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Bai X, Smith HE, Romero LO, Bell B, Vásquez V, Golden A. A mutation in F-actin polymerization factor suppresses the distal arthrogryposis type 5 PIEZO2 pathogenic variant in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2024; 151:dev202214. [PMID: 38349741 PMCID: PMC10911111 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The mechanosensitive PIEZO channel family has been linked to over 26 disorders and diseases. Although progress has been made in understanding these channels at the structural and functional levels, the underlying mechanisms of PIEZO-associated diseases remain elusive. In this study, we engineered four PIEZO-based disease models using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We performed an unbiased chemical mutagen-based genetic suppressor screen to identify putative suppressors of a conserved gain-of-function variant pezo-1[R2405P] that in human PIEZO2 causes distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5; p. R2718P). Electrophysiological analyses indicate that pezo-1(R2405P) is a gain-of-function allele. Using genomic mapping and whole-genome sequencing approaches, we identified a candidate suppressor allele in the C. elegans gene gex-3. This gene is an ortholog of human NCKAP1 (NCK-associated protein 1), a subunit of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-verprolin homologous protein (WAVE/SCAR) complex, which regulates F-actin polymerization. Depletion of gex-3 by RNAi, or with the suppressor allele gex-3(av259[L353F]), significantly increased brood size and ovulation rate, as well as alleviating the crushed oocyte phenotype of the pezo-1(R2405P) mutant. Expression of GEX-3 in the soma is required to rescue the brood size defects in pezo-1(R2405P) animals. Actin organization and orientation were disrupted and distorted in the pezo-1 mutants. Mutation of gex-3(L353F) partially alleviated these defects. The identification of gex-3 as a suppressor of the pathogenic variant pezo-1(R2405P) suggests that the PIEZO coordinates with the cytoskeleton regulator to maintain the F-actin network and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of DA5 and other PIEZO-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Bai
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harold E. Smith
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luis O. Romero
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Briar Bell
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Andy Golden
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Venkatachalam T, Mannimala S, Soto MC. CED-5/CED-12 (DOCK/ELMO) can promote and inhibit F-actin formation via distinct motifs that target different GTPases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.04.560868. [PMID: 37873140 PMCID: PMC10592980 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated activation and inhibition of F-actin supports the movements of morphogenesis. Understanding the proteins that regulate F-actin is important, since these proteins are mis-regulated in diseases like cancer. Our studies of C. elegans embryonic epidermal morphogenesis identified the GTPase CED-10/Rac1 as an essential activator of F-actin. However, we need to identify the GEF, or Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor, that activates CED-10/Rac1 during embryonic cell migrations. The two-component GEF, CED-5/CED-12, is known to activate CED-10/Rac1 to promote cell movements that result in the engulfment of dying cells during embryogenesis, and a later cell migration of the larval Distal Tip Cell. It is believed that CED-5/CED-12 powers cellular movements of corpse engulfment and DTC migration by promoting F-actin formation. Therefore, we tested if CED-5/CED-12 was involved in embryonic migrations, and got a contradictory result. CED-5/CED-12 definitely support embryonic migrations, since their loss led to embryos that died due to failed epidermal cell migrations. However, CED-5/CED-12 inhibited F-actin in the migrating epidermis, the opposite of what was expected for a CED-10 GEF. To address how CED-12/CED-5 could have two opposing effects on F-actin, during corpse engulfment and cell migration, we investigated if CED-12 harbors GAP (GTPase Activating Protein) functions. A candidate GAP region in CED-12 faces away from the CED-5 GEF catalytic region. Mutating a candidate catalytic Arginine in the CED-12 GAP region (R537A) altered the epidermal cell migration function, and not the corpse engulfment function. A candidate GEF region on CED-5 faces towards Rac1/CED-10. Mutating Serine-Arginine in CED-5/DOCK predicted to bind and stabilize Rac1 for catalysis, resulted in loss of both ventral enclosure and corpse engulfment. Genetic and expression studies showed the GEF and GAP functions act on different GTPases. Thus, we propose CED-5/CED-12 support the cycling of multiple GTPases, by using distinct domains, to both promote and inhibit F-actin nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejasvi Venkatachalam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sushma Mannimala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Martha C. Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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3
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Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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4
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Bai X, Smith HE, Romero LO, Bell B, Vásquez V, Golden A. Mutation in F-actin Polymerization Factor Suppresses Distal Arthrogryposis Type 5 (DA5) PIEZO2 Pathogenic Variant in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550416. [PMID: 37546771 PMCID: PMC10402071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanosensitive PIEZO channel family has been linked to over 26 disorders and diseases. Although progress has been made in understanding these channels at the structural and functional levels, the underlying mechanisms of PIEZO-associated diseases remain elusive. In this study, we engineered four PIEZO-based disease models using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We performed an unbiased chemical mutagen-based genetic suppressor screen to identify putative suppressors of a conserved gain-of-function variant pezo-1[R2405P] that in human PIEZO2 causes distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5; p. R2718P). Electrophysiological analyses indicate that pezo-1(R2405P) is a gain-of-function allele. Using genomic mapping and whole genome sequencing approaches, we identified a candidate suppressor allele in the C. elegans gene gex-3. This gene is an ortholog of human NCKAP1 (NCK-associated protein 1), a subunit of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-verprolin homologous protein (WAVE/SCAR) complex, which regulates F-actin polymerization. Depletion of gex-3 by RNAi, or with the suppressor allele gex-3(av259[L353F]) , significantly restored the small brood size and low ovulation rate, as well as alleviated the crushed oocyte phenotype of the pezo-1(R2405P) mutant. Auxin-inducible degradation of GEX-3 revealed that only somatic-specific degradation of GEX-3 restored the reduced brood size in the pezo-1(R2405P) mutants. Additionally, actin organization and orientation were disrupted and distorted in the pezo-1 mutants. Mutation of gex-3(L353F) partially alleviated these defects. The identification of gex-3 as a suppressor of the pathogenic variant pezo-1(R2405P) suggests that the cytoskeleton plays an important role in regulating PIEZO channel activity and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of DA5 and other PIEZO-associated diseases.
