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Campbell LP, Bauer AM, Tavares Y, Guralnick RP, Reuman D. Broadscale spatial synchrony in a West Nile virus mosquito vector across multiple timescales. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12479. [PMID: 38816487 PMCID: PMC11139987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects often exhibit irruptive population dynamics determined by environmental conditions. We examine if populations of the Culex tarsalis mosquito, a West Nile virus (WNV) vector, fluctuate synchronously over broad spatial extents and multiple timescales and whether climate drives synchrony in Cx. tarsalis, especially at annual timescales, due to the synchronous influence of temperature, precipitation, and/or humidity. We leveraged mosquito collections across 9 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites distributed in the interior West and Great Plains region USA over a 45-month period, and associated gridMET climate data. We utilized wavelet phasor mean fields and wavelet linear models to quantify spatial synchrony for mosquitoes and climate and to calculate the importance of climate in explaining Cx. tarsalis synchrony. We also tested whether the strength of spatial synchrony may vary directionally across years. We found significant annual synchrony in Cx. tarsalis, and short-term synchrony during a single period in 2018. Mean minimum temperature was a significant predictor of annual Cx. tarsalis spatial synchrony, and we found a marginally significant decrease in annual Cx. tarsalis synchrony. Significant Cx. tarsalis synchrony during 2018 coincided with an anomalous increase in precipitation. This work provides a valuable step toward understanding broadscale synchrony in a WNV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P Campbell
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA.
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Amely M Bauer
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yasmin Tavares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | | | - Daniel Reuman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
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McMillan JR, Chaves LF, Armstrong PM. Ecological predictors of mosquito population and arbovirus transmission synchrony estimates. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:564-574. [PMID: 36964697 PMCID: PMC10179454 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying synchrony in species population fluctuations and determining its driving factors can inform multiple aspects of ecological and epidemiological research and policy decisions. We examined seasonal mosquito and arbovirus surveillance data collected in Connecticut, United States from 2001 to 2020 to quantify spatial relationships in 19 mosquito species and 7 arboviruses timeseries accounting for environmental factors such as climate and land cover characteristics. We determined that mosquito collections, on average, were significantly correlated up to 10 km though highly variable among the examined species. Few arboviruses displayed any synchrony and significant maximum correlated distances never exceeded 5 km. After accounting for distance, mixed effects models showed that mosquito or arbovirus identity explained more variance in synchrony estimates than climate or land cover factors. Correlated mosquito collections up to 10-20 km suggest that mosquito control operations for nuisance and disease vectors alike must expand treatment zones to regional scales for operations to have population-level impacts. Species identity matters as well, and some mosquito species will require much larger treatment zones than others. The much shorter correlated detection distances for arboviruses reinforce the notion that focal-level processes drive vector-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and risk of spillover into human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McMillan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Philip M Armstrong
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Saucedo O, Tien JH. Host movement, transmission hot spots, and vector-borne disease dynamics on spatial networks. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:742-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ghosh S, Chakraborty A, Bhattacharya S. How surface and fomite infection affect contagion dynamics: a study with self-propelled particles. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2022; 231:3439-3452. [PMID: 35035779 PMCID: PMC8752393 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled particles have been a tool of choice for many studies for understanding spatial interaction of people and propagation of infectious diseases. Other than the direct contagion process through face-to-face contacts with an infected agent, in some diseases, like COVID-19, the disease can spread by indirect ways, through contaminated object surfaces and puff-clouds created by the infected individual. However, this dual spreading process and the impact of these indirect infections in the entire dynamics are not properly explored. In this work, we consider epidemic spreading in an artificial society, with realistic parameters and movements of people, along with the possibilities of indirect exposure through contaminated surfaces and puff-clouds. This particular simulation based infectious disease dynamics is associated with the movements of some self-propelled free agents executing random motion which is investigated in conjunction with the rules of a realistic contagion process. With mathematical formulation and extensive computational studies, we have accommodated the indirect infection possibilities into the dynamics by incorporating an infectious 'tail' with the infected individuals. Analytical expressions of survival distance and infection probability of individuals have been explicitly calculated and reported. Results of precise and comparative simulation study have revealed the seriousness of indirect infections in connection with several dynamical parameters. Using this framework, interpretation of multiple waves in local as well as global scenarios have been established for COVID-19 infection statistics. Furthermore, the importance of indirect infections are also pointed out through data fitting, showing that ignoring this component might cause a misinterpretation of the dynamical parameters, like, imposed restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantari Ghosh
