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Ruhoff VT, Leijnse N, Doostmohammadi A, Bendix PM. Filopodia: integrating cellular functions with theoretical models. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00113-2. [PMID: 38969554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Filopodia, widely distributed on cell surfaces, are distinguished by their dynamic extensions, playing pivotal roles in a myriad of biological processes. Their functions span from mechanosensing and guidance to cell-cell communication during cellular organization in the early embryo. Filopodia have significant roles in pathogenic processes, such as cancer invasion and viral dissemination. Molecular mapping of the filopodome has revealed generic components essential for filopodia functions. In parallel, recent insights into biophysical mechanisms governing filopodia dynamics have provided the foundation for broader investigations of filopodia's biological functions. We highlight recent discoveries of engagement of filopodia in various stages of development and pathogenesis and present an overview of intricate molecular and physical features of these cellular structures across a spectrum of cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natascha Leijnse
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Poul Martin Bendix
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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2
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Yousafzai MS, Amiri S, Sun ZG, Pahlavan AA, Murrell M. Confinement induces internal flows in adherent cell aggregates. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240105. [PMID: 38774959 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
During mesenchymal migration, F-actin protrusion at the leading edge and actomyosin contraction determine the retrograde flow of F-actin within the lamella. The coupling of this flow to integrin-based adhesions determines the force transmitted to the extracellular matrix and the net motion of the cell. In tissues, motion may also arise from convection, driven by gradients in tissue-scale surface tensions and pressures. However, how migration coordinates with convection to determine the net motion of cellular ensembles is unclear. To explore this, we study the spreading of cell aggregates on adhesive micropatterns on compliant substrates. During spreading, a cell monolayer expands from the aggregate towards the adhesive boundary. However, cells are unable to stabilize the protrusion beyond the adhesive boundary, resulting in retraction of the protrusion and detachment of cells from the matrix. Subsequently, the cells move upwards and rearwards, yielding a bulk convective flow towards the centre of the aggregate. The process is cyclic, yielding a steady-state balance between outward (protrusive) migration along the surface, and 'retrograde' (contractile) flows above the surface. Modelling the cell aggregates as confined active droplets, we demonstrate that the interplay between surface tension-driven flows within the aggregate, radially outward monolayer flow and conservation of mass leads to an internal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University , CT 06516, USA
| | - S Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University , CT 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
| | - Z G Sun
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University , CT 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
| | - A A Pahlavan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
| | - M Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University , CT 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University , , CT 06511, USA
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3
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Lim SE, Vicente-Munuera P, Mao Y. Forced back into shape: Mechanics of epithelial wound repair. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 87:102324. [PMID: 38290420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Wound repair, the closing of a hole, is inherently a physical process that requires the change of shape of materials, in this case, cells and tissues. Not only is efficient and accurate wound repair critical for restoring barrier function and reducing infection, but it is also critical for restoring the complex three-dimensional architecture of an organ. This re-sculpting of tissues requires the complex coordination of cell behaviours in multiple dimensions, in space and time, to ensure that the repaired structure can continue functioning optimally. Recent evidence highlights the importance of cell and tissue mechanics in 2D and 3D to achieve such seamless wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu En Lim
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Xie X, Sauer F, Grosser S, Lippoldt J, Warmt E, Das A, Bi D, Fuhs T, Käs JA. Effect of non-linear strain stiffening in eDAH and unjamming. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1996-2007. [PMID: 38323652 PMCID: PMC10900305 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In cell clusters, the prominent factors at play encompass contractility-based enhanced tissue surface tension and cell unjamming transition. The former effect pertains to the boundary effect, while the latter constitutes a bulk effect. Both effects share outcomes of inducing significant elongation in cells. This elongation is so substantial that it surpasses the limits of linear elasticity, thereby giving rise to additional effects. To investigate these effects, we employ atomic force microscopy (AFM) to analyze how the mechanical properties of individual cells change under such considerable elongation. Our selection of cell lines includes MCF-10A, chosen for its pronounced demonstration of the extended differential adhesion hypothesis (eDAH), and MDA-MB-436, selected due to its manifestation of cell unjamming behavior. In the AFM analyses, we observe a common trend in both cases: as