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Xu Y, Cheng Y, Chen AT, Bao Z. A compound PCP scheme underlies sequential rosettes-based cell intercalation. Development 2023; 150:dev201493. [PMID: 36975724 PMCID: PMC10263146 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The formation of sequential rosettes is a type of collective cell behavior recently discovered in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo that mediates directional cell migration through sequential formation and resolution of multicellular rosettes involving the migrating cell and its neighboring cells along the way. Here, we show that a planar cell polarity (PCP)-based polarity scheme regulates sequential rosettes, which is distinct from the known mode of PCP regulation in multicellular rosettes during the process of convergent extension. Specifically, non-muscle myosin (NMY) localization and edge contraction are perpendicular to that of Van Gogh as opposed to colocalizing with Van Gogh. Further analyses suggest a two-component polarity scheme: one being the canonical PCP pathway with MIG-1/Frizzled and VANG-1/Van Gogh localized to the vertical edges, the other being MIG-1/Frizzled and NMY-2 localized to the midline/contracting edges. The NMY-2 localization and contraction of the midline edges also required LAT-1/Latrophilin, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor that has not been shown to regulate multicellular rosettes. Our results establish a distinct mode of PCP-mediated cell intercalation and shed light on the versatile nature of the PCP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yunsheng Cheng
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allison T. Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Khanal P, Hotulainen P. Dendritic Spine Initiation in Brain Development, Learning and Diseases and Impact of BAR-Domain Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092392. [PMID: 34572042 PMCID: PMC8468246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along neuronal dendrites where most of the excitatory synapses are located. Dendritic spine density in normal human brain increases rapidly before and after birth achieving the highest density around 2-8 years. Density decreases during adolescence, reaching a stable level in adulthood. The changes in dendritic spines are considered structural correlates for synaptic plasticity as well as the basis of experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits. Alterations in spine density correspond to aberrant brain function observed in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Dendritic spine initiation affects spine density. In this review, we discuss the importance of spine initiation in brain development, learning, and potential complications resulting from altered spine initiation in neurological diseases. Current literature shows that two Bin Amphiphysin Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins, MIM/Mtss1 and SrGAP3, are involved in spine initiation. We review existing literature and open databases to discuss whether other BAR-domain proteins could also take part in spine initiation. Finally, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms on how BAR-domain proteins could regulate spine initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Khanal
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- HiLIFE-Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Cordova-Burgos L, Patel FB, Soto MC. E-Cadherin/HMR-1 Membrane Enrichment Is Polarized by WAVE-Dependent Branched Actin. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 34067000 PMCID: PMC8162361 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells adhere to each other at apical junctions that connect to the apical F-actin belt. Regulated remodeling of apical junctions supports morphogenesis, while dysregulated remodeling promotes diseases such as cancer. We have documented that branched actin regulator, WAVE, and apical junction protein, Cadherin, assemble together in developing C. elegans embryonic junctions. If WAVE is missing in embryonic epithelia, too much Cadherin assembles at apical membranes, and yet apical F-actin is reduced, suggesting the excess Cadherin is not fully functional. We proposed that WAVE supports apical junctions by regulating the dynamic accumulation of Cadherin at membranes. To test this model, here we examine if WAVE is required for Cadherin membrane enrichment and apical-basal polarity in a maturing epithelium, the post-embryonic C. elegans intestine. We find that larval and adult intestines have distinct apicobasal populations of Cadherin, each with distinct dependence on WAVE branched actin. In vivo imaging shows that loss of WAVE components alters post-embryonic E-cadherin membrane enrichment, especially at apicolateral regions, and alters the lateral membrane. Analysis of a biosensor for PI(4,5)P2 suggests loss of WAVE or Cadherin alters the polarity of the epithelial membrane. EM (electron microscopy) illustrates lateral membrane changes including separations. These findings have implications for understanding how mutations in WAVE and Cadherin may alter cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martha C. Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers—RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (L.C.-B.); (F.B.P.)
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8
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Grimbert S, Mastronardi K, Richard V, Christensen R, Law C, Zardoui K, Fay D, Piekny A. Multi-tissue patterning drives anterior morphogenesis of the C. elegans embryo. Dev Biol 2021; 471:49-64. [PMID: 33309948 PMCID: PMC8597047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Complex structures derived from multiple tissue types are challenging to study in vivo, and our knowledge of how cells from different tissues are coordinated is limited. Model organisms have proven invaluable for improving our understanding of how chemical and mechanical cues between cells from two different tissues can govern specific morphogenetic events. Here we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to show how cells from three different tissues are coordinated to give rise to the anterior lumen. While some aspects of pharyngeal morphogenesis have been well-described, it is less clear how cells from the pharynx, epidermis and neuroblasts coordinate to define the location of the anterior lumen and supporting structures. Using various microscopy and software approaches, we define the movements and patterns of these cells during anterior morphogenesis. Projections from the anterior-most pharyngeal cells (arcade cells) provide the first visible markers for the location of the future lumen, and facilitate patterning of the surrounding neuroblasts. These neuroblast patterns control the rate of migration of the anterior epidermal cells, whereas the epidermal cells ultimately reinforce and control the position of the future lumen, as they must join with the pharyngeal cells for their epithelialization. Our studies are the first to characterize anterior morphogenesis in C. elegans in detail and should lay the framework for identifying how these different patterns are controlled at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Grimbert
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Karina Mastronardi
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Victoria Richard
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, NIH/NIBIB, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Law
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Khashayar Zardoui
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - David Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Abstract
As multi-cellular organisms evolved from small clusters of cells to complex metazoans, biological tubes became essential for life. Tubes are typically thought of as mainly playing a role in transport, with the hollow space (lumen) acting as a conduit to distribute nutrients and waste, or for gas exchange. However, biological tubes also provide a platform for physiological, mechanical, and structural functions. Indeed, tubulogenesis is often a critical aspect of morphogenesis and organogenesis. C. elegans is made up of tubes that provide structural support and protection (the epidermis), perform the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion (the buccal cavity, pharynx, intestine, and rectum), transport fluids for osmoregulation (the excretory system), and execute the functions necessary for reproduction (the germline, spermatheca, uterus and vulva). Here we review our current understanding of the genetic regulation, molecular processes, and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis and morphogenesis of the epidermal, digestive and excretory systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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10