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S. Computational Model on COVID-19 Pandemic Using Probabilistic Cellular Automata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:230. [PMID: 33907736 PMCID: PMC8061453 DOI: 10.1007/s42979-021-00619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since March, 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been designated as a pandemic by World Health Organization. This disease is highly infectious and potentially fatal, causing a global public health concern. To contain the spread of COVID-19, governments are adopting nationwide interventions, like lockdown, containment and quarantine, restrictions on travel, cancelling social events and extensive testing. To understand the effects of these measures on the control of the epidemic in a data-driven manner, we propose a probabilistic cellular automata (PCA) based epidemiological model. The transitions associated with the model is driven by data available on chronology, symptoms, pathogenesis and transmissivity of the virus. By arguing that the lattice-based model captures the features of the dynamics along with the existing fluctuations, we perform rigorous computational analyses of the model to take into account of the spatial dynamics of social distancing measures imposed on the people. Considering the probabilistic behavioral aspects associated with mitigation strategies, we study the model considering factors like population density and testing efficiency. Using the model, we focus on the variability of epidemic dynamics data for different countries, and point out the reasons behind these contrasting observations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to model COVID-19 spread using PCA that gives us both spatial and temporal variations of the infection spread with the insight about the contributions of different infection parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantari Ghosh
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
| | - Saumik Bhattacharya
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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6
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Epidemiological Model for COVID-19 in China. Pharmacol Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.36922/itps.v3i2.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background.The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 first broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China, and then spread quickly worldwide.Objective. This study aimed to dissect the spread and end of the epidemic in China with a precise mathematical model.Methods. Various data were obtained from the official websites of the Chinese National Health from January 20 to July 8, 2020. The Chinese study participants were divided into three groups, namely, Hubei (including Wuhan), nationwide without Hubei, and Henan. The basic reproduction number (R0), effective reproduction number (Rt), and gender and age ratio of COVID-19 were calculated, and the epidemic’s predicted curves or fitting curves with peak time and end time were plotted with SIR model. These predicted curves were compared with actual scatter plots.Results. The fitting curve of the Hubei group showed a parabola with a peak on February 18, 2020, with 51,673 cases and the gradual decrease of infected patients, which culminates with a downhill after May 2020. During early outbreak, the highest recorded R0 was 6.13, which declined gradually forming a S-type curve, and it approached zero in early May. Similar to Hubei group, the fitting curve of the nationwide without Hubei group also showed a parabola, recording a peak of 9145 cases on February 10, 2020. At first, its R0 was as high as 2.35 but declined to zero in early April. The epidemic in the Henan group also reached its peak on February 10, 2020, and ended in early April as well. Conclusion. The epidemic development of COVID-19 in China followed the shape of parabolic curves. This model provides insights into how to strategize for epidemic control.
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Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S. A data-driven understanding of COVID-19 dynamics using sequential genetic algorithm based probabilistic cellular automata. Appl Soft Comput 2020; 96:106692. [PMID: 32904415 PMCID: PMC7455552 DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is severely impacting the lives of billions across the globe. Even after taking massive protective measures like nation-wide lockdowns, discontinuation of international flight services, rigorous testing etc., the infection spreading is still growing steadily, causing thousands of deaths and serious socio-economic crisis. Thus, the identification of the major factors of this infection spreading dynamics is becoming crucial to minimize impact and lifetime of COVID-19 and any future pandemic. In this work, a probabilistic cellular automata based method has been employed to model the infection dynamics for a significant number of different countries. This study proposes that for an accurate data-driven modelling of this infection spread, cellular automata provides an excellent platform, with a sequential genetic algorithm for efficiently estimating the parameters of the dynamics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to understand and interpret COVID-19 data using optimized cellular automata, through genetic algorithm. It has been demonstrated that the proposed methodology can be flexible and robust at the same time, and can be used to model the daily active cases, total number of infected people and total death cases through systematic parameter estimation. Elaborate analyses for COVID-19 statistics of forty countries from different continents have been performed, with markedly divergent time evolution of the infection spreading because of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The substantial predictive power of this model has been established with conclusions on the key players in this pandemic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantari Ghosh
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India
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Guth S, Hanley KA, Althouse BM, Boots M. Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008338. [PMID: 32790670 PMCID: PMC7425862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover." However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially "spill back" to infect local wildlife-a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. In this Review, we address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment-wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence-applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our discussion in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin-yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses-have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
