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Zahid A, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Otitis media: recent advances in otitis media vaccine development and model systems. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345027. [PMID: 38328427 PMCID: PMC10847372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is an inflammatory disorder of the middle ear caused by airways-associated bacterial or viral infections. It is one of the most common childhood infections as globally more than 80% of children are diagnosed with acute otitis media by 3 years of age and it is a common reason for doctor's visits, antibiotics prescriptions, and surgery among children. Otitis media is a multifactorial disease with various genetic, immunologic, infectious, and environmental factors predisposing children to develop ear infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common culprits responsible for acute otitis media. Despite the massive global disease burden, the pathogenesis of otitis media is still unclear and requires extensive future research. Antibiotics are the preferred treatment to cure middle ear infections, however, the antimicrobial resistance rate of common middle ear pathogens has increased considerably over the years. At present, pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are administered as a preventive measure against otitis media, nevertheless, these vaccines are only beneficial in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes. Otitis media caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis remain an important healthcare burden. The development of multi-species vaccines is an arduous process but is required to reduce the global burden of this disease. Many novel vaccines against S. pneumoniae, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis are in preclinical trials. It is anticipated that these vaccines will lower the disease burden and provide better protection against otitis media. To study disease pathology the rat, mouse, and chinchilla are commonly used to induce experimental acute otitis media to test new therapeutics, including antibiotics and vaccines. Each of these models has its advantages and disadvantages, yet there is still a need to develop an improved animal model providing a better correlated mechanistic understanding of human middle ear infections, thereby underpinning the development of more effective otitis media therapeutics. This review provides an updated summary of current vaccines against otitis media, various animal models of otitis media, their limitations, and some future insights in this field providing a springboard in the development of new animal models and novel vaccines for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - I. Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian R. Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Nagai K, Niihori T, Muto A, Hayashi Y, Abe T, Igarashi K, Aoki Y. Mecom mutation related to radioulnar synostosis with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia reduces HSPCs in mice. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5409-5420. [PMID: 37099686 PMCID: PMC10509669 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioulnar synostosis with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (RUSAT) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by the congenital fusion of the forearm bones. RUSAT is largely caused by missense mutations that are clustered in a specific region of the MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus (MECOM). EVI1, a transcript variant encoded by MECOM, is a zinc finger transcription factor involved in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance that induce leukemic transformation when overexpressed. Mice with exonic deletions in Mecom show reduced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the pathogenic roles of RUSAT-associated MECOM mutations in vivo have not yet been elucidated. To investigate the impact of the RUSAT-associated MECOM mutation on the phenotype, we generated knockin mice harboring a point mutation (translated into EVI1 p.H752R and MDS1-EVI1 p.H942R), which corresponds to an EVI1 p.H751R and MDS1-EVI1 p.H939R mutation identified in a patient with RUSAT. Homozygous mutant mice died at embryonic day 10.5 to 11.5. Heterozygous mutant mice (Evi1KI/+ mice) grew normally without radioulnar synostosis. Male Evi1KI/+ mice, aged between 5 and 15 weeks, exhibited lower body weight, and those aged ≥16 weeks showed low platelet counts. Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow cells revealed a decrease in HSPCs in Evi1KI/+ mice between 8 and 12 weeks. Moreover, Evi1KI/+ mice showed delayed leukocyte and platelet recovery after 5-fluorouracil-induced myelosuppression. These findings suggest that Evi1KI/+ mice recapitulate the bone marrow dysfunction in RUSAT, similar to that caused by loss-of-function Mecom alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hayashi
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Feurstein S. Emerging bone marrow failure syndromes- new pieces to an unsolved puzzle. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1128533. [PMID: 37091189 PMCID: PMC10119586 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1128533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are genetically diverse - more than 100 genes have been associated with those syndromes and the list is rapidly expanding. Risk assessment and genetic counseling of patients with recently discovered BMF syndromes is inherently difficult as disease mechanisms, penetrance, genotype-phenotype associations, phenotypic heterogeneity, risk of hematologic malignancies and clonal markers of disease progression are unknown or unclear. This review aims to shed light on recently described BMF syndromes with sparse concise data and with an emphasis on those associated with germline variants in ADH5/ALDH2, DNAJC21, ERCC6L2 and MECOM. This will provide important data that may help to individualize and improve care for these patients.
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Azar A, Bhutta MF, Del-Pozo J, Milne E, Cheeseman M. Trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bulla bone are a means to recruit myeloid cells in chronic otitis media and limit peripheral leukogram changes. Front Genet 2022; 13:985214. [PMID: 36246635 PMCID: PMC9555619 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, is a sequel to acute otitis media in ∼8% of children. Chronic otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of childhood deafness and is characterised by effusion of white blood cells into the auditory bulla cavity. Skull flat bones have trans-cortical vessels which are responsible for the majority of blood flow in and out of the bone. In experimental models of stroke and aseptic meningitis there is preferential recruitment of myeloid cells (neutrophils and monocytes) from the marrow in skull flat bones. We report trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bone connect to the bulla mucosal vasculature and potentially represent a means to recruit myeloid cells directly into the inflamed bulla. The mutant mouse strains Junbo (MecomJbo/+) and Jeff (Fbxo11Jf/+) develop chronic otitis spontaneously; MecomJbo/+ mice have highly cellular neutrophil (90%) rich bulla exudates whereas Fbxo11Jf/+ mice have low cellularity serous effusions (5% neutrophils) indicating differing demand for neutrophil recruitment. However we found peripheral leukograms of MecomJbo/+ and Fbxo11Jf/+ mice are similar to their respective wild-type littermate controls with healthy bullae and infer preferential mobilization of myeloid cells from temporal bulla bone marrow may mitigate the need for a systemic inflammatory reaction. The cytokines, chemokines and haematopoietic factors found in the inflamed bulla represent candidate signalling molecules for myeloid cell mobilization from temporal bone marrow. The density of white blood cells in the bulla cavity is positively correlated with extent of mucosal thickening in MecomJbo/+, Fbxo11Jf/+, and EdaTa mice and is accompanied by changes in epithelial populations and bone remodelling. In MecomJbo/+ mice there was a positive correlation between bulla cavity WBC numbers and total bacterial load. The degree of inflammation varies between contralateral bullae and between mutant mice of different ages suggesting inflammation may wax and wane and may be re-initiated by a new wave of bacterial infection. Clearance of white blood cells and inflammatory stimuli from the bulla cavity is impaired and this may create a pro-inflammatory feedback loop which further exacerbates otitis media and delays its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Michael Cheeseman,
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Shen F, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Li P, Luo Z, Fu Y, Zhu G, Mei H, Chen S, Zhu Y. MECOM-related disorder: Radioulnar synostosis without hematological aberration due to unique variants. Genet Med 2022; 24:1139-1147. [PMID: 35219593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The etiology for a considerable proportion of patients with congenital radioulnar synostosis (RUS) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the genetic cause of RUS without a known cause. METHODS Patients with RUS were investigated. Exome sequencing and/or Sanger sequencing was performed. Bioinformatics analysis was also performed. Pathogenicity was evaluated for variants of interest. RESULTS We identified unique missense variants in MECOM (encodes EVI1) associated with RUS in 8 families. Of them, 6 families had variants in residue R781, including 3 families with R781C (c.2341C>T), 2 families with R781H (c.2342G>A), and 1 family with R781L (c.2342G>T). Another 2 variants included I783T (c.2348T>C) in 1 family and Q777E (c.2329C>G) in 1 family. All these variants were clustered within the ninth zinc finger motif of EVI1. Phenotype evaluation identified that most of these patients with RUS harboring mutant MECOM had finger malformations, but none of them had identifiable hematological abnormalities. Functional experiments showed that MECOM R781C led to alterations in TGF-β-mediated transcriptional responses. CONCLUSION This study examined MECOM variants by focusing on RUS instead of hematological abnormalities. The R781 residue in EVI1 is a hotspot for human RUS variants. Mutant MECOM is the second most common cause for familial RUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shen
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjia Yang
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China; Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqing Luo
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyan Fu
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Shanlin Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China; Emergency Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan People's Hospital, Changsha, China.