elongation increases, both cell lines exhibit strain stiffening. Notably, this effect is more prominent in MCF-10A compared to MDA-MB-436. Subsequently, we employ AFM on a dynamic range of 1-200 Hz to probe the mechanical characteristics of cell spheroids, focusing on both surface and bulk mechanics. Our findings align with the results from single cell investigations. Specifically, MCF-10A cells, characterized by strong contractile tissue tension, exhibit the greatest stiffness on their surface. Conversely, MDA-MB-436 cells, which experience significant elongation, showcase their highest stiffness within the bulk region. Consequently, the concept of single cell strain stiffening emerges as a crucial element in understanding the mechanics of multicellular spheroids (MCSs), even in the case of MDA-MB-436 cells, which are comparatively softer in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xie
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Frank Sauer
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Steffen Grosser
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Lippoldt
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Enrico Warmt
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Josef A Käs
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Arce FT, Younger S, Gaber AA, Mascarenhas JB, Rodriguez M, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Lamellipodia dynamics and microrheology in endothelial cell paracellular gap closure. Biophys J 2023; 122:4730-4747. [PMID: 37978804 PMCID: PMC10754712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semipermeable barrier separating vascular contents from the interstitium, thereby regulating the movement of water and molecular solutes across small intercellular gaps, which are continuously forming and closing. Under inflammatory conditions, however, larger EC gaps form resulting in increased vascular leakiness to circulating fluid, proteins, and cells, which results in organ edema and dysfunction responsible for key pathophysiologic findings in numerous inflammatory disorders. In this study, we extend our earlier work examining the biophysical properties of EC gap formation and now address the role of lamellipodia, thin sheet-like membrane projections from the leading edge, in modulating EC spatial-specific contractile properties and gap closure. Micropillars, fabricated by soft lithography, were utilized to form reproducible paracellular gaps in human lung ECs. Using time-lapse imaging via optical microscopy, rates of EC gap closure and motility were measured with and without EC stimulation with the barrier-enhancing sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Peripheral ruffle formation was ubiquitous during gap closure. Kymographs were generated to quantitatively compare the lamellipodia dynamics of sphingosine-1-phosphate-stimulated and -unstimulated ECs. Utilizing atomic force microscopy, we characterized the viscoelastic behavior of EC lamellipodia. Our results indicate decreased stiffness and increased liquid-like behavior of expanding lamellipodia compared with regions away from the cellular edge (lamella and cell body) during EC gap closure, results in sync with the rapid kinetics of protrusion/retraction motion. We hypothesize this dissipative EC behavior during gap closure is linked to actomyosin cytoskeletal rearrangement and decreased cross-linking during lamellipodia expansion. In summary, these studies of the kinetic and mechanical properties of EC lamellipodia and ruffles at gap boundaries yield insights into the mechanisms of vascular barrier restoration and potentially a model system for examining the druggability of lamellipodial protein targets to enhance vascular barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Teran Arce
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
| | - Scott Younger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amir A Gaber
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Marisela Rodriguez
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
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Comlekoglu T, Dzamba BJ, Pacheco GG, Shook DR, Sego TJ, Glazier JA, Peirce SM, DeSimone DW. Modeling the roles of cohesotaxis, cell-intercalation, and tissue geometry in collective cell migration of Xenopus mesendoderm. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562601. [PMID: 37904937 PMCID: PMC10614848 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Collectively migrating Xenopus mesendoderm cells are arranged into leader and follower rows with distinct adhesive properties and protrusive behaviors. In vivo, leading row mesendoderm cells extend polarized protrusions and migrate along a fibronectin matrix assembled by blastocoel roof cells. Traction stresses generated at the leading row result in the pulling forward of attached follower row cells. Mesendoderm explants removed from embryos provide an experimentally tractable system for characterizing collective cell movements and behaviors, yet the cellular mechanisms responsible for this mode of migration remain elusive. We introduce an agent-based computational model of migrating mesendoderm in the Cellular-Potts computational framework to investigate the relative contributions of multiple parameters specific to the behaviors of leader and follower row cells. Sensitivity analyses identify cohesotaxis, tissue geometry, and cell intercalation as key parameters affecting the migration velocity of collectively migrating cells. The model predicts that cohesotaxis and tissue geometry in combination promote cooperative migration of leader cells resulting in increased migration velocity of the collective. Radial intercalation of cells towards the substrate is an additional mechanism to increase migratory speed of the tissue. Summary Statement We present a novel Cellular-Potts model of collective cell migration to investigate the relative roles of cohesotaxis, tissue geometry, and cell intercalation on migration velocity of Xenopus mesendoderm.