- Epidemiology, Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Peters DPC, McVey DS, Elias EH, Pelzel‐McCluskey AM, Derner JD, Burruss ND, Schrader TS, Yao J, Pauszek SJ, Lombard J, Rodriguez LL. Big data–model integration and AI for vector‐borne disease prediction. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debra P. C. Peters
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Emile H. Elias
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Angela M. Pelzel‐McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Cheyenne Wyoming 82009 USA
| | - N. Dylan Burruss
- Jornada Experimental Range New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - T. Scott Schrader
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Jin Yao
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - Jason Lombard
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
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Long-Term Protection of Rhesus Macaques from Zika Virus Reinfection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01881-19. [PMID: 31801867 PMCID: PMC7022347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01881-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of the 2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak, it is estimated that there were up to 100 million infections in the Americas. In approximately one in seven infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy, ZIKV has been linked to microcephaly, developmental delays, or other congenital disorders collectively known as congenital Zika syndrome, as well as Guillain-Barré syndrome, in ZIKV-infected adults. It is a global health priority to develop a vaccine against ZIKV that elicits long-lasting immunity; however, the durability of immunity to ZIKV is unknown. Previous studies in mice and nonhuman primates have been crucial in vaccine development but have not defined the duration of immunity generated by ZIKV infection. In this study, we rechallenged five rhesus macaques with ZIKV 22 to 28 months after a primary ZIKV infection. We show that primary ZIKV infection generates high titers of neutralizing antibodies that protect from detectable plasma viremia following rechallenge and persist for at least 22 to 28 months. While additional longitudinal studies are necessary with longer time frames, this study establishes a new experimentally defined minimal length of protective ZIKV immunity.IMPORTANCE ZIKV emerged as a vector-borne pathogen capable of causing illness in infected adults and congenital birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. Despite the decrease in ZIKV cases since the 2015-2016 epidemic, questions concerning the prevalence and longevity of protective immunity have left vulnerable communities fearful that they may become the center of next ZIKV outbreak. Although preexisting herd immunity in regions of past outbreaks may dampen the potential for future outbreaks to occur, we currently do not know the longevity of protective immunity to ZIKV after a person becomes infected. Here, we establish a new experimentally defined minimal length of protective ZIKV immunity. We show that five rhesus macaques initially infected with ZIKV 22 to 28 months prior to rechallenge elicit a durable immune response that protected from detectable plasma viremia. This study establishes a new minimal length of protective immunity.
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McMillan JR, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Patterns of mosquito and arbovirus community composition and ecological indexes of arboviral risk in the northeast United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008066. [PMID: 32092063 PMCID: PMC7058363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the northeast United States (U.S.), mosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses, including eastern equine encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, and West Nile that pose an annual threat to human and animal health. Local transmission of each arbovirus may be driven by the involvement of multiple mosquito species; however, the specificity of these vector-virus associations has not been fully quantified. METHODOLOGY We used long-term surveillance data consistently collected over 18 years to evaluate mosquito and arbovirus community composition in the State of Connecticut (CT) based on land cover classifications and mosquito species-specific natural histories using community ecology approaches available in the R package VEGAN. We then used binomial-error generalized linear mixed effects models to quantify species-specific trends in arbovirus detections. PRIMARY RESULTS The composition of mosquito communities throughout CT varied more among sites than among years, with variation in mosquito community composition among sites explained mostly by a forested-to-developed-land-cover gradient. Arboviral communities varied equally among sites and years, and only developed and forested wetland land cover classifications were associated with the composition of arbovirus detections among sites. Overall, the avian host arboviruses, mainly West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis, displayed the most specific associations among mosquito species and sites, while in contrast, the mammalian host arboviruses (including Cache Valley, Jamestown Canyon, and Potosi) associated with a more diverse mix of mosquito species and were widely distributed throughout CT. CONCLUSIONS We find that avian arboviruses act as vector specialists infecting a few key mosquito species that associate with discrete habitats, while mammalian arboviruses are largely vector generalists infecting a wide diversity of mosquito species and habitats in the region. These distinctions have important implications for the design and implementation of mosquito and arbovirus surveillance programs as well as mosquito control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. McMillan
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Armstrong
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Theodore G. Andreadis
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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12
