1
|
Barr J, Walz A, Restaino AC, Amit M, Barclay SM, Vichaya EG, Spanos WC, Dantzer R, Talbot S, Vermeer PD. Tumor-infiltrating nerves functionally alter brain circuits and modulate behavior in a mouse model of head-and-neck cancer. eLife 2024; 13:RP97916. [PMID: 39302290 DOI: 10.7554/elife.97916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients often experience changes in mental health, prompting an exploration into whether nerves infiltrating tumors contribute to these alterations by impacting brain functions. Using a mouse model for head and neck cancer and neuronal tracing, we show that tumor-infiltrating nerves connect to distinct brain areas. The activation of this neuronal circuitry altered behaviors (decreased nest-building, increased latency to eat a cookie, and reduced wheel running). Tumor-infiltrating nociceptor neurons exhibited heightened calcium activity and brain regions receiving these neural projections showed elevated Fos as well as increased calcium responses compared to non-tumor-bearing counterparts. The genetic elimination of nociceptor neurons decreased brain Fos expression and mitigated the behavioral alterations induced by the presence of the tumor. While analgesic treatment restored nesting and cookie test behaviors, it did not fully restore voluntary wheel running indicating that pain is not the exclusive driver of such behavioral shifts. Unraveling the interaction between the tumor, infiltrating nerves, and the brain is pivotal to developing targeted interventions to alleviate the mental health burdens associated with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Barr
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
| | - Austin Walz
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
| | - Anthony C Restaino
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, United States
| | - Moran Amit
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Sarah M Barclay
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
| | - Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Waco, United States
| | - William C Spanos
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, United States
| | - Robert Dantzer
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Queen's University, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, Canada
| | - Paola D Vermeer
- Sanford Research, Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, United States
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bai Q, Shao E, Ma D, Jiao B, Scheetz SD, Hartnett-Scott KA, Ilin VA, Aizenman E, Kofler J, Burton EA. A human Tau expressing zebrafish model of progressive supranuclear palsy identifies Brd4 as a regulator of microglial synaptic elimination. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8195. [PMID: 39294122 PMCID: PMC11410960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by 4-repeat (0N/4R)-Tau protein accumulation in CNS neurons. We generated transgenic zebrafish expressing human 0N/4R-Tau to investigate PSP pathophysiology. Tau zebrafish replicated multiple features of PSP, including: decreased survival; hypokinesia; impaired optokinetic responses; neurodegeneration; neuroinflammation; synapse loss; and Tau hyperphosphorylation, misfolding, mislocalization, insolubility, truncation, and oligomerization. Using automated assays, we screened 147 small molecules for activity in rescuing neurological deficits in Tau zebrafish. (+)JQ1, a bromodomain inhibitor, improved hypokinesia, survival, microgliosis, and brain synapse elimination. A heterozygous brd4+/- mutant reducing expression of the bromodomain protein Brd4 similarly rescued these phenotypes. Microglial phagocytosis of synaptic material was decreased by (+)JQ1 in both Tau zebrafish and rat primary cortical cultures. Microglia in human PSP brains expressed Brd4. Our findings implicate Brd4 as a regulator of microglial synaptic elimination in tauopathy and provide an unbiased approach for identifying mechanisms and therapeutic targets in PSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bai
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Enhua Shao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Denglei Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Binxuan Jiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Seth D Scheetz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Karen A Hartnett-Scott
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ilin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malchow J, Eberlein J, Li W, Hogan BM, Okuda KS, Helker CSM. Neural progenitor-derived Apelin controls tip cell behavior and vascular patterning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1174. [PMID: 38968355 PMCID: PMC11225789 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
During angiogenesis, vascular tip cells guide nascent vascular sprouts to form a vascular network. Apelin, an agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor Aplnr, is enriched in vascular tip cells, and it is hypothesized that vascular-derived Apelin regulates sprouting angiogenesis. We identify an apelin-expressing neural progenitor cell population in the dorsal neural tube. Vascular tip cells exhibit directed elongation and migration toward and along the apelin-expressing neural progenitor cells. Notably, restoration of neural but not vascular apelin expression in apelin mutants remedies the angiogenic defects of mutants. By functional analyses, we show the requirement of Apelin signaling for tip cell behaviors, like filopodia formation and cell elongation. Through genetic interaction studies and analysis of transgenic activity reporters, we identify Apelin signaling as a modulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in tip cells in vivo. Our results suggest a previously unidentified neurovascular cross-talk mediated by Apelin signaling that is important for tip cell function during sprouting angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Malchow
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jean Eberlein
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kazuhide S. Okuda
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian S. M. Helker
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barr J, Walz A, Restaino AC, Amit M, Barclay SM, Vichaya EG, Spanos WC, Dantzer R, Talbot S, Vermeer PD. Tumor-infiltrating nerves functionally alter brain circuits and modulate behavior in a male mouse model of head-and-neck cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.18.562990. [PMID: 37905135 PMCID: PMC10614955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients often experience changes in mental health, prompting an exploration into whether nerves infiltrating tumors contribute to these alterations by impacting brain functions. Using a male mouse model for head and neck cancer, we utilized neuronal tracing techniques and show that tumor-infiltrating nerves indeed connect to distinct brain areas via the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. The activation of this neuronal circuitry led to behavioral alterations represented by decreased nest-building, increased latency to eat a cookie, and reduced wheel running. Tumor-infiltrating nociceptor neurons exhibited heightened activity, as indicated by increased calcium mobilization. Correspondingly, the specific brain regions receiving these neural projections showed elevated cFos and delta FosB expression in tumor-bearing mice, alongside markedly intensified calcium responses compared to non-tumor-bearing counterparts. The genetic elimination of nociceptor neurons in tumor-bearing mice led to decreased brain Fos expression and mitigated the behavioral alterations induced by the presence of the tumor. While analgesic treatment successfully restored behaviors involving oral movements to normalcy in tumor-bearing mice, it did not have a similar therapeutic effect on voluntary wheel running. This discrepancy points towards an intricate relationship, where pain is not the exclusive driver of such behavioral shifts. Unraveling the interaction between the tumor, infiltrating nerves, and the brain is pivotal to developing targeted interventions to alleviate the mental health burdens associated with cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Burton AH, Jiao B, Bai Q, Van Laar VS, Wheeler TB, Watkins SC, Bruchez MP, Burton EA. Full-field exposure of larval zebrafish to narrow waveband LED light sources at defined power and energy for optogenetic applications. