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Loeffler CR, Spielmeyer A. Faster ciguatoxin extraction methods for toxicity screening. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21715. [PMID: 39289443 PMCID: PMC11408646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a severe global public health problem caused by the consumption of seafood products contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The growing demand for seafood products requires high-throughput testing for CTX-susceptible seafood, however complex extraction and slow cleanup methods inhibit this goal. Herein, several methods for extracting CTXs from fish tissue were established and compared; these methods are sensitive, specific, and valid while achieving higher sample extraction throughput than currently established protocols. The trial fish material was generated from multiple species, with different physical conditions (wet and freeze-dried tissue), and naturally contaminated with various CTXs (i.e., CTX-1B, CTX-3C, and C-CTX-1), thus ensuring these methods are robust and broadly applicable. The extraction methods used were based on mechanical maceration with acetone or methanol or enzymatic digestion followed by acetone and ethyl acetate extraction. Crude extracts were investigated for CTX-like toxicity using an in vitro mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cell-based assay (CBA). Among the three methods, there was no significant difference in toxin estimates (p = 0.219, two-way ANOVA), indicating their interchangeability. For speed (> 16 samples/day), accuracy (100%), and CTX analog retention confirmation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS), the preferred extraction methods were both methanol and enzyme-based. All extraction methods post hoc confirmation of CTX analogs successfully met international seafood market-based CTX contaminant guidance. These methods can drastically increase global CTX screening capabilities and subsequently relieve sample processing bottlenecks, inhibiting environmental and human health-based CTX analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory for the Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory for the Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Fernández-Herrera LJ, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Ceseña-Ojeda DO, García-Davis S, Teles A, Virgen-Félix M, Tovar-Ramírez D. Morphological, Toxicological, and Biochemical Characterization of Two Species of Gambierdiscus from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:422. [PMID: 39330303 PMCID: PMC11433345 DOI: 10.3390/md22090422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe five new isolates of two Gambierdiscus species from Bahía de La Paz in the southern Gulf of California. Batch cultures of Gambierdiscus were established for morphological characterization using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pigment and amino acid profiles were also analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV and HPLC-DAD). Finally, toxicity (CTX-like and MTX-like activity) was evaluated using the Artemia salina assay (ARTOX), mouse assay (MBA), marine fish assay (MFA), and fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA). These strains were identified as Gambierdiscus cf. caribaeus and Gambierdiscus cf. carpenteri. Toxicity for CTX-like and MTX-like activity was confirmed in all evaluated clones. Seven pigments were detected, with chlorophyll a, pyridine, Chl2, and diadinoxanthin being particularly noteworthy. For the first time, a screening of the amino acid profile of Gambierdiscus from the Pacific Ocean was conducted, which showed 14 amino acids for all strains except histidine, which was only present in G. cf. caribeaus. We report the presence of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species in the Mexican Pacific, where ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) cases have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyberth José Fernández-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Aminoácidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Erick Julián Núñez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Aminoácidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Francisco E Hernández-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Microalgas Nocivas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Daniel Octavio Ceseña-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Aminoácidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Sara García-Davis
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andressa Teles
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Marte Virgen-Félix
- Laboratorio de Colección de Microalgas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz CP 23096, Mexico
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Clausing RJ, Ben Gharbia H, Sdiri K, Sibat M, Rañada-Mestizo ML, Lavenu L, Hess P, Chinain M, Bottein MYD. Tissue Distribution and Metabolization of Ciguatoxins in an Herbivorous Fish following Experimental Dietary Exposure to Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:14. [PMID: 38248639 PMCID: PMC10817614 DOI: 10.3390/md22010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, accumulate in commonly consumed fish species, causing human ciguatera poisoning. Field collections of Pacific reef fish reveal that consumed CTXs undergo oxidative biotransformations, resulting in numerous, often toxified analogs. Following our study showing rapid CTX accumulation in flesh of an herbivorous fish, we used the same laboratory model to examine the tissue distribution and metabolization of Pacific CTXs following long-term dietary exposure. Naso brevirostris consumed cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis in a gel food matrix over 16 weeks at a constant dose rate of 0.36 ng CTX3C equiv g-1 fish d-1. CTX toxicity determination of fish tissues showed CTX activity in all tissues of exposed fish (eight tissues plus the carcass), with the highest concentrations in the spleen. Muscle tissue retained the largest proportion of CTXs, with 44% of the total tissue burden. Moreover, relative to our previous study, we found that larger fish with slower growth rates assimilated a higher proportion of ingested toxin in their flesh (13% vs. 2%). Analysis of muscle extracts revealed the presence of CTX3C and CTX3B as well as a biotransformed product showing the m/z transitions of 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C. This is the first experimental evidence of oxidative transformation of an algal CTX in a model consumer and known vector of CTX into the fish food web. These findings that the flesh intended for human consumption carries the majority of the toxin load, and that growth rates can influence the relationship between exposure and accumulation, have significant implications in risk assessment and the development of regulatory measures aimed at ensuring seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Clausing
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hela Ben Gharbia
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Khalil Sdiri
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Ma. Llorina Rañada-Mestizo
- IAEA Collaborating Center on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Studies, Chemistry Research Section, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Laura Lavenu
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, UMR 241 EIO, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, Papeete-Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia;
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Argyle PA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Halafihi T, Marsden ID. Diversity and distribution of benthic dinoflagellates in Tonga include the potentially harmful genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 130:102524. [PMID: 38061817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Benthic dinoflagellates that can cause illness, such as ciguatera poisoning (CP), are prevalent around the Pacific but are poorly described in many locations. This study represents the first ecological assessment of benthic harmful algae species in the Kingdom of Tonga, a country where CP occurs regularly. Surveys were conducted in June 2016 in the Tongatapu island group, and in June 2017 across three island groups: Ha'apai, Vava'u, and Tongatapu. Shallow subtidal coastal habitats were investigated by measuring water quality parameters and conducting quadrat surveys. Microalgae samples were collected using either macrophyte collection or the artificial substrate method. Benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum) were counted using light microscopy, followed by molecular analyses (real-time PCR in 2016 and high throughput sequencing (metabarcoding) in 2017) to identify Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa to species level. Six species were detected from the Tongatapu island group in 2016 (G. australes, G. carpenteri, G. honu, G. pacificus, F. paulensis, and F. ruetzleri) using real-time PCR. Using the metabarcoding approach in 2017, a total of eight species (G. australes, G. carpenteri, G. honu, G. pacificus, G. cheloniae, G. lewisii, G. polynesiensis, and F. yasumotoi) were detected. Species were detected in mixed assemblages of up to six species, with G. pacificus and G. carpenteri being the most frequently observed. Ha'apai had the highest diversity with eight species detected, which identifies this area as a Gambierdiscus diversity 'hotspot'. Vava'u and Tongatapu had three and six species found respectively. Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, a described ciguatoxin producer and proposed causative agent of CP was found only in Ha'apai and Vava'u in 2017, but not in Tongatapu in either year. Ostreopsis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. were also frequently observed, with Prorocentrum most abundant at the majority of sites. In 2016, the highest number of Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa cells were observed on seagrass (Halodule uninervis) from Sopu, Tongatapu. In 2017, the highest numbers of Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa from artificial substrate samples were recorded in the Halimeda dominant habitat at Neiafu Tahi, Vava'u, a low energy site. This raised the question of the effect of wave motion or currents on abundance measurements from artificial substrates. Differences in detection were noticed between macrophytes and artificial substrates, with higher numbers of species found on artificial substrates. This study provides a baseline of benthic dinoflagellate distributions and diversity for Tonga that may be used for future studies and the development of monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Argyle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Ministry of Marine Resources, PO Box 85, Moss Rd, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands.
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Islay D Marsden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Chinain M, Gatti Howell C, Roué M, Ung A, Henry K, Revel T, Cruchet P, Viallon J, Darius HT. Ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia: A review of the distribution and toxicity of Gambierdiscus spp., and related impacts on food web components and human health. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102525. [PMID: 37951623 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a seafood poisoning highly prevalent in French Polynesia. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by Gambierdiscus, a benthic dinoflagellate. Ciguatera significantly degrades the health and economic well-being of local communities largely dependent on reef fisheries for their subsistence. French Polynesia has been the site of rich and active CP research since the 1960's. The environmental, toxicological, and epidemiological data obtained in the frame of large-scale field surveys and a country-wide CP case reporting program conducted over the past three decades in the five island groups of French Polynesia are reviewed. Results show toxin production in Gambierdiscus in the natural environment may vary considerably at a temporal and spatial scale, and that several locales clearly represent Gambierdiscus spp. "biodiversity hotspots". Current data also suggest the "hot" species G. polynesiensis could be the primary source of CTXs in local ciguateric biotopes, pending formal confirmation. The prevalence of ciguatoxic fish and the CTX levels observed in several locales were remarkably high, with herbivores and omnivores often as toxic as carnivores. Results also confirm the strong local influence of Gambierdiscus spp. on the CTX toxin profiles characterized across multiple food web components including in CP-prone marine invertebrates. The statistics, obtained in the frame of a long-term epidemiological surveillance program established in 2007, point towards an apparent decline in the number of CP cases in French Polynesia as a whole; however, incidence rates remain dangerously high in some islands. Several of the challenges and opportunities, most notably those linked to the strong cultural ramifications of CP among local communities, that need to be considered to define effective risk management strategies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia.