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Ribeiro GS, Hamer GL, Diallo M, Kitron U, Ko AI, Weaver SC. Influence of herd immunity in the cyclical nature of arboviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 40:1-10. [PMID: 32193135 PMCID: PMC7434662 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review and contrast the evidence for an effect of amplifying host herd immunity on circulation and human exposure to arboviruses. Herd immunity of short-lived West Nile virus avian amplifying hosts appears to play a limited role in levels of enzootic circulation and spillover infections of humans, which are not amplifiers. In contrast, herd immunity of nonhuman primate hosts for enzootic Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses is much stronger and appears to regulate to a large extent the periodicity of sylvatic amplification in Africa. Following the recent Zika and chikungunya pandemics, human herd immunity in the Americas quickly rose to ∼50% in many regions, although seroprevalence remains patchy. Modeling from decades of chikungunya circulation in Asia suggests that this level of herd immunity will suppress for many years major chikungunya and Zika epidemics in the Americas, followed by smaller outbreaks as herd immunity cycles with a periodicity of up to several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Uriel Kitron
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0610 TX, USA.
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Brady OJ, Hay SI. The Global Expansion of Dengue: How Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Enabled the First Pandemic Arbovirus. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:191-208. [PMID: 31594415 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an emerging viral disease principally transmitted by the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito. It is one of the fastest-growing global infectious diseases, with 100-400 million new infections a year, and is now entrenched in a growing number of tropical megacities. Behind this rapid rise is the simple adaptation of Ae. aegypti to a new entomological niche carved out by human habitation. This review describes the expansion of dengue and explores how key changes in the ecology of Ae. aegypti allowed it to become a successful invasive species and highly efficient disease vector. We argue that characterizing geographic heterogeneity in mosquito bionomics will be a key research priority that will enable us to better understand future dengue risk and design control strategies to reverse its global spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA;
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Abstract
Arboviruses infecting people primarily exist in urban transmission cycles involving urban mosquitoes in densely populated tropical regions. For dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses, sylvatic (forest) transmission cycles also exist in some regions and involve non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes. Here we review the investigation methods and available data on sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates and dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses in Africa, dengue viruses in Asia and yellow fever virus in the Americas. We also present current putative data that Mayaro, o'nyong'nyong, Oropouche, Spondweni and Lumbo viruses exist in sylvatic cycles.
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15
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Turell MJ, Gozalo AS, Guevara C, Schoeler GB, Carbajal F, López-Sifuentes VM, Watts DM. Lack of Evidence of Sylvatic Transmission of Dengue Viruses in the Amazon Rainforest Near Iquitos, Peru. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:685-689. [PMID: 30964397 PMCID: PMC6716187 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are currently responsible for more human morbidity and mortality than any other known arbovirus, and all four DENV are known to exist in sylvatic cycles that might allow these viruses to persist if the urban (Aedes aegypti) cycle could be controlled. To determine whether DENV were being maintained in a sylvatic cycle in a forested area about 14 km southwest of Iquitos, Peru, a city in which all 4 serotypes of DENV circulate, we placed 20 DENV seronegative Aotus monkeys in cages either in the canopy or near ground level for a total of 125.6 months. Despite capturing >66,000 mosquitoes in traps that collected some of the mosquitoes attracted to these monkeys, blood samples obtained once a month from each animal were tested and found to be negative by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgM and IgG antibodies to dengue, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Oropouche, and Mayaro viruses. Although all four DENV serotypes were endemic in nearby Iquitos, the findings of this study did not support a DENV sylvatic maintenance and transmission cycle in a selected area of the Amazon rainforest in northeastern Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Turell
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Alfonso S. Gozalo
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Carolina Guevara
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - George B. Schoeler
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Faustino Carbajal
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | | | - Douglas M. Watts
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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McMillan JR, Blakney RA, Mead DG, Koval WT, Coker SM, Waller LA, Kitron U, Vazquez‐Prokopec GM. Linking the vectorial capacity of multiple vectors to observed patterns of West Nile virus transmission. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. McMillan
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and EvolutionEmory University Atlanta Georgia
| | | | - Daniel G. Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyUniversity of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | - William T. Koval
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory University Atlanta Georgia
| | - Sarah M. Coker
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyUniversity of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and EvolutionEmory University Atlanta Georgia
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public HealthEmory University Atlanta Georgia
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and EvolutionEmory University Atlanta Georgia
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory University Atlanta Georgia
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez‐Prokopec
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology and EvolutionEmory University Atlanta Georgia