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 401:110001. [PMID: 37914002 PMCID: PMC10843659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optogenetic approaches in transparent zebrafish models have provided numerous insights into vertebrate neurobiology. The purpose of this study was to develop methods to activate light-sensitive transgene products simultaneously throughout an entire larval zebrafish. NEW METHOD We developed a LED illumination stand and microcontroller unit to expose zebrafish larvae reproducibly to full field illumination at defined wavelength, power, and energy. RESULTS The LED stand generated a sufficiently flat illumination field to expose multiple larval zebrafish to high power light stimuli uniformly, while avoiding sample bath warming. The controller unit allowed precise automated delivery of predetermined amounts of light energy at calibrated power. We demonstrated the utility of the approach by driving photoconversion of Kaede (398 nm), photodimerization of GAVPO (450 nm), and photoactivation of dL5**/MG2I (661 nm) in neurons throughout the CNS of larval zebrafish. Observed outcomes were influenced by both total light energy and its rate of delivery, highlighting the importance of controlling these variables to obtain reproducible results. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our approach employs inexpensive LED chip arrays to deliver narrow-waveband light with a sufficiently flat illumination field to span multiple larval zebrafish simultaneously. Calibration of light power and energy are built into the workflow. CONCLUSIONS The LED illuminator and controller can be constructed from widely available materials using the drawings, instructions, and software provided. This approach will be useful for multiple optogenetic applications in zebrafish and other models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Undergraduate Program in Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binxuan Jiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Tsinghua University Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Travis B Wheeler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Biosensors and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son JH, Gerenza AK, Bingener GM, Bonkowsky JL. Hypoplasia of dopaminergic neurons by hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity is associated with disrupted swimming development of larval zebrafish. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:963037. [PMID: 36212692 PMCID: PMC9540391 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.963037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic injury to the developing brain increases the risk of permanent behavioral deficits, but the precise mechanisms of hypoxic injury to the developing nervous system are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the effects of developmental hypoxia (1% pO2 from 24 to 48 h post-fertilization, hpf) on diencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons in larval zebrafish and the consequences on the development of swimming behavior. Hypoxia reduced the number of diencephalic DA neurons at 48 hpf. Returning zebrafish larvae to normoxia after the hypoxia (i.e., hypoxia-recovery, HR) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Real-time qPCR results showed that HR caused upregulation of proapoptotic genes, including p53 and caspase3, suggesting the potential for ROS-induced cell death. With HR, we also found an increase in TUNEL-positive DA neurons, a persistent reduction in the number of diencephalic DA neurons, and disrupted swimming development and behavior. Interestingly, post-hypoxia (HR) with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine partially restored the number of DA neurons and spontaneous swimming behavior, demonstrating potential recovery from hypoxic injury. The present study provides new insights for understanding the mechanisms responsible for motor disability due to developmental hypoxic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Son
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hyun Son,
| | - Amanda K. Gerenza
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, United States
| | - Gabrielle M. Bingener
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, United States
| | - Joshua L. Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children’s Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang YHC, Briant LJB, Raab CA, Mullapudi ST, Maischein HM, Kawakami K, Stainier DYR. Innervation modulates the functional connectivity between pancreatic endocrine cells. eLife 2022; 11:64526. [PMID: 35373736 PMCID: PMC9007585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of pancreatic endocrine cell activity modulation by autonomic innervation has been debated. To investigate this question, we established an in vivo imaging model that also allows chronic and acute neuromodulation with genetic and optogenetic tools. Using the GCaMP6s biosensor together with endocrine cell fluorescent reporters, we imaged calcium dynamics simultaneously in multiple pancreatic islet cell types in live animals in control states and upon changes in innervation. We find that by 4 days post fertilization in zebrafish, a stage when islet architecture is reminiscent of that in adult rodents, prominent activity coupling between beta cells is present in basal glucose conditions. Furthermore, we show that both chronic and acute loss of nerve activity result in diminished beta–beta and alpha–beta activity coupling. Pancreatic nerves are in contact with all islet cell types, but predominantly with beta and delta cells. Surprisingly, a subset of delta cells with detectable peri-islet neural activity coupling had significantly higher homotypic coupling with other delta cells suggesting that some delta cells receive innervation that coordinates their output. Overall, these data show that innervation plays a vital role in the maintenance of homotypic and heterotypic cellular connectivity in pancreatic islets, a process critical for islet function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hsuan Carol Yang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Christopher A Raab
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sri Teja Mullapudi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bao M, Shang F, Liu F, Hu Z, Wang S, Yang X, Yu Y, Zhang H, Jiang C, Jiang J, Liu Y, Wang X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the brain in Takifugu rubripes shows its tolerance to acute hypoxia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1669-1685. [PMID: 34460041 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia in water that caused by reduced levels of oxygen occurred frequently, due to the complex aquatic environment. Hypoxia tolerance for fish depends on a complete set of coping mechanisms such as oxygen perception and gene-protein interaction regulation. The present study examined the short-term effects of hypoxia on the brain in Takifugu rubripes. We sequenced the transcriptomes of the brain in T. rubripes to study their response mechanism to acute hypoxia. A total of 167 genes were differentially expressed in the brain of T. rubripes after exposed to acute hypoxia. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that hypoxia could cause metabolic and neurological changes, showing the clues of their adaptation to acute hypoxia. As the most complex and important organ, the brain of T. rubripes might be able to create a self-protection mechanism to resist or reduce damage caused by acute hypoxia stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Bao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Fengqin Shang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Fujun Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Ziwen Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yundeng Yu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Chihang Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Jielan Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Xiuli Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, DalianLiaoning, 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim YS, Won YJ, Lim BG, Min TJ, Kim YH, Lee IO. Neuroprotective effects of magnesium L-threonate in a hypoxic zebrafish model. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32590943 PMCID: PMC7318545 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia inhibits the uptake of glutamate (a major neurotransmitter in the brain closely related to cognitive function) into brain cells, and the initial response of cells to cortical hypoxia depends on glutamate. Previous studies have suggested that magnesium may have protective effects against hypoxic injuries. In particular, magnesium L-threonate (MgT) may increase magnesium ion concentrations in the brain better than MgSO4 and improve cognitive function. METHODS We evaluated cell viability under hypoxic conditions in the MgT- and MgSO4-treated human SH-SY5Y neurons, in vivo behavior using the T-maze test following hypoxia in MgT-treated zebrafish, activity of brain mitochondrial dehydrogenase by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and protein expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 4 glutamate transporter by western blotting. RESULTS Among the groups treated with hypoxia, cell viability significantly increased when pre-treated with 1 or 10 mM MgT (p = 0.009 and 0.026, respectively). Despite hypoxic insult, MgT-treated zebrafish showed preferences for the red compartment (p = 0.025 for distance and p = 0.007 for frequency of entries), suggesting memory preservation. TTC staining showed reduced cerebral infarction and preserved absorbance in the MgT-treated zebrafish brain after hypoxia (p = 0.010 compared to the hypoxia group). In addition, western blot showed upregulation of EAAT4 protein in the MgT treated group. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with MgT attenuated cell death and cerebral infarction due to hypoxia and protected cognitive function in zebrafish. In addition, MgT appeared to modulate expression of the glutamate transporter, EAAT4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Won
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Gun Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Too Jae Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Yeon-Hwa Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Il Ok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Son JH, Stevenson TJ, Bowles MD, Scholl EA, Bonkowsky JL. Dopaminergic Co-Regulation of Locomotor Development and Motor Neuron Synaptogenesis is Uncoupled by Hypoxia in Zebrafish. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0355-19.2020. [PMID: 32001551 PMCID: PMC7046933 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0355-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic injury to the developing human brain is a complication of premature birth and is associated with long-term impairments of motor function. Disruptions of axon and synaptic connectivity have been linked to developmental hypoxia, but the fundamental mechanisms impacting motor function from altered connectivity are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on locomotor development in zebrafish. We found that developmental hypoxia resulted in decreased spontaneous swimming behavior in larva, and that this motor impairment persisted into adulthood. In evaluation of the diencephalic dopaminergic neurons, which regulate early development of locomotion and constitute an evolutionarily conserved component of the vertebrate dopaminergic system, hypoxia caused a decrease in the number of synapses from the descending dopaminergic diencephalospinal tract (DDT) to spinal cord motor neurons. Moreover, dopamine signaling from the DDT was coupled jointly to motor neuron synaptogenesis and to locomotor development. Together, these results demonstrate the developmental processes regulating early locomotor development and a requirement for dopaminergic projections and motor neuron synaptogenesis. Our findings suggest new insights for understanding the mechanisms leading to motor disability from hypoxic injury of prematurity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Son
- Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Miranda D Bowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Erika A Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shahar OD, Schuman EM. Large-scale cell-type-specific imaging of protein synthesis in a vertebrate brain. eLife 2020; 9:50564. [PMID: 32091983 PMCID: PMC7048392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in methods to detect protein synthesis, it has not been possible to measure endogenous protein synthesis levels in vivo in an entire vertebrate brain. We developed a transgenic zebrafish line that allows for cell-type-specific labeling and imaging of nascent proteins in the entire animal. By replacing leucine with glycine in the zebrafish MetRS-binding pocket (MetRS-L270G), we enabled the cell-type-specific incorporation of the azide-bearing non-canonical-amino-acid azidonorleucine (ANL) during protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins were then labeled via 'click chemistry'. Using a Gal4-UAS-ELAV3 line to express MetRS-L270G in neurons, we measured protein synthesis intensities across the entire nervous system. We visualized endogenous protein synthesis and demonstrated that seizure-induced neural activity results in enhanced translation levels in neurons. This method allows for robust analysis of endogenous protein synthesis in a cell-type-specific manner, in vivo at single-cell resolution.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mi F, Liu F, Zhang C. Magnesium protects mouse hippocampal HT22 cells against hypoxia-induced injury by upregulation of miR-221. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1452-1462. [PMID: 31512791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+ ) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against hypoxia. However, it still remains elusive whether Mg2+ protected mouse hippocampal HT22 cells against hypoxia-evoked damages. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the function of Mg2+ and mechanisms associated with microRNA-221 (miR-221). HT22 cells were exposed to 3% O2 for 24 hours to induce hypoxic damages with 21% as a normoxic culture condition. The damages were monitored by viability, migration, and apoptosis of HT22 cells with or without Mg2+ pretreatment. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to examine the alteration of miR-221, miR-210, and miR-17-5p. Transduction was carried out to artificially alter the expression of miR-221 and nerve growth factor (NGF), which was confirmed by qRT-PCR or Western blot assays. To blunt phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), LY294002 (10 µM) and BAY 11-7082 (10 µM) were used. We observed Mg2+ protected HT22 cells against hypoxia-induced damages by upregulating miR-221. Further, miR-221 positively regulated NGF expression. Overexpression of NGF alleviated cell injury, while suppression of NGF aggravated cell injury. Moreover, miR-221 elevated NGF by inducing phosphorylation of regulators in PI3K/AKT and NF-κB transduction cascades and then alleviated cell injury. In conclusion, Mg2+ protected HT22 cells against hypoxia-induced damages by upregulation of miR-221 and NGF. These findings provided insights into the development of improved strategies for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Mi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Transient Hypoxemia Disrupts Anatomical and Functional Maturation of Preterm Fetal Ovine CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7853-7871. [PMID: 31455661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1364-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Children who survive premature birth often exhibit reductions in hippocampal volumes and deficits in working memory. However, it is unclear whether synaptic plasticity and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory can be elicited or disrupted in the preterm fetal hippocampus. CA1 hippocampal neurons were exposed to two common insults to preterm brain: transient hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and hypoxia (Hx). We used a preterm fetal sheep model using both sexes in twin 0.65 gestation fetuses that reproduces the