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Germano DPJ, Zanca A, Johnston ST, Flegg JA, Osborne JM. Free and Interfacial Boundaries in Individual-Based Models of Multicellular Biological systems. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:111. [PMID: 37805982 PMCID: PMC10560655 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of cell behaviour is key to a myriad of biological processes including tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and tumour growth. As such, individual-based computational models, which explicitly describe inter-cellular interactions, are commonly used to model collective cell dynamics. However, when using individual-based models, it is unclear how descriptions of cell boundaries affect overall population dynamics. In order to investigate this we define three cell boundary descriptions of varying complexities for each of three widely used off-lattice individual-based models: overlapping spheres, Voronoi tessellation, and vertex models. We apply our models to multiple biological scenarios to investigate how cell boundary description can influence tissue-scale behaviour. We find that the Voronoi tessellation model is most sensitive to changes in the cell boundary description with basic models being inappropriate in many cases. The timescale of tissue evolution when using an overlapping spheres model is coupled to the boundary description. The vertex model is demonstrated to be the most stable to changes in boundary description, though still exhibits timescale sensitivity. When using individual-based computational models one should carefully consider how cell boundaries are defined. To inform future work, we provide an exploration of common individual-based models and cell boundary descriptions in frequently studied biological scenarios and discuss their benefits and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic P. J. Germano
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Adriana Zanca
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stuart T. Johnston
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - James M. Osborne
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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8
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Saha S, Müller D, Clark AG. Mechanosensory feedback loops during chronic inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225677. [PMID: 37492225 PMCID: PMC10365287 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are crucial to maintaining healthy organization and compartmentalization in various organs and act as a first line of defense against infection in barrier organs such as the skin, lungs and intestine. Disruption or injury to these barriers can lead to infiltration of resident or foreign microbes, initiating local inflammation. One often overlooked aspect of this response is local changes in tissue mechanics during inflammation. In this mini-review, we summarize known molecular mechanisms linking disruption of epithelial barrier function to mechanical changes in epithelial tissues. We consider direct mechanisms, such as changes in the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM)-modulating enzymes by immune cells as well as indirect mechanisms including local activation of fibroblasts. We discuss how these mechanical changes can modulate local immune cell activity and inflammation and perturb epithelial homeostasis, further dysregulating epithelial barrier function. We propose that this two-way relationship between loss of barrier function and altered tissue mechanics can lead to a positive feedback loop that further perpetuates inflammation. We discuss this cycle in the context of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver disease and cancer, and we present the modulation of tissue mechanics as a new framework for combating chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbari Saha
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Li R, Moazzeni S, Liu L, Lin H. Micro and Macroscopic Stress-Strain Relations in Disordered Tessellated Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:188201. [PMID: 37204891 PMCID: PMC10586522 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.188201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that for a rigid and incompressible network in mechanical equilibrium, the microscopic stress and strain follows a simple relation, σ=pE, where σ is the deviatoric stress, E is a mean-field strain tensor, and p is the hydrostatic pressure. This relationship arises as the natural consequence of energy minimization or equivalently, mechanical equilibration. The result suggests not only that the microscopic stress and strain are aligned in the principal directions, but also microscopic deformations are predominantly affine. The relationship holds true regardless of the different (foam or tissue) energy model considered, and directly leads to a simple prediction for the shear modulus, μ=⟨p⟩/2, where ⟨p⟩ is the mean pressure of the tessellation, for general randomized lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Seyedsajad Moazzeni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Staddon MF, Murrell MP, Banerjee S. Interplay between substrate rigidity and tissue fluidity regulates cell monolayer spreading. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7877-7886. [PMID: 36205535 PMCID: PMC9700261 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00757f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated and cooperative motion of cells is essential for embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer invasion. A predictive understanding of the emergent mechanical behaviors in collective cell motion is challenging due to the complex interplay between cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix adhesions and active cell behaviors. To overcome this challenge, we develop a predictive cellular vertex model that can delineate the relative roles of substrate rigidity, tissue mechanics and active cell properties on the movement of cell collectives. We apply the model to the specific case of collective motion in cell aggregates as they spread into a two-dimensional cell monolayer adherent to a soft elastic matrix. Consistent with recent experiments, we find that substrate stiffness regulates the driving forces for the spreading of cellular monolayer, which can be pressure-driven or crawling-based depending on substrate rigidity. On soft substrates, cell monolayer spreading is driven by an active pressure due to the influx of cells coming from the aggregate, whereas on stiff substrates, cell spreading is driven primarily by active crawling forces. Our model predicts that cooperation of cell crawling and tissue pressure drives faster spreading, while the spreading rate is sensitive to the mechanical properties of the tissue. We find that solid tissues spread faster on stiff substrates, with spreading rate increasing with tissue tension. By contrast, the spreading of fluid tissues is independent of substrate stiffness and is slower than solid tissues. We compare our theoretical results with experimental results on traction force generation and spreading kinetics of cell monolayers, and provide new predictions on the role of tissue fluidity and substrate rigidity on collective cell motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Valon L, Davidović A, Levillayer F, Villars A, Chouly M, Cerqueira-Campos F, Levayer R. Robustness of epithelial sealing is an emerging property of local ERK feedback driven by cell elimination. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1700-1711.e8. [PMID: 34081909 PMCID: PMC8221813 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
What regulates the spatiotemporal distribution of cell elimination in tissues remains largely unknown. This is particularly relevant for epithelia with high rates of cell elimination where simultaneous death of neighboring cells could impair epithelial sealing. Here, using the Drosophila pupal notum (a single-layer epithelium) and a new optogenetic tool to trigger caspase activation and cell extrusion, we first showed that death of clusters of at least three cells impaired epithelial sealing; yet, such clusters were almost never observed in vivo. Accordingly, statistical analysis and simulations of cell death distribution highlighted a transient and local protective phase occurring near every cell death. This protection is driven by a transient activation of ERK in cells neighboring extruding cells, which inhibits caspase activation and prevents elimination of cells in clusters. This suggests that the robustness of epithelia with high rates of cell elimination is an emerging property of local ERK feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anđela Davidović
