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Li T, Jia W, Peng S, Guo Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Li P, Zhang H, Xu R. Endogenous cAMP elevation in Brassica napus causes changes in phytohormone levels. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2310963. [PMID: 38314783 PMCID: PMC10854363 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2310963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In higher plants, the regulatory roles of cAMP (cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) signaling remain elusive until now. Cellular cAMP levels are generally much lower in higher plants than in animals and transiently elevated for triggering downstream signaling events. Moreover, plant adenylate cyclase (AC) activities are found in different moonlighting multifunctional proteins, which may pose additional complications in distinguishing a specific signaling role for cAMP. Here, we have developed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) transgenic plants that overexpress an inducible plant-origin AC activity for generating high AC levels much like that in animal cells, which served the genetic model disturbing native cAMP signaling as a whole in plants. We found that overexpression of the soluble AC activity had significant impacts on the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and stress phytohormones, i.e. jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) in the transgenic plants. Acute induction of the AC activity caused IAA overaccumulation, and upregulation of TAA1 and CYP83B1 in the IAA biosynthesis pathways, but also simultaneously the hyper-induction of PR4 and KIN2 expression indicating activation of JA and ABA signaling pathways. We observed typical overgrowth phenotypes related to IAA excess in the transgenic plants, including significant increases in plant height, internode length, width of leaf blade, petiole length, root length, and fresh shoot biomass, as well as the precocious seed development, as compared to wild-type plants. In addition, we identified a set of 1465 cAMP-responsive genes (CRGs), which are most significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction pathway, and function mainly in relevance to hormonal, abiotic and biotic stress responses, as well as growth and development. Collectively, our results support that cAMP elevation impacts phytohormone homeostasis and signaling, and modulates plant growth and development. We proposed that cAMP signaling may be critical in configuring the coordinated regulation of growth and development in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Jia
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Song Peng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Guo
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinrui Liu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panyu Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanfeng Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kęsy J, Mucha J, Zadworny M. Identification of genetics and hormonal factors involved in Quercus robur root growth regulation in different cultivation system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:123. [PMID: 38373900 PMCID: PMC10877882 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular processes and hormonal signals that govern root growth is of paramount importance for effective forest management. While Arabidopsis studies have shed light on the role of the primary root in root system development, the structure of root systems in trees is considerably more intricate, posing challenges to comprehend taproot growth in acorn-sown and nursery-cultivated seedlings. In this study, we investigated Quercus robur seedlings using rhizotrons, containers, and transplanted containers to rhizotrons, aiming to unravel the impact of forest nursery practices on processes governing taproot growth and root system development. Root samples were subjected to RNA-seq analysis to identify gene expression patterns and perform differential gene expression and phytohormone analysis. Among studied cultivation systems, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited significant diversity, where the number of co-occurring DEGs among cultivation systems was significantly smaller than the number of unique DEGs in different cultivation systems. Moreover, the results imply that container cultivation triggers the activation of several genes associated with linolenic acid and peptide synthesis in root growth. Upon transplantation from containers to rhizotrons, rapid enhancement in gene expression occurs, followed by gradual reduction as root growth progresses, ultimately reaching a similar expression pattern as observed in the taproot of rhizotron-cultivated seedlings. Phytohormone analysis revealed that taproot growth patterns under different cultivation systems are regulated by the interplay between auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Moreover, the diversification of hormone levels within the root zone and cultivation systems allows for taproot growth inhibition and prompt recovery in transplanted seedlings. Our study highlights the crucial role of hormone interactions during the early stages of taproot elongation, influencing root system formation across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kościelniak
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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3
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Gélinas-Marion A, Eléouët MP, Cook SD, Vander Schoor JK, Abel SAG, Nichols DS, Smith JA, Hofer JMI, Ross JJ. Plant Development in the Garden Pea as Revealed by Mutations in the Crd/PsYUC1 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2115. [PMID: 38136938 PMCID: PMC10742580 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In common with other plant species, the garden pea (Pisum sativum) produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan via a single intermediate, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA). IPyA is converted to IAA by PsYUC1, also known as Crispoid (Crd). Here, we extend our understanding of the developmental processes affected by the Crd gene by examining the phenotypic effects of crd gene mutations on leaves, flowers, and roots. We show that in pea, Crd/PsYUC1 is important for the initiation and identity of leaflets and tendrils, stamens, and lateral roots. We also report on aspects of auxin deactivation in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Gélinas-Marion
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; (A.G.-M.); (J.K.V.S.); (S.A.G.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Morgane P. Eléouët
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK;
| | - Sam D. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, Linnaeus vag 10, Kemi A3, 901 87 Umea, Sweden;
| | - Jacqueline K. Vander Schoor
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; (A.G.-M.); (J.K.V.S.); (S.A.G.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Steven A. G. Abel
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; (A.G.-M.); (J.K.V.S.); (S.A.G.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia;
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; (A.G.-M.); (J.K.V.S.); (S.A.G.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Julie M. I. Hofer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK;
| | - John J. Ross
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; (A.G.-M.); (J.K.V.S.); (S.A.G.A.); (J.A.S.)