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Raduwan H, Sasidharan S, Burgos LC, Wallace AG, Soto MC. RhoGAP RGA-8 supports morphogenesis in C. elegans by polarizing epithelia. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/11/bio056911. [PMID: 33243762 PMCID: PMC7710025 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CDC-42 regulation of non-muscle myosin/NMY-2 is required for polarity maintenance in the one-cell embryo of Caenorhabditis elegans. CDC-42 and NMY-2 regulate polarity throughout embryogenesis, but their contribution to later events of morphogenesis are less understood. We have shown that epidermal enclosure requires the GTPase CED-10/Rac1 and WAVE/Scar complex, its effector, to promote protrusions that drive enclosure through the branch actin regulator Arp2/3. Our analysis here of RGA-8, a homolog of SH3BP1/Rich1/ARHGAP17/Nadrin, with BAR and RhoGAP motifs, suggests it regulates CDC-42, so that actin and myosin/NMY-2 promote ventral enclosure during embryonic morphogenesis. Genetic and molecular data suggest RGA-8 regulates CDC-42, and phenocopies the CDC-42 pathway regulators WASP-1/WSP-1 and the F-BAR proteins TOCA-1 and TOCA-2. Live imaging shows RGA-8 and WSP-1 enrich myosin and regulate F-actin in migrating epidermal cells during ventral enclosure. Loss of RGA-8 alters membrane recruitment of active CDC-42. We propose TOCA proteins and RGA-8 use BAR domains to localize and regenerate CDC-42 activity, thus regulating F-actin levels, through the branched actin regulator WSP-1, and myosin enrichment. RhoGAP RGA-8 thus polarizes epithelia, to promote cell migrations and cell shape changes of embryonic morphogenesis. Summary: RGA-8, a protein with membrane binding and actin regulatory motifs, promotes embryonic morphogenesis by localizing active CDC-42 in developing epithelia, and controlling actin and actin motors during cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidah Raduwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shashikala Sasidharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Luigy Cordova Burgos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andre G Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA .,Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers - RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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11
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Srivastava S, Pang KM, Iida M, Nelson MS, Liu J, Nam A, Wang J, Mambetsariev I, Pillai R, Mohanty A, McDaniel N, Behal A, Kulkarni P, Wheeler DL, Salgia R. Activation of EPHA2-ROBO1 Heterodimer by SLIT2 Attenuates Non-canonical Signaling and Proliferation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas. iScience 2020; 23:101692. [PMID: 33196021 PMCID: PMC7644594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2) is overexpressed in lung (LSCC) and head and neck (HNSCC) squamous cell carcinomas. Although EPHA2 can inhibit tumorigenesis in a ligand-dependent fashion via phosphorylation of Y588 and Y772, it can promote tumorigenesis in a ligand-independent manner via phosphorylation of S897. Here, we show that EPHA2 and Roundabout Guidance Receptor 1 (ROBO1) interact to form a functional heterodimer. Furthermore, we show that the ROBO1 ligand Slit Guidance Ligand 2 (SLIT2) and ensartinib, an inhibitor of EPHA2, can attenuate growth of HNSCC cells and act synergistically in LSCC cells. Our results suggest that patients with LSCC and HNSCC may be stratified and treated based on their EPHA2 and ROBO1 expression patterns. Although ~73% of patients with LSCC could benefit from SLIT2+ensartinib treatment, ~41% of patients with HNSCC could be treated with either SLIT2 or ensartinib. Thus, EPHA2 and ROBO1 represent potential LSCC and HNSCC theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ka Ming Pang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mari Iida
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Michael S. Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nellie McDaniel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Amita Behal
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Deric L. Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Cheong HSJ, Nona M, Guerra SB, VanBerkum MF. The first quarter of the C-terminal domain of Abelson regulates the WAVE regulatory complex and Enabled in axon guidance. Neural Dev 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32359359 PMCID: PMC7196227 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) plays a key role in axon guidance in linking guidance receptors to actin dynamics. The long C-terminal domain (CTD) of Drosophila Abl is important for this role, and previous work identified the ‘first quarter’ (1Q) of the CTD as essential. Here, we link the physical interactions of 1Q binding partners to Abl’s function in axon guidance. Methods Protein binding partners of 1Q were identified by GST pulldown and mass spectrometry, and validated using axon guidance assays in the embryonic nerve cord and motoneurons. The role of 1Q was assessed genetically, utilizing a battery of Abl transgenes in combination with mutation or overexpression of the genes of pulled down proteins, and their partners in actin dynamics. The set of Abl transgenes had the following regions deleted: all of 1Q, each half of 1Q (‘eighths’, 1E and 2E) or a PxxP motif in 2E, which may bind SH3 domains. Results GST pulldown identified Hem and Sra-1 as binding partners of 1Q, and our genetic analyses show that both proteins function with Abl in axon guidance, with Sra-1 likely interacting with 1Q. As Hem and Sra-1 are part of the actin-polymerizing WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), we extended our analyses to Abi and Trio, which interact with Abl and WRC members. Overall, the 1Q region (and especially 2E and its PxxP motif) are important for Abl’s ability to work with WRC in axon guidance. These areas are also important for Abl’s ability to function with the actin regulator Enabled. In comparison, 1E contributes to Abl function with the WRC at the midline, but less so with Enabled. Conclusions The 1Q region, and especially the 2E region with its PxxP motif, links Abl with the WRC, its regulators Trio and Abi, and the actin regulator Ena. Removing 1E has specific effects suggesting it may help modulate Abl’s interaction with the WRC or Ena. Thus, the 1Q region of Abl plays a key role in regulating actin dynamics during axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nona
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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13
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Game of Tissues: How the Epidermis Thrones C. elegans Shape. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010007. [PMID: 32182901 PMCID: PMC7151205 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The versatility of epithelial cell structure is universally exploited by organisms in multiple contexts. Epithelial cells can establish diverse polarized axes within their tridimensional structure which enables them to flexibly communicate with their neighbors in a 360° range. Hence, these cells are central to multicellularity, and participate in diverse biological processes such as organismal development, growth or immune response and their misfunction ultimately impacts disease. During the development of an organism, the first task epidermal cells must complete is the formation of a continuous sheet, which initiates its own morphogenic process. In this review, we will focus on the C. elegans embryonic epithelial morphogenesis. We will describe how its formation, maturation, and spatial arrangements set the final shape of the nematode C. elegans. Special importance will be given to the tissue-tissue interactions, regulatory tissue-tissue feedback mechanisms and the players orchestrating the process.