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6
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Li J, Glover JD, Zhang H, Peng M, Tan J, Mallick CB, Hou D, Yang Y, Wu S, Liu Y, Peng Q, Zheng SC, Crosse EI, Medvinsky A, Anderson RA, Brown H, Yuan Z, Zhou S, Xu Y, Kemp JP, Ho YYW, Loesch DZ, Wang L, Li Y, Tang S, Wu X, Walters RG, Lin K, Meng R, Lv J, Chernus JM, Neiswanger K, Feingold E, Evans DM, Medland SE, Martin NG, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Chen G, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Cheeseman M, Wang L, Jin L, Headon DJ, Wang S. Limb development genes underlie variation in human fingerprint patterns. Cell 2022; 185:95-112.e18. [PMID: 34995520 PMCID: PMC8740935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprints are of long-standing practical and cultural interest, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie their variation. Using genome-wide scans in Han Chinese cohorts, we identified 18 loci associated with fingerprint type across the digits, including a genetic basis for the long-recognized “pattern-block” correlations among the middle three digits. In particular, we identified a variant near EVI1 that alters regulatory activity and established a role for EVI1 in dermatoglyph patterning in mice. Dynamic EVI1 expression during human development supports its role in shaping the limbs and digits, rather than influencing skin patterning directly. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis identified 43 fingerprint-associated loci, with nearby genes being strongly enriched for general limb development pathways. We also found that fingerprint patterns were genetically correlated with hand proportions. Taken together, these findings support the key role of limb development genes in influencing the outcome of fingerprint patterning. GWAS identifies variants associated with fingerprint type across all digits Fingerprint-associated genes are strongly enriched for limb development functions Evi1 alters dermatoglyphs in mice by modulating limb rather than skin development Fingerprint patterns are genetically correlated with hand and finger proportions
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - James D Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Haiguo Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Meifang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dan Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Sijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Edie I Crosse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225326, PRC
| | - Shen Zhou
- Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai 200083, PRC
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart, Bellevue, WA 98006, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Y W Ho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danuta Z Loesch
- Psychology Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Wu
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruogu Meng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jonathan M Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200438, PRC.
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PRC.
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Abstract
Objective Otitis media (OM) is a common reason for children to be prescribed antibiotics and undergo surgery but a thorough understanding of disease mechanisms is lacking. We evaluate the evidence of a dysregulated immune response in the pathogenesis of OM. Methods A comprehensive systematic review of the literature using search terms [otitis media OR glue ear OR AOM OR OME] OR [middle ear AND (infection OR inflammation)] which were run through Medline and Embase via Ovid, including both human and animal studies. In total, 82 955 studies underwent automated filtering followed by manual screening. One hundred studies were included in the review. Results Most studies were based on in vitro or animal work. Abnormalities in pathogen detection pathways, such as Toll-like receptors, have confirmed roles in OM. The aetiology of OM, its chronic subgroups (chronic OM, persistent OM with effusion) and recurrent acute OM is complex; however, inflammatory signalling mechanisms are frequently implicated. Host epithelium likely plays a crucial role, but the characterisation of human middle ear tissue lags behind that of other anatomical subsites. Conclusions Translational research for OM presently falls far behind its clinical importance. This has likely hindered the development of new diagnostic and treatment modalities. Further work is urgently required; particularly to disentangle the respective immune pathologies in the clinically observed phenotypes and thereby work towards more personalised treatments.
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Mulay A, Chowdhury MMK, James CT, Bingle L, Bingle CD. The transcriptional landscape of the cultured murine middle ear epithelium in vitro. Biol Open 2021; 10:258492. [PMID: 33913472 PMCID: PMC8084567 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common paediatric disease and leads to significant morbidity. Although understanding of underlying disease mechanisms is hampered by complex pathophysiology, it is clear that epithelial abnormalities underpin the disease. The mechanisms underpinning epithelial remodelling in OM remain unclear. We recently described a novel in vitro model of mouse middle ear epithelial cells (mMEECs) that undergoes mucociliary differentiation into the varied epithelial cell populations seen in the middle ear cavity. We now describe genome wide gene expression profiles of mMEECs as they undergo differentiation. We compared the gene expression profiles of original (uncultured) middle ear cells, confluent cultures of undifferentiated cells and cells that had been differentiated for 7 days at an air liquid interface (ALI). >5000 genes were differentially expressed among the three groups of cells. Approximately 4000 genes were differentially expressed between the original cells and day 0 of ALI culture. The original cell population was shown to contain a mix of cell types, including contaminating inflammatory cells that were lost on culture. Approximately 500 genes were upregulated during ALI induced differentiation. These included some secretory genes and some enzymes but most were associated with the process of ciliogenesis. The data suggest that the in vitro model of differentiated murine middle ear epithelium exhibits a transcriptional profile consistent with the mucociliary epithelium seen within the middle ear. Knowledge of the transcriptional landscape of this epithelium will provide a basis for understanding the phenotypic changes seen in murine models of OM. Summary: This paper presents a genome wide transcriptional analysis of murine middle ear epithelial cells as they undergo differentiation to a mucociliary phenotype representative of the native middle ear epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mulay
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Md Miraj K Chowdhury
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Cameron T James
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,The Florey Institute for Host Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102TN, UK
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9
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Kondyarpu A, Ray CS, Panda KC, Biswal NC, Ramchander PV. Association of ISL1 polymorphisms and eosinophilic levels among otitis media patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23702. [PMID: 33476445 PMCID: PMC7957994 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Otitis media (OM) is a middle ear inflammatory complex disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. It onsets during childhood and often recurs and perplexes in genetically susceptible patients. Previously, murine models had shown the association of ISL LIM homeobox 1 (ISL1) gene with otitis media with effusion. Aim To investigate the association of ISL1 genetic variants with otitis media. Subjects and methods A total of 285 cases and 277 controls were recruited for the study. The entire coding region of ISL1 gene was genotyped using Sanger sequencing or single‐strand conformation polymorphism methods. Genotype, haplotype, in silico analysis, and linkage disequilibrium analysis were performed. Results The variants rs2303751 (c.504A>G) and rs121913540 (c.513G>A) were associated with OM, and the OR (95%CI) was 0.74 (0.57–0.95) and 0.43 (0.20–0.91), respectively. Besides, the rs2303751 AA genotype was associated with elevated eosinophil numbers in OM when compared to controls. The 5 SNP haplotype analysis of SNPs c.‐492A>G, c.504A>G, c.513G>A, c.576C>T, and c.*651A>T revealed A‐A‐G‐C‐A to be a risk haplotype in females whereas the 3 SNP haplotype analysis of SNPs c.504A>G, c.513G>A, and c.567C>T suggested G‐A‐C as protective and A‐G‐C to be a risk haplotype for otitis media. Conclusion Ours is the first report which shows a significant association of ISL1 variants (rs2303751 and rs121913540) with hearing‐related disorder like otitis media in humans. These results implicate the possible role of ISL1 gene in the etiopathology of otitis media. The replication of the study in other ethnic populations may strengthen our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinmay Sundar Ray
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Shrirama Chandra Bhanja (SCB) Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, India
| | - Khirod Chandra Panda
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Shrirama Chandra Bhanja (SCB) Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, India
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10
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Kubinyecz O, Vikhe PP, Purnell T, Brown SDM, Tateossian H. The Jeff Mouse Mutant Model for Chronic Otitis Media Manifests Gain-of-Function as Well as Loss-of-Function Effects. Front Genet 2020; 11:498. [PMID: 32508883 PMCID: PMC7248398 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media (OM) is the most common cause of hearing loss worldwide, yet the underlying genetics and molecular pathology are poorly understood. The mouse mutant Jeff is a single gene mouse model for OM identified from a deafness screen as part of an ENU mutagenesis program at MRC Harwell. Jeff carries a missense mutation in the Fbxo11 gene. Jeff heterozygotes (Fbxo11 Jf/+ ) develop chronic OM at weaning and have reduced hearing. Homozygotes (Fbxo11 Jf/Jf ) display perinatal lethality due to developmental epithelial abnormalities. In order to investigate the role of FBXO11 and the type of mutation responsible for the phenotype of the Jeff mice, a knock-out mouse model was created and compared to Jeff. Surprisingly, the heterozygote knock-outs (Fbxo11 tm2b/+ ) show a much milder phenotype: they do not display any auditory deficit and only some of them have thickened middle ear epithelial lining with no fluid in the ear. In addition, the knock-out homozygote embryos (Fbxo11 tm2b/tm2b ), as well as the compound heterozygotes (Fbxo11 tm2b/Jf ) show only mild abnormalities compared to Jeff homozygotes (Fbxo11 Jf/Jf ). Interestingly, 3 days after intranasal inoculation of the Fbxo11 tm2b/+ mice with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) a proportion of them have inflamed middle ear mucosa and fluid accumulation in the ear suggesting that the Fbxo11 knock-out mice are predisposed to NTHi induced middle ear inflammation. In conclusion, the finding that the phenotype of the Jeff mutant is much more severe than the knock-out indicates that the mutation in Jeff manifests gain-of-function as well as loss-of-function effects at both embryonic and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hilda Tateossian
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, United Kingdom
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12
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Giese APJ, Ali S, Isaiah A, Aziz I, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Genomics of Otitis Media (OM): Molecular Genetics Approaches to Characterize Disease Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32391049 PMCID: PMC7191070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an infective and inflammatory disorder known to be a major cause of hearing impairment across all age groups. Both acute and chronic OM result in substantial healthcare utilization related to antibiotic prescription and surgical procedures necessary for its management. Although several studies provided evidence of genetics playing a significant role in the susceptibility to OM, we had limited knowledge about the genes associated with OM until recently. Here we have summarized the known genetic factors that confer susceptibility to various forms of OM in mice and in humans and their genetic load, along with associated cellular signaling pathways. Spotlighted in this review are fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OM. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of OM-associated genes may provide potential opportunities for its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saadat Ali
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ishrat Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Preciado D, Li JD, Komatsu K, Kurabi A, Nino G, Val S, Vijayasekaran S, Ziv O, Hermansson A. Panel 2- recent advance in otitis media bioinformatics. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109834. [PMID: 31899006 PMCID: PMC7184535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To update the medical literature on recent large-scale studies employing bioinformatics data analysis tools in otitis media (OM) disease models with a principal focus on developments in the past 5 years. DATA SOURCES Pubmed indexed peer-reviewed articles. REVIEW METHODS Comprehensive review of the literature using the following search terms: 'genomics, inflammasome, microRNA, proteomics, transcriptome, bioinformatics' with the term 'otitis media', and 'middle ear'. Included articles published in the English language from January 1, 2015-April 1, 2019. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Large scale bioinformatics tools over the past five years lend credence to the paradigm of innate immune response playing a critical role in host defense against bacteria contributing to Otitis Media (OM) progression from acute to chronic. In total, genomic, miRNAomic, and proteomic analyses all point to the need for a tightly regulated innate immune and inflammatory response in the middle ear. Currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic strategies to control immunopathology and tissue damage, improve hearing and enhance host defense for both acute and chronic OM based on full understanding of the basic molecular pathogenesis of OM.