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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5
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Lehman TA, Rosas MA, Brew-Appiah RAT, Solanki S, York ZB, Dannay R, Wu Y, Roalson EH, Zheng P, Main D, Baskin TI, Sanguinet KA. BUZZ: an essential gene for postinitiation root hair growth and a mediator of root architecture in Brachypodium distachyon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37421201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discover a player in root development. Recovered from a forward-genetic screen in Brachypodium distachyon, the buzz mutant initiates root hairs but they fail to elongate. In addition, buzz roots grow twice as fast as wild-type roots. Also, lateral roots show increased sensitivity to nitrate, whereas primary roots are less sensitive to nitrate. Using whole-genome resequencing, we identified the causal single nucleotide polymorphism as occurring in a conserved but previously uncharacterized cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-like gene. The buzz mutant phenotypes are rescued by the wild-type B. distachyon BUZZ coding sequence and by an apparent homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, T-DNA mutants in A. thaliana BUZZ have shorter root hairs. BUZZ mRNA localizes to epidermal cells and develops root hairs and, in the latter, partially colocalizes with the NRT1.1A nitrate transporter. Based on qPCR and RNA-Seq, buzz overexpresses ROOT HAIRLESS LIKE SIX-1 and -2 and misregulates genes related to hormone signaling, RNA processing, cytoskeletal, and cell wall organization, and to the assimilation of nitrate. Overall, these data demonstrate that BUZZ is required for tip growth after root hair initiation and root architectural responses to nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Miguel A Rosas
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Rhoda A T Brew-Appiah
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Shyam Solanki
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Zara B York
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Rachel Dannay
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Eric H Roalson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Dorrie Main
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Zheng Z, Wang B, Zhuo C, Xie Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang G, Ding H, Zhao B, Tian M, Xu M, Kong D, Shen R, Liu Q, Wu G, Huang J, Wang H. Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:142-154. [PMID: 36636793 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Root lodging poses a major threat to maize production, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and increased harvest costs. Here, we combined expressional, genetic, and cytological studies to demonstrate a role of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 in regulating gravitropic response of the brace root and lodging resistance in maize. We show that both ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are preferentially expressed in root tips with partially overlapping expression patterns, and the protein products of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant exhibit enlarged brace root angle compared with the wild-type plants, with larger brace root angle being observed in the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant. Consistently, the brace root tips of the Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant accumulate less auxin and are defective in proper reallocation of auxin in response to gravi-stimuli. Furthermore, we show that the Zmyuc4 single mutant and the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant display obviously enhanced root lodging resistance. Our combined results demonstrate that ZmYUC2- and ZmYUC4-mediated local auxin biosynthesis is required for normal gravity response of the brace roots and provide effective targets for breeding root lodging resistant maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Chuyun Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Manqing Tian
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Miaoyun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guangxia Wu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Junfei Huang
- Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Shenzhen Branch, 518042, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Hao M, Wang W, Liu J, Wang H, Zhou R, Mei D, Fu L, Hu Q, Cheng H. Auxin Biosynthesis Genes in Allotetraploid Oilseed Rape Are Essential for Plant Development and Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15600. [PMID: 36555242 PMCID: PMC9778849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial studies have verified that IAA is mainly generated via the two-step pathway in Arabidopsis, in which tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) are the two crucial enzymes. However, the role of the TAA (or TAR) and YUC genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape underlying auxin biosynthesis and development regulation remains elusive. In the present study, all putative TAR and YUC genes were identified in B. napus genome. Most TAR and YUC genes were tissue that were specifically expressed. Most YUC and TAR proteins contained trans-membrane regions and were confirmed to be endoplasmic reticulum localizations. Enzymatic activity revealed that YUC and TAR protein members were involved in the conversion of IPA to IAA and Trp to IPA, respectively. Transgenic plants overexpressing BnaYUC6a in both Arabidopsis and B. napus displayed high auxin production and reduced plant branch angle, together with increased drought resistance. Moreover, mutation in auxin biosynthesis BnaTARs genes by CRISPR/Cas9 caused development defects. All these results suggest the convergent role of BnaYUC and BnaTAR genes in auxin biosynthesis. Different homoeologs of BnaYUC and BnaTAR may be divergent according to sequence and expression variation. Auxin biosynthesis genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape play a pivotal role in coordinating plant development processes and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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8
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CkREV Enhances the Drought Resistance of Caragana korshinskii through Regulating the Expression of Auxin Synthetase Gene CkYUC5. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115902. [PMID: 35682582 PMCID: PMC9180416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common abiotic stress, drought severely impairs the growth, development, and even survival of plants. Here we report a transcription factor, Caragana korshinskii REVOLUTA(CkREV), which can bidirectionally regulate the expression of the critical enzyme gene CkYUC5 in auxin synthesis according to external environment changes, so as to control the biosynthesis of auxin and further enhance the drought resistance of plants. Quantitative analysis reveals that the expression level of both CkYUC5 and AtYUC5 is down-regulated after C. korshinskii and Arabidopsis thaliana are exposed to drought. Functional verification of CkREV reveals that CkREV up-regulates the expression of AtYUC5 in transgenic A. thaliana under common conditions, while down-regulating it under drought conditions. Meanwhile, the expression of CkYUC5 is also down-regulated in C. korshinskii leaves instantaneously overexpressing CkREV. We apply a dual-luciferase reporter system to discover that CkREV can bind to the promoter of CkYUC5 to regulate its expression, which is further proved by EMSA and Y1H esxperiments. Functional verification of CkREV in C. korshinskii and transgenic A. thaliana shows that CkREV can regulate the expression of CkYUC5 and AtYUC5 in a contrary way, maintaining the equilibrium of plants between growth and drought resisting. CkREV can positively regulate the expression of CkYUC5 to promote auxin synthesis in favor of growth under normal development. However, CkREV can also respond to external signals and negatively regulate the expression of CkYUC5, which inhibits auxin synthesis in order to reduce growth rate, lower water demands, and eventually improve the drought resistance of plants.
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9
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Raissig MT, Woods DP. The wild grass Brachypodium distachyon as a developmental model system. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:33-71. [PMID: 35337454 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The arrival of cheap and high-throughput sequencing paired with efficient gene editing technologies allows us to use non-traditional model systems and mechanistically approach biological phenomena beyond what was conceivable just a decade ago. Venturing into different model systems enables us to explore for example clade-specific environmental responses to changing climates or the genetics and development of clade-specific organs, tissues and cell types. We-both early career researchers working with the wild grass model Brachypodium distachyon-want to use this review to (1) highlight why we think B. distachyon is a fantastic grass developmental model system, (2) summarize the tools and resources that have enabled discoveries made in B. distachyon, and (3) discuss a handful of developmental biology vignettes made possible by using B. distachyon as a model system. Finally, we want to conclude by (4) relating our personal stories with this emerging model system and (5) share what we think is important to consider before starting work with an emerging model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel P Woods
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
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10
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Uc-Chuc MA, Kú-González ÁF, Jiménez-Ramírez IA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Identification, analysis, and modeling of the YUCCA protein family genome-wide in Coffea canephora. Proteins 2021; 90:1005-1024. [PMID: 34890079 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to senescence. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main known natural auxin that is synthesized by enzymes tryptophan aminotransferase of arabidopsis (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) of the flavin-containing monooxygenases family (FMO) from one of the tryptophan-dependent pathways. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the YUC-protein family have been conducted in Coffea canephora in the present study. A total of 10 members CcYUC gene family were identified in C. canephora. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcYUC protein family is evolutionarily conserved, and they consist of four groups. In contrast, bioinformatic analysis predicted a hydrophobic transmembrane helix (TMH) for one CcYUC (YUC10) member only. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Ms), signal peptide, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation sites were predicted for CcYUC proteins. YUC enzymes require the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for their enzymatic activity. Therefore, we include the molecular docking for CcYUC2-FAD-NADPH-IPyA and yucasin, which is a specific inhibitor for YUC activity. The docking results showed FAD and NADPH binding at the big and small domain sites, respectively, in CcYUC2. IPyA binds very close to FAD along the big domain, and yucasin competes for the same site as IPA, blocking IAA production. Furthermore, in silico point mutations affect the stability of the CcYUC2-4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ángela F Kú-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Irma A Jiménez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
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11
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Watanabe M, Shigihara M, Hirota Y, Takato S, Sato A, Kakei Y, Kikuchi R, Ishii T, Soeno K, Nakamura A, Shimada Y. Effect of an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor, p-phenoxyphenyl boronic acid, on auxin biosynthesis and development in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:510-519. [PMID: 33624777 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenoxyphenyl boronic acid (PPBo) is a specific inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We examined the inhibitory activity of PPBo in rice. The activity of OsYUCCA, a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, was inhibited by PPBo in vitro. The endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level and the expression levels of auxin-response genes were significantly reduced in PPBo-treated rice seedlings, which showed typical auxin-deficiency phenotypes. Seminal root growth was promoted by 1 µM PPBo, which was reversed by co-treatment of IAA and PPBo. By contrast, the inhibition of root growth by 10 µM PPBo was not recovered by IAA. The root meristem morphology and cell division were restored by IAA at 60 µM, but that concentration may be too high to support root growth. In conclusion, PPBo is an inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis that targets YUCCA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Watanabe
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaru Shigihara
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuna Hirota
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Takato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakei
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Kikuchi
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC), National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Senyu, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Kazuo Soeno
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC), National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Senyu, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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The Arabidopsis Root Tip (Phospho)Proteomes at Growth-Promoting versus Growth-Repressing Conditions Reveal Novel Root Growth Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071665. [PMID: 34359847 PMCID: PMC8303113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays a dual role in growth regulation and, depending on the tissue and concentration of the hormone, it can either promote or inhibit division and expansion processes in plants. Recent studies have revealed that, beyond transcriptional reprogramming, alternative auxin-controlled mechanisms regulate root growth. Here, we explored the impact of different concentrations of the synthetic auxin NAA that establish growth-promoting and -repressing conditions on the root tip proteome and phosphoproteome, generating a unique resource. From the phosphoproteome data, we pinpointed (novel) growth regulators, such as the RALF34-THE1 module. Our results, together with previously published studies, suggest that auxin, H+-ATPases, cell wall modifications and cell wall sensing receptor-like kinases are tightly embedded in a pathway regulating cell elongation. Furthermore, our study assigned a novel role to MKK2 as a regulator of primary root growth and a (potential) regulator of auxin biosynthesis and signalling, and suggests the importance of the MKK2 Thr31 phosphorylation site for growth regulation in the Arabidopsis root tip.