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 3756, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Villars
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Chouly
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabiana Cerqueira-Campos
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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12
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Rikard SM, Myers PJ, Almquist J, Gennemark P, Bruce AC, Wågberg M, Fritsche-Danielson R, Hansson KM, Lazzara MJ, Peirce SM. Mathematical Model Predicts that Acceleration of Diabetic Wound Healing is Dependent on Spatial Distribution of VEGF-A mRNA (AZD8601). Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:321-338. [PMID: 34290839 PMCID: PMC8280265 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacologic approaches for promoting angiogenesis have been utilized to accelerate healing of chronic wounds in diabetic patients with varying degrees of success. We hypothesize that the distribution of proangiogenic drugs in the wound area critically impacts the rate of closure of diabetic wounds. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model that predicts how spatial distribution of VEGF-A produced by delivery of a modified mRNA (AZD8601) accelerates diabetic wound healing. Methods We modified a previously published model of cutaneous wound healing based on coupled partial differential equations that describe the density of sprouting capillary tips, chemoattractant concentration, and density of blood vessels in a circular wound. Key model parameters identified by a sensitivity analysis were fit to data obtained from an in vivo wound healing study performed in the dorsum of diabetic mice, and a pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate mRNA and VEGF-A distribution following injections with AZD8601. Due to the limited availability of data regarding the spatial distribution of AZD8601 in the wound bed, we performed simulations with perturbations to the location of injections and diffusion coefficient of mRNA to understand the impact of these spatial parameters on wound healing. Results When simulating injections delivered at the wound border, the model predicted that injections delivered on day 0 were more effective in accelerating wound healing than injections delivered at later time points. When the location of the injection was varied throughout the wound space, the model predicted that healing could be accelerated by delivering injections a distance of 1–2 mm inside the wound bed when compared to injections delivered on the same day at the wound border. Perturbations to the diffusivity of mRNA predicted that restricting diffusion of mRNA delayed wound healing by creating an accumulation of VEGF-A at the wound border. Alternatively, a high mRNA diffusivity had no effect on wound healing compared to a simulation with vehicle injection due to the rapid loss of mRNA at the wound border to surrounding tissue. Conclusions These findings highlight the critical need to consider the location of drug delivery and diffusivity of the drug, parameters not typically explored in pre-clinical experiments, when designing and testing drugs for treating diabetic wounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00678-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michaela Rikard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Paul J Myers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Joachim Almquist
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anthony C Bruce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Maria Wågberg
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Fritsche-Danielson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenny M Hansson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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13
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Maniou E, Staddon MF, Marshall AR, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Banerjee S, Galea GL. Hindbrain neuropore tissue geometry determines asymmetric cell-mediated closure dynamics in mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023163118. [PMID: 33941697 PMCID: PMC8126771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023163118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap closure is a common morphogenetic process. In mammals, failure to close the embryonic hindbrain neuropore (HNP) gap causes fatal anencephaly. We observed that surface ectoderm cells surrounding the mouse HNP assemble high-tension actomyosin purse strings at their leading edge and establish the initial contacts across the embryonic midline. Fibronectin and laminin are present, and tensin 1 accumulates in focal adhesion-like puncta at this leading edge. The HNP gap closes asymmetrically, faster from its rostral than caudal end, while maintaining an elongated aspect ratio. Cell-based physical modeling identifies two closure mechanisms sufficient to account for tissue-level HNP closure dynamics: purse-string contraction and directional cell motion implemented through active crawling. Combining both closure mechanisms hastens gap closure and produces a constant rate of gap shortening. Purse-string contraction reduces, whereas crawling increases gap aspect ratio, and their combination maintains it. Closure rate asymmetry can be explained by asymmetric embryo tissue geometry, namely a narrower rostral gap apex, whereas biomechanical tension inferred from laser ablation is equivalent at the gaps' rostral and caudal closure points. At the cellular level, the physical model predicts rearrangements of cells at the HNP rostral and caudal extremes as the gap shortens. These behaviors are reproducibly live imaged in mouse embryos. Thus, mammalian embryos coordinate cellular- and tissue-level mechanics to achieve this critical gap closure event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Maniou
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail R Marshall
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gabriel L Galea
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Researching and Teaching, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom;
- Department of Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU London, United Kingdom
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14
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Le AP, Rupprecht JF, Mège RM, Toyama Y, Lim CT, Ladoux B. Adhesion-mediated heterogeneous actin organization governs apoptotic cell extrusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:397. [PMID: 33452264 PMCID: PMC7810754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic extrusion is crucial in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. Current literature supports that epithelia respond to extrusion by forming a supracellular actomyosin purse-string in the neighbors. However, whether other actin structures could contribute to extrusion and how forces generated by these structures can be integrated are unknown. Here, we found that during extrusion, a heterogeneous actin network composed of lamellipodia protrusions and discontinuous actomyosin cables, was reorganized in the neighboring cells. The early presence of basal lamellipodia protrusion participated in both basal sealing of the extrusion site and orienting the actomyosin purse-string. The co-existence of these two mechanisms is determined by the interplay between the cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions. A theoretical model integrates these cellular mechanosensitive components to explain why a dual-mode mechanism, which combines lamellipodia protrusion and purse-string contractility, leads to more efficient extrusion than a single-mode mechanism. In this work, we provide mechanistic insight into extrusion, an essential epithelial homeostasis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phuong Le
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France.