spectrum of injury and abnormal growth in preterm infants. Using Cavalieri measurements, hippocampal volumes were reduced in both Hx and HI fetuses compared with controls. This volume loss was not the result of neuronal cell death. Instead, morphometrics revealed alterations in both basal and apical dendritic arborization that were significantly associated with the level of systemic hypoxemia and metabolic stress regardless of etiology. Anatomical alterations of CA1 neurons were accompanied by reductions in probability of presynaptic glutamate release, long-term synaptic plasticity and intrinsic excitability. The reduction in intrinsic excitability was in part due to increased activity of the channels underlying the fast and slow component of the afterhyperpolarization in Hx and HI. Our studies suggest that even a single brief episode of hypoxemia can markedly disrupt hippocampal maturation. Hypoxemia may contribute to long-term working memory disturbances in preterm survivors by disrupting neuronal maturation with resultant functional disturbances in hippocampal action potential throughput. Strategies directed at limiting the duration or severity of hypoxemia during brain development may mitigate disturbances in hippocampal maturation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Premature infants commonly sustain hypoxia-ischemia, which results in reduced hippocampal growth and life-long disturbances in learning and memory. We demonstrate that the circuitry related to synaptic plasticity and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory (LTP) are already functional in the fetal hippocampus. Unlike adults, the fetal hippocampus is surprisingly resistant to cell death from hypoxia-ischemia. However, the hippocampus sustains robust structural and functional disturbances in the dendritic maturation of CA1 neurons that are significantly associated with the magnitude of a brief hypoxic stress. Since transient hypoxic episodes occur commonly in preterm survivors, our findings suggest that the learning problems that ensue may be related to the unique susceptibility of the hippocampus to brief episodes of hypoxemia.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bonkowsky JL, Son JH. Hypoxia and connectivity in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/12/dmm037127. [PMID: 30541748 PMCID: PMC6307895 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing nervous system depends upon precise regulation of oxygen levels. Hypoxia, the condition of low oxygen concentration, can interrupt developmental sequences and cause a range of molecular, cellular and neuronal changes and injuries. The roles and effects of hypoxia on the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly characterized, even though hypoxia is simultaneously a normal component of development, a potentially abnormal environmental stressor in some settings, and a clinically important complication, for example of prematurity. Work over the past decade has revealed that hypoxia causes specific disruptions in the development of CNS connectivity, altering axon pathfinding and synapse development. The goals of this article are to review hypoxia's effects on the development of CNS connectivity, including its genetic and molecular mediators, and the changes it causes in CNS circuitry and function due to regulated as well as unintended mechanisms. The transcription factor HIF1α is the central mediator of the CNS response to hypoxia (as it is elsewhere in the body), but hypoxia also causes a dysregulation of gene expression. Animals appear to have evolved genetic and molecular responses to hypoxia that result in functional behavioral alterations to adapt to the changes in oxygen concentration during CNS development. Understanding the molecular pathways underlying both the normal and abnormal effects of hypoxia on CNS connectivity may reveal novel insights into common neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, this Review explores the current gaps in knowledge, and suggests important areas for future studies. Summary: The nervous system's exposure to hypoxia has developmental and clinical relevance. In this Review, the authors discuss the effects of hypoxia on the development of the CNS, and its long-term behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Son
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Korgenski EK, Bonkowsky JL. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Neonatal Serum Magnesium Levels in Preterm Infants. Child Neurol Open 2018; 5:2329048X18800566. [PMID: 30246047 PMCID: PMC6144497 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x18800566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature birth is associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder. Antenatal maternal magnesium administration is known to reduce subsequent risk of cerebral palsy including among premature infants, suggesting a potentially broader neuroprotective role for magnesium. Our objective was to determine whether magnesium could be protective against autism spectrum disorders in premature infants. A cohort of 4855 preterm children was identified, magnesium levels from 24 to 48 hours of life recorded, and subsequent autism spectrum disorder status determined. Adjusted relative risk of autism spectrum disorder with each 1 mg/dL increase in neonatal magnesium level was 1.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.86-1.53). Analysis of variance indicated that magnesium levels varied by gestational age and maternal antenatal magnesium supplementation, but not autism spectrum disorder status (F1,4824 = 1.43, P = .23). We found that neonatal magnesium levels were not associated with decreased autism spectrum disorder risk. Future research into autism spectrum disorder risks and treatments in premature infants is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Bakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah A Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang YHC, Kawakami K, Stainier DY. A new mode of pancreatic islet innervation revealed by live imaging in zebrafish. eLife 2018; 7:34519. [PMID: 29916364 PMCID: PMC6039180 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are innervated by autonomic and sensory nerves that influence their function. Analyzing the innervation process should provide insight into the nerve-endocrine interactions and their roles in development and disease. Here, using in vivo time-lapse imaging and genetic analyses in zebrafish, we determined the events leading to islet innervation. Comparable neural density in the absence of vasculature indicates that it is dispensable for early pancreatic innervation. Neural crest cells are in close contact with endocrine cells early in development. We find these cells give rise to neurons that extend axons toward the islet as they surprisingly migrate away. Specific ablation of these neurons partly prevents other neurons from migrating away from the islet resulting in diminished innervation. Thus, our studies establish the zebrafish as a model to interrogate mechanisms of organ innervation, and reveal a novel mode of innervation whereby neurons establish connections with their targets before migrating away.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hsuan Carol Yang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Japan