| | - C Gatti Howell
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - M Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 6570, Faa'a, Tahiti 98702, French Polynesia
| | - A Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - K Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - T Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - P Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - J Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), P.O. Box 30, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
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Pinto A, Botelho MJ, Churro C, Asselman J, Pereira P, Pereira JL. A review on aquatic toxins - Do we really know it all regarding the environmental risk posed by phytoplankton neurotoxins? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118769. [PMID: 37597370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxins are potent natural toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria and marine algae species during harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms (CyanoHABs and HABs, respectively). These harmful bloom events and the toxins produced during these events are a human and environmental health concern worldwide, with occurrence, frequency and severity of CyanoHABs and HABs being predicted to keep increasing due to ongoing climate change scenarios. These contexts, as well as human health consequences of some toxins produced during bloom events have been thoroughly reviewed before. Conversely, the wider picture that includes the non-human biota in the assessment of noxious effects of toxins is much less covered in the literature and barely covered by review works. Despite direct human exposure to aquatic toxins and related deleterious effects being responsible for the majority of the public attention to the blooms' problematic, it constitutes a very limited fraction of the real environmental risk posed by these toxins. The disruption of ecological and trophic interactions caused by these toxins in the aquatic biota building on deleterious effects they may induce in different species is paramount as a modulator of the overall magnitude of the environmental risk potentially involved, thus necessarily constraining the quality and efficiency of the management strategies that should be placed. In this way, this review aims at updating and consolidating current knowledge regarding the adverse effects of aquatic toxins, attempting to going beyond their main toxicity pathways in human and related models' health, i.e., also focusing on ecologically relevant model organisms. For conciseness and considering the severity in terms of documented human health risks as a reference, we restricted the detailed revision work to neurotoxic cyanotoxins and marine toxins. This comprehensive revision of the systemic effects of aquatic neurotoxins provides a broad overview of the exposure and the hazard that these compounds pose to human and environmental health. Regulatory approaches they are given worldwide, as well as (eco)toxicity data available were hence thoroughly reviewed. Critical research gaps were identified particularly regarding (i) the toxic effects other than those typical of the recognized disease/disorder each toxin causes following acute exposure in humans and also in other biota; and (ii) alternative detection tools capable of being early-warning signals for aquatic toxins occurrence and therefore provide better human and environmental safety insurance. Future directions on aquatic toxins research are discussed in face of the existent knowledge, with particular emphasis on the much-needed development and implementation of effective alternative (eco)toxicological biomarkers for these toxins. The wide-spanning approach followed herein will hopefully stimulate future research more broadly addressing the environmental hazardous potential of aquatic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano Pinto
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Li Q, Mahmudiono T, Mohammadi H, Nematollahi A, Hoseinvandtabar S, Mehri F, Hasanzadeh V, Limam I, Fakhri Y, Thai VN. Concentration ciguatoxins in fillet of fish: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18500. [PMID: 37554806 PMCID: PMC10404960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, an attempt was made to meta-analyze and discuss the concentration of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in fillets of fish based on country and water resources subgroups. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed, Embase and Web of Science to retrieve papers about the concentration of CTXs in fillet fish until July 2022. Meta-analysis concentration of CTXs was conducted based on countries and water resources subgroups in the random effects model (REM). The sort of countries based on the pooled concentration of CTXs was Kiribati (3.904 μg/kg) > Vietnam (1.880 μg/kg) > Macaronesia (1.400 μg/kg) > French (1.261 μg/kg) > China (0.674 μg/kg) > Japan (0.572 μg/kg) > USA (0.463 μg/kg) > Spain (0.224 μg/kg) > UK (0.170 μg/kg) > Fiji (0.162 μg/kg) > Mexico (0.150 μg/kg) > Australia (0.138 μg/kg) > Portugal (0.011 μg/kg). CTXs concentrations in all countries are higher than the safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 μg/kg). However, based on the safe limits of CTX1P, the concentrations of CTXs in just Portugal meet the regulation level (0.01 μg/kg). The minimum and maximum concentrations of CTXs were as observed in Selvagens Islands (0.011 μg/kg) and St Barthelemy (7.875 μg/kg) respectively. CTXs concentrations in all water resources are higher than safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 μg/kg) and CTX1B (0.01 μg/kg). Therefore, it is recommended to carry out continuous control pans of CTXs concentration in fish in different countries and water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Li
- College of Grain Engineering, Henan Industry and Trade Vocational College, Zhengzhou,451191, Henan Province, China
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amene Nematollahi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Van Nam Thai
- HUTECH Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Local and Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Fish Poisoning in Fiji. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030223. [PMID: 36977114 PMCID: PMC10051453 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish poisoning (FP) affects human health, trade and livelihood in Fiji, where management has depended mainly on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). This paper investigated and documented this TEK through a 2-day stakeholder workshop, group consultation, in-depth interviews, field observations, and analyses of survey data from the Ministry of Fisheries, Fiji. Six TEK topics were identified and classified as preventative and treatment options. The preventive approach involves identifying toxic reef fishes, the spawning season of edible seaworms, hotspot areas of toxic fishes, folk tests, and locating and removing toxic organs. For example, 34 reef fish species were identified as toxic. The FP season was associated with the spawning of balolo (edible seaworm) and the warmer months of October to April (cyclone seasons). Two well-known toxic hotspots associated with an abundance of bulewa (soft coral) were identified. Folk tests and locating and removing toxic fish organs are also practised for moray eels and pufferfish. At the same time, various locally available herbal plants are used to treat FP as the second line of defence. The TEK collated in this work can help local authorities better identify the sources of toxicity, and applying TEK preventive measures could stem the tide of fish poisoning in Fiji.
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Clinical Characteristics of Ciguatera Poisoning in Martinique, French West Indies—A Case Series. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080535. [PMID: 36006197 PMCID: PMC9415704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is one of the most common causes worldwide of marine poisoning associated with fish consumption from tropical areas. Its incidence is underreported. CP cases seem to increase with grouped cases reported during summer. Exposure to ciguatoxins, toxins responsible for CP with sodium-channel agonistic, voltage-gated potassium channel blocking, cholinergic, and adrenergic activities, may result in a large spectrum of manifestations. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of CP in Martinique, French West Indies. We conducted an observational retrospective single-center study during six years (October 2012 to September 2018) including all CP patients managed by the prehospital medical services, admitted to the university hospital emergency department, or declared to the regional health agency. A total of 149 CP patients (81 females/63 males; median age, 46 years (interquartile range, 34–61)) were included. Acute features consisted in general (91%; mainly, myalgia pruritus, and asthenia), gastrointestinal (90%; mainly diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea), neurological (72%; mainly, paresthesia, dysgeusia, and impairment of hot/cold feeling), and cardiovascular manifestations (22%; bradycardia, hypotension, and heart conduction disorders). Management was supportive. No patient died but symptoms persisted in 40% of the 77 patients with follow-up at day 15. CP was mainly attributed to the ingestion of trevallies (59%), snappers (13%), and king mackerels (8%) with collective contaminations (71%). Unusual fish (tuna, salmon, and spider conchs) were suspected in rare cases. Ingestion of trevallies was associated with significantly higher persistent symptoms (odds ratio, 3.00; 95% confidence interval, (1.20–8.00); p = 0.03). CP incidence was 0.67 cases per 10,000 patient-years in Martinique over the study period. To conclude, CP represents an increasing public health issue in Martinique, as is the case in other Caribbean islands. Patients present usual but possibly life-threatening features. Outcome is excellent despite frequently prolonged manifestations.