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14
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Branching mechanisms shaping dendrite architecture. Dev Biol 2018; 451:16-24. [PMID: 30550882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A neuron's contribution to the information flow within a neural circuit is governed by the structure of its dendritic arbor. The geometry of the dendritic arbor directly determines synaptic density and the size of the receptive field, both of which influence the firing pattern of the neuron. Importantly, the position of individual dendritic branches determines the identity of the neuron's presynaptic partner and thus the nature of the incoming sensory information. To generate the unique stereotypic architecture of a given neuronal subtype, nascent branches must emerge from the dendritic shaft at preprogramed branch points. Subsequently, a complex array of extrinsic factors regulates the degree and orientation of branch expansion to ensure maximum coverage of the receptive field whilst constraining growth within predetermined territories. In this review we focus on studies that best illustrate how environmental cues such as the Wnts and Netrins and their receptors sculpt the dendritic arbor. We emphasize the pivotal role played by the actin cytoskeleton and its upstream regulators in branch initiation, outgrowth and navigation. Finally, we discuss how protocadherin and DSCAM contact-mediated repulsion prevents inappropriate synapse formation between sister dendrites or dendrites and the axon from the same neuron. Together these studies highlight the clever ways evolution has solved the problem of constructing complex branch geometries.
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15
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Wallace AG, Raduwan H, Carlet J, Soto MC. The RhoGAP HUM-7/Myo9 integrates signals to modulate RHO-1/RhoA during embryonic morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2018; 145:dev.168724. [PMID: 30389847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic morphogenesis, cells and tissues undergo dramatic movements under the control of F-actin regulators. Our studies of epidermal cell migrations in developing Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have identified multiple plasma membrane signals that regulate the Rac GTPase, thus regulating WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes, to promote branched F-actin formation and polarized enrichment. Here, we describe a pathway that acts in parallel to Rac to transduce membrane signals to control epidermal F-actin through the GTPase RHO-1/RhoA. RHO-1 contributes to epidermal migration through effects on underlying neuroblasts. We identify signals to regulate RHO-1-dependent events in the epidermis. HUM-7, the C. elegans homolog of human MYO9A and MYO9B, regulates F-actin dynamics during epidermal migration. Genetics and biochemistry support that HUM-7 behaves as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the RHO-1/RhoA and CDC-42 GTPases. Loss of HUM-7 enhances RHO-1-dependent epidermal cell behaviors. We identify SAX-3/ROBO as an upstream signal that contributes to attenuated RHO-1 activation through its regulation of HUM-7/Myo9. These studies identify a new role for RHO-1 during epidermal cell migration, and suggest that RHO-1 activity is regulated by SAX-3/ROBO acting on the RhoGAP HUM-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre G Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
| | - Hamidah Raduwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - John Carlet
- School of Natural Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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16
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Wadsworth WG. A perspective on SOAL, a stochastic model of neuronal outgrowth. Dev Biol 2018; 443:92-101. [PMID: 30201437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A functional nervous system requires neuronal connections to be made in a highly detailed and stereotypic manner. During development, neurons extend processes that can branch, travel in different directions, and form elaborate patterns. These patterns are essential for forming proper connections. Patterns of outgrowth are produced by complex molecular events that cause a fluid membrane to move. The collective impact of dynamic fluctuating events at the microscale cause the patterns of outgrowth observed at the macroscale. Patterning is genetically controlled, but the effects genes have on membrane movement and patterning are not well understood. To better understand how genes control outgrowth patterns, I propose a statistically-oriented asymmetric localization (SOAL) model. This model is based on the theory that receptor-mediated outgrowth activity is stochastically oriented and when the system is at equilibrium there is an equal probability of outgrowth being oriented in any direction. This concept allows a statistical mechanics approach that can correlate the microscale events of outgrowth to the observed macroscale patterns. Proof-of-concept experiments suggest this approach can be used to study the effect genes have on outgrowth patterns. The SOAL model also provides a new theoretical framework for conceptualizing guidance. According to the model, outgrowth activity becomes asymmetrically localized to the neuron's surface in a statistically dependent manner. Extracellular cues regulate the probability of outgrowth along the surface and the orientation of outgrowth fluctuates across the surface over time. This creates a directional bias that allows the growth cone to navigate in reference to the composition of extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Wadsworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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17
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Russell SA, Bashaw GJ. Axon guidance pathways and the control of gene expression. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:571-580. [PMID: 29226467 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons need to be properly guided to their targets to form synaptic connections, and this requires interactions between highly conserved extracellular and transmembrane ligands and their cell surface receptors. The majority of studies on axon guidance signaling pathways have focused on the role of these pathways in rearranging the local cytoskeleton and plasma membrane in growth cones and axons. However, a smaller body of work has demonstrated that axon guidance signaling pathways also control gene expression via local translation and transcription. Recent studies on axon guidance ligands and receptors have begun to uncover the requirements for these alternative mechanisms in processes required for neural circuit formation: axon guidance, synaptogenesis, and cell migration. Understanding the mechanisms by which axon guidance signaling regulates local translation and transcription will create a more complete picture of neural circuit formation, and they may be applied more broadly to other tissues where axon guidance ligands and receptors are required for morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 247:571-580, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Russell