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Midline Axon Crossing Decision Is Regulated through an Activity-Dependent Mechanism by the NMDA Receptor. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0389-17. [PMID: 29766040 PMCID: PMC5952305 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0389-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance in vertebrates is controlled by genetic cascades as well as by intrinsic activity-dependent refinement of connections. Midline axon crossing is one of the best studied pathfinding models and is fundamental to the establishment of bilaterally symmetric nervous systems. However, it is not known whether crossing requires intrinsic activity in axons, and what controls that activity. Further, a mechanism linking neuronal activity and gene expression has not been identified for axon pathfinding. Using embryonic zebrafish, we found that the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) NR1.1 subunit (grin1a) is expressed in commissural axons. Pharmacological inhibition of grin1a, hypoxia exposure reduction of grin1a expression, or CRISPR knock-down of grin1a leads to defects in midline crossing. Inhibition of neuronal activity phenocopies the effects of grin1a loss on midline crossing. By combining pharmacological inhibition of the NMDAR with optogenetic stimulation to precisely restore neuronal activity, we observed rescue of midline crossing. This suggests that the NMDAR controls pathfinding by an activity-dependent mechanism. We further show that the NMDAR may act, via modulating activity, on the transcription factor arxa (mammalian Arx), a known regulator of midline pathfinding. These findings uncover a novel role for the NMDAR in controlling activity to regulate commissural pathfinding and identify arxa as a key link between the genetic and activity-dependent regulation of midline axon guidance.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lambert CJ, Freshner BC, Chung A, Stevenson TJ, Bowles DM, Samuel R, Gale BK, Bonkowsky JL. An automated system for rapid cellular extraction from live zebrafish embryos and larvae: Development and application to genotyping. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193180. [PMID: 29543903 PMCID: PMC5854293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a valuable model organism in biomedical research. Their rapid development, ability to model human diseases, utility for testing genetic variants identified from next-generation sequencing, amenity to CRISPR mutagenesis, and potential for therapeutic compound screening, has led to their wide-spread adoption in diverse fields of study. However, their power for large-scale screens is limited by the absence of automated genotyping tools for live animals. This constrains potential drug screen options, limits analysis of embryonic and larval phenotypes, and requires raising additional animals to adulthood to ensure obtaining an animal of the desired genotype. Our objective was to develop an automated system that would rapidly obtain cells and DNA from zebrafish embryos and larvae for genotyping, and that would keep the animals alive. We describe the development, testing, and validation of a zebrafish embryonic genotyping device, termed “ZEG” (Zebrafish Embryo Genotyper). Using microfluidic harmonic oscillation of the animal on a roughened glass surface, the ZEG is able to obtain genetic material (cells and DNA) for use in genotyping, from 24 embryos or larvae simultaneously in less than 10 minutes. Loading and unloading of the ZEG is performed manually with a standard pipette tip or transfer pipette. The obtained genetic material is amplified by PCR and can be used for subsequent analysis including sequencing, gel electrophoresis, or high-resolution melt-analysis. Sensitivity of genotyping and survival of animals are both greater than 90%. There are no apparent effects on body morphology, development, or motor behavior tests. In summary, the ZEG device enables rapid genotyping of live zebrafish embryos and larvae, and animals are available for downstream applications, testing, or raising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lambert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Briana C Freshner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Arlen Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - D Miranda Bowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Raheel Samuel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.,Nanonc Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bruce K Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.,Nanonc Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maguire D, Neytchev O, Talwar D, McMillan D, Shiels PG. Telomere Homeostasis: Interplay with Magnesium. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E157. [PMID: 29303978 PMCID: PMC5796106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere biology, a key component of the hallmarks of ageing, offers insight into dysregulation of normative ageing processes that accompany age-related diseases such as cancer. Telomere homeostasis is tightly linked to cellular metabolism, and in particular with mitochondrial physiology, which is also diminished during cellular senescence and normative physiological ageing. Inherent in the biochemistry of these processes is the role of magnesium, one of the main cellular ions and an essential cofactor in all reactions that use ATP. Magnesium plays an important role in many of the processes involved in regulating telomere structure, integrity and function. This review explores the mechanisms that maintain telomere structure and function, their influence on circadian rhythms and their impact on health and age-related disease. The pervasive role of magnesium in telomere homeostasis is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donogh Maguire
- Emergency Medicine Department, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
| | - Ognian Neytchev
- Section of Epigenetics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Dinesh Talwar
- The Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Reference Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
| | - Donald McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Section of Epigenetics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsuoka RL, Rossi A, Stone OA, Stainier DYR. CNS-resident progenitors direct the vascularization of neighboring tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10137-10142. [PMID: 28855341 PMCID: PMC5617242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ growth requires the coordinated invasion and expansion of blood vessel networks directed by tissue-resident cells and morphogenetic cues. A striking example of this intercellular communication is the vascularization of the central nervous system (CNS), which is driven by neuronal progenitors, including neuroepithelial cells and radial glia. Although the importance of neuronal progenitors in vascular development within the CNS is well recognized, how these progenitors regulate the vasculature outside the CNS remains largely unknown. Here we show that CNS-resident radial glia direct the vascularization of neighboring tissues during development. We find that genetic ablation of radial glia in zebrafish larvae leads to a complete loss of the bilateral vertebral arteries (VTAs) that extend along the ventrolateral sides of the spinal cord. Importantly, VTA formation is not affected by ablation of other CNS cell types, and radial glia ablation also compromises the subsequent formation of the peri-neural vascular plexus (PNVP), a vascular network that surrounds the CNS and is critical for CNS angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we find that radial glia control these processes via Vegfab/Vegfr2 signaling: vegfab is expressed by radial glia, and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Vegfab/Vegfr2 signaling blocks the formation of the VTAs and subsequently of the PNVP. Moreover, mosaic overexpression of Vegfab in radial glia is sufficient to partially rescue the VTA formation defect in vegfab mutants. Thus, our findings identify a critical function for CNS-resident progenitors in the regulation of vascularization outside the CNS, serving as a paradigm for cross-tissue coordination of vascular morphogenesis and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Oliver A Stone
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Khaliullina-Skultety H, Zi Chao N, Harris WA. Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28671652 DOI: 10.3791/55710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we introduce a novel system for hypoxia induction, which we developed to study the effects of hypoxia in aquatic organisms such as frog and zebrafish embryos. Our system comprises a chamber featuring a simple setup that is nevertheless robust to induce and maintain a specific oxygen concentration and temperature in any experimental solution of choice. The presented system is very cost-effective but highly functional, it allows induction and sustainment of hypoxia for direct experiments in vivo and for various time periods up to 48 h. To monitor and study the effects of hypoxia, we have employed two methods - measurement of levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) in whole embryos or specific tissues and determination of retinal stem cell proliferation by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation into the DNA. HIF-1α levels can serve as a general hypoxia marker in the whole embryo or tissue of choice, here embryonic retina. EdU incorporation into the proliferating cells of embryonic retina is a specific output of hypoxia induction. Thus, we have shown that hypoxic embryonic retinal progenitors decrease proliferation within 1 h of incubation under 5% oxygen of both frog and zebrafish embryos. Once mastered, our setup can be employed for use with small aquatic model organisms, for direct in vivo experiments, any given time period and under normal, hypoxic or hyperoxic oxygen concentration or under any other given gas mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngiam Zi Chao