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Murray JS, Finch SC, Mudge EM, Wilkins AL, Puddick J, Harwood DT, Rhodes LL, van Ginkel R, Rise F, Prinsep MR. Structural Characterization of Maitotoxins Produced by Toxic Gambierdiscus Species. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070453. [PMID: 35877746 PMCID: PMC9324523 DOI: 10.3390/md20070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying compounds responsible for the observed toxicity of the Gambierdiscus species is a critical step to ascertaining whether they contribute to ciguatera poisoning. Macroalgae samples were collected during research expeditions to Rarotonga (Cook Islands) and North Meyer Island (Kermadec Islands), from which two new Gambierdiscus species were characterized, G. cheloniae CAWD232 and G. honu CAWD242. Previous chemical and toxicological investigations of these species demonstrated that they did not produce the routinely monitored Pacific ciguatoxins nor maitotoxin-1 (MTX-1), yet were highly toxic to mice via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Bioassay-guided fractionation of methanolic extracts, incorporating wet chemistry and chromatographic techniques, was used to isolate two new MTX analogs; MTX-6 from G. cheloniae CAWD232 and MTX-7 from G. honu CAWD242. Structural characterization of the new MTX analogs used a combination of analytical chemistry techniques, including LC–MS, LC–MS/MS, HR–MS, oxidative cleavage and reduction, and NMR spectroscopy. A substantial portion of the MTX-7 structure was elucidated, and (to a lesser extent) that of MTX-6. Key differences from MTX-1 included monosulfation, additional hydroxyl groups, an extra double bond, and in the case of MTX-7, an additional methyl group. To date, this is the most extensive structural characterization performed on an MTX analog since the complete structure of MTX-1 was published in 1993. MTX-7 was extremely toxic to mice via i.p. injection (LD50 of 0.235 µg/kg), although no toxicity was observed at the highest dose rate via oral administration (155.8 µg/kg). Future research is required to investigate the bioaccumulation and likely biotransformation of the MTX analogs in the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-548-2319
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Elizabeth M. Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada;
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
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11
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Golden CD, Ayroles J, Eurich JG, Gephart JA, Seto KL, Sharp MK, Balcom P, Barravecchia HM, Bell KK, Gorospe KD, Kim J, Koh WH, Zamborain-Mason J, McCauley DJ, Murdoch H, Nair N, Neeti K, Passarelli S, Specht A, Sunderland EM, Tekaieti A, Tekiau A, Tekoaua R, Timeon E. Study Protocol: Interactive Dynamics of Coral Reef Fisheries and the Nutrition Transition in Kiribati. Front Public Health 2022; 10:890381. [PMID: 35719655 PMCID: PMC9198247 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.890381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kiribati 2019 Integrated Household Income and Expenditure Survey (Integrated HIES) embeds novel ecological and human health research into an ongoing social and economic survey infrastructure implemented by the Pacific Community in partnership with national governments. This study seeks to describe the health status of a large, nationally representative sample of a geographically and socially diverse I-Kiribati population through multiple clinical measurements and detailed socio-economic surveys, while also conducting supporting food systems research on ecological, social, and institutional drivers of change. The specific hypotheses within this research relate to access to seafood and the potential nutritional and health benefits of these foods. We conducted this research in 21 of the 23 inhabited islands of Kiribati, excluding the two inhabited islands-Kanton Islands in the Phoenix Islands group with a population of 41 persons (2020 census) and Banaba Island in the Gilbert Islands group with a population of 333 persons (2020 census)-and focusing exclusively on the remaining islands in the Gilbert and Line Islands groups. Within this sample, we focused our intensive human health and ecological research in 10 of the 21 selected islands to examine the relationship between ecological conditions, resource governance, food system dynamics, and dietary patterns. Ultimately, this research has created a baseline for future Integrated HIES assessments to simultaneously monitor change in ecological, social, economic, and human health conditions and how they co-vary over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julien Ayroles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jacob G. Eurich
- Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Environmental Defense Fund, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Katherine L. Seto
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Michael K. Sharp
- Statistics for Development Division, Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Prentiss Balcom
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Haley M. Barravecchia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keegan K. Bell
- Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Kelvin D. Gorospe
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Joy Kim
- BAO Systems, Washington, DC, United States
| | - William H. Koh
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Zamborain-Mason
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas J. McCauley
- Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Helen Murdoch
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Nilendra Nair
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kaaro Neeti
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Simone Passarelli
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aaron Specht
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Aritita Tekaieti
- National Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Aranteiti Tekiau
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | | | - Eretii Timeon
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tarawa, Kiribati
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12
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Darius HT, Paillon C, Mou-Tham G, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Vigliola L, Ponton D, Chinain M. Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040251. [PMID: 35447924 PMCID: PMC9027493 DOI: 10.3390/md20040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Christelle Paillon
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Gérard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Dominique Ponton
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, c/o Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), Université de Toliara, Rue Dr. Rabesandratana, P.O. Box 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
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13
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Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Sagristà N, Aguayo P, Reverté L, Campàs M, Gouveia N, Santos C, Andree KB, Marques A, Caixach J, Diogène J. Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040236. [PMID: 35447910 PMCID: PMC9031360 DOI: 10.3390/md20040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-74-54-27 (ext. 1824)
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Paloma Aguayo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, Direção de Serviços de Investigação das Pescas (DSI-DRP), Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, 9050-027 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Antonio Marques
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
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Otero P, Silva M. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:199. [PMID: 35323498 PMCID: PMC8955394 DOI: 10.3390/md20030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe's temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marisa Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Darius HT, Revel T, Cruchet P, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Sibat M, Hess P, Chinain M. Deep-Water Fish Are Potential Vectors of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110644. [PMID: 34822515 PMCID: PMC8621427 DOI: 10.3390/md19110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) cases linked to the consumption of deep-water fish occurred in 2003 in the Gambier Islands (French Polynesia). In 2004, on the request of two local fishermen, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was examined in part of their fish catches, i.e., 22 specimens representing five deep-water fish species. Using the radioactive receptor binding assay (rRBA) and mouse bioassay (MBA), significant CTX levels were detected in seven deep-water specimens in Lutjanidae, Serranidae, and Bramidae families. Following additional purification steps on the remaining liposoluble fractions for 13 of these samples (kept at -20 °C), these latter were reanalyzed in 2018 with improved protocols of the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using the CBA-N2a, the highest CTX-like content found in a specimen of Eumegistus illustris (Bramidae) was 2.94 ± 0.27 µg CTX1B eq. kg-1. Its toxin profile consisted of 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, as assessed by LC-MS/MS. This is the first study demonstrating that deep-water fish are potential ciguatera vectors and highlighting the importance of a systematic monitoring of CTXs in all exploited fish species, especially in ciguatera hotspots, including deep-water fish, which constitute a significant portion of the commercial deep-sea fisheries in many Asian-Pacific countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
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16
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Lal PP, Juste-Poinapen M S N, Poinapen J. Assessing the water quality of Suva foreshore for the establishment of estuary and marine recreational water guidelines in the Fiji Islands. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3040-3054. [PMID: 34850711 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Standards for water quality in Fiji defined in the Environment Management Regulations 2007 only relate to effluent discharge into the environment. Urbanisation is contributing to wastewater contamination in receiving estuary and marine recreational waters, thus requiring specific guidelines. To create a baseline for this, a sampling programme with relevant physico-chemical and biological parameters was implemented at 3 sites along the Suva foreshore, for 8 consecutive months, during low and high tides. Analysis was done in triplicates, using standard methods approved for the examination of water and wastewater. In the absence of relevant Fiji guidelines, the results were compared with ANZECC (2000) guidelines for estuary and marine waters. Low DO levels, high COD, TN, NH3, TP, OP and heavy metal concentrations were measured in all 3 sites. For instance, TN and NH3 concentrations as high as 4.44 ±0.99 mg/L and 2.58 ± 0.89 mg/L respectively were recorded in Wailea river (Site 2). The colony counts for the TC, FC and E. coli were in most cases above the limits. These results confirm that wastewater discharges add to the inherent levels of parameters in receiving water bodies and support the need for specific, robust Fiji standards to better monitor water quality in foreshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johann Poinapen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands E-mail:
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17
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Gatti CMI, Chung K, Oehler E, Pierce TJ, Gribble MO, Chinain M. Screening for Predictors of Chronic Ciguatera Poisoning: An Exploratory Analysis among Hospitalized Cases from French Polynesia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090646. [PMID: 34564650 PMCID: PMC8472944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a globally occurring seafood disease caused by the ingestion of marine products contaminated with dinoflagellate produced neurotoxins. Persistent forms of ciguatera, which prove to be highly debilitating, are poorly studied and represent a significant medical issue. The present study aims to better understand chronic ciguatera manifestations and identify potential predictive factors for their duration. Medical files of 49 patients were analyzed, and the post-hospitalization evolution of the disease assessed through a follow-up questionnaire. A rigorous logistic lasso regression model was applied to select significant predictors from a list of 37 patient characteristics potentially predictive of having chronic symptoms. Missing data were handled by complete case analysis, and a survival analysis was implemented. All models used standardized variables, and multiple comparisons in the survival analyses were handled by Bonferroni correction. Among all studied variables, five significant predictors of having symptoms lasting ≥3 months were identified: age, tobacco consumption, acute bradycardia, laboratory measures of urea, and neutrophils. This exploratory, hypothesis-generating study contributes to the development of ciguatera epidemiology by narrowing the list from 37 possible predictors to a list of five predictors that seem worth further investigation as candidate risk factors in more targeted studies of ciguatera symptom duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Univ. Polynésie Française), Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia; (K.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kiyojiken Chung
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Univ. Polynésie Française), Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia; (K.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Erwan Oehler
- Centre Hospitalier de Polynésie française, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia;
| | - T. J. Pierce
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Univ. Polynésie Française), Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia; (K.C.); (M.C.)