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13
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Al-Mayahi AMW. In vitro plant regeneration system for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): effect of chelated iron sources. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:83. [PMID: 34061279 PMCID: PMC8169728 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Iron chelate sources and their concentrations are important factors in in vitro propagation of date palm. This study’s objective was to investigate the effect of the iron chelated form on the growth and development of tissue cultures of Barhee cultivar. Results The addition of FeEDDHA to the culture medium was more effective than FeEDTA on callus growth, shoot regeneration, and the number of shoots per jar, where the best result (220.8mg callus, 86.67% and 17.2 shoots per jar, respectively) was obtained by using 93.5 mg L−1 FeEDDHA (5.6 mg L−1 Fe), compared with other treatments. The results also indicate that using 93.5 mg L−1 FeEDDHA (5.6 mg L−1 Fe) as a supplement can decrease antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD activity compared to the rest of the treatments. Medium equipped with 187.0 mg L−1 FeEDDHA (11.2 mg L−1Fe) had the highest rooting percentage and number of roots per shoot than other treatments. The biochemical analysis results showed that treatments with FeEDDHA of 280.5 mg L−1 (16.8 mg L−1 Fe) and 187.0 mg L−1 (11.2 mg L−1Fe) significantly increased the iron content. The results showed that shoot maximum chlorophyll and endogenous IAA level content were recorded in a medium supplemented with 187.0 mg L−1 FeEDDHA (11.2 mg L−1Fe) as Fe source. Conclusion FeEDDHA used in the present study was proven to be a promising iron chelate source in comparison with the FeEDTA sources.
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Betekhtin A, Hus K, Rojek-Jelonek M, Kurczynska E, Nibau C, Doonan JH, Hasterok R. In Vitro Tissue Culture in Brachypodium: Applications and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1037. [PMID: 32033195 PMCID: PMC7037373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has become an excellent model for plant breeding and bioenergy grasses that permits many fundamental questions in grass biology to be addressed. One of the constraints to performing research in many grasses has been the difficulty with which they can be genetically transformed and the generally low frequency of such transformations. In this review, we discuss the contribution that transformation techniques have made in Brachypodium biology as well as how Brachypodium could be used to determine the factors that might contribute to transformation efficiency. In particular, we highlight the latest research on the mechanisms that govern the gradual loss of embryogenic potential in a tissue culture and propose using B. distachyon as a model for other recalcitrant monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betekhtin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Karolina Hus
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Magdalena Rojek-Jelonek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Candida Nibau
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK; (C.N.); (J.H.D.)
| | - John H. Doonan
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK; (C.N.); (J.H.D.)
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
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15
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The Roles of Auxin Biosynthesis YUCCA Gene Family in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246343. [PMID: 31888214 PMCID: PMC6941117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays essential roles in plant normal growth and development. The auxin signaling pathway relies on the auxin gradient within tissues and cells, which is facilitated by both local auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport (PAT). The TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA)/YUCCA (YUC) pathway is the most important and well-characterized pathway that plants deploy to produce auxin. YUCs function as flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) catalyzing the rate-limiting irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of indole-3-pyruvate acid (IPyA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The spatiotemporal dynamic expression of different YUC gene members finely tunes the local auxin biosynthesis in plants, which contributes to plant development as well as environmental responses. In this review, the recent advances in the identification, evolution, molecular structures, and functions in plant development and stress response regarding the YUC gene family are addressed.
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16
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Buendia L, Ribeyre C, Bensmihen S, Lefebvre B. Brachypodium distachyon tar2lhypo mutant shows reduced root developmental response to symbiotic signal but increased arbuscular mycorrhiza. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1651608. [PMID: 31392918 PMCID: PMC6768201 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1651608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a major phytohormone that controls root development. A role for auxin is also emerging in the control of plant-microbe interactions, including for the establishment of root endosymbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Auxin perception is important both for root colonization by AMF and for arbuscule formation. AMF produce symbiotic signals called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that can modify auxin homeostasis and promote lateral root formation (LRF). Since Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) has a different auxin sensitivity compared to other plant species, we wondered whether this would interfere with the effect of auxin in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Here we tested whether tar2lhypo a Brachypodium mutant with an increase in endogenous auxin content is affected in LRF stimulation by LCOs and in AM symbiosis. We found that, in contrast to control plants, LCO treatment inhibited LRF of the tar2lhypo mutant. However, the level of AMF colonization and the abundance of arbuscules were increased in tar2lhypo compared to control plants, suggesting that auxin also plays a positive role in both AMF colonization and arbuscule formation in Brachypodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Buendia
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Camille Ribeyre
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Bensmihen
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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17
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Casanova-Sáez R, Voß U. Auxin Metabolism Controls Developmental Decisions in Land Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:741-754. [PMID: 31230894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, whose body plans are set during embryo development, plants maintain the ability to initiate new organs throughout their life cycle. Auxin is a key regulator of almost all aspects of plant development, including morphogenesis and adaptive responses. Cellular auxin concentrations influence whether a cell will divide, grow, or differentiate, thereby contributing to organ formation, growth, and ultimately plant shape. Auxin gradients are established and maintained by a tightly regulated interplay between metabolism, signalling, and transport. Auxin is synthesised, stored, and inactivated by a multitude of parallel pathways that are all tightly regulated. Here we summarise the remarkable progress that has been achieved in identifying some key components of these pathways and the genetic complexity underlying their precise regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Casanova-Sáez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ute Voß
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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18
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Bernardi J, Battaglia R, Bagnaresi P, Lucini L, Marocco A. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of ZmYUC1 mutant reveals the role of auxin during early endosperm formation in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:133-145. [PMID: 30824046 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kernel size in cereal is an important agronomic trait controlled by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The endosperm occupies most of the kernel area; for this reason, the endosperm cells dimension, number and metabolic content strongly influence kernel properties. This paper presents the transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the maize defective endosperm 18 (de18) mutant, where auxin accumulation in the endosperm is impaired. This mutation, involving the ZmYuc1 gene, leads to a reduced kernel size compared to the wild-type line B37. Our results mainly indicate that IAA concentration controls sugar and protein metabolism during kernel differentiation and it is necessary for BETL formation. Furthermore, a fine tuning of different auxin conjugates is reported as the main mechanism to counteract the auxin deficit. Some candidates as master regulators of endosperm transcriptional regulation mediated by auxin are found between MYB and MADS-box gene families. A link between auxin and storage protein accumulation is highlighted, suggesting that IAA directly or indirectly, through CK or ABA, regulates the transcription of zein coding genes. This study represents a move forward with respect to the current knowledge about the role of auxin during maize endosperm differentiation thus revealing the genes that are modulated by auxin and that control agronomic traits as kernel size and metabolic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Bernardi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Battaglia
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Marocco
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
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19
