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Menezes SA, Tasca T. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases - from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105310. [PMID: 38316376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are still a major public health problem especially among individuals of low socioeconomic status in underdeveloped countries. In recent years it has been demonstrated that parasites can release extracellular vesicles that participate in the host-parasite communication, immune evasion, and in governing processes associated with host infection. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released into the extracellular space that can carry several types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, which directly impact the target cells. Extracellular vesicles have attracted wide attention due to their relevance in host-parasite communication and for their potential value in applications such as in the diagnostic biomarker discovery. This review of the literature aimed to join the current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in host-parasite interaction and summarize its molecular content, providing information for the acquisition of new tools that can be used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. These findings shed light to the potential of extracellular vesicle cargo derived from protozoan parasites as novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Almeida Menezes
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Zauli RC, de Souza Perez IC, de Morais ACC, Ciaccio AC, Vidal AS, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Batista WL, Xander P. Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promastigotes with Distinct Virulence Profile Differently Modulate the Macrophage Functions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2973. [PMID: 38138117 PMCID: PMC10746037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. is the aetiologic agent of leishmaniasis, a disease endemic in several developing countries. The parasite expresses and secretes several virulence factors that subvert the macrophage function and immune response. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can carry molecules of the parasites that show immunomodulatory effects on macrophage activation and disease progression. In the present work, we detected a significantly higher expression of lpg3 and gp63 genes in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes recovered after successive experimental infections (IVD-P) compared to those cultured for a long period (LT-P). In addition, we observed a significantly higher percentage of infection and internalized parasites in groups of macrophages infected with IVD-P. Macrophages previously treated with EVs from LT-P showed higher percentages of infection and production of inflammatory cytokines after the parasite challenge compared to the untreated ones. However, macrophages infected with parasites and treated with EVs did not reduce the parasite load. In addition, no synergistic effects were observed in the infected macrophages treated with EVs and reference drugs. In conclusion, parasites cultured for a long period in vitro and recovered from animals' infections, differently affected the macrophage response. Furthermore, EVs produced by these parasites affected the macrophage response in the early infection of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria Cristina Zauli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Isabelle Carlos de Souza Perez
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Correia Costa de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Ana Carolina Ciaccio
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Sladkevicius Vidal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Biotecnologia Aplicada a Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
| | - Wagner Luiz Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
| | - Patricia Xander
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Unidade José Alencar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo campus Diadema, 4° andar, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
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Fernandez‐Becerra C, Xander P, Alfandari D, Dong G, Aparici‐Herraiz I, Rosenhek‐Goldian I, Shokouhy M, Gualdron‐Lopez M, Lozano N, Cortes‐Serra N, Karam PA, Meneghetti P, Madeira RP, Porat Z, Soares RP, Costa AO, Rafati S, da Silva A, Santarém N, Fernandez‐Prada C, Ramirez MI, Bernal D, Marcilla A, Pereira‐Chioccola VL, Alves LR, Portillo HD, Regev‐Rudzki N, de Almeida IC, Schenkman S, Olivier M, Torrecilhas AC. Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e117. [PMID: 38939734 PMCID: PMC11080789 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite-parasite and parasite-host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite-infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez‐Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- CIBERINFECISCIII‐CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Iris Aparici‐Herraiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Mehrdad Shokouhy
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Melisa Gualdron‐Lopez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholy Lozano
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Nuria Cortes‐Serra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Paula Meneghetti
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry UnitLife Sciences Core Facilities, WISRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e ToxicológicasFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrasil
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Anabela‐Cordeiro da Silva
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | - Marcel I. Ramirez
- EVAHPI ‐ Extracellular Vesicles and Host‐Parasite Interactions Research Group Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de TripanossomatideosInstituto Carlos Chagas‐FiocruzCuritibaParanáBrasil
| | - Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències BiològiquesUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i ParasitologiaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos, Centro de Parasitologia e MicologiaInstituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL)São PauloBrasil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão GênicaInstituto Carlos ChagasFiocruz ParanáCuritibaBrazil
- Research Center in Infectious DiseasesDivision of Infectious Disease and Immunity CHU de Quebec Research CenterDepartment of MicrobiologyInfectious Disease and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Department of Biological SciencesBorder Biomedical Research CenterThe University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
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Tiberti N, Longoni SS, Combes V, Piubelli C. Host-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Blood and Tissue Human Protozoan Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2318. [PMID: 37764162 PMCID: PMC10536481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood and tissue protozoan infections are responsible for an enormous burden in tropical and subtropical regions, even though they can also affect people living in high-income countries, mainly as a consequence of migration and travel. These pathologies are responsible for heavy socio-economic issues in endemic countries, where the lack of proper therapeutic interventions and effective vaccine strategies is still hampering their control. Moreover, the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the establishment, progression and outcome of these infectious diseases are yet to be fully described. Among all the players, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have raised significant interest during the last decades due to their capacity to modulate inter-parasite and host-parasite interactions. In the present manuscript, we will review the state of the art of circulating host-derived EVs in clinical samples or in experimental models of human blood and tissue protozoan diseases (i.e., malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis) to gain novel insights into the mechanisms of pathology underlying these conditions and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy; (S.S.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy; (S.S.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Valéry Combes
- Microvesicles and Malaria Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy; (S.S.L.); (C.P.)