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14
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Vikhe PP, Tateossian H, Bharj G, Brown SDM, Hood DW. Mutation in Fbxo11 Leads to Altered Immune Cell Content in Jeff Mouse Model of Otitis Media. Front Genet 2020; 11:50. [PMID: 32117459 PMCID: PMC7026503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jeff mouse mutant carries a mutation in the F-box only 11 gene (Fbxo11) and heterozygous animals display conductive deafness due to the development of otitis media (OM). The Fbxo11 locus is also associated with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and recurrent OM in humans. The Jeff mutation affects the ability of FBXO11 to stabilize p53 that leads to perturbation in the TGF-beta/Smad2 signaling pathway important in immunity and inflammation. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of the Jeff mutation on the immune cell content using multicolor flow cytometry. In blood of Jeff heterozygotes, we observed a significant increase in the number of NK, dendritic (CD11b+), neutrophils, and natural killer T (NKT) cells and a significant decrease in effector T-helper and B-lymphocytes compared to wild-type controls. The percentage of NK cells significantly decreased in the lungs of Jeff heterozygotes, with a concomitant reduction in B-lymphocytes and T-cytotoxic cells. In the spleen, Jeff heterozygotes displayed a significant decrease in mature B-lymphocytes, effector T-helper, and naïve T-cytotoxic cells. Neutrophils, dendritic, and NKT cells dominated bulla fluid in Jeff heterozygote mice. Similar analysis carried out on Fbxo11tm2b/+ heterozygotes, which carry a null allele, showed no difference when compared to wild-type. Cytokine/chemokine analysis revealed a significant increase in the G-CSF, GM-CSF, sTNFRI, TPO, and IL-7 levels in Jeff heterozygote serum compared to wild-type. This analysis increases our understanding of the role played by Fbxo11, a gene associated with human OM, in the systemic and localized cellular immune response associated with increased susceptibility to OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik P Vikhe
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hilda Tateossian
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gurpreet Bharj
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W Hood
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Geng R, Wang Q, Chen E, Zheng QY. Current Understanding of Host Genetics of Otitis Media. Front Genet 2020; 10:1395. [PMID: 32117425 PMCID: PMC7025460 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of otitis media (OM), an inflammatory disease of the middle ear (ME), involves interplay between many different factors, including the pathogenicity of infectious pathogens, host immunological status, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition, which is known to be a key determinant of OM susceptibility. Animal models and human genetics studies have identified many genes and gene variants associated with OM susceptibility: genes that encode components of multiple signaling pathways involved in host immunity and inflammatory responses of the ME mucosa; genes involved in cellular function, such as mucociliary transport, mucin production, and mucous cell metaplasia; and genes that are essential for Eustachian tube (ET) development, ME cavitation, and homeostasis. Since our last review, several new mouse models with mutations in genes such as CCL3, IL-17A, and Nisch have been reported. Moreover, genetic variants and polymorphisms in several genes, including FNDC1, FUT2, A2ML1, TGIF1, CD44, and IL1-RA variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) allele 2, have been identified as being significantly associated with OM. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the role of host genetics in OM, including recent discoveries and future research prospects. Further studies on the genes identified thus far and the discovery of new genes using advanced technologies such as gene editing, next generation sequencing, and genome-wide association studies, will advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of OM and provide new avenues for early screening and developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies to treat OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishuang Geng
- College of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qingzhu Wang
- College of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eileen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qing Yin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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16
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Cellular Immune Response against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Infecting the Preinflamed Middle Ear of the Junbo Mouse. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00689-19. [PMID: 31548315 PMCID: PMC6867859 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00689-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The pathology of AOM increases during long-term infection in the middle ear (ME), but the host cellular immune response to bacterial infection in this inflamed environment is poorly understood. Using the Junbo mouse, a characterized NTHi infection model, we analyzed the cellular response to NTHi infection in the Junbo mouse middle ear fluid (MEF). NTHi infection increased the total cell number and significantly decreased the proportion of live cells in the MEF at day 1, and this further decreased gradually on each day up to day 7. Flow cytometry analysis showed that neutrophils were the dominant immune cell population in the MEF and that NTHi infection significantly increased their proportion whereas it decreased the monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell proportions. Neutrophil and macrophage numbers increased in blood and spleen after NTHi infection. The T-cell population was dominated by T-helper (Th) cells in noninoculated MEF, and the effector Th (CD44+) cell population increased at day 2 of NTHi infection with an increase in IL-12p40 levels. Sustained NTHi infection up to 3 days increased the transforming growth factor β levels, decreasing the effector cell population and increasing the T-regulatory (T-reg) cell population. In the preinflamed ME environment of the Junbo mouse, neutrophils are the first responder to NTHi infection followed by T-reg immune suppressive cells. These data indicate that sustained NTHi infection in the ME induces the immune suppressive response by inducing the T-reg cell population and reducing immune cell infiltration, thus promoting longer-term infection.
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17
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Del-Pozo J, MacIntyre N, Azar A, Glover J, Milne E, Cheeseman M. Chronic otitis media is initiated by a bulla cavitation defect in the FBXO11 mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/3/dmm038315. [PMID: 30898767 PMCID: PMC6451434 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory bulla cavitation defects are a cause of otitis media, but the normal cellular pattern of bulla mesenchyme regression and its failure are not well understood. In mice, neural-crest-derived mesenchyme occupies the bulla from embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) to postnatal day 11 (P11) and then regresses to form the adult air-filled bulla cavity. We report that bulla mesenchyme is bordered by a single layer of non-ciliated epithelium characterized by interdigitating cells with desmosome cell junctions and a basal lamina, and by Bpifa1 gene expression and laminin staining of the basal lamina. At P11-P12, the mesenchyme shrinks: mesenchyme-associated epithelium shortens, and mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix collagen fibrils condense, culminating in the formation of cochlea promontory mucosa bordered by compact non-ciliated epithelial cells. FBXO11 is a candidate disease gene in human chronic otitis media with effusion and we report that a bulla cavitation defect initiates the pathogenesis of otitis media in the established mouse model Jeff (Fbxo11Jf/+). Persistent mesenchyme in Fbxo11Jf/+ bullae has limited mesenchymal cell condensation, fibrosis and hyperplasia of the mesenchyme-associated epithelium. Subsequent modification forms fibrous adhesions that link the mucosa and the tympanic membrane, and this is accompanied by dystrophic mineralization and accumulation of serous effusion in the bulla cavity. Mouse models of bulla cavitation defects are important because their study in humans is limited to post-mortem samples. This work indicates new diagnostic criteria for this otitis media aetiology in humans, and the prospects of studying the molecular mechanisms of murine bulla cavitation in organ culture. Summary: FBXO11 is a candidate disease gene for otitis media in humans and the authors report that a bulla cavitation defect initiates otitis media in the Fbxo11Jf/+ mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Del-Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James Glover
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK .,Centre for Comparative Pathology & Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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18
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MECOM-associated syndrome: a heterogeneous inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv 2019. [PMID: 29540340 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in MECOM (MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus) have been reported to be causative of a rare association of congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and radioulnar synostosis. Here we report on 12 patients with congenital hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia caused by MECOM mutations (including 10 novel mutations). The mutations affected different functional domains of the EVI1 protein. The spectrum of phenotypes was much broader than initially reported for the first 3 patients; we found familial as well as sporadic cases, and the clinical spectrum ranged from isolated radioulnar synostosis with no or mild hematological involvement to severe bone marrow failure without obvious skeletal abnormality. The clinical picture included radioulnar synostosis, bone marrow failure, clinodactyly, cardiac and renal malformations, B-cell deficiency, and presenile hearing loss. No single clinical manifestation was detected in all patients affected by MECOM mutations. Radioulnar synostosis and B-cell deficiency were observed only in patients with mutations affecting a short region in the C-terminal zinc finger domain of EVI1. We propose the term MECOM-associated syndrome for this heterogeneous hereditary disease and inclusion of MECOM sequencing in the diagnostic workup of congenital bone marrow failure.