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Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Bird DC, Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Translating auxin responses into ovules, seeds and yield: Insight from Arabidopsis and the cereals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:310-336. [PMID: 30474296 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain production in cereal crops depends on the stable formation of male and female gametes in the flower. In most angiosperms, the female gamete is produced from a germline located deep within the ovary, protected by several layers of maternal tissue, including the ovary wall, ovule integuments and nucellus. In the field, germline formation and floret fertility are major determinants of yield potential, contributing to traits such as seed number, weight and size. As such, stimuli affecting the timing and duration of reproductive phases, as well as the viability, size and number of cells within reproductive organs can significantly impact yield. One key stimulant is the phytohormone auxin, which influences growth and morphogenesis of female tissues during gynoecium development, gametophyte formation, and endosperm cellularization. In this review we consider the role of the auxin signaling pathway during ovule and seed development, first in the context of Arabidopsis and then in the cereals. We summarize the gene families involved and highlight distinct expression patterns that suggest a range of roles in reproductive cell specification and fate. This is discussed in terms of seed production and how targeted modification of different tissues might facilitate improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge Lora
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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20
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Buendia L, Maillet F, O'Connor D, van de-Kerkhove Q, Danoun S, Gough C, Lefebvre B, Bensmihen S. Lipo-chitooligosaccharides promote lateral root formation and modify auxin homeostasis in Brachypodium distachyon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2190-2202. [PMID: 30347445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are microbial symbiotic signals that also influence root growth. In Medicago truncatula, LCOs stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) synergistically with auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and whether it is restricted to legume plants are not known. We have addressed the capacity of the model monocot Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) to respond to LCOs and auxin for LRF. For this, we used a combination of root phenotyping assays, live-imaging and auxin quantification, and analysed the regulation of auxin homeostasis genes. We show that LCOs and a low dose of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) stimulated LRF in Brachypodium, while a combination of LCOs and IBA led to different regulations. Both LCO and IBA treatments locally increased endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, whereas the combination of LCO and IBA locally increased the endogenous concentration of a conjugated form of IAA (IAA-Ala). LCOs, IBA and the combination differentially controlled expression of auxin homeostasis genes. These results demonstrate that LCOs are active on Brachypodium roots and stimulate LRF probably through regulation of auxin homeostasis. The interaction between LCO and auxin treatments observed in Brachypodium on root architecture opens interesting avenues regarding their possible combined effects during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Buendia
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Devin O'Connor
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | - Saida Danoun
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge-Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clare Gough
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Bensmihen
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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21
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22
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Ristova D, Giovannetti M, Metesch K, Busch W. Natural genetic variation shapes root system responses to phytohormones in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:468-481. [PMID: 30030851 PMCID: PMC6220887 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their architecture by modulating organ growth. This ability is largely dependent on phytohormones. While responses to phytohormones have been studied extensively, it remains unclear to which extent and how these responses are modulated in non-reference strains. Here, we assess variation of root traits upon treatment with auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) in 192 Arabidopsis accessions. We identify common response patterns, uncover the extent of their modulation by specific genotypes, and find that the Col-0 reference accession is not a good representative of the species in this regard. We conduct genome-wide association studies and identify 114 significant associations, most of them relating to ABA treatment. The numerous ABA candidate genes are not enriched for known ABA-associated genes, indicating that we largely uncovered unknown players. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive view of the diversity of hormone responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana species, and shows that variation of genes that are yet mostly not associated with such a role to determine natural variation of the response to phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ristova
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Kristina Metesch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
- Salk Institute for Biological StudiesPlant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory10010 N Torrey Pines RdLa JollaCA92037USA
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van der Schuren A, Voiniciuc C, Bragg J, Ljung K, Vogel J, Pauly M, Hardtke CS. Broad spectrum developmental role of Brachypodium AUX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1216-1223. [PMID: 29949662 PMCID: PMC6100110 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cellular auxin distribution is required for morphogenesis and adaptive responses of plant organs. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this involves the prototypical auxin influx facilitator AUX1 and its LIKE-AUX1 (LAX) homologs, which act partially redundantly in various developmental processes. Interestingly, AUX1 and its homologs are not strictly essential for the Arabidopsis life cycle. Indeed, aux1 lax1 lax2 lax3 quadruple knock-outs are mostly viable and fertile, and strong phenotypes are only observed at low penetrance. Here we investigated the Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) AUX1 homolog BdAUX1 by genetic, cell biological and physiological analyses. We report that BdAUX1 is essential for Brachypodium development. Bdaux1 loss-of-function mutants are dwarfs with aberrant flower development, and consequently infertile. Moreover, they display a counter-intuitive root phenotype. Although Bdaux1 roots are agravitropic as expected, in contrast to Arabidopsis aux1 mutants they are dramatically longer than wild type roots because of exaggerated cell elongation. Interestingly, this correlates with higher free auxin content in Bdaux1 roots. Consistently, their cell wall characteristics and transcriptome signature largely phenocopy other Brachypodium mutants with increased root auxin content. Our results imply fundamentally different wiring of auxin transport in Brachypodium roots and reveal an essential role of BdAUX1 in a broad spectrum of developmental processes, suggesting a central role for AUX1 in pooideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja van der Schuren
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneBiophore BuildingCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Catalin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityD‐40225DuesseldorfGermany
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Dr.Walnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE‐901 83UmeåSweden
| | - John Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Dr.Walnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityD‐40225DuesseldorfGermany
| | - Christian S. Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneBiophore BuildingCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
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Zhao Y. Essential Roles of Local Auxin Biosynthesis in Plant Development and in Adaptation to Environmental Changes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:417-435. [PMID: 29489397 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been a dominant dogma in plant biology that the self-organizing polar auxin transport system is necessary and sufficient to generate auxin maxima and minima that are essential for almost all aspects of plant growth and development. However, in the past few years, it has become clear that local auxin biosynthesis is required for a suite of developmental processes, including embryogenesis, endosperm development, root development, and floral initiation and patterning. Moreover, it was discovered that local auxin biosynthesis maintains optimal plant growth in response to environmental signals, including light, temperature, pathogens, and toxic metals. In this article, I discuss the recent progress in auxin biosynthesis research and the paradigm shift in recognizing the important roles of local auxin biosynthesis in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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25
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Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that controls plant life throughout development. Being a simple hydrophobic molecule, it can freely enter cells; therefore, the cell type specificity of its action is challenging. By means of tissue-specific expression of two negative regulators of the signaling cascade, we selectively disrupted the ethylene signal in different cell types without affecting its biosynthesis. We demonstrate that ethylene restricts plant growth by dampening the effect of auxins in the outermost cell layer. We further show that this epidermis-specific signaling has an impact on the growth of neighboring cells, suggesting that the master controller of cell expansion resides in the epidermis, where it senses the environment and, subsequently drives growth, of the inner tissues. The gaseous hormone ethylene plays a key role in plant growth and development, and it is a major regulator of stress responses. It inhibits vegetative growth by restricting cell elongation, mainly through cross-talk with auxins. However, it remains unknown whether ethylene controls growth throughout all plant tissues or whether its signaling is confined to specific cell types. We employed a targeted expression approach to map the tissue site(s) of ethylene growth regulation. The ubiquitin E3 ligase complex containing Skp1, Cullin1, and the F-box protein EBF1 or EBF2 (SCFEBF1/2) target the degradation of EIN3, the master transcription factor in ethylene signaling. We coupled EBF1 and EBF2 to a number of cell type-specific promoters. Using phenotypic assays for ethylene response and mutant complementation, we revealed that the epidermis is the main site of ethylene action controlling plant growth in both roots and shoots. Suppression of ethylene signaling in the epidermis of the constitutive ethylene signaling mutant ctr1-1 was sufficient to rescue the mutant phenotype, pointing to the epidermis as a key cell type required for ethylene-mediated growth inhibition.