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiang X, Zhao D, Gao C, Wang K, Zhou Q, Kang J, Duan T. Maternal administration of magnesium sulfate promotes cell proliferation in hippocampus dentate gyrus in offspring mice after exposing to prenatal stress. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 56:52-57. [PMID: 27974238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) inhibits cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), which is related to hippocampal anatomy and function abnormality. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on PS-induced cell proliferation suppression in offspring during embryonic stage and postnatal spatial learning. MgSO4 administration was performed after PS treatment on pregnant mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: non-PS or PS maternal mice injected with MgSO4 or saline (P+NS, P+MG, C+MG and C+NS group). Corticosterone was collected from amniotic fluid of mother mice on day 17 of embryonic stage (E17). The ability for spatial learning and memory of pups postnatal 3 week was evaluated using water maze assay. Additionally, cell proliferation was detected by assessing the expression of Ki67 using immunohistochemistry in mice fetuses or pups. PS significantly increased corticosterone level in amniotic fluid (P<0.05) and impaired the spatial learning and memory (P+NS vs C+NS of latency time and track path length: P<0.05) of offspring on postnatal day 21. However, MgSO4 administration could reverse PS-induced spatial learning and memory disability (P+MG vs P+NS, P<0.05). Additionally, PS reduced the number of Ki67-positive cell in hippocampal DG on E17, E19 and postnatal day 21 (P+NS vs C+NS, P<0.05), which were also abrogated by maternal administration of MgSO4 (P+MG vs P+NS, P<0.05). Collectively, prenatal administration of MgSO4 can reverse PS-induced reduction of cell proliferation in hippocampal DG during embryonic stage and postnatal spatial learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chonglan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsuoka RL, Marass M, Avdesh A, Helker CS, Maischein HM, Grosse AS, Kaur H, Lawson ND, Herzog W, Stainier DY. Radial glia regulate vascular patterning around the developing spinal cord. eLife 2016; 5:20253. [PMID: 27852438 PMCID: PMC5123865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular networks surrounding individual organs are important for their development, maintenance, and function; however, how these networks are assembled remains poorly understood. Here we show that CNS progenitors, referred to as radial glia, modulate vascular patterning around the spinal cord by acting as negative regulators. We found that radial glia ablation in zebrafish embryos leads to excessive sprouting of the trunk vessels around the spinal cord, and exclusively those of venous identity. Mechanistically, we determined that radial glia control this process via the Vegf decoy receptor sFlt1: sflt1 mutants exhibit the venous over-sprouting observed in radial glia-ablated larvae, and sFlt1 overexpression rescues it. Genetic mosaic analyses show that sFlt1 function in trunk endothelial cells can limit their over-sprouting. Together, our findings identify CNS-resident progenitors as critical angiogenic regulators that determine the precise patterning of the vasculature around the spinal cord, providing novel insights into vascular network formation around developing organs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20253.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michele Marass
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Avdesh Avdesh
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Sm Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ann S Grosse
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Harmandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ostrander B, Bardsley T, Korgenski EK, Greene T, Bonkowsky JL. Neonatal Magnesium Levels Between 24 and 48 Hours of Life and Outcomes for Epilepsy and Motor Impairment in Premature Infants. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 59:41-6. [PMID: 27025188 PMCID: PMC4912928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated rates of epilepsy and motor impairments including cerebral palsy are observed in children who were born prematurely. Maternal antenatal magnesium supplementation has been associated with decreased rates of cerebral palsy in infants born prematurely. Our objective was to determine whether the neonatal serum magnesium level between 24 and 48 hours after birth is associated with better long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes (epilepsy, motor impairment) in premature infants. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort analysis in infants born less than 37-weeks gestation over a ten-year period. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal clinical and demographic information was collected. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were estimated under generalized linear models with generalized estimating equations to examine the association of the neonatal serum magnesium level between 24 and 48 hours after birth with the risk of epilepsy and/or motor impairment (spasticity; hypotonia; cerebral palsy). RESULTS The final cohort included 5461 infants born less than 37-weeks gestation from 2002 to 2011. The adjusted relative risk ratio for the combined outcomes of epilepsy and/or motor impairment, controlling for gestational age, current age, maternal magnesium supplementation, maternal steroid administration, five-minute Apgar score, neonatal infection, need for vasopressor use, and birth weight and with serum magnesium level as the main independent variable, was 0.85 (P = 0.24). Stratified analyses by gestational age less than 32 or greater than 32 weeks were not significantly associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome (risk ratio = 0.79 and 1.2, P = 0.12 and 0.49, respectively). A multivariate analysis for the risk of motor impairment alone had a risk ratio of 0.94 (P = 0.72). CONCLUSION This study demostrates that the neonatal magnesium level between 24 and 48 hours of life in premature infants is not significantly associated with the risk for developing epilepsy or motor impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Ostrander
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tyler Bardsley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Tom Greene
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua L. Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah,Address correspondence to: Josh Bonkowsky, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 295 Chipeta Way/Williams Building, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, , Phone: 801-581-6756, Fax: 801-581-4233