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19
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Thofte O, Kaur R, Su YC, Brant M, Rudin A, Hood D, Riesbeck K. Anti-EF-Tu IgG titers increase with age and may contribute to protection against the respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:490-499. [PMID: 30566236 PMCID: PMC6491980 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a pathogen that commonly colonizes the nasopharynx of preschool children, causing opportunistic infections including acute otitis media (AOM). Patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are persistently colonized with NTHi and occasionally suffer from exacerbations by the bacterium leading to increased morbidity. Elongation‐factor thermo unstable (EF‐Tu), a protein critical for bacterial protein synthesis, has been found to moonlight on the surface of several bacteria. Here, we show that antibodies against NTHi EF‐Tu were present in children already at 18 months of age, and that the IgG antibody titers increased with age. Children harboring NTHi in the nasopharynx also displayed significantly higher IgG concentrations. Interestingly, children suffering from AOM had significantly higher anti‐EF‐Tu IgG levels when NTHi was the causative agent. Human sera recognized mainly the central and C‐terminal part of the EF‐Tu molecule and peptide‐based epitope mapping confirmed similar binding patterns for sera from humans and immunized mice. Immunization of BALB/c and otitis‐prone Junbo (C3H/HeH) mice promoted lower infection rates in the nasopharynx and middle ear, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that IgG directed against NTHi EF‐Tu may play an important role in the host immune response against NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Thofte
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marta Brant
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Immunology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Derek Hood
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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20
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Vikhe PP, Purnell T, Brown SDM, Hood DW. Cellular content plays a crucial role in Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection of preinflamed Junbo mouse middle ear. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12960. [PMID: 30265765 PMCID: PMC6491974 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The relationship between the cellular content of the middle ear fluid (MEF) during AOM and infection of NTHi is poorly understood. Using the Junbo mouse, a characterised NTHi infection model, we analysed the cellular content of MEF and correlated the data with NTHi titres. The MEF of the Junbo mouse was heterogeneous between ears and was graded from 1 to 5; 1 being highly serous/clear and 5 being heavily viscous/opaque. At seven-day post-intranasal inoculation, NTHi was not found in grade-1 or 2 fluids, and the proportion of MEF that supported NTHi increased with the grade. Analyses by flow cytometry indicated that the cellular content was highest in grade-4 and 5 fluids, with a greater proportion of necrotic cells and a low-live cell count. NTHi infection of the middle ear increased the cell count and led to infiltration of immune cells and changes in the cytokine and chemokine levels. Following NTHi inoculation, high-grade infected MEFs had greater neutrophil infiltration whereas monocyte infiltration was significantly higher in serous noninfected low-grade fluids. These data underline a role for immune cells, specifically monocytes and neutrophils, and cell necrosis in NTHi infection of the Junbo mouse middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik P Vikhe
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Tom Purnell
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Derek W Hood
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
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21
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EVI1 overexpression reprograms hematopoiesis via upregulation of Spi1 transcription. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4239. [PMID: 30315161 PMCID: PMC6185954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inv(3q26) and t(3:3)(q21;q26) are specific to poor-prognosis myeloid malignancies, and result in marked overexpression of EVI1, a zinc-finger transcription factor and myeloid-specific oncoprotein. Despite extensive study, the mechanism by which EVI1 contributes to myeloid malignancy remains unclear. Here we describe a new mouse model that mimics the transcriptional effects of 3q26 rearrangement. We show that EVI1 overexpression causes global distortion of hematopoiesis, with suppression of erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and marked premalignant expansion of myelopoiesis that eventually results in leukemic transformation. We show that myeloid skewing is dependent on DNA binding by EVI1, which upregulates Spi1, encoding master myeloid regulator PU.1. We show that EVI1 binds to the -14 kb upstream regulatory element (-14kbURE) at Spi1; knockdown of Spi1 dampens the myeloid skewing. Furthermore, deletion of the -14kbURE at Spi1 abrogates the effects of EVI1 on hematopoietic stem cells. These findings support a novel mechanism of leukemogenesis through EVI1 overexpression.
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22
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Michel LV, Kaur R, Zavorin M, Pryharski K, Khan MN, LaClair C, O'Neil M, Xu Q, Pichichero ME. Intranasal coinfection model allows for assessment of protein vaccines against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in mice. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1527-1532. [PMID: 30136923 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a commensal in the human nasopharynx and the cause of pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute otitis media (AOM). AOM is the most common ailment for which antibiotics are prescribed in the United States. With the emergence of new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, finding an effective and broad coverage vaccine to protect against AOM-causing pathogens has become a priority. Mouse models are a cost-effective and efficient way to help determine vaccine efficacy. Here, we describe an NTHi AOM model in C57BL/6J mice, which also utilizes a mouse-adapted H1N1 influenza virus to mimic human coinfection. METHODOLOGY We tested our coinfection model using a protein vaccine formulation containing protein D, a well-studied NTHi vaccine candidate that can be found in the 10-valent Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine. We verified the usefulness of our mouse model by comparing bacterial loads in the nose and ear between protein D-vaccinated and control mice. RESULTS While there was no measurable difference in nasal bacterial loads, we did detect significant differences in the bacterial loads of ear washes and ear bullae between vaccinated and control mice. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest that our NTHi AOM coinfection model is useful for assessing protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Vacca Michel
- 1School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- 2Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Mark Zavorin
- 1School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Karin Pryharski
- 2Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - M Nadeem Khan
- 2Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.,3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Ciara LaClair
- 1School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Meghan O'Neil
- 1School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Qingfu Xu
- 2Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- 2Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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23
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Bhutta MF, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, Kerschner JE, Cheeseman MT. Understanding the aetiology and resolution of chronic otitis media from animal and human studies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1289-1300. [PMID: 29125825 PMCID: PMC5719252 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear, known clinically as chronic otitis media, presents in different forms, such as chronic otitis media with effusion (COME; glue ear) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). These are highly prevalent diseases, especially in childhood, and lead to significant morbidity worldwide. However, much remains unclear about this disease, including its aetiology, initiation and perpetuation, and the relative roles of mucosal and leukocyte biology, pathogens, and Eustachian tube function. Chronic otitis media is commonly modelled in mice but most existing models only partially mimic human disease and many are syndromic. Nevertheless, these models have provided insights into potential disease mechanisms, and have implicated altered immune signalling, mucociliary function and Eustachian tube function as potential predisposing mechanisms. Clinical studies of chronic otitis media have yet to implicate a particular molecular pathway or mechanism, and current human genetic studies are underpowered. We also do not fully understand how existing interventions, such as tympanic membrane repair, work, nor how chronic otitis media spontaneously resolves. This Clinical Puzzle article describes our current knowledge of chronic otitis media and the existing research models for this condition. It also identifies unanswered questions about its pathogenesis and treatment, with the goal of advancing our understanding of this disease to aid the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Summary: Chronic middle ear inflammation is a common disease. Animal models, and in particular mouse models, have been used to elucidate some potential mechanisms, including dysfunction in immune signalling, mucociliary function or Eustachian tube function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, BN2 5BE, England .,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Office of the Dean, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH23 9RG, Scotland
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24
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Mulay A, Hood DW, Williams D, Russell C, Brown SDM, Bingle L, Cheeseman M, Bingle CD. Loss of the homeostatic protein BPIFA1, leads to exacerbation of otitis media severity in the Junbo mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3128. [PMID: 29449589 PMCID: PMC5814562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis Media (OM) is characterized by epithelial abnormalities and defects in innate immunity in the middle ear (ME). Although, BPIFA1, a member of the BPI fold containing family of putative innate defence proteins is abundantly expressed by the ME epithelium and SNPs in Bpifa1 have been associated with OM susceptibility, its role in the ME is not well characterized. We investigated the role of BPIFA1 in protection of the ME and the development of OM using murine models. Loss of Bpifa1 did not lead to OM development. However, deletion of Bpifa1 in Evi1Jbo/+ mice, a model of chronic OM, caused significant exacerbation of OM severity, thickening of the ME mucosa and increased collagen deposition, without a significant increase in pro-inflammatory gene expression. Our data suggests that BPIFA1 is involved in maintaining homeostasis within the ME under steady state conditions and its loss in the presence of inflammation, exacerbates epithelial remodelling leading to more severe OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mulay
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Derek W Hood
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Debbie Williams
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Catherine Russell
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. .,Florey Institute for Host Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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25