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15
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Gómez-Gálvez P, Vicente-Munuera P, Anbari S, Buceta J, Escudero LM. The complex three-dimensional organization of epithelial tissues. Development 2021; 148:148/1/dev195669. [PMID: 33408064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular organization of tissues is key to developmental biology. In order to deal with this complex problem, researchers have taken advantage of reductionist approaches to reveal fundamental morphogenetic mechanisms and quantitative laws. For epithelia, their two-dimensional representation as polygonal tessellations has proved successful for understanding tissue organization. Yet, epithelial tissues bend and fold to shape organs in three dimensions. In this context, epithelial cells are too often simplified as prismatic blocks with a limited plasticity. However, there is increasing evidence that a realistic approach, even from a reductionist perspective, must include apico-basal intercalations (i.e. scutoidal cell shapes) for explaining epithelial organization convincingly. Here, we present an historical perspective about the tissue organization problem. Specifically, we analyze past and recent breakthroughs, and discuss how and why simplified, but realistic, in silico models require scutoidal features to address key morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samira Anbari
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18018, USA
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zheng Y, Fan Q, Eddy CZ, Wang X, Sun B, Ye F, Jiao Y. Modeling multicellular dynamics regulated by extracellular-matrix-mediated mechanical communication via active particles with polarized effective attraction. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052409. [PMID: 33327171 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes such as embryo development, wound healing, and cancer invasion. Recent experimental studies have indicated that the active traction forces generated by migrating cells in a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) can mechanically remodel the ECM, giving rise to bundlelike mesostructures bridging individual cells. Such fiber bundles also enable long-range propagation of cellular forces, leading to correlated migration dynamics regulated by the mechanical communication among the cells. Motivated by these experimental discoveries, we develop an active-particle model with polarized effective attractions (APPA) to investigate emergent multicellular migration dynamics resulting from ECM-mediated mechanical communications. In particular, the APPA model generalizes the classic active-Brownian-particle (ABP) model by imposing a pairwise polarized attractive force between the particles, which depends on the instantaneous dynamic states of the particles and mimics the effective mutual pulling between the cells via the fiber bundle bridge. The APPA system exhibits enhanced aggregation behaviors compared to the classic ABP system, and the contrast is more apparent at lower particle densities and higher rotational diffusivities. Importantly, in contrast to the classic ABP system where the particle velocities are not correlated for all particle densities, the high-density phase of the APPA system exhibits strong dynamic correlations, which are characterized by the slowly decaying velocity correlation functions with a correlation length comparable to the linear size of the high-density phase domain (i.e., the cluster of particles). The strongly correlated multicellular dynamics predicted by the APPA model is subsequently verified in in vitro experiments using MCF-10A cells. Our studies indicate the importance of incorporating ECM-mediated mechanical coupling among the migrating cells for appropriately modeling emergent multicellular dynamics in complex microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Qihui Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christopher Z Eddy
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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17
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Mosaffa P, Tetley RJ, Rodríguez-Ferran A, Mao Y, Muñoz JJ. Junctional and cytoplasmic contributions in wound healing. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200264. [PMID: 32752998 PMCID: PMC7482570 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by the re-epitheliation of a tissue through the activation of contractile forces concentrated mainly at the wound edge. While the formation of an actin purse string has been identified as one of the main mechanisms, far less is known about the effects of the viscoelastic properties of the surrounding cells, and the different contribution of the junctional and cytoplasmic contractilities. In this paper, we simulate the wound healing process, resorting to a hybrid vertex model that includes cell boundary and cytoplasmic contractilities explicitly, together with a differentiated viscoelastic rheology based on an adaptive rest-length. From experimental measurements of the recoil and closure phases of wounds in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium, we fit tissue viscoelastic properties. We then analyse in terms of closure rate and energy requirements the contributions of junctional and cytoplasmic contractilities. Our results suggest that reduction of junctional stiffness rather than cytoplasmic stiffness has a more pronounced effect on shortening closure times, and that intercalation rate has a minor effect on the stored energy, but contributes significantly to shortening the healing duration, mostly in the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payman Mosaffa
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert J. Tetley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ferran
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
- College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People’s Republic of China
| | - José J. Muñoz