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E3 ubiquitin ligase SOR1 regulates ethylene response in rice root by modulating stability of Aux/IAA protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4513-4518. [PMID: 29632179 PMCID: PMC5924906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719387115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin signaling components participate in ethylene-mediated inhibition of root elongation. However, the interplay between TIR1/AFB2-auxin-Aux/indole acetic acid (IAA) signaling and ethylene response remains to be elucidated in detail. In this study, we report an E3 ubiquitin ligase soil-surface rooting 1 (SOR1), which targets a noncanonical Aux/IAA protein OsIAA26 for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. The E3 ligase activity of SOR1 can be repressed by the canonical Aux/IAA protein OsIAA9, which is the target of OsTIR1/AFB2. Our study identifies a potential regulator that modulates auxin-mediated ethylene response at the auxin signaling level. Plant hormones ethylene and auxin synergistically regulate plant root growth and development. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFTIR1/AFB triggers a transcription-based auxin signaling. Here we show that rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil-surface rooting 1 (SOR1), which is a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase identified from analysis of a rice ethylene-insensitive mutant mhz2/sor1-2, controls root-specific ethylene responses by modulating Aux/IAA protein stability. SOR1 physically interacts with OsIAA26 and OsIAA9, which are atypical and canonical Aux/IAA proteins, respectively. SOR1 targets OsIAA26 for ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation, whereas OsIAA9 protects the OsIAA26 protein from degradation by inhibiting the E3 activity of SOR1. Auxin promotes SOR1-dependent degradation of OsIAA26 by facilitating SCFOsTIR1/AFB2-mediated and SOR1-assisted destabilization of OsIAA9 protein. Our study provides a candidate mechanism by which the SOR1-OsIAA26 module acts downstream of the OsTIR1/AFB2-auxin-OsIAA9 signaling to modulate ethylene inhibition of root growth in rice seedlings.
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Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang R, Zhao Y. Recent advances in auxin research in rice and their implications for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:255-263. [PMID: 28992208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is essential for various aspects of plant development, and modulation of auxin pathways has great potential for crop improvement. Although the current understanding of auxin biology including auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling mainly originated from studies in Arabidopsis, several key auxin genes were first discovered in rice, indicating that it is useful to employ several plant systems for auxin research. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in auxin biology in rice, highlight the main contributions of rice research to auxin biology, and discuss the potential for crop improvement through modulating auxin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Rongchen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sibout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles, France
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Liu G, Gao S, Tian H, Wu W, Robert HS, Ding Z. Local Transcriptional Control of YUCCA Regulates Auxin Promoted Root-Growth Inhibition in Response to Aluminium Stress in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006360. [PMID: 27716807 PMCID: PMC5065128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is necessary for the inhibition of root growth induced by aluminium (Al) stress, however the molecular mechanism controlling this is largely unknown. Here, we report that YUCCA (YUC), which encodes flavin monooxygenase-like proteins, regulates local auxin biosynthesis in the root apex transition zone (TZ) in response to Al stress. Al stress up-regulates YUC3/5/7/8/9 in the root-apex TZ, which we show results in the accumulation of auxin in the root-apex TZ and root-growth inhibition during the Al stress response. These Al-dependent changes in the regulation of YUCs in the root-apex TZ and YUC-regulated root growth inhibition are dependent on ethylene signalling. Increasing or disruption of ethylene signalling caused either enhanced or reduced up-regulation, respectively, of YUCs in root-apex TZ in response to Al stress. In addition, ethylene enhanced root growth inhibition under Al stress was strongly alleviated in yuc mutants or by co-treatment with yucasin, an inhibitor of YUC activity, suggesting a downstream role of YUCs in this process. Moreover, ethylene-insensitive 3 (EIN3) is involved into the direct regulation of YUC9 transcription in this process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) functions as a transcriptional activator for YUC5/8/9. PIF4 promotes Al-inhibited primary root growth by regulating the local expression of YUCs and auxin signal in the root-apex TZ. The Al-induced expression of PIF4 in root TZ acts downstream of ethylene signalling. Taken together, our results highlight a regulatory cascade for YUCs-regulated local auxin biosynthesis in the root-apex TZ mediating root growth inhibition in response to Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hélène S. Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Kim CM, Dolan L. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE Class I Genes Promote Root Hair Development in the Grass Brachypodium distachyon. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006211. [PMID: 27494519 PMCID: PMC4975483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE (RSL) class I basic helix loop helix proteins are expressed in future root hair cells of the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem where they positively regulate root hair cell development. Here we show that there are three RSL class I protein coding genes in the Brachypodium distachyon genome, BdRSL1, BdRSL2 and BdRSL3, and each is expressed in developing root hair cells after the asymmetric cell division that forms root hair cells and hairless epidermal cells. Expression of BdRSL class I genes is sufficient for root hair cell development: ectopic overexpression of any of the three RSL class I genes induces the development of root hairs in every cell of the root epidermis. Expression of BdRSL class I genes in root hairless Arabidopsis thaliana root hair defective 6 (Atrhd6) Atrsl1 double mutants, devoid of RSL class I function, restores root hair development indicating that the function of these proteins has been conserved. However, neither AtRSL nor BdRSL class I genes is sufficient for root hair development in A. thaliana. These data demonstrate that the spatial pattern of class I RSL activity can account for the pattern of root hair cell differentiation in B. distachyon. However, the spatial pattern of class I RSL activity cannot account for the spatial pattern of root hair cells in A. thaliana. Taken together these data indicate that that the functions of RSL class I proteins have been conserved among most angiosperms-monocots and eudicots-despite the dramatically different patterns of root hair cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Suzuki H, Yokawa K, Nakano S, Yoshida Y, Fabrissin I, Okamoto T, Baluška F, Koshiba T. Root cap-dependent gravitropic U-turn of maize root requires light-induced auxin biosynthesis via the YUC pathway in the root apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4581-91. [PMID: 27307546 PMCID: PMC4973731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism refers to the growth or movement of plants that is influenced by gravity. Roots exhibit positive gravitropism, and the root cap is thought to be the gravity-sensing site. In some plants, the root cap requires light irradiation for positive gravitropic responses. However, the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are unknown. We herein report that maize roots exposed to white light continuously for ≥1-2h show increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in the root tips, especially in the transition zone (1-3mm from the tip). Treatment with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and l-kynurenine prevented any increases in IAA content and root curvature under light conditions. Analyses of the incorporation of a stable isotope label from tryptophan into IAA revealed that some of the IAA in roots was synthesized in the root apex. Furthermore, Zmvt2 and Zmyuc gene transcripts were detected in the root apex. One of the Zmyuc genes (ZM2G141383) was up-regulated by light irradiation in the 0-1mm tip region. Our findings suggest that IAA accumulation in the transition zone is due to light-induced activation of Zmyuc gene expression in the 0-1mm root apex region. Light-induced changes in IAA levels and distributions mediate the maize root gravitropic U-turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan IZMB, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sayuri Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Isabelle Fabrissin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Tomokazu Koshiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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32