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18
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Gwinn JK, Uhlig S, Ivanova L, Fæste CK, Kryuchkov F, Robertson A. In Vitro Glucuronidation of Caribbean Ciguatoxins in Fish: First Report of Conjugative Ciguatoxin Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1910-1925. [PMID: 34319092 PMCID: PMC9215509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTX) are potent marine neurotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in seafood, causing a severe and prevalent human illness known as ciguatera poisoning (CP). Despite the worldwide impact of ciguatera, effective disease management is hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the movement and biotransformation of CTX congeners in marine food webs, particularly in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. In this study we investigated the hepatic biotransformation of C-CTX across several fish and mammalian species through a series of in vitro metabolism assays focused on phase I (CYP P450; functionalization) and phase II (UGT; conjugation) reactions. Using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry to explore potential C-CTX metabolites, we observed two glucuronide products of C-CTX-1/-2 and provided additional evidence from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to support their identification. Chemical reduction experiments confirmed that the metabolites were comprised of four distinct glucuronide products with the sugar attached at two separate sites on C-CTX-1/-2 and excluded the C-56 hydroxyl group as the conjugation site. Glucuronidation is a novel biotransformation pathway not yet reported for CTX or other related polyether phycotoxins, yet its occurrence across all fish species tested suggests that it could be a prevalent and important detoxification mechanism in marine organisms. The absence of glucuronidation observed in this study for both rat and human microsomes suggests that alternate biotransformation pathways may be dominant in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kay Gwinn
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | | | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
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19
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Holmes MJ, Venables B, Lewis RJ. Critical Review and Conceptual and Quantitative Models for the Transfer and Depuration of Ciguatoxins in Fishes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080515. [PMID: 34437386 PMCID: PMC8402393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We review and develop conceptual models for the bio-transfer of ciguatoxins in food chains for Platypus Bay and the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Platypus Bay is unique in repeatedly producing ciguateric fishes in Australia, with ciguatoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus spp.) growing epiphytically on free-living, benthic macroalgae. The Gambierdiscus are consumed by invertebrates living within the macroalgae, which are preyed upon by small carnivorous fishes, which are then preyed upon by Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson). We hypothesise that Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa species growing on turf algae are the main source of ciguatoxins entering marine food chains to cause ciguatera on the Great Barrier Reef. The abundance of surgeonfish that feed on turf algae may act as a feedback mechanism controlling the flow of ciguatoxins through this marine food chain. If this hypothesis is broadly applicable, then a reduction in herbivory from overharvesting of herbivores could lead to increases in ciguatera by concentrating ciguatoxins through the remaining, smaller population of herbivores. Modelling the dilution of ciguatoxins by somatic growth in Spanish mackerel and coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) revealed that growth could not significantly reduce the toxicity of fish flesh, except in young fast-growing fishes or legal-sized fishes contaminated with low levels of ciguatoxins. If Spanish mackerel along the east coast of Australia can depurate ciguatoxins, it is most likely with a half-life of ≤1-year. Our review and conceptual models can aid management and research of ciguatera in Australia, and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Holmes
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
| | | | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Heil CA, Muni-Morgan AL. Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Problem: Escalating Risks to Human, Environmental and Economic Health With Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.646080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose unique risks to the citizens, stakeholders, visitors, environment and economy of the state of Florida. Florida has been historically subjected to reoccurring blooms of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup since at least first contact with explorers in the 1500’s. However, ongoing immigration of more than 100,000 people year–1 into the state, elevated population densities in coastal areas with attendant rapid, often unregulated development, coastal eutrophication, and climate change impacts (e.g., increasing hurricane severity, increases in water temperature, ocean acidification and sea level rise) has likely increased the occurrence of other HABs, both freshwater and marine, within the state as well as the number of people impacted by these blooms. Currently, over 75 freshwater, estuarine, coastal and marine HAB species are routinely monitored by state agencies. While only blooms of K. brevis, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense (Böhm) Steidinger, Tester, and Taylor and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have resulted in closure of commercial shellfish beds, other HAB species, including freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, pose either imminent or unknown risks to human, environmental and economic health. HAB related human health risks can be classified into those related to consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish, consumption of or contact with bloom or toxin contaminated water or exposure to aerosolized HAB toxins. While acute human illnesses resulting from consumption of brevetoxin-, saxitoxin-, and domoic acid-contaminated commercial shellfish have been minimized by effective monitoring and regulation, illnesses due to unregulated toxin exposures, e.g., ciguatoxins and cyanotoxins, are not well documented or understood. Aerosolized HAB toxins potentially impact the largest number of people within Florida. While short-term (days to weeks) impacts of aerosolized brevetoxin exposure are well documented (e.g., decreased respiratory function for at-risk subgroups such as asthmatics), little is known of longer term (>1 month) impacts of exposure or the risks posed by aerosolized cyanotoxin [e.g., microcystin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)] exposure. Environmental risks of K. brevis blooms are the best studied of Florida HABs and include acute exposure impacts such as significant dies-offs of fish, marine mammals, seabirds and turtles, as well as negative impacts on larval and juvenile stages of many biota. When K. brevis blooms are present, brevetoxins can be found throughout the water column and are widespread in both pelagic and benthic biota. The presence of brevetoxins in living tissue of both fish and marine mammals suggests that food web transfer of these toxins is occurring, resulting in toxin transport beyond the spatial and temporal range of the bloom such that impacts of these toxins may occur in areas not regularly subjected to blooms. Climate change impacts, including temperature effects on cell metabolism, shifting ocean circulation patterns and changes in HAB species range and bloom duration, may exacerbate these dynamics. Secondary HAB related environmental impacts are also possible due to hypoxia and anoxia resulting from elevated bloom biomass and/or the decomposition of HAB related mortalities. Economic risks related to HABs in Florida are diverse and impact multiple stakeholder groups. Direct costs related to human health impacts (e.g., increased hospital visits) as well as recreational and commercial fisheries can be significant, especially with wide-spread sustained HABs. Recreational and tourism-based industries which sustain a significant portion of Florida’s economy are especially vulnerable to both direct (e.g., declines in coastal hotel occupancy rates and restaurant and recreational users) and indirect (e.g., negative publicity impacts, associated job losses) impacts from HABs. While risks related to K. brevis blooms are established, Florida also remains susceptible to future HABs due to large scale freshwater management practices, degrading water quality, potential transport of HABs between freshwater and marine systems and the state’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.
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21
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Murray JS, Finch SC, Puddick J, Rhodes LL, Harwood DT, van Ginkel R, Prinsep MR. Acute Toxicity of Gambierone and Quantitative Analysis of Gambierones Produced by Cohabitating Benthic Dinoflagellates. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050333. [PMID: 34063025 PMCID: PMC8147941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the toxicity and production rates of the various secondary metabolites produced by Gambierdiscus and cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates is essential to unravelling the complexities associated with ciguatera poisoning. In the present study, a sulphated cyclic polyether, gambierone, was purified from Gambierdiscus cheloniae CAWD232 and its acute toxicity was determined using intraperitoneal injection into mice. It was shown to be of low toxicity with an LD50 of 2.4 mg/kg, 9600 times less toxic than the commonly implicated Pacific ciguatoxin-1B, indicating it is unlikely to play a role in ciguatera poisoning. In addition, the production of gambierone and 44-methylgambierone was assessed from 20 isolates of ten Gambierdiscus, two Coolia and two Fukuyoa species using quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Gambierone was produced by seven Gambierdiscus species, ranging from 1 to 87 pg/cell, and one species from each of the genera Coolia and Fukuyoa, ranging from 2 to 17 pg/cell. The production of 44-methylgambierone ranged from 5 to 270 pg/cell and was ubiquitous to all Gambierdiscus species tested, as well as both species of Coolia and Fukuyoa. The relative production ratio of these two secondary metabolites revealed that only two species produced more gambierone, G. carpenteri CAWD237 and G. cheloniae CAWD232. This represents the first report of gambierone acute toxicity and production by these cohabitating benthic dinoflagellate species. While these results demonstrate that gambierones are unlikely to pose a risk to human health, further research is required to understand if they bioaccumulate in the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
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22
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André LV, Van Wynsberge S, Chinain M, Andréfouët S. An appraisal of systematic conservation planning for Pacific Ocean Tropical Islands coastal environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112131. [PMID: 33607453 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) offers concepts and toolboxes to make spatial decisions on where to focus conservation actions while minimizing a variety of costs to stakeholders. Thirty-four studies of Pacific Ocean Tropical Islands were scrutinized to categorize past and current types of applications. It appeared that scenarios were often built on a biodiversity representation objective, opportunity costs for fishers was the most frequent cost factor, and an evolution from simple to sophisticated scenarios followed the need to maximize resilience and connectivity while mitigating climate change impacts. However, proxies and models were often not validated, pointing to data quality issues. Customary management by local communities motivated applications specific to the Pacific region, but several island features remained ignored, including invertebrate fishing, ciguatera poisoning and mariculture. Fourteen recommendations are provided to enhance scenarios' robustness, island specificities integration, complex modelling accuracy, and better use of SCP for island management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Vaitiare André
- IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - France, UMR 9220 Entropie (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - France, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), BP A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia; SU Sorbonne Université, 21, rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Simon Van Wynsberge
- Ifremer Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UMR 9220 Entropie (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - France, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), BP A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- ILM Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO (Ifremer, Institut Louis Malardé, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de la Polynésie française), BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Serge Andréfouët
- IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - France, UMR 9220 Entropie (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - France, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), BP A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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LC–MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins Revealing the Regional and Species Distinction of Fish in the Tropical Western Pacific. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most frequently reported seafood poisoning diseases. It is endemic to the tropical region and occurs most commonly in the regions around the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Caribbean Sea. The principal toxins causing CFP are ciguatoxins (CTXs). In the Pacific region, more than 20 analogs of CTXs have been identified to date. Based on their skeletal structures, they are classified into CTX1B-type and CTX3C-type toxins. We have previously reported species-specific and regional-specific toxin profiles. In this study, the levels and profiles of CTXs in fish present in the tropical western Pacific regions were analyzed using the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) technique. Forty-two fish specimens, belonging to the categories of snappers, groupers, Spanish mackerel, and moray eel, were purchased from various places such as Fiji, the Philippines, Thailand, and Taiwan. Only the fish captured from Fijian coastal waters contained detectable amounts of CTXs. The toxin levels in the fish species found along the coastal regions of the Viti Levu Island, the main island in Fiji, and the toxin profiles were significantly different from those of the fish species present in other coastal regions. The toxin levels and profiles varied among the different fish samples collected from different coastal areas. Based on the toxin levels and toxin profiles, the coast was demarcated into three zones. In Zone-1, which covers the northern coast of the main island and the regions of the Malake Island and Korovau, CTXs in fish were below the detection level. In Zone-2, CTX3C-type toxins were present in low levels in the fish. CTX1B-type and CTX3C-type toxins co-occurred in the fish present in Zone-3. The toxin profiles may have reflected the variation in Gambierdiscus spp.