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Sasidharan S, Borinskaya S, Patel F, Bernadskaya Y, Mandalapu S, Agapito M, Soto MC. WAVE regulates Cadherin junction assembly and turnover during epithelial polarization. Dev Biol 2017; 434:133-148. [PMID: 29223862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an integral component of epithelial apical junctions, yet the interactions of branched actin regulators with apical junction components are still not clear. Biochemical data have shown that α-catenin inhibits Arp2/3-dependent branched actin. These results suggested that branched actin is only needed at earliest stages of apical junction development. We use live imaging in developing C. elegans embryos to test models for how WAVE-induced branched actin collaborates with other apical junction proteins during the essential process of junction formation and maturation. We uncover both early and late essential roles for WAVE in apical junction formation. Early, as the C. elegans intestinal epithelium becomes polarized, we find that WAVE components become enriched concurrently with the Cadherin components and before the DLG-1 apical accumulation. Live imaging of F-actin accumulation in polarizing intestine supports that the Cadherin complex components and branched actin regulators work together for apical actin enrichment. Later in junction development, the apical accumulation of WAVE and Cadherin components is shown to be interdependent: Cadherin complex loss alters WAVE accumulation, and WAVE complex loss increases Cadherin accumulation. To determine why Cadherin levels rise when WVE-1 is depleted, we use FRAP to analyze Cadherin dynamics and find that loss of WAVE as well as of the trafficking protein EHD-1/RME-1 increases Cadherin dynamics. EM studies in adults depleted of branched actin regulators support that WVE-1 maintains established junctions, presumably through its trafficking effect on Cadherin. Thus we propose a developmental model for junction formation where branched actin regulators are tightly interconnected with Cadherin junctions through their previously unappreciated role in Cadherin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikala Sasidharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sofya Borinskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Falshruti Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yelena Bernadskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sailaja Mandalapu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maria Agapito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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19
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Toque HA, Fernandez-Flores A, Mohamed R, Caldwell RB, Ramesh G, Caldwell RW. Netrin-1 is a novel regulator of vascular endothelial function in diabetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186734. [PMID: 29059224 PMCID: PMC5653335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1, a secreted laminin-like protein identified as an axon guidance molecule, has been shown to be of critical importance in the cardiovascular system. Recent studies have revealed pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of netrin-1 as well as cardioprotective actions against myocardial injury in diabetic mice. AIM To examine the role of netrin-1 in diabetes-and high glucose (HG)-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) using netrin-1 transgenic mice (Tg3) and cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). MAIN OUTCOME Overexpression of netrin-1 prevented diabetes-induced VED in aorta from diabetic mice and netrin-1 treatment attenuated HG-induced impairment of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) function in BAECs. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed in Tg3 and littermate control (WT) mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ) and in BAECs treated with HG (25 mmol/L). Levels of netrin-1 and its receptor DCC, markers of inflammation and apoptosis and vascular function were assessed in aortas from diabetic and non-diabetic Tg3 and WT mice. Vascular netrin-1 in WT mice was reduced under diabetic conditions. Aortas from non-diabetic Tg3 and WT mice showed similar maximum endothelium-dependent relaxation (MEDR) (83% and 87%, respectively). MEDR was markedly impaired in aorta from diabetic WT mice (51%). This effect was significantly blunted in Tg3 diabetic aortas (70%). Improved vascular relaxation in Tg3 diabetic mice was associated with increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and reduced levels of oxidant stress, NFκB, COX-2, p16INK4A, cleaved caspase-3 and p16 and p53 mRNA. Netrin-1 treatment prevented the HG-induced decrease in NO production and elevation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in BAECs. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes decreases aortic levels of netrin-1. However, overexpression of netrin-1 attenuates diabetes-induced VED and limits the reduction of NO levels, while increasing expression of p-ERK1/2, and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory and apoptotic processes. Enhancement of netrin-1 function may be a useful therapeutic means for preventing vascular dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aracely Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ganesan Ramesh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orients developmental events in vertebrates and invertebrates, including convergent extension (CE). In this issue of Development Cell, Shah and Tanner et al. (2017) report that ROBO/SAX-3 signaling acts in parallel with PCP signaling to drive the CE required for ventral nerve cord assembly in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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21
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Wang B, Li H, Mutlu SA, Bowser DA, Moore MJ, Wang MC, Zheng H. The Amyloid Precursor Protein Is a Conserved Receptor for Slit to Mediate Axon Guidance. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0185-17.2017. [PMID: 28785723 PMCID: PMC5534435 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0185-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a receptor-like membrane protein. Although APP processing and β-amyloid production play a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, the physiological function of APP remains elusive. Here, we identify APP as a novel receptor for Slit that mediates axon guidance and neural circuit formation. APP deficiency abolishes the Slit repulsive effect in a 3D olfactory explant culture, consistent with its callosal projection deficit in vivo and reminiscent of Slit loss. Inactivation of APP ortholog APL-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans results in pioneer axon mistargeting and genetic analysis places APL-1 in the SLT-1 (Slit)/SAX-3 (Robo) repulsive pathway. Slit binds to APP through the E1 domain, which triggers APP ectodomain shedding and recruitment of the intracellular FE65 and Pak1 complex and associated Rac1 GTPase activation. Our study establishes APP as a novel receptor for Slit ligand mediating axon guidance and neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hongmei Li
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sena A. Mutlu
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Devon A. Bowser
- Interdisciplinary Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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22