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Milash B, Gao J, Stevenson TJ, Son JH, Dahl T, Bonkowsky JL. Temporal Dysynchrony in brain connectivity gene expression following hypoxia. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:334. [PMID: 27146468 PMCID: PMC4857255 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the fundamental biological importance and clinical relevance of characterizing the effects of chronic hypoxia exposure on central nervous system (CNS) development, the changes in gene expression from hypoxia are unknown. It is not known if there are unifying principles, properties, or logic in the response of the developing CNS to hypoxic exposure. Here, we use the small vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio) to study the effects of hypoxia on connectivity gene expression across development. We perform transcriptional profiling at high temporal resolution to systematically determine and then experimentally validate the response of CNS connectivity genes to hypoxia exposure. Results We characterized mRNA changes during development, comparing the effects of chronic hypoxia exposure at different time-points. We focused on changes in expression levels of a subset of 1270 genes selected for their roles in development of CNS connectivity, including axon pathfinding and synapse formation. We found that the majority of CNS connectivity genes were unaffected by hypoxia. However, for a small subset of genes hypoxia significantly affected their gene expression profiles. In particular, hypoxia appeared to affect both the timing and levels of expression, including altering expression of interacting gene pairs in a fashion that would potentially disrupt normal function. Conclusions Overall, our study identifies the response of CNS connectivity genes to hypoxia exposure during development. While for most genes hypoxia did not significantly affect expression, for a subset of genes hypoxia changed both levels and timing of expression. Importantly, we identified that some genes with interacting proteins, for example receptor/ligand pairs, had dissimilar responses to hypoxia that would be expected to interfere with their function. The observed dysynchrony of gene expression could impair the development of normal CNS connectivity maps. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2638-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Milash
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jingxia Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Son
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tiffanie Dahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Serotonin Circuit Acts as an Environmental Sensor to Mediate Midline Axon Crossing through EphrinB2. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14794-808. [PMID: 26538650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1295-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Modulation of connectivity formation in the developing brain in response to external stimuli is poorly understood. Here, we show that the raphe nucleus and its serotonergic projections regulate pathfinding of commissural axons in zebrafish. We found that the raphe neurons extend projections toward midline-crossing axons and that when serotonergic signaling is blocked by pharmacological inhibition or by raphe neuron ablation, commissural pathfinding is disrupted. We demonstrate that the serotonin receptor htr2a is expressed on these commissural axons and that genetic knock-down of htr2a disrupts crossing. We further show that knock-down of htr2a or ablation of the raphe neurons increases ephrinB2a protein levels in commissural axons. An ephrinB2a mutant can rescue midline crossing when serotonergic signaling is blocked. Furthermore, we found that regulation of serotonin expression in the raphe neurons is modulated in response to the developmental environment. Hypoxia causes the raphe to decrease serotonin levels, leading to a reduction in midline crossing. Increasing serotonin in the setting of hypoxia restored midline crossing. Our findings demonstrate an instructive role for serotonin in axon guidance acting through ephrinB2a and reveal a novel mechanism for developmental interpretation of the environmental milieu in the generation of mature neural circuitry. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show here that serotonin has a novel role in regulating connectivity in response to the developmental environment. We demonstrate that serotonergic projections from raphe neurons regulate pathfinding of crossing axons. The neurons modulate their serotonin levels, and thus alter crossing, in response to the developmental environment including hypoxia. The findings suggest that modification of the serotonergic system by early exposures may contribute to permanent CNS connectivity alterations. This has important ramifications because of the association between premature birth and accompanying hypoxia, and increased risk of autism and evidence associating in utero exposure to some antidepressants and neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, this work demonstrates that the vertebrate CNS can modulate its connectivity in response to the external environment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Transgenic FingRs for Live Mapping of Synaptic Dynamics in Genetically-Defined Neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18734. [PMID: 26728131 PMCID: PMC4700522 DOI: 10.1038/srep18734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools for genetically-determined visualization of synaptic circuits and interactions are necessary to build connectomics of the vertebrate brain and to screen synaptic properties in neurological disease models. Here we develop a transgenic FingR (fibronectin intrabodies generated by mRNA display) technology for monitoring synapses in live zebrafish. We demonstrate FingR labeling of defined excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and show FingR applicability for dissecting synapse dynamics in normal and disease states. Using our system we show that chronic hypoxia, associated with neurological defects in preterm birth, affects dopaminergic neuron synapse number depending on the developmental timing of hypoxia.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tallafuss A, Kelly M, Gay L, Gibson D, Batzel P, Karfilis KV, Eisen J, Stankunas K, Postlethwait JH, Washbourne P. Transcriptomes of post-mitotic neurons identify the usage of alternative pathways during adult and embryonic neuronal differentiation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1100. [PMID: 26699284 PMCID: PMC4690400 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons are generated and specified, and how they integrate into functional circuits is key to being able to treat disorders of the nervous system and acute brain trauma. Much of what we know about neuronal differentiation has been studied in developing embryos, but differentiation steps may be very different during adult neurogenesis. For this reason, we compared the transcriptomes of newly differentiated neurons in zebrafish embryos and adults. Results Using a 4tU RNA labeling method, we isolated and sequenced mRNA specifically from cells of one day old embryos and adults expressing the transgene HA-uprt-mcherry under control of the neuronal marker elavl3. By categorizing transcript products into different protein classes, we identified similarities and differences of gene usage between adult and embryonic neuronal differentiation. We found that neurons in the adult brain and in the nervous system of one day old embryos commonly use transcription factors - some of them identical - during the differentiation process. When we directly compared adult differentiating neurons to embryonic differentiating neurons, however, we found that during adult neuronal differentiation, the expression of neuropeptides and neurotransmitter pathway genes is more common, whereas classical developmental signaling through secreted molecules like Hedgehog or Wnt are less enriched, as compared to embryonic stages. Conclusions We conclude that both adult and embryonic differentiating neurons show enriched use of transcription factors compared to surrounding cells. However, adult and embryonic developing neurons use alternative pathways to differentiate. Our study provides evidence that adult neuronal differentiation is distinct from the better characterized embryonic neuronal differentiation process. This important insight and the lists of enriched genes we have identified will now help pave the way to a better understanding of the mechanisms of embryonic and adult neuronal differentiation and how to manipulate these processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2215-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Kelly
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Leslie Gay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Dan Gibson