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Mazalan MB, Ramlan MAB, Shin JH, Ohashi T. Effect of Geometric Curvature on Collective Cell Migration in Tortuous Microchannel Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E659. [PMID: 32630662 PMCID: PMC7408538 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is an essential phenomenon in many naturally occurring pathophysiological processes, as well as in tissue engineering applications. Cells in tissues and organs are known to sense chemical and mechanical signals from the microenvironment and collectively respond to these signals. For the last few decades, the effects of chemical signals such as growth factors and therapeutic agents on collective cell behaviors in the context of tissue engineering have been extensively studied, whereas those of the mechanical cues have only recently been investigated. The mechanical signals can be presented to the constituent cells in different forms, including topography, substrate stiffness, and geometrical constraint. With the recent advancement in microfabrication technology, researchers have gained the ability to manipulate the geometrical constraints by creating 3D structures to mimic the tissue microenvironment. In this study, we simulate the pore curvature as presented to the cells within 3D-engineered tissue-scaffolds by developing a device that features tortuous microchannels with geometric variations. We show that both cells at the front and rear respond to the varying radii of curvature and channel amplitude by altering the collective migratory behavior, including cell velocity, morphology, and turning angle. These findings provide insights into adaptive migration modes of collective cells to better understand the underlying mechanism of cell migration for optimization of the engineered tissue-scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazlee Bin Mazalan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan;
- AMBIENCE, School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Jennifer Hyunjong Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Toshiro Ohashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan;
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19
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Single-cell approaches to cell competition: High-throughput imaging, machine learning and simulations. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 63:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Ioannou F, Dawi MA, Tetley RJ, Mao Y, Muñoz JJ. Development of a New 3D Hybrid Model for Epithelia Morphogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:405. [PMID: 32432102 PMCID: PMC7214536 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial developmental processes like cell migration and spreading, cell sorting, or T1 transitions can be described as planar deformations. As such, they can be studied using two-dimensional tools and vertex models that can properly predict collective dynamics. However, many other epithelial shape changes are characterized by out-of-plane mechanics and three-dimensional effects, such as bending, cell extrusion, delamination, or invagination. Furthermore, during planar cell dynamics or tissue repair in monolayers, spatial intercalation between the apical and basal sides has even been detected. Motivated by this lack of symmetry with respect to the midsurface, we here present a 3D hybrid model that allows us to model differential contractility at the apical, basal or lateral sides. We use the model to study the effects on wound closure of solely apical or lateral contractile contributions and show that an apical purse-string can be sufficient for full closure when it is accompanied by volume preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Ioannou
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malik A. Dawi
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert J. Tetley
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - José J. Muñoz
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Zheng Y, Nan H, Liu Y, Fan Q, Wang X, Liu R, Liu L, Ye F, Sun B, Jiao Y. Modeling cell migration regulated by cell extracellular-matrix micromechanical coupling. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:043303. [PMID: 31770879 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration in fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes such as tissue regeneration, immune response, and cancer progression. During migration, individual cells can generate active pulling forces via actomyosin contraction, which are transmitted to the ECM fibers through focal adhesion complexes, remodel the ECM, and eventually propagate to and can be sensed by other cells in the system. The microstructure and physical properties of the ECM can also significantly influence cell migration, e.g., via durotaxis and contact guidance. Here, we develop a computational model for two-dimensional cell migration regulated by cell-ECM micromechanical coupling. Our model explicitly takes into account a variety of cellular-level processes, including focal adhesion formation and disassembly, active traction force generation and cell locomotion due to actin filament contraction, transmission and propagation of tensile forces in the ECM, as well as the resulting ECM remodeling. We validate our model by accurately reproducing single-cell dynamics of MCF-10A breast cancer cells migrating on collagen gels and show that the durotaxis and contact guidance effects naturally arise as a consequence of the cell-ECM micromechanical interactions considered in the model. Moreover, our model predicts strongly correlated multicellular migration dynamics, which are resulted from the ECM-mediated mechanical coupling among the migrating cell and are subsequently verified in in vitro experiments using MCF-10A cells. Our computational model provides a robust tool to investigate emergent collective dynamics of multicellular systems in complex in vivo microenvironment and can be utilized to design in vitro microenvironments to guide collective behaviors and self-organization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Hanqing Nan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Yanping Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qihui Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matte Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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22