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Shah PK, Tanner MR, Kovacevic I, Rankin A, Marshall TE, Noblett N, Tran NN, Roenspies T, Hung J, Chen Z, Slatculescu C, Perkins TJ, Bao Z, Colavita A. PCP and SAX-3/Robo Pathways Cooperate to Regulate Convergent Extension-Based Nerve Cord Assembly in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2017; 41:195-203.e3. [PMID: 28441532 PMCID: PMC5469364 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Formation and resolution of multicellular rosettes can drive convergent extension (CE) type cell rearrangements during tissue morphogenesis. Rosette dynamics are regulated by both planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent and -independent pathways. Here we show that CE is involved in ventral nerve cord (VNC) assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that a VANG-1/Van Gogh and PRKL-1/Prickle containing PCP pathway and a Slit-independent SAX-3/Robo pathway cooperate to regulate, via rosette intermediaries, the intercalation of post-mitotic neuronal cell bodies during VNC formation. We show that VANG-1 and SAX-3 are localized to contracting edges and rosette foci and act to specify edge contraction during rosette formation and to mediate timely rosette resolution. Simultaneous loss of both pathways severely curtails CE resulting in a shortened, anteriorly displaced distribution of VNC neurons at hatching. Our results establish rosette-based CE as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of nerve cord morphogenesis and reveal a role for SAX-3/Robo in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavak K Shah
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew R Tanner
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ismar Kovacevic
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aysha Rankin
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Teagan E Marshall
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel Noblett
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nhan Nguyen Tran
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tony Roenspies
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Hung
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zheqian Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Cristina Slatculescu
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Antonio Colavita
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Sáenz‐Narciso B, Gómez‐Orte E, Zheleva A, Gastaca I, Cabello J. Control of developmental networks by Rac/Rho small GTPases: How cytoskeletal changes during embryogenesis are orchestrated. Bioessays 2016; 38:1246-1254. [PMID: 27790724 PMCID: PMC5132145 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases in the Rho family act as major nodes with functions beyond cytoskeletal rearrangements shaping the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo during development. These small GTPases are key signal transducers that integrate diverse developmental signals to produce a coordinated response in the cell. In C. elegans, the best studied members of these highly conserved Rho family small GTPases, RHO-1/RhoA, CED-10/Rac, and CDC-42, are crucial in several cellular processes dealing with cytoskeletal reorganization. In this review, we update the functions described for the Rho family small GTPases in spindle orientation and cell division, engulfment, and cellular movements during C. elegans embryogenesis, focusing on the Rho subfamily Rac. Please also see the video abstract here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Gómez‐Orte
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | | | - Irene Gastaca
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | - Juan Cabello
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
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24
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Chisholm AD, Hutter H, Jin Y, Wadsworth WG. The Genetics of Axon Guidance and Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 204:849-882. [PMID: 28114100 PMCID: PMC5105865 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.186262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct wiring of neuronal circuits depends on outgrowth and guidance of neuronal processes during development. In the past two decades, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of axon outgrowth and guidance. Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans has played a key role in elucidating conserved pathways regulating axon guidance, including Netrin signaling, the slit Slit/Robo pathway, Wnt signaling, and others. Axon guidance factors were first identified by screens for mutations affecting animal behavior, and by direct visual screens for axon guidance defects. Genetic analysis of these pathways has revealed the complex and combinatorial nature of guidance cues, and has delineated how cues guide growth cones via receptor activity and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Several axon guidance pathways also affect directed migrations of non-neuronal cells in C. elegans, with implications for normal and pathological cell migrations in situations such as tumor metastasis. The small number of neurons and highly stereotyped axonal architecture of the C. elegans nervous system allow analysis of axon guidance at the level of single identified axons, and permit in vivo tests of prevailing models of axon guidance. C. elegans axons also have a robust capacity to undergo regenerative regrowth after precise laser injury (axotomy). Although such axon regrowth shares some similarities with developmental axon outgrowth, screens for regrowth mutants have revealed regeneration-specific pathways and factors that were not identified in developmental screens. Several areas remain poorly understood, including how major axon tracts are formed in the embryo, and the function of axon regeneration in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Hutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, and
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, and
| | - William G Wadsworth
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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25
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FLIM FRET Visualization of Cdc42 Activation by Netrin-1 in Embryonic Spinal Commissural Neuron Growth Cones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159405. [PMID: 27482713 PMCID: PMC4970703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is an essential extracellular chemoattractant that signals through its receptor DCC to guide commissural axon extension in the embryonic spinal cord. DCC directs the organization of F-actin in growth cones by activating an intracellular protein complex that includes the Rho GTPase Cdc42, a critical regulator of cell polarity and directional migration. To address the spatial distribution of signaling events downstream of netrin-1, we expressed the FRET biosensor Raichu-Cdc42 in cultured embryonic rat spinal commissural neurons. Using FLIM-FRET imaging we detected rapid activation of Cdc42 in neuronal growth cones following application of netrin-1. Investigating the signaling mechanisms that control Cdc42 activation by netrin-1, we demonstrate that netrin-1 rapidly enriches DCC at the leading edge of commissural neuron growth cones and that netrin-1 induced activation of Cdc42 in the growth cone is blocked by inhibiting src family kinase signaling. These findings reveal the activation of Cdc42 in embryonic spinal commissural axon growth cones and support the conclusion that src family kinase activation downstream of DCC is required for Cdc42 activation by netrin-1.