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25
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Sunesen I, Méndez SM, Mancera-Pineda JE, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Enevoldsen H. The Latin America and Caribbean HAB status report based on OBIS and HAEDAT maps and databases. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101920. [PMID: 33875182 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algae Blooms (HAB) have been documented for at least fifty years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), however, their impacts at social, ecological and economic levels are still little known. To contribute to the impact assessment of HABs in LAC region, the available information in HAEDAT, OBIS, CAREC, and CARPHA databases, and scientific literature was analyzed. This historical analysis allows identification of the main syndromes and causal organisms. Considering the existence of two regional working groups of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC): Algas Nocivas del Caribe (ANCA) and Floraciones Algales Nocivas en Sudamérica (FANSA), representing Central American/Caribbean and South American countries, respectively, the analysis is presented both globally and subregional. For the FANSA region, the HAEDAT data base listed 249 records from 1970 to 2019, with a total of 1432 human intoxications, including 37 fatalities. The majority of these events comprised Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (49%), Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (34%), Cyanotoxins (12%) and 6 % other toxins. The total number of harmful taxa in the OBIS database includes 79 species distributed over 25 genera. The most commonly reported species are Alexandrium catenella/tamarense, Gymnodinium catenatum and the Dinophysis acuminata complex. Two new species Prorocentrum caipirignum Fraga, Menezes and Nascimento and Alexandrium fragae Branco and Menezes were newly described from Brazilian waters. In the ANCA region, HAEDAT listed 131 records from 1956 to 2018. The main problems are PSP and Ciguatera and common HAB taxa are Gambierdiscus, Gymnodinium, Pyrodinium, Alexandrium and Dinophysis. The most reported HAB forming species are Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense and Gambierdiscus spp. In recent years Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have become frequent, causing fish and invertebrates massive mortalities and impacts on touristic activities. In the LAC region, the greatest economic losses were produced by ichthyotoxic massive events causing salmon deaths associated to Pseudochattonella verruculosa and Alexandrium catenella in Chile and tuna deaths related to Tripos furca and Chattonella spp. in the Mexican Pacific. In the last decade, several studies in LAC have linked HAB events with local mesoscale oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena. Trends analyzed up to 2019 are related to the increasing awareness about presence of toxic species, the geographical expansion of already known species, the detection of new toxins for the region, and HAB events duration and/or impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sunesen
- División Ficología Dr. Sebastián Guarrera, FCNyM, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET - UNLP.
| | - Silvia M Méndez
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos/MGAP, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anderson DM, Fensin E, Gobler CJ, Hoeglund AE, Hubbard KA, Kulis DM, Landsberg JH, Lefebvre KA, Provoost P, Richlen ML, Smith JL, Solow AR, Trainer VL. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101975. [PMID: 33875183 PMCID: PMC8058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB problem is far more extensive than was the case decades ago, with more toxic species and toxins to monitor, as well as a larger range of impacted resources and areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend is seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over the study interval, though there is clear evidence of the expansion of the problem into new regions and the emergence of a species that produces PSTs in Florida - Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events have significantly increased in the U.S., with an overall pattern of frequent outbreaks on the West Coast, emerging, recurring outbreaks on the East Coast, and sporadic incidents in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the long historical record of neurotoxic shellfish toxin (NST) events, no significant trend is observed over the past 30 years. The recent emergence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in the U.S. began along the Gulf Coast in 2008 and expanded to the West and East Coasts, though no significant trend through time is seen since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) events caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates have long impacted tropical and subtropical locations in the U.S., but due to a lack of monitoring programs as well as under-reporting of illnesses, data on these events are not available for time series analysis. Geographic expansion of Gambierdiscus into temperate and non-endemic areas (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico) is apparent, and fostered by ocean warming. HAB-related marine wildlife morbidity and mortality events appear to be increasing, with statistically significant increasing trends observed in marine mammal poisonings caused by ASTs along the coast of California and NSTs in Florida. Since their first occurrence in 1985 in New York, brown tides resulting from high-density blooms of Aureococcus have spread south to Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, while those caused by Aureoumbra have spread from the Gulf Coast to the east coast of Florida. Blooms of Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred in four locations in the U.S. from 1921-2001 but have appeared in more than 15 U.S. estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50 U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a significant increasing trend in all HAB events in HAEDAT over the 30-year study interval. Part of this observed HAB expansion simply reflects a better realization of the true or historic scale of the problem, long obscured by inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include the dispersion of species to new areas, the discovery of new HAB poisoning syndromes or impacts, and the stimulatory effects of human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, and ocean warming, among others. One result of this multifaceted expansion is that many regions of the U.S. now face a daunting diversity of species and toxins, representing a significant and growing challenge to resource managers and public health officials in terms of toxins, regions, and time intervals to monitor, and necessitating new approaches to monitoring and management. Mobilization of funding and resources for research, monitoring and management of HABs requires accurate information on the scale and nature of the national problem. HAEDAT and other databases can be of great value in this regard but efforts are needed to expand and sustain the collection of data regionally and nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- NC Division of Water Resources, 4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States
| | - Alicia E Hoeglund
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - David M Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Andrew R Solow
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
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Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Darius HT, Quod JP, Tester PA. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101873. [PMID: 33875186 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (<0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - C M I Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - J-P Quod
- ARVAM-Pareto, Technopole de la Réunion, 14 rue Henri Cornu, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - P A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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Pitz KJ, Richlen ML, Fachon E, Smith TB, Parsons ML, Anderson DM. Development of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to detect and enumerate Gambierdiscus species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101914. [PMID: 33526178 PMCID: PMC8016406 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a syndrome caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic ciguatoxins in coral reef fish and invertebrates, and their subsequent consumption by humans. These phycotoxins are produced by Gambierdiscus spp., tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates that live on a variety of macrophytes, as well as on dead corals and sand. Recent taxonomic studies have identified novel diversity within the Gambierdiscus genus, with at least 18 species and several sub-groups now identified, many of which co-occur and differ significantly in toxicity. The ability to accurately and quickly distinguish Gambierdiscus species in field samples and determine community composition and abundance is central to assessing CP risk, yet most Gambierdiscus species are indistinguishable using light microscopy, and other enumeration methods are semi-quantitative. In order to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Gambierdiscus species and community toxicity, new tools for species identification and enumeration in field samples are needed. Here, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were designed for seven species commonly found in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, permitting their enumeration in field samples using epifluorescence microscopy. This technique enables the assessment of community composition and accurate determination of cell abundances of individual species. Molecular probes detecting G. australes, G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, and the G. silvae/G. polynesiensis clade were designed using alignments of large subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. These probes were tested for specificity and cross-reactivity through experiments in which field samples were spiked with known concentrations of Gambierdiscus cultures, and analyzed to confirm that Gambierdiscus can be successfully detected and enumerated by FISH in the presence of detritus and other organisms. These probes were then used to characterize Gambierdiscus community structure in field samples collected from the Florida Keys and Hawai'i, USA. The probes revealed the co-occurrence of multiple species at each location. Time-series FISH analyses of samples collected from the Florida Keys quantified seasonal shifts in community composition as well as fluctuations in overall Gambierdiscus cell abundance. Application of species-specific FISH probes provides a powerful new tool to those seeking to target individual Gambierdiscus species, including significant toxin-producers, in field populations. Moving forward, analysis of Gambierdiscus community composition across multiple environments and over time will also allow species dynamics to be linked to environmental parameters, improving our ability to understand and manage the current and changing risks of CP worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Pitz
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Michael L Parsons
- Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Loser D, Schaefer J, Danker T, Möller C, Brüll M, Suciu I, Ückert AK, Klima S, Leist M, Kraushaar U. Human neuronal signaling and communication assays to assess functional neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:229-252. [PMID: 33269408 PMCID: PMC7811517 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of drug toxicity on the human nervous system still relies mainly on animal experiments. Here, we developed an alternative system allowing assessment of complex signaling in both individual human neurons and on the network level. The LUHMES cultures used for our approach can be cultured in 384-well plates with high reproducibility. We established here high-throughput quantification of free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]i as broadly applicable surrogate of neuronal activity and verified the main processes by patch clamp recordings. Initially, we characterized the expression pattern of many neuronal signaling components and selected the purinergic receptors to demonstrate the applicability of the [Ca2+]i signals for quantitative characterization of agonist and antagonist responses on classical ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. This included receptor sub-typing and the characterization of the anti-parasitic drug suramin as modulator of the cellular response to ATP. To exemplify potential studies on ion channels, we characterized voltage-gated sodium channels and their inhibition by tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and lidocaine, as well as their opening by the plant alkaloid veratridine and the food-relevant marine biotoxin ciguatoxin. Even broader applicability of [Ca2+]i quantification as an end point was demonstrated by measurements of dopamine transporter activity based on the membrane potential-changing activity of this neurotransmitter carrier. The substrates dopamine or amphetamine triggered [Ca2+]i oscillations that were synchronized over the entire culture dish. We identified compounds that modified these oscillations by interfering with various ion channels. Thus, this new test system allows multiple types of neuronal signaling, within and between cells, to be assessed, quantified and characterized for their potential disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schaefer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klima