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Guzmán-Herrera A, Mao Y. Polarity during tissue repair, a multiscale problem. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:31-36. [PMID: 31514044 PMCID: PMC7036748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is essential for all organisms, as it protects the integrity and function of tissues and prevents infections and diseases. It takes place at multiple scales, from macroscopic to microscopic levels. Most mechanisms driving tissue repair rely on the correct polarisation of collective cell behaviours, such as migration and proliferation, and polarisation of cytoskeletal and junctional components. Furthermore, re-establishment and maintenance of cell polarity are fundamental for a tissue to be fully repaired and for withstanding mechanical stress during homeostasis and repair. Recent evidence highlights an important role for the interplay between cell polarity and tissue mechanics that are critical in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Guzmán-Herrera
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Czajkowski M, Sussman DM, Marchetti MC, Manning ML. Glassy dynamics in models of confluent tissue with mitosis and apoptosis. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9133-9149. [PMID: 31674622 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent work on particle-based models of tissues has suggested that any finite rate of cell division and cell death is sufficient to fluidize an epithelial tissue. At the same time, experimental evidence has indicated the existence of glassy dynamics in some epithelial layers despite continued cell cycling. To address this discrepancy, we quantify the role of cell birth and death on glassy states in confluent tissues using simulations of an active vertex model that includes cell motility, cell division, and cell death. Our simulation data is consistent with a simple ansatz in which the rate of cell-life cycling and the rate of relaxation of the tissue in the absence of cell cycling contribute independently and additively to the overall rate of cell motion. Specifically, we find that a glass-like regime with caging behavior indicated by subdiffusive cell displacements can be achieved in systems with sufficiently low rates of cell cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Czajkowski
- Physics Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Daniel M Sussman
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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24
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Staddon MF, Cavanaugh KE, Munro EM, Gardel ML, Banerjee S. Mechanosensitive Junction Remodeling Promotes Robust Epithelial Morphogenesis. Biophys J 2019; 117:1739-1750. [PMID: 31635790 PMCID: PMC6838884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of epithelial tissues requires tight spatiotemporal coordination of cell shape changes. In vivo, many tissue-scale shape changes are driven by pulsatile contractions of intercellular junctions, which are rectified to produce irreversible deformations. The functional role of this pulsatory ratchet and its mechanistic basis remain unknown. Here we combine theory and biophysical experiments to show that mechanosensitive tension remodeling of epithelial cell junctions promotes robust epithelial shape changes via ratcheting. Using optogenetic control of actomyosin contractility, we find that epithelial junctions show elastic behavior under low contractile stress, returning to their original lengths after contraction, but undergo irreversible deformation under higher magnitudes of contractile stress. Existing vertex-based models for the epithelium are unable to capture these results, with cell junctions displaying purely elastic or fluid-like behaviors, depending on the choice of model parameters. To describe the experimental results, we propose a modified vertex model with two essential ingredients for junction mechanics: thresholded tension remodeling and continuous strain relaxation. First, junctions must overcome a critical strain threshold to trigger tension remodeling, resulting in irreversible junction length changes. Second, there is a continuous relaxation of junctional strain that removes mechanical memory from the system. This enables pulsatile contractions to further remodel cell shape via mechanical ratcheting. Taken together, the combination of mechanosensitive tension remodeling and junctional strain relaxation provides a robust mechanism for large-scale morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E Cavanaugh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edwin M Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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25
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Li X, Das A, Bi D. Mechanical Heterogeneity in Tissues Promotes Rigidity and Controls Cellular Invasion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:058101. [PMID: 31491312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.058101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of cell-level mechanical heterogeneity in epithelial tissues using a vertex-based model. Heterogeneity is introduced into the cell shape index (p_{0}) that tunes the stiffness at a single-cell level. The addition of heterogeneity can always enhance the mechanical rigidity of the epithelial layer by increasing its shear modulus, hence making it more rigid. There is an excellent scaling collapse of our data as a function of a single scaling variable f_{r}, which accounts for the overall fraction of rigid cells. We identify a universal threshold f_{r}^{*} that demarcates fluid versus solid tissues. Furthermore, this rigidity onset is far below the contact percolation threshold of rigid cells. These results give rise to a separation of rigidity and contact percolation processes that leads to distinct types of solid states. We also investigate the influence of heterogeneity on tumor invasion dynamics. There is an overall impedance of invasion as the tissue becomes more rigid. Invasion can also occur in an intermediate heterogeneous solid state that is characterized by significant spatial-temporal intermittency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Tetley RJ, Staddon MF, Heller D, Hoppe A, Banerjee S, Mao Y. Tissue Fluidity Promotes Epithelial Wound Healing. NATURE PHYSICS 2019; 15:1195-1203. [PMID: 31700525 PMCID: PMC6837871 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The collective behaviour of cells in epithelial tissues is dependent on their mechanical properties. However, the contribution of tissue mechanics to wound healing in vivo remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the