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory University Atlanta Georgia
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Diallo D, Diagne CT, Buenemann M, Ba Y, Dia I, Faye O, Sall AA, Faye O, Watts DM, Weaver SC, Hanley KA, Diallo M. Biodiversity Pattern of Mosquitoes in Southeastern Senegal, Epidemiological Implication in Arbovirus and Malaria Transmission. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:453-463. [PMID: 30428055 PMCID: PMC6941392 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The composition, density, diversity, and temporal distribution of mosquito species and the influence of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on these data were investigated in 50 sites across five land cover classes (forest, savannah, barren, village, and agriculture) in southeastern Senegal. Mosquitoes were collected monthly in each site between June 2009 and March 2011, with three people collecting mosquitoes landing on their legs for one to four consecutive days. In total, 81,219 specimens, belonging to 60 species and 7 genera, were collected. The most abundant species were Aedes furcifer (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) (20.7%), Ae. vittatus (Bigot) (19.5%), Ae. dalzieli (Theobald) (14.7%), and Ae. luteocephalus (Newstead) (13.7%). Ae. dalzieli, Ae. furcifer, Ae. vittatus, Ae. luteocephalus, Ae. taylori Edwards, Ae. africanus (Theobald), Ae. minutus (Theobald), Anopheles coustani Laveran, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Mansonia uniformis (Theobald) comprised ≥10% of the total collection, in at least one land cover. The lowest species richness and Brillouin diversity index (HB = 1.55) were observed in the forest-canopy. The urban-indoor fauna showed the highest dissimilarity with other land covers and was most similar to the urban-outdoor fauna following Jaccard and Morisita index. Mosquito abundance peaked in June and October 2009 and July and October 2010. The highest species density was recorded in October. The maximum temperature was correlated positively with mean temperature and negatively with rainfall and relative humidity. Rainfall showed a positive correlation with mosquito abundance and species density. These data will be useful for understanding the transmission of arboviruses and human malaria in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh T Diagne
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Pole virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Pole virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Ecological niche modeling of Aedes mosquito vectors of chikungunya virus in southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:255. [PMID: 29673389 PMCID: PMC5907742 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) originated in a sylvatic cycle of transmission between non-human animal hosts and vector mosquitoes in the forests of Africa. Subsequently the virus jumped out of this ancestral cycle into a human-endemic transmission cycle vectored by anthropophilic mosquitoes. Sylvatic CHIKV cycles persist in Africa and continue to spill over into humans, creating the potential for new CHIKV strains to enter human-endemic transmission. To mitigate such spillover, it is first necessary to delineate the distributions of the sylvatic mosquito vectors of CHIKV, to identify the environmental factors that shape these distributions, and to determine the association of mosquito presence with key drivers of virus spillover, including mosquito and CHIKV abundance. We therefore modeled the distribution of seven CHIKV mosquito vectors over two sequential rainy seasons in Kédougou, Senegal using Maxent. Methods Mosquito data were collected in fifty sites distributed in five land cover classes across the study area. Environmental data representing land cover, topographic, and climatic factors were included in the models. Models were compared and evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) statistics. The correlation of model outputs with abundance of individual mosquito species as well as CHIKV-positive mosquito pools was tested. Results Fourteen models were produced and evaluated; the environmental variables most strongly associated with mosquito distributions were distance to large patches of forest, landscape patch size, rainfall, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Seven models were positively correlated with mosquito abundance and one (Aedes taylori) was consistently, positively correlated with CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Eight models predicted high relative occurrence rates of mosquitoes near the villages of Tenkoto and Ngary, the areas with the highest frequency of CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Conclusions Of the environmental factors considered here, landscape fragmentation and configuration had the strongest influence on mosquito distributions. Of the mosquito species modeled, the distribution of Ae. taylori correlated most strongly with abundance of CHIKV, suggesting that presence of this species will be a useful predictor of sylvatic CHIKV presence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Althouse BM, Guerbois M, Cummings DAT, Diop OM, Faye O, Faye A, Diallo D, Sadio BD, Sow A, Faye O, Sall AA, Diallo M, Benefit B, Simons E, Watts DM, Weaver SC, Hanley KA. Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29535306 PMCID: PMC5849707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses spillover into humans either as a one-step jump from a reservoir host species into humans or as a two-step jump from the reservoir to an amplification host species and thence to humans. Little is known about arbovirus transmission dynamics in reservoir and amplification hosts. Here we elucidate the role of monkeys in the sylvatic, enzootic cycle of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the region around Kédougou, Senegal. Over 3 years, 737 monkeys were captured, aged using anthropometry and dentition, and tested for exposure to CHIKV by detection of neutralizing antibodies. Infant monkeys were positive for CHIKV even when the virus was not detected in a concurrent survey of mosquitoes and when population immunity was too high for monkeys alone to support continuous transmission. We conclude that monkeys in this region serve as amplification hosts of CHIKV. Additional efforts are needed to identify other hosts capable of supporting continuous circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, 98005, WA, USA. .,Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, 98105, WA, USA. .,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA.