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
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Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N, Corra L, Czerucka D, Bottein MYD, Demeneix B, Depledge M, Deheyn DD, Dorman CJ, Fénichel P, Fisher S, Gaill F, Galgani F, Gaze WH, Giuliano L, Grandjean P, Hahn ME, Hamdoun A, Hess P, Judson B, Laborde A, McGlade J, Mu J, Mustapha A, Neira M, Noble RT, Pedrotti ML, Reddy C, Rocklöv J, Scharler UM, Shanmugam H, Taghian G, van de Water JA, Vezzulli L, Weihe P, Zeka A, Raps H, Rampal P. Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:151. [PMID: 33354517 PMCID: PMC7731724 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pollution - unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity - is the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion of human capital, and degradation of ecosystems. Ocean pollution is an important, but insufficiently recognized and inadequately controlled component of global pollution. It poses serious threats to human health and well-being. The nature and magnitude of these impacts are only beginning to be understood. Goals (1) Broadly examine the known and potential impacts of ocean pollution on human health. (2) Inform policy makers, government leaders, international organizations, civil society, and the global public of these threats. (3) Propose priorities for interventions to control and prevent pollution of the seas and safeguard human health. Methods Topic-focused reviews that examine the effects of ocean pollution on human health, identify gaps in knowledge, project future trends, and offer evidence-based guidance for effective intervention. Environmental Findings Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. It is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. It reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. It is often heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coasts of low- and middle-income countries. Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. Mercury is the metal pollutant of greatest concern in the oceans; it is released from two main sources - coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Global spread of industrialized agriculture with increasing use of chemical fertilizer leads to extension of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) to previously unaffected regions. Chemical pollutants are ubiquitous and contaminate seas and marine organisms from the high Arctic to the abyssal depths. Ecosystem Findings Ocean pollution has multiple negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and these impacts are exacerbated by global climate change. Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into the seas causes ocean acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing microorganisms at the base of the marine food web, and increases the toxicity of some pollutants. Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds and accumulates in large mid-ocean gyres. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter the tissues of marine organisms, including species consumed by humans. Industrial releases, runoff, and sewage increase frequency and severity of HABs, bacterial pollution, and anti-microbial resistance. Pollution and sea surface warming are triggering poleward migration of dangerous pathogens such as the Vibrio species. Industrial discharges, pharmaceutical wastes, pesticides, and sewage contribute to global declines in fish stocks. Human Health Findings Methylmercury and PCBs are the ocean pollutants whose human health effects are best understood. Exposures of infants in utero to these pollutants through maternal consumption of contaminated seafood can damage developing brains, reduce IQ and increase children's risks for autism, ADHD and learning disorders. Adult exposures to methylmercury increase risks for cardiovascular disease and dementia. Manufactured chemicals - phthalates, bisphenol A, flame retardants, and perfluorinated chemicals, many of them released into the seas from plastic waste - can disrupt endocrine signaling, reduce male fertility, damage the nervous system, and increase risk of cancer. HABs produce potent toxins that accumulate in fish and shellfish. When ingested, these toxins can cause severe neurological impairment and rapid death. HAB toxins can also become airborne and cause respiratory disease. Pathogenic marine bacteria cause gastrointestinal diseases and deep wound infections. With climate change and increasing pollution, risk is high that Vibrio infections, including cholera, will increase in frequency and extend to new areas. All of the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations in the Global South - environmental injustice on a planetary scale. Conclusions Ocean pollution is a global problem. It arises from multiple sources and crosses national boundaries. It is the consequence of reckless, shortsighted, and unsustainable exploitation of the earth's resources. It endangers marine ecosystems. It impedes the production of atmospheric oxygen. Its threats to human health are great and growing, but still incompletely understood. Its economic costs are only beginning to be counted.Ocean pollution can be prevented. Like all forms of pollution, ocean pollution can be controlled by deploying data-driven strategies based on law, policy, technology, and enforcement that target priority pollution sources. Many countries have used these tools to control air and water pollution and are now applying them to ocean pollution. Successes achieved to date demonstrate that broader control is feasible. Heavily polluted harbors have been cleaned, estuaries rejuvenated, and coral reefs restored.Prevention of ocean pollution creates many benefits. It boosts economies, increases tourism, helps restore fisheries, and improves human health and well-being. It advances the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). These benefits will last for centuries. Recommendations World leaders who recognize the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its growing dangers, engage civil society and the global public, and take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at source will be critical to preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding human health.Prevention of pollution from land-based sources is key. Eliminating coal combustion and banning all uses of mercury will reduce mercury pollution. Bans on single-use plastic and better management of plastic waste reduce plastic pollution. Bans on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have reduced pollution by PCBs and DDT. Control of industrial discharges, treatment of sewage, and reduced applications of fertilizers have mitigated coastal pollution and are reducing frequency of HABs. National, regional and international marine pollution control programs that are adequately funded and backed by strong enforcement have been shown to be effective. Robust monitoring is essential to track progress.Further interventions that hold great promise include wide-scale transition to renewable fuels; transition to a circular economy that creates little waste and focuses on equity rather than on endless growth; embracing the principles of green chemistry; and building scientific capacity in all countries.Designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) will safeguard critical ecosystems, protect vulnerable fish stocks, and enhance human health and well-being. Creation of MPAs is an important manifestation of national and international commitment to protecting the health of the seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, GB
- University of Exeter Medical School, GB
| | | | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | | | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | - Lilian Corra
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), CH
- Health and Environment of the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP), AR
| | | | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, FR
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, DK
- Ecotoxicologie et développement durable expertise ECODD, Valbonne, FR
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FR
| | | | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, US
| | | | - Patrick Fénichel
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark E. Hahn
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation des Mers, FR
| | | | | | - Jacqueline McGlade
- Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, GB
- Strathmore University Business School, Nairobi, KE
| | | | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, NG
- Imperial College London, GB
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, SE
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pál Weihe
- University of the Faroe Islands and Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, FO
| | | | - Hervé Raps
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
| | - Patrick Rampal
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
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Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Varney P, Laurent V, Hess P, Darius HT. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E759. [PMID: 33271904 PMCID: PMC7759781 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). This disease is highly prevalent in French Polynesia with several well-identified hotspots. Rapa Island, the southernmost inhabited island in the country, was reportedly free of CP until 2007. This study describes the integrated approach used to investigate the etiology of a fatal mass-poisoning outbreak that occurred in Rapa in 2009. Symptoms reported in patients were evocative of ciguatera. Several Gambierdiscus field samples collected from benthic assemblages tested positive by the receptor binding assay (RBA). Additionally, the toxicity screening of ≈250 fish by RBA indicated ≈78% of fish could contain CTXs. The presence of CTXs in fish was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The potential link between climate change and this range expansion of ciguatera to a subtropical locale of French Polynesia was also examined based on the analysis of temperature time-series data. Results are indicative of a global warming trend in Rapa area. A five-fold reduction in incidence rates was observed between 2009 and 2012, which was due in part to self-regulating behavior among individuals (avoidance of particular fish species and areas). Such observations underscore the prominent role played by community outreach in ciguatera risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Institut Français de Recherche Pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Patrick Varney
- Météo France, Direction Inter-Régionale en Polynésie Française, P.O. Box 6005, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (P.V.); (V.L.)
| | - Victoire Laurent
- Météo France, Direction Inter-Régionale en Polynésie Française, P.O. Box 6005, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (P.V.); (V.L.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Institut Français de Recherche Pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
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Farmery AK, Scott JM, Brewer TD, Eriksson H, Steenbergen DJ, Albert J, Raubani J, Tutuo J, Sharp MK, Andrew NL. Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3705. [PMID: 33266125 PMCID: PMC7761396 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
National rates of aquatic food consumption in Pacific Island Countries and Territories are among the highest in the world, yet the region is suffering from extensive levels of diet-related ill health. The aim of this paper is to examine the variation in consumption patterns and in nutrient composition of aquatic foods in the Pacific, to help improve understanding of their contribution to food and nutrition security. For this examination we analysed nutrient composition data and trade data from two novel region-specific databases, as well as consumption data from national and village level surveys for two Melanesian case studies, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. Results demonstrated that consumption depends on availability and the amount and type of aquatic food consumed, and its contribution to nutrition security varies within different geographic and socio-demographic contexts. More data is needed on locally relevant species and consumption patterns, to better inform dietary guidelines and improve public health both now and into the future. Advice on aquatic food consumption must consider the nutrient composition and quantity of products consumed, as well as accessibility through local food systems, to ensure they contribute to diverse and healthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Farmery
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
| | - Jessica M. Scott
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
| | - Tom D. Brewer
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
| | - Hampus Eriksson
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
- WorldFish, Honiara, Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, C/O Solomon Islands National University, Ranadi, Solomon Islands;
| | - Dirk J. Steenbergen
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
| | | | - Jacob Raubani
- Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea Cedex 98849, New Caledonia;
| | - Jillian Tutuo
- WorldFish, Honiara, Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, C/O Solomon Islands National University, Ranadi, Solomon Islands;
| | - Michael K. Sharp
- Statistics for Development Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea Cedex 98849, New Caledonia;
| | - Neil L. Andrew
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resource and Security, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; (J.M.S.); (T.D.B.); (H.E.); (D.J.S.); (N.L.A.)