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Overexpression of the bacterial tryptophan oxidase RebO affects auxin biosynthesis and Arabidopsis development. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pacheco-Villalobos D, Díaz-Moreno SM, van der Schuren A, Tamaki T, Kang YH, Gujas B, Novak O, Jaspert N, Li Z, Wolf S, Oecking C, Ljung K, Bulone V, Hardtke CS. The Effects of High Steady State Auxin Levels on Root Cell Elongation in Brachypodium. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1009-24. [PMID: 27169463 PMCID: PMC4904674 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing Acid Growth Theory of plant cell elongation posits that auxin promotes cell elongation by stimulating cell wall acidification and thus expansin action. To date, the paucity of pertinent genetic materials has precluded thorough analysis of the importance of this concept in roots. The recent isolation of mutants of the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon with dramatically enhanced root cell elongation due to increased cellular auxin levels has allowed us to address this question. We found that the primary transcriptomic effect associated with elevated steady state auxin concentration in elongating root cells is upregulation of cell wall remodeling factors, notably expansins, while plant hormone signaling pathways maintain remarkable homeostasis. These changes are specifically accompanied by reduced cell wall arabinogalactan complexity but not by increased proton excretion. On the contrary, we observed a tendency for decreased rather than increased proton extrusion from root elongation zones with higher cellular auxin levels. Moreover, similar to Brachypodium, root cell elongation is, in general, robustly buffered against external pH fluctuation in Arabidopsis thaliana However, forced acidification through artificial proton pump activation inhibits root cell elongation. Thus, the interplay between auxin, proton pump activation, and expansin action may be more flexible in roots than in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alja van der Schuren
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takayuki Tamaki
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yeon Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Jaspert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhenni Li
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Oecking
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kouzai Y, Kimura M, Yamanaka Y, Watanabe M, Matsui H, Yamamoto M, Ichinose Y, Toyoda K, Onda Y, Mochida K, Noutoshi Y. Expression profiling of marker genes responsive to the defence-associated phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene in Brachypodium distachyon. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 26935959 PMCID: PMC4776424 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachypodium distachyon is a promising model plants for grasses. Infections of Brachypodium by various pathogens that severely impair crop production have been reported, and the species accordingly provides an alternative platform for investigating molecular mechanisms of pathogen virulence and plant disease resistance. To date, we have a broad picture of plant immunity only in Arabidopsis and rice; therefore, Brachypodium may constitute a counterpart that displays the commonality and uniqueness of defence systems among plant species. Phytohormones play key roles in plant biotic stress responses, and hormone-responsive genes are used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate disease resistance responses during pathogen infection. For these purposes, defence-related phytohormone marker genes expressed at time points suitable for defence-response monitoring are needed. Information about their expression profiles over time as well as their response specificity is also helpful. However, useful marker genes are still rare in Brachypodium. RESULTS We selected 34 candidates for Brachypodium marker genes on the basis of protein-sequence similarity to known marker genes used in Arabidopsis and rice. Brachypodium plants were treated with the defence-related phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, and their transcription levels were measured 24 and 48 h after treatment. Two genes for salicylic acid, 7 for jasmonic acid and 2 for ethylene were significantly induced at either or both time points. We then focused on 11 genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) 1 protein and compared their expression patterns with those of Arabidopsis and rice. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Brachypodium contains several PR1-family genes similar to rice genes. Our expression profiling revealed that regulation patterns of some PR1 genes as well as of markers identified for defence-related phytohormones are closely related to those in rice. CONCLUSION We propose that the Brachypodium immune hormone marker genes identified in this study will be useful to plant pathologists who use Brachypodium as a model pathosystem, because the timing of their transcriptional activation matches that of the disease resistance response. Our results using Brachypodium also suggest that monocots share a characteristic immune system, defined as the common defence system, that is different from that of dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kouzai
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yurie Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Mikihiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Toyoda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Onda
- Cellulose Production Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Cellulose Production Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
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Schneebeli K, Mathesius U, Zwart AB, Bragg JN, Vogel JP, Watt M. Brachypodium distachyon genotypes vary in resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG8. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:189-198. [PMID: 32480452 DOI: 10.1071/fp15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon (L.)P.Beauv. (Bd) has previously been developed as a pathosystem model for the wheat root rot pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn anastomosis group 8 (AG8). Here we explore variation in resistance to R. solani AG8 in Bd, to determine whether genomic tools could be used to find Bd genes involved in the grass defence response, with the aim of using this information for the improvement of Rhizoctonia root rot resistance in wheat. We looked for variation in resistance to R. solani AG8 in a diverse Bd natural accession collection and in Bd T-DNA insertion lines selected based on putative mechanisms reported for tagged genes. All lines were susceptible to the pathogen. Repeatable and significant variation in resistance was measured in both groups, with greater variation in resistance found across the natural accessions than in the T-DNA lines. The widest and most repeatable variation in resistance was between lines Koz-3 and BdTR 13a. The ratio of R. solani AG8-inoculated to uninoculated root length for line Koz-3 was 33% greater than the same ratio for line BdTR 13a. The increased resistance of Koz-3 was associated with nodal root initiation in response to the pathogen. A negative correlation between seedling vigour and resistance was observed, but found not to be the sole source of variation in resistance to R. solani AG8. The only T-DNA line with significantly greater resistance to R. solani AG8 than the reference line had an insertion in a putative galactosyltransferase gene; however, this result needs further confirmation. Genetic resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot is not available in wheat cultivars and only a few instances of quantitative resistance to the pathogen have been described within close relatives of wheat. Brachypodium distachyon offers potential for further investigation to find genes associated with quantitative resistance and mechanisms of tolerance to R. solani AG8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander B Zwart
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jennifer N Bragg
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St. ESE 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Michelle Watt
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Lehmann F, Hardtke CS. Secondary growth of the Arabidopsis hypocotyl-vascular development in dimensions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:9-15. [PMID: 26667498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The secondary thickening of plant organs in extant dicotyledons is a massive growth process that constitutes the major carbon sink in perennial, woody plants. Yet, our understanding of its molecular genetic control has been mostly obtained by its analysis in an herbaceous annual model, Arabidopsis. Recent years have seen increased interest in this somewhat under-researched topic, and various (non-)cell autonomous factors that guide the extent and vascular patterning of secondary growth have been identified. Concomitantly, a more detailed understanding of vascular differentiation processes has been obtained through analyses of primary growth, mostly in the root meristem. A future challenge will be the integration of these patterning and differentiation modules together with cambial activity into the 4-dimensional frame of secondary thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lehmann
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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37