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5
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Esperante D, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. The many faces of parasite calreticulin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101390. [PMID: 36993959 PMCID: PMC10040973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin from parasites and its vertebrate hosts share ~50% identity and many of its functions are equally conserved. However, the existing amino acid differences can affect its biological performance. Calreticulin plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and as a chaperone involved in the correct folding of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Outside the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin is involved in several immunological functions such as complement inhibition, enhancement of efferocytosis, and immune upregulation or inhibition. Several parasite calreticulins have been shown to limit immune responses and promote infectivity, while others are strong immunogens and have been used for the development of potential vaccines that limit parasite growth. Furthermore, calreticulin is essential in the dialogue between parasites and hosts, inducing Th1, Th2 or regulatory responses in a species-specific manner. In addition, calreticulin participates as initiator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells and promotion of immunogenic cell death and removal by macrophages. Direct anti-tumoral activity has also been reported. The highly immunogenic and pleiotropic nature of parasite calreticulins, either as positive or negative regulators of the immune response, render these proteins as valuable tools to modulate immunopathologies and autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential treatment of neoplasms. Moreover, the disparities in the amino acid composition of parasite calreticulins might provide subtle variations in the mechanisms of action that could provide advantages as therapeutic tools. Here, we review the immunological roles of parasite calreticulins and discuss possible beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Esperante
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fela Mendlovic,
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Mahmoudi F, Hanachi P, Montaseri A. Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials. Clin Immunol 2023; 248:109237. [PMID: 36669608 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities. This immune-modulating feature may provide a promising strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, immune cell-derived EVs have received attention as potential biomarkers for being used as diagnostic tools and preventive strategies such as for developing vaccines. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by different immune cell types, their effects on the immune system, and highlight their potential applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mahmoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ferreira B, Lourenço Á, Sousa MDC. Protozoa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intercellular Communication with Special Emphasis on Giardia lamblia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122422. [PMID: 36557675 PMCID: PMC9788250 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are an important worldwide problem threatening human health and affect millions of people. Acute diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, malabsorption of nutrients and nutritional deficiency are some of the issues related to intestinal parasitic infections. Parasites are experts in subvert the host immune system through different kinds of mechanisms. There are evidences that extracellular vesicles (EVs) have an important role in dissemination of the disease and in modulating the host immune system. Released by almost all types of cells, these nanovesicles are a natural secretory product containing multiple components of interest. The EVs are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, exosomes, ectosomes, and microparticles, according to their physical characteristics, biochemical composition and cell of origin. Interestingly, EVs play an important role in intercellular communication between parasites as well as with the host cells. Concerning Giardia lamblia, it is known that this parasite release EVs during it life cycle that modulate the parasite growth and adherence as well the immune system of the host. Here we review the recently updates on protozoa EVs, with particular emphasis on the role of EVs released by the flagellate protozoa G. lamblia in cellular communication and its potential for future applications as vaccine, therapeutic agent, drug delivery system and as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIVG-Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG-Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ágata Lourenço
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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9
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Wang X, Chi Y, Li J, Pang Y, Li Q. Morphological characteristics and a single-cell analysis provide insights into function of immune and fat storage in the lamprey supraneural body. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 142:106131. [PMID: 34838690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The supraneural body, also known as dorsal fat body is considered from adipose progenitors, and possesses hematopoietic activity. However, in-depth knowledge of cell-type by single-cell transcriptome sequencing and physiological functions are still lacking. Here, we determined at least four types of cells, such as white adipocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and red blood cells by using 10 ×Genomics single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and histochemistry. Additionally, most immune cells contain scattered small fat droplets except for white adipocytes with one large lipid droplet. The content of triglyceride in supraneural body is the highest compared with other tissues. The mRNA expression of both lipolysis-related genes and brown adipocytes-specific marker genes were up-regulated in supraneural body cells in response to epinephrine. Taken together, these data indicate that the supraneural body may play an important role in immune and fat storage. Our findings not only provided detailed insights into the unique molecular make-up of the supraneural body tissue, but also shed new light on future analyses of physiological functions in immune or lipid regulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yan Chi