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32608, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Brenda Benefit
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
| | - Evan Simons
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, 79968, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
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Wasik D, Mulchandani A, Yates MV. Point-of-Use Nanobiosensor for Detection of Dengue Virus NS1 Antigen in AdultAedes aegypti: A Potential Tool for Improved Dengue Surveillance. Anal Chem 2017; 90:679-684. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wasik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Marylynn V. Yates
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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21
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Asymmetric percolation drives a double transition in sexual contact networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8969-8973. [PMID: 28790185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703073114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) exhibits unique transmission dynamics in that it is concurrently spread by a mosquito vector and through sexual contact. Due to the highly asymmetric durations of infectiousness between males and females-it is estimated that males are infectious for periods up to 10 times longer than females-we show that this sexual component of ZIKV transmission behaves akin to an asymmetric percolation process on the network of sexual contacts. We exactly solve the properties of this asymmetric percolation on random sexual contact networks and show that this process exhibits two epidemic transitions corresponding to a core-periphery structure. This structure is not present in the underlying contact networks, which are not distinguishable from random networks, and emerges because of the asymmetric percolation. We provide an exact analytical description of this double transition and discuss the implications of our results in the context of ZIKV epidemics. Most importantly, our study suggests a bias in our current ZIKV surveillance, because the community most at risk is also one of the least likely to get tested.
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Chen S, Epureanu B. Regular biennial cycles in epidemics caused by parametric resonance. J Theor Biol 2016; 415:137-144. [PMID: 28007555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between nonlinearity and seasonal forcing in childhood infectious diseases often leads to multiyear cycles with large amplitude. Regular biennial cycles in particular were observed in measles reports throughout the world. The objective of this paper is to understand the mechanism of such biennial cycles, especially the conditions under which the large amplitude biennial oscillation might appear. It is proposed that such biennial cycles are caused by parametric resonance, which might occur when varying the parameter at a frequency close to twice the natural frequency of the system. The analysis is carried out by solving an SIR model semi-analytically using method of multiple scales (MMS). This analysis shows how parametric resonance occurs due to the interaction between nonlinearity and periodic forcing. Using the MMS solution, the boundary between the resonance region and the non-resonance region in the parameter space is obtained. The effects of different parameters on the triggering of parametric resonance are studied, such as transmission rate, recovery rate, birth rate and amplitude of seasonality. The effects of stochasticity on the onset of parametric resonance are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Bogdan Epureanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) originated and continues to circulate in a sylvatic transmission cycle between non-human primate hosts and arboreal mosquitoes in tropical Africa. Recently ZIKV invaded the Americas, where it poses a threat to human health, especially to pregnant women and their infants. Here we examine the risk that ZIKV will establish a sylvatic cycle in the Americas, focusing on Brazil. We review the natural history of sylvatic ZIKV and present a mathematical dynamic transmission model to assess the probability of establishment of a sylvatic ZIKV transmission cycle in non-human primates and/or other mammals and arboreal mosquito vectors in Brazil. Brazil is home to multiple species of primates and mosquitoes potentially capable of ZIKV transmission, though direct assessment of host competence (ability to mount viremia sufficient to infect a feeding mosquito) and vector competence (ability to become infected with ZIKV and disseminate and transmit upon subsequent feedings) of New World species is lacking. Modeling reveals a high probability of establishment of sylvatic ZIKV across a large range of biologically plausible parameters. Probability of establishment is dependent on host and vector population sizes, host birthrates, and ZIKV force of infection. Research on the host competence of New World monkeys or other small mammals to ZIKV, on vector competence of New World Aedes, Sabethes, and Haemagogus mosquitoes for ZIKV, and on the geographic range of potential New World hosts and vectors is urgently needed. A sylvatic cycle of ZIKV would make future elimination efforts in the Americas practically impossible, and paints a dire picture for the epidemiology of ZIKV and our ability to end the ongoing outbreak of congenital Zika syndrome.