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Kakei Y, Mochida K, Sakurai T, Yoshida T, Shinozaki K, Shimada Y. Transcriptome analysis of hormone-induced gene expression in Brachypodium distachyon. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14476. [PMID: 26419335 PMCID: PMC4588574 DOI: 10.1038/srep14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a new model plant closely related to wheat and other cereals. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of hormone-regulated genes in Brachypodium distachyon using RNA sequencing technology. Brachypodium distachyon seedlings were treated with eight phytohormones (auxin, cytokinine, brassinosteroid, gibberelline, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonate and salicylic acid) and two inhibitors, Brz220 (brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor) and prohexadione (gibberelline biosynthesis inhibitor). The expressions of 1807 genes were regulated in a phytohormone-dependent manner. We compared the data with the phytohormone responses that have reported in rice. Transcriptional responses to hormones are conserved between Bracypodium and rice. Transcriptional regulation by brassinosteroid, gibberellin and ethylene was relatively weaker than those by other hormones. This is consistent with the data obtained from comprehensive analysis of hormone responses reported in Arabidopsis. Brachypodium and Arabidopsis also shared some common transcriptional responses to phytohormones. Alternatively, unique transcriptional responses to phytohormones were observed in Brachypodium. For example, the expressions of ACC synthase genes were up-regulated by auxin treatment in rice and Arabidopsis, but no orthologous ACC synthase gene was up-regulated in Brachypodium. Our results provide information useful to understand the diversity and similarity of hormone-regulated transcriptional responses between eudicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kakei
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, JAPAN.,Cellulose Production Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN.,Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- Integrated Genome Informatics Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Takuhiro Yoshida
- Integrated Genome Informatics Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN.,Biomass Research Platform Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, JAPAN.,Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, JAPAN
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38
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Abstract
Auxin is an important plant hormone essential for many aspects of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most studied auxin in plants, and its biosynthesis pathway has been investigated for over 70 years. Although the complete picture of auxin biosynthesis remains to be elucidated, remarkable progress has been made recently in understanding the mechanism of IAA biosynthesis. Genetic and biochemical studies demonstrate that IAA is mainly synthesized from l-tryptophan (Trp) via indole-3-pyruvate by two-step reactions in Arabidopsis. While IAA is also produced from Trp via indole-3-acetaldoxime in Arabidopsis, this pathway likely plays an auxiliary role in plants of the family Brassicaceae. Recent studies suggest that the Trp-independent pathway is not a major route for IAA biosynthesis, but they reveal an important role for a cytosolic indole synthase in this pathway. In this review, I summarize current views and future prospects of IAA biosynthesis research in plants.
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39
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Rellán-Álvarez R, Lobet G, Lindner H, Pradier PL, Sebastian J, Yee MC, Geng Y, Trontin C, LaRue T, Schrager-Lavelle A, Haney CH, Nieu R, Maloof J, Vogel JP, Dinneny JR. GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown root systems. eLife 2015; 4:e07597. [PMID: 26287479 PMCID: PMC4589753 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Root systems develop different root types that individually sense cues from their local environment and integrate this information with systemic signals. This complex multi-dimensional amalgam of inputs enables continuous adjustment of root growth rates, direction, and metabolic activity that define a dynamic physical network. Current methods for analyzing root biology balance physiological relevance with imaging capability. To bridge this divide, we developed an integrated-imaging system called Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots (GLO-Roots) that uses luminescence-based reporters to enable studies of root architecture and gene expression patterns in soil-grown, light-shielded roots. We have developed image analysis algorithms that allow the spatial integration of soil properties, gene expression, and root system architecture traits. We propose GLO-Roots as a system that has great utility in presenting environmental stimuli to roots in ways that evoke natural adaptive responses and in providing tools for studying the multi-dimensional nature of such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Rellán-Álvarez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Heike Lindner
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Pierre-Luc Pradier
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Jose Sebastian
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Muh-Ching Yee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Yu Geng
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
- Department of Energy, Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States
| | - Charlotte Trontin
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Cara H Haney
- Department of Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rita Nieu
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, United States
| | - Julin Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - John P Vogel
- Department of Energy, Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
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40
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Suzuki M, Yamazaki C, Mitsui M, Kakei Y, Mitani Y, Nakamura A, Ishii T, Soeno K, Shimada Y. Transcriptional feedback regulation of YUCCA genes in response to auxin levels in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1343-52. [PMID: 25903543 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The IPyA pathway, the major auxin biosynthesis pathway, is transcriptionally regulated through a negative feedback mechanism in response to active auxin levels. The phytohormone auxin plays an important role in plant growth and development, and levels of active free auxin are determined by biosynthesis, conjugation, and polar transport. Unlike conjugation and polar transport, little is known regarding the regulatory mechanism of auxin biosynthesis. We discovered that expression of genes encoding indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway enzymes is regulated by elevated or reduced active auxin levels. Expression levels of TAR2, YUC1, YUC2, YUC4, and YUC6 were downregulated in response to synthetic auxins [1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)] exogenously applied to Arabidopsis thaliana L. seedlings. Concomitantly, reduced levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were observed. Alternatively, expression of these YUCCA genes was upregulated by the auxin biosynthetic inhibitor kynurenine in Arabidopsis seedlings, accompanied by reduced IAA levels. These results indicate that expression of YUCCA genes is regulated by active auxin levels. Similar results were also observed in auxin-overproduction and auxin-deficient mutants. Exogenous application of IPyA to Arabidopsis seedlings preincubated with kynurenine increased endogenous IAA levels, while preincubation with 2,4-D reduced endogenous IAA levels compared to seedlings exposed only to IPyA. These results suggest that in vivo conversion of IPyA to IAA was enhanced under reduced auxin levels, while IPyA to IAA conversion was depressed in the presence of excess auxin. Based on these results, we propose that the IPyA pathway is transcriptionally regulated through a negative feedback mechanism in response to active auxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suzuki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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41
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Yang C, Lu X, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: conserved and diverged aspects. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:495-505. [PMID: 25732590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene as a gas phytohormone plays significant roles in the whole life cycle of plants, ranging from growth and development to stress responses. A linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis. However, the ethylene signaling mechanism in monocotyledonous plants such as rice is largely unclear. In this review, we compare the ethylene response phenotypes of dark-grown seedlings of Arabidopsis, rice, and other monocotyledonous plants (maize, wheat, sorghum, and Brachypodium distachyon) and pinpoint that rice has a distinct phenotype of root inhibition but coleoptile promotion in etiolated seedlings upon ethylene treatment. We further summarize the homologous genes of Arabidopsis ethylene signaling components in these monocotyledonous plants and discuss recent progress. Although conserved in most aspects, ethylene signaling in rice has evolved new features compared with that in Arabidopsis. These analyses provide novel insights into the understanding of ethylene signaling in the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis and monocotyledonous plants, particularly rice. Further characterization of rice ethylene-responsive mutants and their corresponding genes will help us better understand the whole picture of ethylene signaling mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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42