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van der Veken LT, Maiburg MC, Groenendaal F, van Gijn ME, Bloem AC, Erpelinck C, Gröschel S, Sanders MA, Delwel R, Bierings MB, Buijs A. Lethal neonatal bone marrow failure syndrome with multiple congenital abnormalities, including limb defects, due to a constitutional deletion of 3' MECOM. Haematologica 2018; 103:e173-e176. [PMID: 29439187 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.185033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars T van der Veken
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel C Maiburg
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle E van Gijn
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries C Bloem
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Erpelinck
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gröschel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and stem cell transplantation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Buijs
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Ripperger T, Hofmann W, Koch JC, Shirneshan K, Haase D, Wulf G, Issing PR, Karnebogen M, Schmidt G, Auber B, Schlegelberger B, Illig T, Zirn B, Steinemann D. MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus (MECOM): a novel candidate gene for hereditary hematological malignancies. Haematologica 2017; 103:e55-e58. [PMID: 29097497 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.178723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ripperger
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan C Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katayoon Shirneshan
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Haase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Wulf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter R Issing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head, Neck and Facial Plastic Surgery, Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Illig
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgit Zirn
- Genetic Counseling and Diagnostics, Genetikum, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Bowl MR, Simon MM, Ingham NJ, Greenaway S, Santos L, Cater H, Taylor S, Mason J, Kurbatova N, Pearson S, Bower LR, Clary DA, Meziane H, Reilly P, Minowa O, Kelsey L, Tocchini-Valentini GP, Gao X, Bradley A, Skarnes WC, Moore M, Beaudet AL, Justice MJ, Seavitt J, Dickinson ME, Wurst W, de Angelis MH, Herault Y, Wakana S, Nutter LMJ, Flenniken AM, McKerlie C, Murray SA, Svenson KL, Braun RE, West DB, Lloyd KCK, Adams DJ, White J, Karp N, Flicek P, Smedley D, Meehan TF, Parkinson HE, Teboul LM, Wells S, Steel KP, Mallon AM, Brown SDM. A large scale hearing loss screen reveals an extensive unexplored genetic landscape for auditory dysfunction. Nat Commun 2017; 8:886. [PMID: 29026089 PMCID: PMC5638796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental and physiological complexity of the auditory system is likely reflected in the underlying set of genes involved in auditory function. In humans, over 150 non-syndromic loci have been identified, and there are more than 400 human genetic syndromes with a hearing loss component. Over 100 non-syndromic hearing loss genes have been identified in mouse and human, but we remain ignorant of the full extent of the genetic landscape involved in auditory dysfunction. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, we undertook a hearing loss screen in a cohort of 3006 mouse knockout strains. In total, we identify 67 candidate hearing loss genes. We detect known hearing loss genes, but the vast majority, 52, of the candidate genes were novel. Our analysis reveals a large and unexplored genetic landscape involved with auditory function.The full extent of the genetic basis for hearing impairment is unknown. Here, as part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, the authors perform a hearing loss screen in 3006 mouse knockout strains and identify 52 new candidate genes for genetic hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bowl
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle M Simon
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Neil J Ingham
- King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Simon Greenaway
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Luis Santos
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Heather Cater
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Natalja Kurbatova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Selina Pearson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lynette R Bower
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, 95618, USA
| | - Dave A Clary
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, 95618, USA
| | - Hamid Meziane
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, F-67404, France
| | - Patrick Reilly
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, F-67404, France
| | - Osamu Minowa
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Lois Kelsey
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3H7
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
- Canada and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Xiang Gao
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 210061, Nanjing, China
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - William C Skarnes
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Moore
- IMPC, San Anselmo, California, 94960, USA
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Monica J Justice
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3H7
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
- Canada and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - John Seavitt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yann Herault
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, F-67404, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3H7
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
- Canada and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3H7
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
- Canada and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3H7
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
- Canada and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | | | | | | | - David B West
- Childrens' Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, 94609, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, 95618, USA
| | - David J Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqui White
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Natasha Karp
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | | | - Terrence F Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Helen E Parkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Lydia M Teboul
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Karen P Steel
- King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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28
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Bhutta MF, Lambie J, Hobson L, Goel A, Hafrén L, Einarsdottir E, Mattila PS, Farrall M, Brown S, Burton MJ. A mouse-to-man candidate gene study identifies association of chronic otitis media with the loci TGIF1 and FBXO11. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12496. [PMID: 28970529 PMCID: PMC5624881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is the most common cause of hearing loss in children, and known to have high heritability. Mutant mouse models have identified Fbxo11, Evi1, Tgif1, and Nisch as potential risk loci. We recruited children aged 10 and under undergoing surgical treatment for COME from 35 hospitals in the UK, and their nuclear family. We performed association testing with the loci FBXO11, EVI1, TGIF1 and NISCH and sought to replicate significant results in a case-control cohort from Finland. We tested 1296 families (3828 individuals), and found strength of association with the T allele at rs881835 (p = 0.006, OR 1.39) and the G allele at rs1962914 (p = 0.007, OR 1.58) at TGIF1, and the A allele at rs10490302 (p = 0.016, OR 1.17) and the G allele at rs2537742 (p = 0.038, OR 1.16) at FBXO11. Results were not replicated. This study supports smaller studies that have also suggested association of otitis media with polymorphism at FBX011, but this is the first study to report association with the locus TGIF1. Both FBX011 and TGIF1 are involved in TGF-β signalling, suggesting this pathway may be important in the transition from acute to chronic middle ear inflammation, and a potential molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Eastern Road, Brighton, BN2 5BE, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - Jane Lambie
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Lindsey Hobson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Petri S Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Steve Brown
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Martin J Burton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,The UK Cochrane Centre, Summertown Pavilion, 18-24 Middle Way Oxford, Oxford, OX2 7LG, UK
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29
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A mutation in Nischarin causes otitis media via LIMK1 and NF-κB pathways. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006969. [PMID: 28806779 PMCID: PMC5570507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM), inflammation of the middle ear (ME), is a common cause of conductive hearing impairment. Despite the importance of the disease, the aetiology of chronic and recurrent forms of middle ear inflammatory disease remains poorly understood. Studies of the human population suggest that there is a significant genetic component predisposing to the development of chronic OM, although the underlying genes are largely unknown. Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis we identified a recessive mouse mutant, edison, that spontaneously develops a conductive hearing loss due to chronic OM. The causal mutation was identified as a missense change, L972P, in the Nischarin (NISCH) gene. edison mice develop a serous or granulocytic effusion, increasingly macrophage and neutrophil rich with age, along with a thickened, inflamed mucoperiosteum. We also identified a second hypomorphic allele, V33A, with only modest increases in auditory thresholds and reduced incidence of OM. NISCH interacts with several proteins, including ITGA5 that is thought to have a role in modulating VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascularization. We identified a significant genetic interaction between Nisch and Itga5; mice heterozygous for Itga5-null and homozygous for edison mutations display a significantly increased penetrance and severity of chronic OM. In order to understand the pathological mechanisms underlying the OM phenotype, we studied interacting partners to NISCH along with downstream signalling molecules in the middle ear epithelia of edison mouse. Our analysis implicates PAK1 and RAC1, and downstream signalling in LIMK1 and NF-κB pathways in the development of chronic OM. Otitis media (OM) is the most common cause of deafness in children and is primarily characterised by inflammation of the middle ear. It is the most common cause of surgery in children in the developed world, with many children developing recurrent and chronic forms of OM undergoing tympanostomy tube insertion. There is evidence that a significant genetic component contributes towards the development of recurrent and chronic forms of OM. The mouse has been a powerful tool for identifying the genes involved in chronic OM. In this study we identified and characterised edison, a novel mouse model of chronic OM that shares important features with the chronic disease in humans. A mutation in the Nisch gene causes edison mice to spontaneously develop OM following birth and subsequently develop chronic OM, with an associated hearing loss. Our molecular analysis of the mutation reveals the underlying pathological mechanisms and pathways involved in OM in the edison mouse, involving PAK1, RAC1 and downstream signalling in LIMK1 and NF-κB pathways. Identification of the edison mutant provides an important genetic disease model of chronic OM and implicates a new gene and genetic pathways involved in predisposition to OM.
