, estimates of the rate of improvement during therapy differed by 6.50%-6.66% across the two models, indicating that participants with steeper trajectories left psychotherapy earliest, thereby potentially biasing inference for the slope in the latent growth model. CONCLUSION We conclude that reported estimates of change during therapy may be underestimated in naturalistic studies of therapy in which participants and their therapists determine the end of treatment. Because non-randomly missing data can also occur in randomized controlled trials or in observational studies of development, the utility of the SPMM extends beyond naturalistic psychotherapy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha C Gottfredson
- Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multilevel models have become a standard data analysis approach in intervention research. Although the vast majority of intervention studies involve multiple outcome measures, few studies use multivariate analysis methods. The authors discuss multivariate extensions to the multilevel model that can be used by psychotherapy researchers. METHOD AND RESULTS Using simulated longitudinal treatment data, the authors show how multivariate models extend common univariate growth models and how the multivariate model can be used to examine multivariate hypotheses involving fixed effects (e.g., does the size of the treatment effect differ across outcomes?) and random effects (e.g., is change in one outcome related to change in the other?). An online supplemental appendix provides annotated computer code and simulated example data for implementing a multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate multilevel models are flexible, powerful models that can enhance clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zac E Imel
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah
| | | | - David C Atkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Imel ZE, Baldwin SA, Baer JS, Hartzler B, Dunn C, Rosengren DB, Atkins DC. Evaluating therapist adherence in motivational interviewing by comparing performance with standardized and real patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014; 82:472-81. [PMID: 24588405 DOI: 10.1037/a0036158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of measuring therapist adherence is to determine whether a therapist can perform a given treatment. Yet, the evaluation of therapist behaviors in most clinical trials is limited. Typically, randomized trials have few therapists and minimize therapist variability through training and supervision. Furthermore, therapist adherence is confounded with uncontrolled differences in patients across therapists. Consequently, the extent to which adherence measures capture differences in actual therapist adherence versus other sources of variance is unclear. METHOD We estimated intra-class correlations (ICCs) for therapist adherence in sessions with real and standardized patients (RPs and SPs), using ratings from a motivational interviewing (MI) dissemination trial (Baer et al., 2009) in which 189 therapists recorded 826 sessions with both patient types. We also examined the correlations of therapist adherence between SP and RP sessions, and the reliability of therapist level adherence scores with generalizability coefficients (GCs). RESULTS ICCs for therapist adherence were generally large (average ICC for SPs = .44; average ICC for RPs = .40), meaning that a given therapist's adherence scores were quite similar across sessions. Both ICCs and GCs were larger for SP sessions compared to RPs on global measures of MI adherence, such as Empathy and MI Spirit. Correlations between therapist adherence with real and standardized patients were moderate to large on 3 of 5 adherence measures. CONCLUSION Differences in therapist-level adherence ratings were substantial, and standardized patients have promise as tools to evaluate therapist behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac E Imel
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah
| | | | - John S Baer
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington
| | | | - Chris Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - David C Atkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Gottfredson NC, Bauer DJ, Baldwin SA. Modeling Change in the Presence of Non-Randomly Missing Data: Evaluating A Shared Parameter Mixture Model. Struct Equ Modeling 2014; 21:196-209. [PMID: 25013354 PMCID: PMC4084916 DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2014.882666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In longitudinal research, interest often centers on individual trajectories of change over time. When there is missing data, a concern is whether data are systematically missing as a function of the individual trajectories. Such a missing data process, termed random coefficient-dependent missingness, is statistically non-ignorable and can bias parameter estimates obtained from conventional growth models that assume missing data are missing at random. This paper describes a shared-parameter mixture model (SPMM) for testing the sensitivity of growth model parameter estimates to a random coefficient-dependent missingness mechanism. Simulations show that the SPMM recovers trajectory estimates as well as or better than a standard growth model across a range of missing data conditions. The paper concludes with practical advice for longitudinal data analysts.
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Baldwin AS, Baldwin SA, Loehr VG, Kangas JL, Frierson GM. Elucidating satisfaction with physical activity: An examination of the day-to-day associations between experiences with physical activity and satisfaction during physical activity initiation. Psychol Health 2013; 28:1424-41. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.822078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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