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Althouse BM, Hanley KA. The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0299. [PMID: 26150665 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of 'tortoise' (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and 'hare' (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Althouse BM, Hanley KA, Diallo M, Sall AA, Ba Y, Faye O, Diallo D, Watts DM, Weaver SC, Cummings DAT. Impact of climate and mosquito vector abundance on sylvatic arbovirus circulation dynamics in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:88-97. [PMID: 25404071 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sylvatic arboviruses have been isolated in Senegal over the last 50 years. The ecological drivers of the pattern and frequency of virus infection in these species are largely unknown. We used time series analysis and Bayesian hierarchical count modeling on a long-term arbovirus dataset to test associations between mosquito abundance, weather variables, and the frequency of isolation of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. We found little correlation between mosquito abundance and viral isolations. Rainfall was a negative predictor of dengue virus (DENV) isolation but a positive predictor of Zika virus isolation. Temperature was a positive predictor of yellow fever virus (YFV) isolations but a negative predictor of DENV isolations. We found slight interference between viruses, with DENV negatively associated with concurrent YFV isolation and YFV negatively associated with concurrent isolation of chikungunya virus. These findings begin to characterize some of the ecological associations of sylvatic arboviruses with each other and climate and mosquito abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yamar Ba
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Hanley KA, Guerbois M, Kautz TF, Brown M, Whitehead SS, Weaver SC, Vasilakis N, Marx PA. Infection dynamics of sylvatic dengue virus in a natural primate host, the African Green Monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:672-6. [PMID: 25092823 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. Herein, we present the first study of sylvatic DENV infection dynamics in a primate. Three African green monkeys were inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) DENV-2 strain PM33974 from the sylvatic cycle, and one African green monkey was inoculated with 10(5) pfu DENV-2 strain New Guinea C from the human cycle. All four monkeys seroconverted (more than fourfold rise in 80% plaque reduction neutralization titer [PRNT80]) against the strain of DENV with which they were inoculated; only one (33%) of three monkeys infected with sylvatic DENV showed a neutralizing antibody response against human-endemic DENV. Virus was detected in two of three monkeys inoculated with sylvatic DENV at low titer (≤ 1.3 log10pfu/mL) and brief duration (≤ 2 days). Clinical signs included rash and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Tiffany F Kautz
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Meredith Brown
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Preston A Marx
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
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Lourenço J, Recker M. The 2012 Madeira dengue outbreak: epidemiological determinants and future epidemic potential. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3083. [PMID: 25144749 PMCID: PMC4140668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, a vector-borne viral disease of increasing global importance, is classically associated with tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. Urbanisation, globalisation and climate trends, however, are facilitating the geographic spread of its mosquito vectors, thereby increasing the risk of the virus establishing itself in previously unaffected areas and causing large-scale epidemics. On 3 October 2012, two autochthonous dengue infections were reported within the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. During the following seven months, this first 'European' dengue outbreak caused more than 2000 local cases and 81 exported cases to mainland Europe. Here, using an ento-epidemiological mathematical framework, we estimate that the introduction of dengue to Madeira occurred around a month before the first official cases, during the period of maximum influx of airline travel, and that the naturally declining temperatures of autumn were the determining factor for the outbreak's demise in early December 2012. Using key estimates, together with local climate data, we further propose that there is little support for dengue endemicity on this island, but a high potential for future epidemic outbreaks when seeded between May and August-a period when detection of imported cases is crucial for Madeira's public health planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lourenço
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Recker
- College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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28