- Current address: Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Peter Batzel
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kate V Karfilis
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Judith Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ronen R, Zhou D, Bafna V, Haddad GG. The genetic basis of chronic mountain sickness. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:403-12. [PMID: 25362634 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a disease that affects many high-altitude dwellers, particularly in the Andean Mountains in South America. The hallmark symptom of CMS is polycythemia, which causes increased risk of pulmonary hypertension and stroke (among other symptoms). A prevailing hypothesis in high-altitude medicine is that CMS results from a population-specific "maladaptation" to the hypoxic conditions at high altitude. In contrast, the prevalence of CMS is very low in other high-altitude populations (e.g., Tibetans and Ethiopians), which are seemingly well adapted to hypoxia. In recent years, concurrent with the advent of genomic technologies, several studies have investigated the genetic basis of adaptation to altitude. These studies have identified several candidate genes that may underlie the adaptation, or maladaptation. Interestingly, some of these genes are targeted by known drugs, raising the possibility of new treatments for CMS and other ischemic diseases. We review recent discoveries, alongside the methodologies used to obtain them, and outline some of the challenges remaining in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Ronen
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The hypoxia signaling pathway and hypoxic adaptation in fishes. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:148-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
31
|
Doll E, Wilkes J, Cook LJ, Korgenski EK, Faix RG, Yoder BA, Srivastava R, Sherwin CMT, Spigarelli MG, Clark EAS, Bonkowsky JL. Neonatal magnesium levels correlate with motor outcomes in premature infants: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:120. [PMID: 25414842 PMCID: PMC4220726 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic neurological deficits are a significant complication of preterm birth. Magnesium supplementation has been suggested to have neuroprotective function in the developing brain. Our objective was to determine whether higher neonatal serum magnesium levels were associated with better long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in very-low birth weight infants. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort of 75 preterm infants (<1500 g, gestational age <27 weeks) had follow-up for the outcomes of abnormal motor exam and for epilepsy. Average total serum magnesium level in the neonate during the period of prematurity was the main independent variable assessed, tested using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS Higher average serum magnesium level was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for abnormal motor exam (p = 0.037). A lower risk for epilepsy in the group with higher magnesium level did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a correlation between higher neonatal magnesium levels and decreased risk for long-term abnormal motor exam. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the hypothesis that higher neonatal magnesium levels can improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Doll
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Jacob Wilkes
- Intermountain Healthcare , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Lawrence J Cook
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | | | - Roger G Faix
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Bradley A Yoder
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Rajendu Srivastava
- Intermountain Healthcare , Salt Lake City, UT , USA ; Division of Inpatient Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Michael G Spigarelli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Erin A S Clark
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kagias K, Nehammer C, Pocock R. Neuronal responses to physiological stress. Front Genet 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23112806 PMCID: PMC3481051 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological stress can be defined as any external or internal condition that challenges the homeostasis of a cell or an organism. It can be divided into three different aspects: environmental stress, intrinsic developmental stress, and aging. Throughout life all living organisms are challenged by changes in the environment. Fluctuations in oxygen levels, temperature, and redox state for example, trigger molecular events that enable an organism to adapt, survive, and reproduce. In addition to external stressors, organisms experience stress associated with morphogenesis and changes in inner chemistry during normal development. For example, conditions such as intrinsic hypoxia and oxidative stress, due to an increase in tissue mass, have to be confronted by developing embryos in order to complete their development. Finally, organisms face the challenge of stochastic accumulation of molecular damage during aging that results in decline and eventual death. Studies have shown that the nervous system plays a pivotal role in responding to stress. Neurons not only receive and process information from the environment but also actively respond to various stresses to promote survival. These responses include changes in the expression of molecules such as transcription factors and microRNAs that regulate stress resistance and adaptation. Moreover, both intrinsic and extrinsic stresses have a tremendous impact on neuronal development and maintenance with implications in many diseases. Here, we review the responses of neurons to various physiological stressors at the molecular and cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kagias
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xing L, Hoshijima K, Grunwald DJ, Fujimoto E, Quist TS, Sneddon J, Chien CB, Stevenson TJ, Bonkowsky JL. Zebrafish foxP2 zinc finger nuclease mutant has normal axon pathfinding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43968. [PMID: 22937139 PMCID: PMC3427223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
foxP2, a forkhead-domain transcription factor, is critical for speech and language development in humans, but its role in the establishment of CNS connectivity is unclear. While in vitro studies have identified axon guidance molecules as targets of foxP2 regulation, and cell culture assays suggest a role for foxP2 in neurite outgrowth, in vivo studies have been lacking regarding a role for foxP2 in axon pathfinding. We used a modified zinc finger nuclease methodology to generate mutations in the zebrafish foxP2 gene. Using PCR-based high resolution melt curve analysis (HRMA) of G0 founder animals, we screened and identified three mutants carrying nonsense mutations in the 2(nd) coding exon: a 17 base-pair (bp) deletion, an 8bp deletion, and a 4bp insertion. Sequence analysis of cDNA confirmed that these were frameshift mutations with predicted early protein truncations. Homozygous mutant fish were viable and fertile, with unchanged body morphology, and no apparent differences in CNS apoptosis, proliferation, or patterning at embryonic stages. There was a reduction in expression of the known foxP2 target gene cntnap2 that was rescued by injection of wild-type foxP2 transcript. When we examined axon pathfinding using a pan-axonal marker or transgenic lines, including a foxP2-neuron-specific enhancer, we did not observe any axon guidance errors. Our findings suggest that foxP2 is not necessary for axon pathfinding during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xing
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kazuyuki Hoshijima
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Esther Fujimoto
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tyler S. Quist
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob Sneddon
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chi-Bin Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tamara J. Stevenson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|