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Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Todolí I, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Sureda FX, Diogène J. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 99:101913. [PMID: 33218439 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are genera of toxic dinoflagellates which were mainly considered as endemic to marine intertropical areas, and that are well known as producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a human poisoning occurring after the consumption of fish or more rarely, shellfish containing CTXs. The presence of these microalgae in a coastal area is an indication of potential risk of CP. This study assesses the risk of CP in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea) according to the distribution of both microalgae genera, and the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in microalgal cultures as determined by neuro-2a cell based-assay (neuro-2a CBA). Genetic identification of forty-three cultured microalgal strains isolated from 2016 to 2019 revealed that all of them belong to the species G. australes and F. paulensis. Both species were widely distributed in Formentera, Majorca and Minorca. Additionally, all strains of G. australes and two of F. paulensis exhibited signals of CTX-like toxicity ranging respectively between 1 and 380 and 8-16 fg CTX1B equivalents (equiv.) • cell-1. Four extracts of F. paulensis exhibited a novel toxicity response in neuro-2a cells consisting of the recovery of the cell viability in the presence of ouabain and veratridine. In addition, G. australes showed MTX-like toxicity while F. paulensis strains did not. Overall, the low CTX-like toxicities detected indicate that the potential risk of CP in the Balearic Islands is low, although, the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in those strains reveal the necessity to monitor these genera in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain; Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Irene Todolí
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain.
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Tudó À, Gaiani G, Rey Varela M, Tsumuraya T, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Diogène J. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110692. [PMID: 33142836 PMCID: PMC7693352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5-2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1) followed by G. australes (1.7-452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Rey Varela
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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L’Herondelle K, Talagas M, Mignen O, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Neurological Disturbances of Ciguatera Poisoning: Clinical Features and Pathophysiological Basis. Cells 2020; 9:E2291. [PMID: 33066435 PMCID: PMC7602189 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the most prevalent seafood poisoning worldwide, is caused by the consumption of tropical and subtropical fish contaminated with potent neurotoxins called ciguatoxins (CTXs). Ciguatera is a complex clinical syndrome in which peripheral neurological signs predominate in the acute phase of the intoxication but also persist or reoccur long afterward. Their recognition is of particular importance in establishing the diagnosis, which is clinically-based and can be a challenge for physicians unfamiliar with CFP. To date, no specific treatment exists. Physiopathologically, the primary targets of CTXs are well identified, as are the secondary events that may contribute to CFP symptomatology. This review describes the clinical features, focusing on the sensory disturbances, and then reports on the neuronal targets and effects of CTXs, as well as the neurophysiological and histological studies that have contributed to existing knowledge of CFP neuropathophysiology at the molecular, neurocellular and nerve levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian L’Herondelle
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, INSERM U1227, Lymphocytes B et auto-immunité, F-29200 Brest, France;
| | - Laurent Misery
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaele Le Garrec
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
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Epidemiology and Toxicology of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Colombian Caribbean. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100504. [PMID: 33019517 PMCID: PMC7601626 DOI: 10.3390/md18100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a food intoxication caused by the consumption of primarily coral fish; these species exist in large numbers in the seas that surround the Colombian territory. The underreported diagnosis of this clinical entity has been widely highlighted due to multiple factors, such as, among others, ignorance by the primary care practitioner consulted for this condition as well as clinical similarity to secondary gastroenteric symptoms and common food poisonings of bacterial, parasitic or viral etiology. Eventually, it was found that people affected by ciguatoxins had trips to coastal areas hours before the onset of symptoms. Thanks to multiple studies over the years, it has been possible to identify the relation between toxigenic dinoflagellates and seagrasses, as well as its incorporation into the food chain, starting by fish primarily inhabiting reef ecosystems and culminating in the intake of these by humans. Identifying the epidemiological link, its cardinal symptoms and affected systems, such as gastrointestinal, the peripheral nervous system and, fortunately with a low frequency, the cardiovascular system, leads to a purely clinical diagnostic impression without necessitating further complementary studies; in addition, what would also help fight ciguatera poisoning is performing an adequate treatment of the symptoms right from the start, without underestimating or overlooking any associated complications.
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Modeling the time-lag effect of sea surface temperatures on ciguatera poisoning in the South Pacific: Implications for surveillance and response. Toxicon 2020; 182:21-29. [PMID: 32387348 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP), arising from ciguatoxins produced by toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus, is one of the most common food-borne diseases in the South Pacific. Climate change as well as its related events have been hypothesized to a higher abundance and wider presence of toxic dinoflagellates, hence a higher risk of the disease. Yet existing studies assessing the relationship between climate factors and CP are limited or based on old data. In this study, we used prewhitened cross-correlation analysis and auto-regressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) modeling to develop predictive models of monthly CP incidence in Cook Islands and French Polynesia, two ciguatera-endemic regions in the South Pacific, utilizing the latest epidemiological data. Results reveal the significant time-lagged associations between the monthly CP incidence rate and several indicators relating to sea surface temperature (SST). In particular, SST anomaly is proven to be a strong positive predictor of an increased ciguatera incidence for both countries. If these time-lags can be supported by more investigations, it will allow health authorities to take appropriate actions, to limit or avoid an epidemic risk, especially on high-risk climate scenarios.
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Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.
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Roué M, Smith KF, Sibat M, Viallon J, Henry K, Ung A, Biessy L, Hess P, Darius HT, Chinain M. Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050321. [PMID: 32413988 PMCID: PMC7291316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The suitability of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for the monitoring of dissolved CTXs in the marine environment has recently been demonstrated. To refine the use of this passive monitoring tool in ciguateric areas, the effects of deployment time and sampler format on the adsorption of CTXs by HP20 resin were assessed in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia), a well-known ciguatera hotspot. Toxicity data assessed by means of the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed that a 24 h deployment of 2.5 g of resin allowed concentrating quantifiable amounts of CTXs on SPATT samplers. The CTX levels varied with increasing deployment time, resin load, and surface area. In addition to CTXs, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were also detected in SPATT extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), consistent with the presence of Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum species in the environment, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding analyses conducted on passive window screen (WS) artificial substrate samples. Although these preliminary findings await further confirmation in follow-up studies, they highlight the usefulness of SPATT samplers in the routine surveillance of CP risk on a temporal scale, and the monitoring of other phycotoxin-related risks in ciguatera-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 241 EIO, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-413
| | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, 44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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Soliño L, Costa PR. Global impact of ciguatoxins and ciguatera fish poisoning on fish, fisheries and consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109111. [PMID: 31927300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most devastating food-borne illnesses caused by fish consumption. Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent neurotoxins synthesized by the benthic microalgae Gambierdiscus spp. and Fukuyoa spp. that are transmitted to fish by grazing and predation. Despite the high incidence of CFP, affecting an estimated number of 50,000 persons per year in tropical and subtropical latitudes, the factors underlying CTXs occurrence are still not well understood. Toxin transfer and dynamics in fish and food-webs are complex. Feeding habits and metabolic pathways determine the toxin profile and toxicity of fish, and migratory species may transport and spread the hazard. Furthermore, CTX effect on fish may be a limiting factor for fish recruitment and toxin prevalence. Recently, new occurrences of Gambierdiscus spp. in temperate areas have been concomitant with the detection of toxic fish and CFP incidents in non-endemic areas. CFP cases in Europe have led to implementation of monitoring programs and fisheries restrictions with considerable impact on local economies. More than 400 species of fish can be vectors of CTXs, and most of them are high-valued commercial species. Thus, the risk uncertainty and the spread of Gambierdiscus have serious consequences for fisheries and food safety. Here, we present a critical review of CTXs impacts on fish, fisheries, and humans, based on the current knowledge on CFP incidence and CTXs prevalence in microalgae and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Soliño
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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Gray MJ. A descriptive study of ciguatera fish poisoning in Cook Islands dogs and cats: Demographic, temporal, and spatial distribution of cases. Vet World 2020; 13:10-20. [PMID: 32158145 PMCID: PMC7020132 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most common form of seafood toxicosis reported in humans worldwide. Dogs and cats are also susceptible to CFP, but there is little published and much unknown about the condition in these species. This study aimed to document the demographics of canine and feline cases of CFP, to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of cases, and to compare the incidence of animal and human CFP in the Cook Islands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six years of medical records from the Esther Honey Foundation Animal Clinic (the only veterinary clinic in the Cook Islands during the study period) were reviewed to identify cases of CFP. The study variables included the date of presentation, species, age, sex, neutering status, and village/locality. RESULTS A total of 246 cases of CFP were identified, comprising 165 dogs and 81 cats. The sexes were equally represented; however, within each sex, entire animals outnumbered those that had been desexed. Cases occurred year-round, with slightly higher numbers recorded in spring. Annual case numbers trended downward over the study period. Cases were documented in all regions of Rarotonga and also one outer island (Aitutaki). Fewer cases were seen in areas with a narrow (<200 m) fringing lagoon, compared with a wide (>400 m) lagoon. CONCLUSION This study documented epidemiologic patterns of canine and feline CFP cases for the first time. Based on the results, further investigation is warranted to establish whether desexing has a protective effect against CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Gray