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Ma B, Yin CC, He SJ, Lu X, Zhang WK, Lu TG, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene-induced inhibition of root growth requires abscisic acid function in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004701. [PMID: 25330236 PMCID: PMC4199509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) have a complicated interplay in many developmental processes. Their interaction in rice is largely unclear. Here, we characterized a rice ethylene-response mutant mhz4, which exhibited reduced ethylene-response in roots but enhanced ethylene-response in coleoptiles of etiolated seedlings. MHZ4 was identified through map-based cloning and encoded a chloroplast-localized membrane protein homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) ABA4, which is responsible for a branch of ABA biosynthesis. MHZ4 mutation reduced ABA level, but promoted ethylene production. Ethylene induced MHZ4 expression and promoted ABA accumulation in roots. MHZ4 overexpression resulted in enhanced and reduced ethylene response in roots and coleoptiles, respectively. In root, MHZ4-dependent ABA pathway acts at or downstream of ethylene receptors and positively regulates root ethylene response. This ethylene-ABA interaction mode is different from that reported in Arabidopsis, where ethylene-mediated root inhibition is independent of ABA function. In coleoptile, MHZ4-dependent ABA pathway acts at or upstream of OsEIN2 to negatively regulate coleoptile ethylene response, possibly by affecting OsEIN2 expression. At mature stage, mhz4 mutation affects branching and adventitious root formation on stem nodes of higher positions, as well as yield-related traits. Together, our findings reveal a novel mode of interplay between ethylene and ABA in control of rice growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Jie He
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tie-Gang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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43
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Girin T, David LC, Chardin C, Sibout R, Krapp A, Ferrario-Méry S, Daniel-Vedele F. Brachypodium: a promising hub between model species and cereals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5683-96. [PMID: 25262566 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon was proposed as a model species for genetics and molecular genomics in cereals less than 10 years ago. It is now established as a standard for research on C3 cereals on a variety of topics, due to its close phylogenetic relationship with Triticeae crops such as wheat and barley, and to its simple genome, its minimal growth requirement, and its short life cycle. In this review, we first highlight the tools and resources for Brachypodium that are currently being developed and made available by the international community. We subsequently describe how this species has been used for comparative genomic studies together with cereal crops, before illustrating major research fields in which Brachypodium has been successfully used as a model: cell wall synthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, root architecture, and seed development. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of research on Brachypodium in order to improve nitrogen use efficiency in cereals, with the aim of reducing the amount of applied fertilizer while increasing the grain yield. Several paths are considered, namely an improvement of either nitrogen remobilization from the vegetative organs, nitrate uptake from the soil, or nitrate assimilation by the plant. Altogether, these examples position the research on Brachypodium as at an intermediate stage between basic research, carried out mainly in Arabidopsis, and applied research carried out on wheat and barley, enabling a complementarity of the studies and reciprocal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Girin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Laure C David
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Camille Chardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Krapp
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Ferrario-Méry
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Daniel-Vedele
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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44
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Druege U, Franken P, Lischewski S, Ahkami AH, Zerche S, Hause B, Hajirezaei MR. Transcriptomic analysis reveals ethylene as stimulator and auxin as regulator of adventitious root formation in petunia cuttings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:494. [PMID: 25400641 PMCID: PMC4212214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation in the stem base (SB) of cuttings is the basis for propagation of many plant species and petunia is used as model to study this developmental process. Following AR formation from 2 to 192 hours post-excision (hpe) of cuttings, transcriptome analysis by microarray revealed a change of the character of the rooting zone from SB to root identity. The greatest shift in the number of differentially expressed genes was observed between 24 and 72 hpe, when the categories storage, mineral nutrient acquisition, anti-oxidative and secondary metabolism, and biotic stimuli showed a notable high number of induced genes. Analyses of phytohormone-related genes disclosed multifaceted changes of the auxin transport system, auxin conjugation and the auxin signal perception machinery indicating a reduction in auxin sensitivity and phase-specific responses of particular auxin-regulated genes. Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and action showed a more uniform pattern as a high number of respective genes were generally induced during the whole process of AR formation. The important role of ethylene for stimulating AR formation was demonstrated by the application of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and perception as well as of the precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, all changing the number and length of AR. A model is proposed showing the putative role of polar auxin transport and resulting auxin accumulation in initiation of subsequent changes in auxin homeostasis and signal perception with a particular role of Aux/IAA expression. These changes might in turn guide the entrance into the different phases of AR formation. Ethylene biosynthesis, which is stimulated by wounding and does probably also respond to other stresses and auxin, acts as important stimulator of AR formation probably via the expression of ethylene responsive transcription factor genes, whereas the timing of different phases seems to be controlled by auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Druege
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Lischewski
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Amir H. Ahkami
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Siegfried Zerche
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Hajirezaei
- Department of Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
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45
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Catalan P, Chalhoub B, Chochois V, Garvin DF, Hasterok R, Manzaneda AJ, Mur LAJ, Pecchioni N, Rasmussen SK, Vogel JP, Voxeur A. Update on the genomics and basic biology of Brachypodium: International Brachypodium Initiative (IBI). TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:414-8. [PMID: 24917149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The scientific presentations at the First International Brachypodium Conference (abstracts available at http://www.brachy2013.unimore.it) are evidence of the widespread adoption of Brachypodium distachyon as a model system. Furthermore, the wide range of topics presented (genome evolution, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, comparative genomics, natural diversity, and cell walls) demonstrates that the Brachypodium research community has achieved a critical mass of tools and has transitioned from resource development to addressing biological questions, particularly those unique to grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Catalan
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, Carretera Cuarte km 1, 22071 Huesca, Spain; Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Boulos Chalhoub
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Evry-Val d'Essonne (UEVE), Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes (OEPG), 91057 Evry CEDEX, France
| | - Vincent Chochois
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Black mountain laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, 2601 Acton, Canberra, Australia
| | - David F Garvin
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Plant Science Research Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Antonio J Manzaneda
- Departamento Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Søren K Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John P Vogel
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1318, Saclay Plant Science, 78000 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) UMR1318, Saclay Plant Science, 78000 Versailles, France
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46
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Abstract
lndole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most important natural auxin in plants, is mainly synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan (Trp). Recent genetic and biochemical studies in Arabidopsis have unambiguously established the first complete Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. The first chemical step of auxin biosynthesis is the removal of the amino group from Trp by the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA) family of transaminases to generate indole-3-pyruvate (IPA). IPA then undergoes oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the YUCCA (YUC) family of flavin monooxygenases to produce IAA. This two-step auxin biosynthesis pathway is highly conserved throughout the plant kingdom and is essential for almost all of the major developmental processes. The successful elucidation of a complete auxin biosynthesis pathway provides the necessary tools for effectively modulating auxin concentrations in plants with temporal and spatial precision. The progress in auxin biosynthesis also lays a foundation for understanding polar auxin transport and for dissecting auxin signaling mechanisms during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 Address correspondence to
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