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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D'Avila H, de Souza NP, Albertoni ALDS, Campos LC, Rampinelli PG, Correa JR, de Almeida PE. Impact of the Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trypanosoma cruzi: A Paradox in Host Response and Lipid Metabolism Modulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768124. [PMID: 34778110 PMCID: PMC8581656 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major public health problem, especially in the South and Central America region. Its incidence is related to poverty and presents a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of Chagas disease is complex and involves many interactive pathways between the hosts and the Trypanosoma cruzi. Several factors have been implicated in parasite-host interactions, including molecules secreted by infected cells, lipid mediators and most recent, extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EVs of T. cruzi (EVsT) were reported for the first time in the epimastigote forms about 42 years ago. The EVsT are involved in paracrine communication during the infection and can have an important role in the inflammatory modulation and parasite escape mechanism. However, the mechanisms by which EVs employ their pathological effects are not yet understood. The EVsT seem to participate in the activation of macrophages via TLR2 triggering the production of cytokines and a range of other molecules, thus modulating the host immune response which promotes the parasite survival. Moreover, new insights have demonstrated that EVsT induce lipid body formation and PGE2 synthesis in macrophages. This phenomenon is followed by the inhibition of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation, causing decreased parasitic molecules and allowing intracellular parasite survival. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the role of the EVs from T. cruzi as well as its involvement in the mechanisms that regulate the host immune response in the lipid metabolism and its significance for the Chagas disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Núbia Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza da Silva Albertoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laíris Cunha Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pollianne Garbero Rampinelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Raimundo Correa
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Elaine de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Gabriel ÁM, Galué-Parra A, Pereira WLA, Pedersen KW, da Silva EO. Leishmania 360°: Guidelines for Exosomal Research. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2081. [PMID: 34683402 PMCID: PMC8537887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are a group of kinetoplastid pathogens that cause a variety of clinical disorders while maintaining cell communication by secreting extracellular vesicles. Emerging technologies have been adapted for the study of Leishmania-host cell interactions, to enable the broad-scale analysis of the extracellular vesicles of this parasite. Leishmania extracellular vesicles (LEVs) are spheroidal nanoparticles of polydispersed suspensions surrounded by a layer of lipid membrane. Although LEVs have attracted increasing attention from researchers, many aspects of their biology remain unclear, including their bioavailability and function in the complex molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Given the importance of LEVs in the parasite-host interaction, and in the parasite-parasite relationships that have emerged during the evolutionary history of these organisms, the present review provides an overview of the available data on Leishmania, and formulates guidelines for LEV research. We conclude by reporting direct methods for the isolation of specific LEVs from the culture supernatant of the promastigotes and amastigotes that are suitable for a range of different downstream applications, which increases the compatibility and reproducibility of the approach for the establishment of optimal and comparable isolation conditions and the complete characterization of the LEV, as well as the critical immunomodulatory events triggered by this important group of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áurea Martins Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine of NOVA University of Lisbon, IHMT-UNL, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.G.-P.); (E.O.d.S.)
| | - Adan Galué-Parra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.G.-P.); (E.O.d.S.)
| | | | | | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.G.-P.); (E.O.d.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Arteaga-Blanco LA, Bou-Habib DC. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Macrophages on Host-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910262. [PMID: 34638604 PMCID: PMC8508751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nano-sized membrane enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by virtually all cell types play an essential role in intercellular communication via delivering bio-molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other molecules to recipient cells. By mediating an active and steady-state cell-to-cell communication, EVs contribute to regulating and preserving cellular homeostasis. On the other hand, EVs can also spread pathogen-derived molecules during infections, subverting the host immune responses during infections and thus worsening pathophysiological processes. In recent years, the biological functioning of EVs has become a widespread research field in basic and clinical branches of medical sciences due to their potential role in therapeutic applications for several diseases. This review aims to summarize the main recent findings regarding the implication of EVs shed by human macrophages (MΦ-EVs) and how they can modulate the host immune response to control or increase the damage caused by infectious agents. We will also present the methods used to describe MΦ-EVs, as well as the potential of these EVs as disease diagnostic tools for some human pathogens. We believe that an in-depth understanding of the host–pathogen interactions mediated by MΦ-EVs may trigger the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Arteaga-Blanco
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-B.); or (D.C.B.-H.)
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-B.); or (D.C.B.-H.)