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Lin J, Hafrén H, Kerschner J, Jian-Dong L, Brown S, Zheng QY, Preciado D, Nakamura Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y. Panel 3: Genetics and Precision Medicine of Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:S41-S50. [PMID: 28372532 PMCID: PMC6211190 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816685559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature up to 2015 on the genetics and precision medicine relevant to otitis media. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Two subpanels were formed comprising experts in the genetics and precision medicine of otitis media. Each of the panels reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The entire panel met at the 18th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2015 and discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. Conclusion Many genes relevant to otitis media have been identified in the last 4 years in advancing our knowledge regarding the predisposition of the middle ear mucosa to commensals and pathogens. Advances include mutant animal models and clinical studies. Many signaling pathways are involved in the predisposition of otitis media. Implications for Practice New knowledge on the genetic background relevant to otitis media forms a basis of novel potential interventions, including potential new ways to treat otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hena Hafrén
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Kerschner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Li Jian-Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Qing Y. Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Preciado
- Shiekh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Qiuhong Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Abstract
Acute otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear bulla, is the most common bacterial infection in children. For one of the principal otopathogens, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), animal models allow us to investigate host-microbial interactions relevant to the onset and progression of infection and to study treatment of middle ear disease. We have established a robust model of NTHi middle ear infection in the Junbo mouse. Intranasal inoculation with NTHi produces high rates of bulla infection and high bacterial titers in bulla fluids; bacteria can also spread down the respiratory tract to the mouse lung. An innate immune response is detected in the bulla of Junbo mice following NTHi infection, and bacteria are maintained in some ears at least up to day 56 post-inoculation. The Junbo/NTHi infection model facilitates studies on bacterial pathogenesis and antimicrobial intervention regimens and vaccines for better treatment and prevention of NTHi middle ear infection. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W Hood
- Molecular Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Azar A, Piccinelli C, Brown H, Headon D, Cheeseman M. Ectodysplasin signalling deficiency in mouse models of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia leads to middle ear and nasal pathology. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3564-3577. [PMID: 27378689 PMCID: PMC5179950 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) results from mutation of the EDA, EDAR or EDARADD genes and is characterized by reduced or absent eccrine sweat glands, hair follicles and teeth, and defective formation of salivary, mammary and craniofacial glands. Mouse models with HED also carry Eda, Edar or Edaradd mutations and have defects that map to the same structures. Patients with HED have ear, nose and throat disease, but this has not been investigated in mice bearing comparable genetic mutations. We report that otitis media, rhinitis and nasopharyngitis occur at high frequency in Eda and Edar mutant mice and explore the pathogenic mechanisms related to glandular function, microbial and immune parameters in these lines. Nasopharynx auditory tube glands fail to develop in HED mutant mice and the functional implications include loss of lysozyme secretion, reduced mucociliary clearance and overgrowth of nasal commensal bacteria accompanied by neutrophil exudation. Heavy nasopharynx foreign body load and loss of gland protection alters the auditory tube gating function and the auditory tubes can become pathologically dilated. Accumulation of large foreign body particles in the bulla stimulates granuloma formation. Analysis of immune cell populations and myeloid cell function shows no evidence of overt immune deficiency in HED mutant mice. Our findings using HED mutant mice as a model for the human condition support the idea that ear and nose pathology in HED patients arises as a result of nasal and nasopharyngeal gland deficits, reduced mucociliary clearance and impaired auditory tube gating function underlies the pathological sequelae in the bulla.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Piccinelli
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Genetics and Genomics Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
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Ban HS, Uto Y, Won M, Nakamura H. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors: a patent survey (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:309-22. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1146252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mutations in MECOM, Encoding Oncoprotein EVI1, Cause Radioulnar Synostosis with Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:848-54. [PMID: 26581901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioulnar synostosis with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (RUSAT) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, characterized by thrombocytopenia and congenital fusion of the radius and ulna. A heterozygous HOXA11 mutation has been identified in two unrelated families as a cause of RUSAT. However, HOXA11 mutations are absent in a number of individuals with RUSAT, which suggests that other genetic loci contribute to RUSAT. In the current study, we performed whole exome sequencing in an individual with RUSAT and her healthy parents and identified a de novo missense mutation in MECOM, encoding EVI1, in the individual with RUSAT. Subsequent analysis of MECOM in two other individuals with RUSAT revealed two additional missense mutations. These three mutations were clustered within the 8(th) zinc finger motif of the C-terminal zinc finger domain of EVI1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and qPCR assays of the regions harboring the ETS-like motif that is known as an EVI1 binding site showed a reduction in immunoprecipitated DNA for two EVI1 mutants compared with wild-type EVI1. Furthermore, reporter assays showed that MECOM mutations led to alterations in both AP-1- and TGF-β-mediated transcriptional responses. These functional assays suggest that transcriptional dysregulation by mutant EVI1 could be associated with the development of RUSAT. We report missense mutations in MECOM resulting in a Mendelian disorder that provide compelling evidence for the critical role of EVI1 in normal hematopoiesis and in the development of forelimbs and fingers in humans.
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Hood D, Moxon R, Purnell T, Richter C, Williams D, Azar A, Crompton M, Wells S, Fray M, Brown SDM, Cheeseman MT. A new model for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae middle ear infection in the Junbo mutant mouse. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:69-79. [PMID: 26611891 PMCID: PMC4728332 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, is the most common bacterial infection in children and, as a consequence, is the most common reason for antimicrobial prescription to this age group. There is currently no effective vaccine for the principal pathogen involved, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The most frequently used and widely accepted experimental animal model of middle ear infection is in chinchillas, but mice and gerbils have also been used. We have established a robust model of middle ear infection by NTHi in the Junbo mouse, a mutant mouse line that spontaneously develops chronic middle ear inflammation in specific pathogen-free conditions. The heterozygote Junbo mouse (Jbo/+) bears a mutation in a gene (Evi1, also known as Mecom) that plays a role in host innate immune regulation; pre-existing middle ear inflammation promotes NTHi middle ear infection. A single intranasal inoculation with NTHi produces high rates (up to 90%) of middle ear infection and bacterial titres (104-105 colony-forming units/µl) in bulla fluids. Bacteria are cleared from the majority of middle ears between day 21 and 35 post-inoculation but remain in approximately 20% of middle ears at least up to day 56 post-infection. The expression of Toll-like receptor-dependent response cytokine genes is elevated in the middle ear of the Jbo/+ mouse following NTHi infection. The translational potential of the Junbo model for studying antimicrobial intervention regimens was shown using a 3 day course of azithromycin to clear NTHi infection, and its potential use in vaccine development studies was shown by demonstrating protection in mice immunized with killed homologous, but not heterologous, NTHi bacteria. Summary: Acute otitis media is an important disease in children. We describe a new infection model for translational research that uses the Junbo mouse mutant intranasally inoculated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Hood
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Richard Moxon
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tom Purnell
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Caroline Richter
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Debbie Williams
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Crompton
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
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Tateossian H, Morse S, Simon MM, Dean CH, Brown SDM. Interactions between the otitis media gene, Fbxo11, and p53 in the mouse embryonic lung. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1531-42. [PMID: 26471094 PMCID: PMC4728322 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most common cause of hearing loss in children, and tympanostomy (ear tube insertion) to alleviate the condition remains the commonest surgical intervention in children in the developed world. Chronic and recurrent forms of otitis media (OM) are known to have a very substantial genetic component; however, until recently, little was known of the underlying genes involved. The Jeff mouse mutant carries a mutation in the Fbxo11 gene, a member of the F-box family, and develops deafness due to a chronic proliferative OM. We previously reported that Fbxo11 is involved in the regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling by regulating the levels of phospho-Smad2 in the epithelial cells of palatal shelves, eyelids and airways of the lungs. It has been proposed that FBXO11 regulates the cell's response to TGF-β through the ubiquitination of CDT2. Additional substrates for FBXO11 have been identified, including p53. Here, we have studied both the genetic and biochemical interactions between FBXO11 and p53 in order to better understand the function of FBXO11 in epithelial development and its potential role in OM. In mice, we show that p53 (also known as Tp53) homozygous mutants and double heterozygous mutants (Jf/+ p53/+) exhibit similar epithelial developmental defects to Fbxo11 homozygotes. FBXO11 and p53 interact in the embryonic lung, and mutation in Fbxo11 prevents the interaction with p53. Both p53 and double mutants show raised levels of pSMAD2, recapitulating that seen in Fbxo11 homozygotes. Overall, our results support the conclusion that FBXO11 regulates the TGF-β pathway in the embryonic lung via cross-talk with p53. Summary: Genetic interactions between Fbxo11 and p53 illustrate the cross-talk between the TGF-β and p53 signalling pathways in epithelial development, with implications for the underlying molecular pathology of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Tateossian