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Lee NK, Fok KW, White A, Wilson NH, O'Leary CJ, Cox HL, Michael M, Yap AS, Cooper HM. Neogenin recruitment of the WAVE regulatory complex maintains adherens junction stability and tension. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11082. [PMID: 27029596 PMCID: PMC4821876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain tissue integrity during epithelial morphogenesis, adherens junctions (AJs) must resist the mechanical stresses exerted by dynamic tissue movements. Junctional stability is dependent on actomyosin contractility within the actin ring. Here we describe a novel function for the axon guidance receptor, Neogenin, as a key component of the actin nucleation machinery governing junctional stability. Loss of Neogenin perturbs AJs and attenuates junctional tension. Neogenin promotes actin nucleation at AJs by recruiting the Wave regulatory complex (WRC) and Arp2/3. A direct interaction between the Neogenin WIRS domain and the WRC is crucial for the spatially restricted recruitment of the WRC to the junction. Thus, we provide the first example of a functional WIRS–WRC interaction in epithelia. We further show that Neogenin regulates cadherin recycling at the AJ. In summary, we identify Neogenin as a pivotal component of the AJ, where it influences both cadherin dynamics and junctional tension. The stability of epithelial adherens junctions depends on tension generated by actomyosin contractility. Here Lee et al. describe a novel role for the axon guidance receptor Neogenin in maintaining junctional stability by recruiting actin nucleation machinery to adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ka Wai Fok
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda White
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole H Wilson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conor J O'Leary
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hayley L Cox
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Magdalene Michael
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Hartin SN, Hudson ML, Yingling C, Ackley BD. A Synthetic Lethal Screen Identifies a Role for Lin-44/Wnt in C. elegans Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121397. [PMID: 25938228 PMCID: PMC4418752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C. elegans proteins PTP-3/LAR-RPTP and SDN-1/Syndecan are conserved cell adhesion molecules. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in either ptp-3 or sdn-1 result in low penetrance embryonic developmental defects. Work from other systems has shown that syndecans can function as ligands for LAR receptors in vivo. We used double mutant analysis to test whether ptp-3 and sdn-1 function in a linear genetic pathway during C. elegans embryogenesis. RESULTS We found animals with LOF in both sdn-1 and ptp-3 exhibited a highly penetrant synthetic lethality (SynLet), with only a small percentage of animals surviving to adulthood. Analysis of the survivors demonstrated that these animals had a synergistic increase in the penetrance of embryonic developmental defects. Together, these data strongly suggested PTP-3 and SDN-1 function in parallel during embryogenesis. We subsequently used RNAi to knockdown ~3,600 genes predicted to encode secreted and/or transmembrane molecules to identify genes that interacted with ptp-3 or sdn-1. We found that the Wnt ligand, lin-44, was SynLet with sdn-1, but not ptp-3. We used 4-dimensional time-lapse analysis to characterize the interaction between lin-44 and sdn-1. We found evidence that loss of lin-44 caused defects in the polarization and migration of endodermal precursors during gastrulation, a previously undescribed role for lin-44 that is strongly enhanced by the loss of sdn-1. CONCLUSIONS PTP-3 and SDN-1 function in compensatory pathways during C. elegans embryonic and larval development, as simultaneous loss of both genes has dire consequences for organismal survival. The Wnt ligand lin-44 contributes to the early stages of gastrulation in parallel to sdn-1, but in a genetic pathway with ptp-3. Overall, the SynLet phenotype provides a robust platform to identify ptp-3 and sdn-1 interacting genes, as well as other genes that function in development, yet might be missed in traditional forward genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hartin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Hudson
- Department of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States of America
| | - Curtis Yingling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Havrylenko S, Noguera P, Abou-Ghali M, Manzi J, Faqir F, Lamora A, Guérin C, Blanchoin L, Plastino J. WAVE binds Ena/VASP for enhanced Arp2/3 complex-based actin assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:55-65. [PMID: 25355952 PMCID: PMC4279229 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual in vitro/in vivo approach is used to show that WAVE directly binds Ena/VASP, coordinating its activity with that of the Arp2/3 complex for enhanced actin assembly. The WAVE complex is the main activator of the Arp2/3 complex for actin filament nucleation and assembly in the lamellipodia of moving cells. Other important players in lamellipodial protrusion are Ena/VASP proteins, which enhance actin filament elongation. Here we examine the molecular coordination between the nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex and the elongating activity of Ena/VASP proteins for the formation of actin networks. Using an in vitro bead motility assay, we show that WAVE directly binds VASP, resulting in an increase in Arp2/3 complex–based actin assembly. We show that this interaction is important in vivo as well, for the formation of lamellipodia during the ventral enclosure event of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. Ena/VASP's ability to bind F-actin and profilin-complexed G-actin are important for its effect, whereas Ena/VASP tetramerization is not necessary. Our data are consistent with the idea that binding of Ena/VASP to WAVE potentiates Arp2/3 complex activity and lamellipodial actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Havrylenko
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Philippe Noguera
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Majdouline Abou-Ghali
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - John Manzi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Fahima Faqir
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Audrey Lamora
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Christophe Guérin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Julie Plastino
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France
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Masedunskas A, Appaduray M, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW. What makes a model system great? INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.26287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen B, Brinkmann K, Chen Z, Pak CW, Liao Y, Shi S, Henry L, Grishin NV, Bogdan S, Rosen MK. The WAVE regulatory complex links diverse receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Cell 2014; 156:195-207. [PMID: 24439376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at distinct membrane sites. However, the factors that recruit the WRC to specific locations remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified a large family of potential WRC ligands, consisting of ∼120 diverse membrane proteins, including protocadherins, ROBOs, netrin receptors, neuroligins, GPCRs, and channels. Structural, biochemical, and cellular studies reveal that a sequence motif that defines these ligands binds to a highly conserved interaction surface of the WRC formed by the Sra and Abi subunits. Mutating this binding surface in flies resulted in defects in actin cytoskeletal organization and egg morphology during oogenesis, leading to female sterility. Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and pathological ramifications in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Klaus Brinkmann
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chi W Pak
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuxing Liao
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuoyong Shi
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Henry
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Wernike D, van Oostende C, Piekny A. Visualizing neuroblast cytokinesis during C. elegans embryogenesis. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24686748 DOI: 10.3791/51188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the use of fluorescence microscopy to image dividing cells within developing Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. In particular, this protocol focuses on how to image dividing neuroblasts, which are found underneath the epidermal cells and may be important for epidermal morphogenesis. Tissue formation is crucial for metazoan development and relies on external cues from neighboring tissues. C. elegans is an excellent model organism to study tissue morphogenesis in vivo due to its transparency and simple organization, making its tissues easy to study via microscopy. Ventral enclosure is the process where the ventral surface of the embryo is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells. This event is thought to be facilitated by the underlying neuroblasts, which provide chemical guidance cues to mediate migration of the overlying epithelial cells. However, the neuroblasts are highly proliferative and also may act as a mechanical substrate for the ventral epidermal cells. Studies using this experimental protocol could uncover the importance of intercellular communication during tissue formation, and could be used to reveal the roles of genes involved in cell division within developing tissues.