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Smith DL, Perkins TA, Reiner RC, Barker CM, Niu T, Chaves LF, Ellis AM, George DB, Le Menach A, Pulliam JRC, Bisanzio D, Buckee C, Chiyaka C, Cummings DAT, Garcia AJ, Gatton ML, Gething PW, Hartley DM, Johnston G, Klein EY, Michael E, Lloyd AL, Pigott DM, Reisen WK, Ruktanonchai N, Singh BK, Stoller J, Tatem AJ, Kitron U, Godfray HCJ, Cohen JM, Hay SI, Scott TW. Recasting the theory of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:185-97. [PMID: 24591453 PMCID: PMC3952634 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases pose some of the greatest challenges in public health, especially
in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Efforts to control these diseases have
been underpinned by a theoretical framework developed for malaria by Ross and Macdonald,
including models, metrics for measuring transmission, and theory of control that
identifies key vulnerabilities in the transmission cycle. That framework, especially
Macdonald's formula for R0 and its entomological derivative,
vectorial capacity, are now used to study dynamics and design interventions for many
mosquito-borne diseases. A systematic review of 388 models published between 1970 and 2010
found that the vast majority adopted the Ross–Macdonald assumption of homogeneous
transmission in a well-mixed population. Studies comparing models and data question these
assumptions and point to the capacity to model heterogeneous, focal transmission as the
most important but relatively unexplored component in current theory. Fine-scale
heterogeneity causes transmission dynamics to be nonlinear, and poses problems for
modeling, epidemiology and measurement. Novel mathematical approaches show how
heterogeneity arises from the biology and the landscape on which the processes of mosquito
biting and pathogen transmission unfold. Emerging theory focuses attention on the
ecological and social context for mosquito blood feeding, the movement of both hosts and
mosquitoes, and the relevant spatial scales for measuring transmission and for modeling
dynamics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Althouse BM, Durbin AP, Hanley KA, Halstead SB, Weaver SC, Cummings DAT. Viral kinetics of primary dengue virus infection in non-human primates: a systematic review and individual pooled analysis. Virology 2014; 452-453:237-46. [PMID: 24606701 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viremia kinetics directly influence the clinical course and transmission dynamics of DENV, but many aspects of viral dynamics remain unknown. Non-human primates (NHP) have been used as a model system for DENV infection for decades. Here, we identify papers with experimentally-infected NHP and estimate the time to- and duration of viremia as well as estimate associations between these and serotype, inoculating dose, viremia assay, and species of NHP. We estimate the time to viremia in rhesus macaques to range from 2.63 to 3.32 days for DENV-2 and -1 and the duration to range from 3.13 to 5.13 days for DENV-4 and -2. We find no differences between non-human primates for time to viremia or duration, and a significant negative relationship between inoculating dose and duration of viremia. These results aid in understanding the transmission dynamics of sylvatic DENV non-human primates, an issue of growing importance as dengue vaccines become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Hanley KA, Monath TP, Weaver SC, Rossi SL, Richman RL, Vasilakis N. Fever versus fever: the role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 19:292-311. [PMID: 23523817 PMCID: PMC3749261 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two different species of flaviviruses, dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), that originated in sylvatic cycles maintained in non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes have emerged repeatedly into sustained human-to-human transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Sylvatic cycles of both viruses remain active, and where the two viruses overlap in West Africa they utilize similar suites of monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes. These extensive similarities render the differences in the biogeography and epidemiology of the two viruses all the more striking. First, the sylvatic cycle of YFV originated in Africa and was introduced into the New World, probably as a result of the slave trade, but is absent in Asia; in contrast, sylvatic DENV likely originated in Asia and has spread to Africa but not to the New World. Second, while sylvatic YFV can emerge into extensive urban outbreaks in humans, these invariably die out, whereas four different types of DENV have established human transmission cycles that are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct from their sylvatic ancestors. Finally, transmission of YFV among humans has been documented only in Africa and the Americas, whereas DENV is transmitted among humans across most of the range of competent Aedes vectors, which in the last decade has included every continent save Antarctica. This review summarizes current understanding of sylvatic transmission cycles of YFV and DENV, considers possible explanations for their disjunct distributions, and speculates on the potential consequences of future establishment of a sylvatic cycle of DENV in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | | | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
| | - Rebecca L. Richman
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
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