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Susan Morse
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle M Simon
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
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Hernandez M, Leichtle A, Pak K, Webster NJ, Wasserman SI, Ryan AF. The transcriptome of a complete episode of acute otitis media. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:259. [PMID: 25888408 PMCID: PMC4394589 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media is the most common disease of childhood, and represents an important health challenge to the 10-15% of children who experience chronic/recurrent middle ear infections. The middle ear undergoes extensive modifications during otitis media, potentially involving changes in the expression of many genes. Expression profiling offers an opportunity to discover novel genes and pathways involved in this common childhood disease. The middle ears of 320 WBxB6 F1 hybrid mice were inoculated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) or PBS (sham control). Two independent samples were generated for each time point and condition, from initiation of infection to resolution. RNA was profiled on Affymetrix mouse 430 2.0 whole-genome microarrays. RESULTS Approximately 8% of the sampled transcripts defined the signature of acute NTHi-induced otitis media across time. Hierarchical clustering of signal intensities revealed several temporal gene clusters. Network and pathway enrichment analysis of these clusters identified sets of genes involved in activation of the innate immune response, negative regulation of immune response, changes in epithelial and stromal cell markers, and the recruitment/function of neutrophils and macrophages. We also identified key transcriptional regulators related to events in otitis media, which likely determine the expression of these gene clusters. A list of otitis media susceptibility genes, derived from genome-wide association and candidate gene studies, was significantly enriched during the early induction phase and the middle re-modeling phase of otitis but not in the resolution phase. Our results further indicate that positive versus negative regulation of inflammatory processes occur with highly similar kinetics during otitis media, underscoring the importance of anti-inflammatory responses in controlling pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results characterize the global gene response during otitis media and identify key signaling and transcription factor networks that control the defense of the middle ear against infection. These networks deserve further attention, as dysregulated immune defense and inflammatory responses may contribute to recurrent or chronic otitis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hernandez
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Anke Leichtle
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Kwang Pak
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Webster
- Medicine / Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen I Wasserman
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Bartlett JA, Meyerholz DK, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Naumann PW, Salzman NH, McCray PB. Increased susceptibility to otitis media in a Splunc1-deficient mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:501-8. [PMID: 25765466 PMCID: PMC4415896 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) is one of the most common diseases of early childhood. Susceptibility to otitis is influenced by a number of factors, including the actions of innate immune molecules secreted by the epithelia lining the nasopharynx, middle ear and Eustachian tube. The SPLUNC1 (short palate, lung, nasal epithelial clone 1) protein is a highly abundant secretory product of the mammalian nasal, oral and respiratory mucosa that is thought to play a multifunctional role in host defense. In this study we investigated Splunc1 expression in the ear of the mouse, and examined whether this protein contributes to overall host defense in the middle ear and/or Eustachian tube. We found that Splunc1 is highly expressed in both the surface epithelium and in submucosal glands in these regions in wild-type mice. In mice lacking Splunc1, we noted histologically an increased frequency of otitis media, characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes (neutrophils with scattered macrophages), proteinaceous fluid and mucus in the middle ear lumens. Furthermore, many of these mice had extensive remodeling of the middle ear wall, suggesting a chronic course of disease. From these observations, we conclude that loss of Splunc1 predisposes mice to the development of otitis media. The Splunc1−/− mouse model should help investigators to better understand both the biological role of Splunc1 as well as host defense mechanisms in the middle ear. Summary: We document expression of the innate immune factor Splunc1 in the murine middle ear and Eustachian tube, and describe spontaneous development of otitis media in mice lacking functional Splunc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Paul W Naumann
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bhutta MF, Cheeseman MT, Brown SDM. Myringotomy in the Junbo mouse model of chronic otitis media alleviates inflammation and cellular hypoxia. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:E377-83. [PMID: 24706577 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Ventilation of the chronically inflamed middle ear is a key outcome in functional middle ear surgery. Grommets eliminate middle ear effusion, but there is also evidence that they downregulate inflammation. The reason for this is not understood, but there is little to suggest alteration in eustachian tube ventilatory capacity. Previous work has shown that the Junbo mouse model of chronic otitis media has hypoxic middle ear mucosa and bulla fluid leucocytes. Here we explore whether surgical ventilation may alleviate chronic otitis media through downregulation of hypoxia. STUDY DESIGN Surgical intervention on a mouse model of disease. METHODS We established patency of myringotomy incision as 5 days in wild-type mice. We performed unilateral myringotomy on three cohorts of mice: 10 wild-type controls, 12 Junbo mice, and 15 Junbo mice with additional removal of middle ear effusion. A small cohort of these mice were labeled in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of pimonidazole to identify tissue hypoxia. Tissues were assessed for mucoperiosteal thickening and pimonidazole labeling, comparing operated to nonoperated ears. RESULTS Ventilation of the inflamed Junbo middle ear revealed significant reduction in inflammatory thickening associated with loss of pimonidazole labeling, suggesting resolution of cellular hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Surgical ventilation may achieve therapeutic effect through alleviation of cellular hypoxia in the chronically inflamed middle ear. Targeted molecular therapy of hypoxia signaling may offer future alternative therapy for chronic otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- UCL Ear Institute, London, United Kingdom; MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Otolaryngology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Rye MS, Scaman ESH, Thornton RB, Vijayasekaran S, Coates HL, Francis RW, Pennell CE, Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE. Genetic and functional evidence for a locus controlling otitis media at chromosome 10q26.3. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:18. [PMID: 24499112 PMCID: PMC3926687 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media (OM) is a common childhood disease characterised by middle ear effusion and inflammation. Susceptibility to recurrent acute OM and chronic OM with effusion is 40-70% heritable. Linkage studies provide evidence for multiple putative OM susceptibility loci. This study attempts to replicate these linkages in a Western Australian (WA) population, and to identify the etiological gene(s) in a replicated region. METHODS Microsatellites were genotyped in 468 individuals from 101 multicase families (208 OM cases) from the WA Family Study of OM (WAFSOM) and non-parametric linkage analysis carried out in ALLEGRO. Association mapping utilized dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data extracted from Illumina 660 W-Quad analysis of 256 OM cases and 575 controls from the WA Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Logistic regression analysis was undertaken in ProbABEL. RT-PCR was used to compare gene expression in paired adenoid and tonsil samples, and in epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Comparative genomics methods were used to identify putative regulatory elements and transcription factor binding sites potentially affected by associated SNPs. RESULTS Evidence for linkage was observed at 10q26.3 (Zlr = 2.69; P = 0.0036; D10S1770) with borderline evidence for linkage at 10q22.3 (Zlr = 1.64; P = 0.05; D10S206). No evidence for linkage was seen at 3p25.3, 17q12, or 19q13.43. Peak association at 10q26.3 was in the intergenic region between TCERG1L and PPP2R2D (rs7922424; P = 9.47 × 10-6), immediately under the peak of linkage. Independent associations were observed at DOCK1 (rs9418832; P = 7.48 × 10-5) and ADAM12 (rs7902734; P = 8.04 × 10-4). RT-PCR analysis confirmed expression of all 4 genes in adenoid samples. ADAM12, DOCK1 and PPP2R2D, but not TCERG1L, were expressed in respiratory epithelial and macrophage cell lines. A significantly associated polymorphism (rs7087384) in strong LD with the top SNP (rs7922424; r2 = 0.97) alters a transcription factor binding site (CREB/CREBP) in the intergenic region between TCERG1L and PPP2R2D. CONCLUSIONS OM linkage was replicated at 10q26.3. Whilst multiple genes could contribute to this linkage, the weight of evidence supports PPP2R2D, a TGF-β/Activin/Nodal pathway modulator, as the more likely functional candidate lying immediately under the linkage peak for OM susceptibility at chromosome 10q26.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S Rye
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common cause of childhood hearing loss. The large medical costs involved in treating this condition have meant that research to understand the pathology of this disease and identify new therapeutic interventions is important. There is evidence that susceptibility to OM has a significant genetic component, although little is known about the key genetic pathways involved. Mouse models for disease have become an important resource to understand a variety of human pathologies, including OM, due to the ability to easily manipulate their genetic components. This has enabled researchers to create models of acute OM, and has aided in the identification of a number of new genes associated with chronic disease, through the use of mutagenesis programs. The use of mouse models has identified a number of key molecular signalling pathways involved in the development of this condition, with genes identified from models shown to be associated with human OM.