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Caenorhabditis elegans anillin (ani-1) regulates neuroblast cytokinesis and epidermal morphogenesis during embryonic development. Dev Biol 2013; 383:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li J, Pu P, Le W. The SAX-3 receptor stimulates axon outgrowth and the signal sequence and transmembrane domain are critical for SAX-3 membrane localization in the PDE neuron of C. elegans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65658. [PMID: 23776520 PMCID: PMC3680500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SAX-3, a receptor for Slit in C. elegans, is well characterized for its function in axonal development. However, the mechanism that regulates the membrane localization of SAX-3 and the role of SAX-3 in axon outgrowth are still elusive. Here we show that SAX-3::GFP caused ectopic axon outgrowth, which could be suppressed by the loss-of-function mutation in unc-73 (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small GTPases) and unc-115 (an actin binding protein), suggesting that they might act downstream of SAX-3 in axon outgrowth. We also examined genes related to axon development for their possible involvement in the subcellular localization of SAX-3. We found the unc-51 mutants appeared to accumulate SAX-3::GFP in the neuronal cell body of the posterior deirid (PDE) neuron, indicating that UNC-51 might play a role in SAX-3 membrane localization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the N-terminal signal sequence and the transmembrane domain are essential for the subcellular localization of SAX-3 in the PDE neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Pu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Son TW, Yun SP, Yong MS, Seo BN, Ryu JM, Youn HY, Oh YM, Han HJ. Netrin-1 protects hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis through HSP27 expression via DCC- and integrin α6β4-dependent Akt, GSK-3β, and HSF-1 in mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e563. [PMID: 23538444 PMCID: PMC3615739 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Netrin (Ntn) has the potential to be successfully applied as an anti-apoptotic agent with a high affinity for tissue, for therapeutic strategies of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSC), although the mechanism by which Ntn-1 protects hypoxic injury has yet to be identified. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of Ntn-1 on hypoxia-induced UCB-MSC apoptosis, as well as the potential underlying mechanisms of its protective effect. Hypoxia (72 h) reduced cell viability (MTT reduction, and [3H]-thymidine incorporation) and cell number, and induced apoptosis (annexin and/or PI positive), which were reversed by Ntn-1 (10 ng/ml). Moreover, Ntn-1 decreased the increase of hypoxia-induced Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and -3, but blocked the decrease of hypoxia-reduced Bcl-2. Next, in order to examine the Ntn-1-related signaling cascade in the protection of hypoxic injury, we analyzed six Ntn receptors in UCB-MSC. We identified deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and integrin (IN) α6β4, except uncoordinated family member (UNC) 5A–C, and neogenin. Among them, IN α6β4 only was detected in lipid raft fractions. In addition, Ntn-1 induced the dissociation of DCC and APPL-1 complex, thereby stimulating the formation of APPL-1 and Akt2 complex. Ntn-1 also reversed the hypoxia-induced decrease of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation, which is involved in heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) expression. Ntn-1-induced phospho-Akt and -GSK-3β were inhibited by DCC function-blocking antibody, IN a6b4 function-blocking antibody, and the Akt inhibitor. Hypoxia and/or Ntn-1 stimulated heat shock protein (HSP)27 expression, which was blocked by HSF-1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, HSP27-specific siRNA reversed the Ntn-1-induced increase of phospho-Akt. Additionally, HSP27-specific siRNA attenuated the Ntn-1-reduced loss of mitochondrial membrane injury via the inhibition of cytochrome c (cyt c) release and formation of cyt c and HSP27 complex. Moreover, the inhibition of each signaling protein attenuated Ntn-1-induced blockage of apoptosis. In conclusion, Ntn-1-induced HSP27 protected hypoxic injury-related UCB-MSC apoptosis through DCC- and IN α6β4-dependent Akt, GSK-3β, and HSF-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Son
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Xu Y, Quinn CC. MIG-10 functions with ABI-1 to mediate the UNC-6 and SLT-1 axon guidance signaling pathways. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003054. [PMID: 23209429 PMCID: PMC3510047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular guidance cues steer axons towards their targets by eliciting morphological changes in the growth cone. A key part of this process is the asymmetric recruitment of the cytoplasmic scaffolding protein MIG-10 (lamellipodin). MIG-10 is thought to asymmetrically promote outgrowth by inducing actin polymerization. However, the mechanism that links MIG-10 to actin polymerization is not known. We have identified the actin regulatory protein ABI-1 as a partner for MIG-10 that can mediate its outgrowth-promoting activity. The SH3 domain of ABI-1 binds to MIG-10, and loss of function of either of these proteins causes similar axon guidance defects. Like MIG-10, ABI-1 functions in both the attractive UNC-6 (netrin) pathway and the repulsive SLT-1 (slit) pathway. Dosage sensitive genetic interactions indicate that MIG-10 functions with ABI-1 and WVE-1 to mediate axon guidance. Epistasis analysis reveals that ABI-1 and WVE-1 function downstream of MIG-10 to mediate its outgrowth-promoting activity. Moreover, experiments with cultured mammalian cells suggest that the interaction between MIG-10 and ABI-1 mediates a conserved mechanism that promotes formation of lamellipodia. Together, these observations suggest that MIG-10 interacts with ABI-1 and WVE-1 to mediate the UNC-6 and SLT-1 guidance pathways. To form neural circuits, axons must navigate through the developing nervous system to reach their correct targets. Axon navigation is led by the growth cone, a structure at the tip of the growing axon that responds to extracellular guidance cues. Many of these guidance cues and their receptors have been identified. However, much less is known about the internal signaling events that give rise to the structural changes required for growth cone steering. A key component of the internal response is MIG-10, a protein that becomes asymmetrically localized in response to the extracellular cues. MIG-10 is thought to serve as a scaffold that can spatially control outgrowth-promoting proteins within the growth cone. However, we do not know the identity of the outgrowth-promoting proteins that associate with MIG-10. Here we report that MIG-10 associates physically with the actin regulatory protein ABI-1. We present genetic evidence indicating that ABI-1 functions downstream of MIG-10 to mediate its outgrowth-promoting activity. Additional genetic evidence indicates that these proteins function in both attractive and repulsive guidance signaling pathways. We also present evidence suggesting that the connection between MIG-10 and ABI-1 represents a phylogenetically conserved mechanism for the control of cellular outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher C. Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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