- Master of Veterinary Medicine Program, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Longo S, Sibat M, Viallon J, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120735. [PMID: 31861242 PMCID: PMC6950660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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Bravo I, Rodriguez F, Ramilo I, Rial P, Fraga S. Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) in a Subtropical Region of North Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands): Morphological Characterization and Biogeography. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070423. [PMID: 31331083 PMCID: PMC6669716 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are metabolized in fish to more toxic forms and subsequently cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. Five species of Gambierdiscus have been described from the Canary Islands, where CTXs in fish have been reported since 2004. Here we present new data on the distribution of Gambierdiscus species in the Canary archipelago and specifically from two islands, La Palma and La Gomera, where the genus had not been previously reported. Gambierdiscus spp. concentrations were low, with maxima of 88 and 29 cells·g−1 wet weight in samples from La Gomera and La Palma, respectively. Molecular analysis (LSUrRNA gene sequences) revealed differences in the species distribution between the two islands: only G. excentricus was detected at La Palma whereas four species, G. australes, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, and G. excentricus, were identified from La Gomera. Morphometric analyses of cultured cells of the five Canary Islands species and of field specimens from La Gomera included cell size and a characterization of three thecal arrangement traits: (1) the shape of the 2′ plate, (2) the position of Po in the anterior suture of the 2′ plate, and (3) the length–width relationship of the 2″″ plate. Despite the wide morphological variability within the culture and field samples, the use of two or more variables allowed the discrimination of two species in the La Gomera samples: G. cf. excentricus and G. cf. silvae. A comparison of the molecular data with the morphologically based classification demonstrated important coincidences, such as the dominance of G. excentricus, but also differences in the species composition of Gambierdiscus, as G. caribaeus was detected in the study area only by using molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bravo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodriguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Ramilo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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Murk AJ, Nicolas J, Smulders FJ, Bürk C, Gerssen A. Marine biotoxins: types of poisoning, underlying mechanisms of action and risk management programmes. CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albertinka J. Murk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Marine Animal Ecology group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Nicolas
- 68300 Saint-Louis, France, formerly affiliated with Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Frans J.M. Smulders
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bürk
- Milchwirstschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Versuchsanstalt (MUVA) Kempten, GmbH, Ignaz-Kiechle-Straße 20-22, 87437 Kempten (Allgäu), Germany
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ruiz Gòmez A, Mancera Pineda JE. Potentially Toxic Dinoflagellates Associated to Seagrass on Isla de Barú, Colombian Caribbean, During El Niño. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n1.61799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, harmful algal blooms (HAB) and toxic events such as ciguatera seem to have increased in frequency and intensity, negatively impacting human health, economy, and marine ecosystems. In Colombia, these events have caused a series of consequences ranging from the death of fish and birds to toxic effects on humans. Although some toxin-producing dinoflagellate species are common in the Caribbean, their dynamics are poorly understood, making the adoption of any regulations difficult. To determine the composition and abundance of dinoflagellates associated with seagrasses we collected 18 samples on Isla de Barú, during 2015. We found ten diatom genera and three dinoflagellate genera, Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, and Gambierdiscus, that include toxigenic species related to ciguatera and diarrheic shellfish poisoning. Prorocentrum lima was the most abundant dinoflagellate, with average cell densities of 52±48 cells/g substrate wet weight. The temperature hypothesis gains strength as one of the main modulators of dinoflagellate abundance observed in the Caribbean, especially regarding Prorocentrum species and some diatoms such as Mastogloia corsicana and Actinocyclus normanii. This assumption is supported by the Since high positive correlation between El Niño Southern Oscillation and the sea surface temperature in the Caribbean during 2015.
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E324. [PMID: 30096904 PMCID: PMC6116008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Eva Cagide
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Martin-Yken H, Gironde C, Derick S, Darius HT, Furger C, Laurent D, Chinain M. Ciguatoxins activate the Calcineurin signalling pathway in Yeasts: Potential for development of an alternative detection tool? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:144-151. [PMID: 29306662 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are lipid-soluble polyether compounds produced by dinoflagellates from the genus Gambierdiscus spp. typically found in tropical and subtropical zones. This endemic area is however rapidly expanding due to environmental perturbations, and both toxic Gambierdiscus spp. and ciguatoxic fishes have been recently identified in the North Atlantic Ocean (Madeira and Canary islands) and Mediterranean Sea. Ciguatoxins bind to Voltage Gated Sodium Channels on the membranes of sensory neurons, causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in humans, a disease characterized by a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological, neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms. Although CFP is the most frequently reported non bacterial food-borne poisoning worldwide, there is still no simple and quick way of detecting CTXs in contaminated samples. In the prospect to engineer rapid and easy-to-use CTXs live cells-based tests, we have studied the effects of CTXs on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular model which displays a remarkable conservation of cellular signalling pathways with higher eukaryotes. Taking advantage of this high level of conservation, yeast strains have been genetically modified to encode specific transcriptional reporters responding to CTXs exposure. These yeast strains were further exposed to different concentrations of either purified CTX or micro-algal extracts containing CTXs. Our data establish that CTXs are not cytotoxic to yeast cells even at concentrations as high as 1μM, and cause an increase in the level of free intracellular calcium in yeast cells. Concomitantly, a dose-dependent activation of the calcineurin signalling pathway is observed, as assessed by measuring the activity of specific transcriptional reporters in the engineered yeast strains. These findings offer promising prospects regarding the potential development of a yeast cells-based test that could supplement or, in some instances, replace current methods for the routine detection of CTXs in seafood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP INSA Université de Toulouse, UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Camille Gironde
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Derick
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
| | - Christophe Furger
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Laurent
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 UMR 152 et IRD Polynésie Française, BP 529 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
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49
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Gatti CMI, Lonati D, Darius HT, Zancan A, Roué M, Schicchi A, Locatelli CA, Chinain M. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Clinical Characterization and Follow-Up of a Mass Poisoning Event in Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E102. [PMID: 29495579 PMCID: PMC5869390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most prevalent non-bacterial food-borne form of poisoning in French Polynesia, which results from the consumption of coral reef fish naturally contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Since the early 2000s, this French territory has also witnessed the emergence of atypical forms of ciguatera, known as ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP), associated with the consumption of marine invertebrates. In June 2014, nine tourists simultaneously developed a major and persistent poisoning syndrome following the consumption of the gastropod Tectus niloticus collected in Anaho, a secluded bay of Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia). The unusual nature and severity of this event prompted a multidisciplinary investigation in order to characterize the etiology and document the short/long-term health consequences of this mass-poisoning event. This paper presents the results of clinical investigations based on hospital medical records, medical follow-up conducted six and 20 months post-poisoning, including a case description. This study is the first to describe the medical signature of T. niloticus poisoning in French Polynesia and contributed to alerting local authorities about the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of this gastropod, which is highly prized by local communities in Pacific island countries and territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Davide Lonati
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Arturo Zancan
- Subacute Care Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Azzurra Schicchi
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Boucaud-Maitre D, Vernoux JP, Pelczar S, Daudens-Vaysse E, Aubert L, Boa S, Ferracci S, Garnier R. Incidence and clinical characteristics of ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) between 2013 and 2016: a retrospective cases-series. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3095. [PMID: 29449664 PMCID: PMC5814543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective case study analysed the incidence and symptoms of ciguatera fish poisoning (ciguatera) in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) between 2013 and 2016. Cases attending the emergency departments of the two public hospitals and the reports received by the regional health authority in charge of monitoring (ARS) were compiled. Two hundred and thirty-four cases of poisoning were observed, with a mean annual incidence of 1.47/10,000 (95% CI): 1.29-1.66), i.e 5 times higher than the previously reported incidence (1996-2006). The main species described as being responsible for poisoning were fish from the Carangidae family (n = 47) (jack), followed by fish from the Lutjanidae family (n = 27) (snapper), Serranidae family (n = 15) (grouper), Sphyraenidae family (n = 12) (barracuda), and Mullidae family (n = 12) (goatfish). One case of lionfish ciguatera was observed. 93.9% of patients experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, 76.0% presented neurological signs (mainly paresthesia, dysesthesia and pruritus) and 40.3% presented cardiovascular symptoms (bradycardia and/or hypotension). A high frequency (61.4%) of hypothermia (body temperature <36.5 °C) was observed. This study reports for the first time the relatively high frequency of cardiac symptoms and low body temperature. The monitoring of ciguatera poisoning throughout the Caribbean region must be improved, notably after reef disturbance due to Irma and Maria major cyclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Boucaud-Maitre
- French West Indies Toxicovigilance Coordination, Basse-Terre Hospital, Basse-Terre, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Vernoux
- Research Unit EA 4651 Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE), IFR146 ICORE, Normandie Université de Caen, Esplanade de la paix, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Pelczar
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Unit, Basse-Terre Hospital, Basse-Terre, France
| | - Elise Daudens-Vaysse
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Regional unit (Cire) Antilles, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Lyderic Aubert
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Regional unit (Cire) Antilles, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Sylvie Boa
- Agence Régionale de Santé Guadeloupe, Monitoring and health alert unit, Gourbeyre, France
| | - Serge Ferracci
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Unit, Pointe-à-Pitre University Hospital, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Robert Garnier
- Poison and Toxicovigilance Centre, Fernand Widal Hospital, Paris, France
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