relationship between tissue mechanics and wound healing in live Drosophila wing imaginal discs and show that by tuning epithelial cell junctional tension, we can systematically alter the rate of wound healing. Coincident with the contraction of an actomyosin purse string, we observe cells flowing past each other at the wound edge by intercalating, reminiscent of molecules in a fluid, resulting in seamless wound closure. Using a cell-based physical model, we predict that a reduction in junctional tension fluidises the tissue through an increase in intercalation rate and corresponding reduction in bulk viscosity, in the manner of an unjamming transition. The resultant fluidisation of the tissue accelerates wound healing. Accordingly, when we experimentally reduce tissue tension in wing discs, intercalation rate increases and wounds repair in less time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Tetley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. Staddon
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Heller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich,
Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment
Genopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University,
Kingston-upon-Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of
Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
- Correspondence:
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Rothenberg KE, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Forceful closure: cytoskeletal networks in embryonic wound repair. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1353-1358. [PMID: 31145669 PMCID: PMC6724689 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic tissues heal wounds rapidly and without scarring, in a process conserved across species and driven by collective cell movements. The mechanisms of coordinated cell movement during embryonic wound closure also drive tissue development and cancer metastasis; therefore, embryonic wound repair has received considerable attention as a model of collective cell migration. During wound closure, a supracellular actomyosin cable at the wound edge coordinates cells, while actin-based protrusions contribute to cell crawling and seamless wound healing. Other cytoskeletal networks are reorganized during wound repair: microtubules extend into protrusions and along cell-cell boundaries as cells stretch into damaged regions, septins accumulate at the wound margin, and intermediate filaments become polarized in the cells adjacent to the wound. Thus, diverse cytoskeletal networks work in concert to maintain tissue structure, while also driving and organizing cell movements to promote rapid repair. Understanding the signals that coordinate the dynamics of different cytoskeletal networks, and how adhesions between cells or with the extracellular matrix integrate forces across cells, will be important to elucidate the mechanisms of efficient embryonic wound healing and may have far-reaching implications for developmental and cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn E. Rothenberg
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Banerjee S, Marchetti MC. Continuum Models of Collective Cell Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1146:45-66. [PMID: 31612453 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a central role in tissue development, morphogenesis, wound repair and cancer progression. With the growing realization that physical forces mediate cell motility in development and physiology, a key biological question is how cells integrate molecular activities for force generation on multicellular scales. In this review we discuss recent advances in modeling collective cell migration using quantitative tools and approaches rooted in soft matter physics. We focus on theoretical models of cell aggregates as continuous active media, where the feedback between mechanical forces and regulatory biochemistry gives rise to rich collective dynamical behavior. This class of models provides a powerful predictive framework for the physiological dynamics that underlies many developmental processes, where cells need to collectively migrate like a viscous fluid to reach a target region, and then stiffen to support mechanical stresses and maintain tissue cohesion.
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Ajeti V, Tabatabai AP, Fleszar AJ, Staddon MF, Seara DS, Suarez C, Yousafzai MS, Bi D, Kovar DR, Banerjee S, Murrell MP. Wound Healing Coordinates Actin Architectures to Regulate Mechanical Work. NATURE PHYSICS 2019; 15:696-705. [PMID: 31897085 PMCID: PMC6939997 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
How cells with diverse morphologies and cytoskeletal architectures modulate their mechanical behaviors to drive robust collective motion within tissues is poorly understood. During wound repair within epithelial monolayers in vitro, cells coordinate the assembly of branched and bundled actin networks to regulate the total mechanical work produced by collective cell motion. Using traction force microscopy, we show that the balance of actin network architectures optimizes the wound closure rate and the magnitude of the mechanical work. These values are constrained by the effective power exerted by the monolayer, which is conserved and independent of actin architectures. Using a cell-based physical model, we show that the rate at which mechanical work is done by the monolayer is limited by the transformation between actin network architectures and differential regulation of cell-substrate friction. These results and our proposed mechanisms provide a robust physical model for how cells collectively coordinate their non-equilibrium behaviors to dynamically regulate tissue-scale mechanical output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visar Ajeti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - A Pasha Tabatabai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Andrew J Fleszar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel S Seara
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58 St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - M Sulaiman Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 111 Dana Research Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58 St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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