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London NR, Gurgel RK. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular stability in diseases of the ear. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:E340-6. [PMID: 24347479 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical mediator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis and likely plays an important role in cochlear function and hearing. This review highlights the role of VEGF in hearing loss associated with vestibular schwannomas, otitis media with effusion, and sensorineural hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN PubMed literature review. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted to determine the role of VEGF in diseases affecting hearing. RESULTS Therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated for the anti-VEGF agent bevacizumab in vestibular schwannomas, with tumor size reduction and hearing improvement in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. The loss of functional Merlin, the protein product of the nf2 gene, results in a decrease in expression of the anti-angiogenic protein SEMA3F through a Rac-1-dependent mechanism, allowing VEGF to promote angiogenesis. Bevacizumab may therefore restore the angiogenic balance through inhibiting the relative increase in VEGF. Many of the clinical findings of otitis media with effusion can be reproduced by delivery of recombinant VEGF through transtympanic injection or submucosal osmotic pump. VEGF receptor inhibitors have been demonstrated to improve hearing in an animal model of otitis media with effusion. VEGF affects both the inner ear damage and repair processes in sensorineural hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS VEGF has an important role in vestibular schwannomas, otitis media with effusion, and sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyall R London
- Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Tateossian H, Morse S, Parker A, Mburu P, Warr N, Acevedo-Arozena A, Cheeseman M, Wells S, Brown SD. Otitis media in the Tgif knockout mouse implicates TGFβ signalling in chronic middle ear inflammatory disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2553-65. [PMID: 23459932 PMCID: PMC3674796 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most common cause of hearing loss in children and tympanostomy to alleviate the condition remains the commonest surgical intervention in children in the developed world. Chronic and recurrent forms of OM are known to have a very significant genetic component, however, until recently little was known of the underlying genes involved. The identification of mouse models of chronic OM has indicated a role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling and its impact on responses to hypoxia in the inflamed middle ear. We have, therefore, investigated the role of TGFβ signalling and identified and characterized a new model of chronic OM carrying a mutation in the gene for transforming growth interacting factor 1 (Tgif1). Tgif1 homozygous mutant mice have significantly raised auditory thresholds due to a conductive deafness arising from a chronic effusion starting at around 3 weeks of age. The OM is accompanied by a significant thickening of the middle ear mucosa lining, expansion of mucin-secreting goblet cell populations and raised levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, TNF-α and IL-1β in ear fluids. We also identified downstream effects on TGFβ signalling in middle ear epithelia at the time of development of chronic OM. Both phosphorylated SMAD2 and p21 levels were lowered in the homozygous mutant, demonstrating a suppression of the TGFβ pathway. The identification and characterization of the Tgif mutant supports the role of TGFβ signalling in the development of chronic OM and provides an important candidate gene for genetic studies in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Morse
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK and
| | - Andrew Parker
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK and
| | | | - Nick Warr
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK and
| | | | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
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Hoffman HJ, Daly KA, Bainbridge KE, Casselbrant ML, Homøe P, Kvestad E, Kvaerner KJ, Vernacchio L. Panel 1: Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 148:E1-E25. [PMID: 23536527 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812460984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The First International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media (OM) with Effusion was held in Columbus, Ohio, in 1975. The symposium has been organized in the United States every 4 years since, followed by a research conference to (a) assess major research accomplishments, (b) identify important research questions and opportunities, (c) develop consensus on definitions and terminology, and (d) establish priorities with short- and long-term research goals. One of the principal areas reviewed quadrennially is Epidemiology, Natural History, and Risk Factors. OBJECTIVE To provide a review of recent literature on the epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors for OM. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW METHODS A search of OM articles in English published July 2007 to June 2011 was conducted using PubMed and related databases. Those with findings judged of importance for epidemiology, public health, and/or statistical methods were reviewed. RESULTS The literature has continued to expand, increasing understanding of the worldwide burden of OM in childhood, complications from treatment failures, and comorbidities. Novel risk factors, including genetic factors, have been examined for OM susceptibility. Population-based studies in Canada, the United States, and other countries confirmed reductions in OM prevalence. Although most studies concentrated on acute OM (AOM) or OM with effusion (OME), a few examined severe chronic suppurative OM (CSOM), a major public health problem in developing countries and for certain indigenous populations around the world. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Recent publications have reinforced earlier epidemiological findings, while extending our knowledge in human population groups with high burden of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Chen J, Ingham N, Clare S, Raisen C, Vancollie VE, Ismail O, McIntyre RE, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB, Dougan G, Adams DJ, White JK, Steel KP. Mcph1-deficient mice reveal a role for MCPH1 in otitis media. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58156. [PMID: 23516444 PMCID: PMC3596415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is a common reason for hearing loss, especially in children. Otitis media is a multifactorial disease and environmental factors, anatomic dysmorphology and genetic predisposition can all contribute to its pathogenesis. However, the reasons for the variable susceptibility to otitis media are elusive. MCPH1 mutations cause primary microcephaly in humans. So far, no hearing impairment has been reported either in the MCPH1 patients or mouse models with Mcph1 deficiency. In this study, Mcph1-deficient (Mcph1tm1a/tm1a) mice were produced using embryonic stem cells with a targeted mutation by the Sanger Institute's Mouse Genetics Project. Auditory brainstem response measurements revealed that Mcph1tm1a/tm1a mice had mild to moderate hearing impairment with around 70% penetrance. We found otitis media with effusion in the hearing-impaired Mcph1tm1a/tm1a mice by anatomic and histological examinations. Expression of Mcph1 in the epithelial cells of middle ear cavities supported its involvement in the development of otitis media. Other defects of Mcph1tm1a/tm1a mice included small skull sizes, increased micronuclei in red blood cells, increased B cells and ocular abnormalities. These findings not only recapitulated the defects found in other Mcph1-deficient mice or MCPH1 patients, but also revealed an unexpected phenotype, otitis media with hearing impairment, which suggests Mcph1 is a new gene underlying genetic predisposition to otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ingham
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Raisen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ozama Ismail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen P. Steel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Daniel M, Imtiaz-Umer S, Fergie N, Birchall JP, Bayston R. Bacterial involvement in otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1416-22. [PMID: 22819485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media with effusion (OME), a common chronic childhood condition affecting hearing, is thought to be a result of bacterial infection, with biofilms recently implicated. Although bacterial DNA can be detected by polymerase chain reaction in 80% of patients, typically fewer than half of effusions are positive using standard culture techniques. We adopted an alternative approach to demonstrating bacteria in OME, using a bacterial viability stain and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM): staining allows detection of live bacteria without requiring growth on culture, while CLSM allows demonstration of the three-dimensional structure typical of biofilms. METHODS Effusion samples were collected at the time of ventilation tube insertion, analysed with CLSM and bacterial viability stain, and extended culture techniques performed with the intention of capturing all possible organisms. RESULTS Sixty-two effusions (42 patients) were analysed: 28 (45.2%) were culture-positive, but 51 (82.3%) were CLSM-positive. Combining the two techniques demonstrated live bacteria in 57 (91.8%) samples. Using CLSM, bacteria exhibited biofilm morphology in 25 effusions and were planktonic in 26; the proportion of samples exhibiting biofilm morphology was similar in the culture-positive and culture-negative groups (50.0% and 48.3%, respectively). Biofilm samples contained an average of 1.7 different bacterial isolates and planktonic samples 2.0, with the commonest bacteria identified being coagulase-negative staphylococci. CONCLUSION Live bacteria are present in most effusions, strongly suggesting that bacteria and biofilms are important in the aetiopathogenesis of OME.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Kikkawa Y, Seki Y, Okumura K, Ohshiba Y, Miyasaka Y, Suzuki S, Ozaki M, Matsuoka K, Noguchi Y, Yonekawa H. Advantages of a mouse model for human hearing impairment. Exp Anim 2012; 61:85-98. [PMID: 22531723 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing is a major factor in human quality of life. Mouse models are important tools for discovering the genes that are responsible for genetic hearing loss, and these models often allow the processes that regulate the onset of deafness in humans to be analyzed. Thus far, in the study of hearing and deafness, at least 400 mutants with hearing impairments have been identified in laboratory mouse populations. Analysis of through a combination of genetic, morphological, and physiological studies is revealing valuable insights into the ontogenesis, morphogenesis, and function of the mammalian ear. This review discusses the advantages of the mouse models of human hearing impairment and highlights the identification of the molecules required for stereocilia development in the inner ear hair cells by analysis of various mouse mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Mammalian Genetics Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Hohenauer T, Moore AW. The Prdm family: expanding roles in stem cells and development. Development 2012; 139:2267-82. [PMID: 22669819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.070110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Prdm family are characterized by an N-terminal PR domain that is related to the SET methyltransferase domain, and multiple zinc fingers that mediate sequence-specific DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. Prdm factors either act as direct histone methyltransferases or recruit a suite of histone-modifying enzymes to target promoters. In this way, they function in many developmental contexts to drive and maintain cell state transitions and to modify the activity of developmental signalling pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of Prdm family members and discuss the roles played by these proteins in stem cells and throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hohenauer
- Disease Mechanism Research Core, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Xu X, Woo CH, Steere RR, Lee BC, Huang Y, Wu J, Pang J, Lim JH, Xu H, Zhang W, Konduru AS, Yan C, Cheeseman MT, Brown SDM, Li JD. EVI1 acts as an inducible negative-feedback regulator of NF-κB by inhibiting p65 acetylation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:6371-80. [PMID: 22581859 PMCID: PMC3370108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of many important human diseases. Appropriate inflammation is critical for host defense; however, an overactive response is detrimental to the host. Thus, inflammation must be tightly regulated. The molecular mechanisms underlying the tight regulation of inflammation remain largely unknown. Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1), a proto-oncogene and zinc finger transcription factor, plays important roles in normal development and leukemogenesis. However, its role in regulating NF-κB-dependent inflammation remains unknown. In this article, we show that EVI1 negatively regulates nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae- and TNF-α-induced NF-κB-dependent inflammation in vitro and in vivo. EVI1 directly binds to the NF-κB p65 subunit and inhibits its acetylation at lysine 310, thereby inhibiting its DNA-binding activity. Moreover, expression of EVI1 itself is induced by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and TNF-α in an NF-κB-dependent manner, thereby unveiling a novel inducible negative feedback loop to tightly control NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Thus, our study provides important insights into the novel role for EVI1 in negatively regulating NF-κB-dependent inflammation, and it may also shed light on the future development of novel anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea 705-717
| | - Rachel R. Steere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Byung Cheol Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jinjiang Pang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jian-Dong Lior Dr. Jae Hyang Lim, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Box 5090, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302. (J.D.L.) or (J.H.L.)
| | - Haidong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Anuhya S. Konduru
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Chen Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Cheeseman
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jian-Dong Lior Dr. Jae Hyang Lim, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Box 5090, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302. (J.D.L.) or (J.H.L.)
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50
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Abstract
There has been a rapid rise in the use of the mouse to investigate pathobiology of otitis media. This is for good reason, including easy husbandry, but also capacity for genetic manipulation of the mouse. Insights into human disease have been gleaned from mouse models, but there are limitations of the mouse-to-man approach. First, important differences exist between mouse and man, particularly in immune function. Second, functional equivalence of genes in the 2 species is not ensured. Third, laboratory mice of a uniform genetic background and environment are an inadequate model of the plethora of factors affecting complex disease in humans. Finally, gene function in mouse models is often obliterated using gene knockout technology, but this is a poor mimic of normal gene variation in man. These drawbacks of the mouse may in the future limit its usefulness in otitis media research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Fazal Bhutta
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (University of Oxford), Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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