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13
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Santana W, de Oliveira SSC, Ramos MH, Santos ALS, Dolabella SS, Souto EB, Severino P, Jain S. Exploring Innovative Leishmaniasis Treatment: Drug Targets from Pre-Clinical to Clinical Findings. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100336. [PMID: 34369662 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of tropical diseases caused by parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disease is categorized in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The conventional treatment is complex and can present high toxicity and therapeutic failures. Thus, there is a continuing need to develop new treatments. In this review, we focus on the novel molecules described in the literature with potential leishmanicidal activity, categorizing them in pre-clinical (in vitro, in vivo), drug repurposing and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Santana
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Simone S C de Oliveira
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Department of General Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Ramos
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Department of General Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Parasitology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sona Jain
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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14
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Hong Y, Lee J, Vu TH, Lee S, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Immunomodulatory effects of poly(I:C)-stimulated exosomes derived from chicken macrophages. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101247. [PMID: 34174563 PMCID: PMC8242060 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that contain proteins and nucleic acids derived from secretory cells and mediate intracellular communication. Immune cell-derived exosomes regulate immune responses and gene expression of recipient cells. Macrophages recognize viral dsRNA via Toll-like receptor 3, thereby inducing the activation of transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factor 3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In this study, we aimed to identify the immunomodulatory functions of exosomes derived from chicken macrophages (HD11) stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]); exosomes were then delivered into HD11 cells and CU91 chicken T cells. Exosomes purified from poly(I:C)-activated macrophages stimulated the expression of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in HD11 and CU91 cells. Moreover, poly(I:C)-stimulated exosomes induced the NF-κB signaling pathway by phosphorylating TAK1 and NF-κB1. Therefore, we suggest that after the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 ligands following infection with dsRNA virus, chicken macrophages regulate the immune response of naive macrophages and T cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, poly(I:C)-activated exosomes can be potentially utilized as immunostimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiae Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Grieco GE, Fignani D, Formichi C, Nigi L, Licata G, Maccora C, Brusco N, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682948. [PMID: 34177928 PMCID: PMC8219977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Fignani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Formichi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Maccora
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
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16
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Zhao P, Cao L, Wang X, Dong J, Zhang N, Li X, Li J, Zhang X, Gong P. Extracellular vesicles secreted by Giardia duodenalis regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009304. [PMID: 33798196 PMCID: PMC8046354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, also known as G. intestinalis or G. lamblia, is the major cause of giardiasis leading to diarrheal disease with 280 million people infections annually worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism participating in cells communications. The aim of this study is to explore the roles of G. duodenalis EVs (GEVs) in host-pathogen interactions using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages as a model. Multiple methods of electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, proteomic assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, qPCR, western blot, ELISA, inhibition assays, were used to characterize GEVs, and explore its effects on the host cell innate immunity as well as the underlying mechanism using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that GEVs displayed typical cup-shaped structure with 150 nm in diameter. GEVs could be captured by macrophages and triggered immune response by increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines Il1β, Il6, Il10, Il12, Il17, Ifng, Tnf, Il18, Ccl20 and Cxcl2. Furthermore, activation of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways involved in this process. In addition, CA-074 methyl ester (an inhibitor of cathepsin B) or zVAD-fmk (an inhibitor of pan-caspase) pretreatment entirely diminished these effects triggered by GEVs exposure. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that GEVs could be internalized into mouse peritoneal macrophages and regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. G. duodenalis, one of the most common cause of diarrheal diseases, is widely existed in the contaminated water and threatening the public health especially in developing countries. Along with the increasing resistance to anti-G. duodenalis drugs occurs, new targets against giardiasis are of urgently needed. The innate immune system is the first defense line of organism to resist multiple pathogens invasion through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), termed Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the surface of cell membrane and nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors (NLRs) inside immune cells. Recently, extracellular vesicles have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism participating in cells communications. In this study, EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan G. duodenalis were obtained and displayed typical cup-shaped structure with 150 nm in diameter. Moreover, GEVs could enter into primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and regulate host cell innate immunity by up-regulation of various inflammatory cytokines expression. Furthermore, TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways involved in this process. This study demonstrated that GEVs could be internalized into primary mouse peritoneal macrophages, regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways, and may provide new targets against giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rossi IV, Ferreira Nunes MA, Vargas-Otalora S, da Silva Ferreira TC, Cortez M, Ramirez MI. Extracellular Vesicles during TriTryps infection: Complexity and future challenges. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:172-183. [PMID: 33601226 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatid pathogens Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, currently grouped as TriTryps, have evolved through the time to overcome the upfront innate immune response and establish the infection in humans adapting many aspects of the parasite-cell host interaction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerge as critical structures carrying different key molecules from parasites and target cells that interact continuously during infection. Current information regarding the structure and composition of these vesicles provide new insights into the primary role of TriTryps-EVs reviewed in this work. Expanding knowledge about these critical vesicular structures will promote advances in basic sciences and in translational applications controlling pathogenesis in the neglected tropical diseases caused by TriTryps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Vargas-Otalora
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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18
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Yong T, Li X, Wei Z, Gan L, Yang X. Extracellular vesicles-based drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:562-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Smith NC, Wajnberg G, Chacko S, Woldemariam NT, Lacroix J, Crapoulet N, Ayre DC, Lewis SM, Rise ML, Andreassen R, Christian SL. Characterization of miRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles Released From Atlantic Salmon Monocyte-Like and Macrophage-Like Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587931. [PMID: 33262769 PMCID: PMC7686242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cell-cell communication via transfer of molecular cargo including genetic material like miRNAs. In mammals, it has previously been established that EV-mediated transfer of miRNAs can alter the development or function of immune cells, such as macrophages. Our previous research revealed that Atlantic salmon head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) change their morphology, phagocytic ability and miRNA profile from primarily “monocyte-like” at Day 1 to primarily “macrophage-like” at Day 5 of culture. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the miRNA cargo packaged in EVs released from these two cell populations. We successfully isolated EVs from Atlantic salmon HKL culture supernatants using the established Vn96 peptide-based pull-down. Isolation was validated using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. RNA-sequencing identified 19 differentially enriched (DE) miRNAs packaged in Day 1 versus Day 5 EVs. Several of the highly abundant miRNAs, including those that were DE (e.g. ssa-miR-146a, ssa-miR-155 and ssa-miR-731), were previously identified as DE in HKLs and are associated with macrophage differentiation and immune response in other species. Interestingly, the abundance relative of the miRNAs in EVs, including the most abundant miRNA (ssa-miR-125b), was different than the miRNA abundance in HKLs, indicating selective packaging of miRNAs in EVs. Further study of the miRNA cargo in EVs derived from fish immune cells will be an important next step in identifying EV biomarkers useful for evaluating immune cell function, fish health, or response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Simi Chacko
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Nardos T Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - D Craig Ayre
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Stephen M Lewis
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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20
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Nogueira PM, de Menezes-Neto A, Borges VM, Descoteaux A, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P, Revach OY, Regev-Rudzki N, Soares RP. Immunomodulatory Properties of Leishmania Extracellular Vesicles During Host-Parasite Interaction: Differential Activation of TLRs and NF-κB Translocation by Dermotropic and Viscerotropic Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:380. [PMID: 32850481 PMCID: PMC7403210 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infection causes considerable human morbidity and may develop into a deadly visceral form in endemic regions. The parasite infects macrophages where they can replicate intracellularly. Furthermore, they modulate host immune responses by using virulence factors (lipophosphoglycan, glycoprotein-63, and others) that promote survival inside the cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by parasites are important for cell-cell communication in the proinflammatory milieu modulating the establishment of infection. However, information on the ability of EVs from different Leishmania species to modulate inflammatory responses is scarce, especially from those species causing different clinical manifestations (visceral vs. cutaneous). The purpose of this study was to compare macrophage activation using EVs from three Leishmania species from New World including L. infantum, L. braziliensis, and L. amazonensis. EVs were released from promastigote forms, purified by ultracentrifugation and quantitated by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) prior to murine macrophage exposure. NTA analysis did not show any differences in the EV sizes among the strains. EVs from L. braziliensis and L. infantum failed to induce a pro-inflammatory response. EVs from both L. infantum WT and LPG-deficient mutant (LPG-KO) did not show any differences in their interaction with macrophages, suggesting that LPG solely was not determinant for activation. On the other hand, EVs from L. amazonensis were immunomodulatory inducing NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 via TLR4 and TLR2. To determine whether such activation was related to NF-κB p65 translocation, THP-1 macrophage cells were exposed to EVs. In the same way, only EVs from L. amazonensis exhibited a highly percentage of cells positive for NF-κB. Our results suggest an important role of EVs in determining the pattern of immune response depending on the parasite species. For L. infantum, LPG was not determinant for the activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Or-Yam Revach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Toledo MDS, Cronemberger-Andrade A, Barbosa FMC, Reis NFDC, Dupin TV, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P. Effects of extracellular vesicles released by peritoneal B-1 cells on experimental Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1803-1814. [PMID: 32356366 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0220-464rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are a B-lymphocyte subtype whose roles in immunity are not completely defined. These cells can produce cytokines (mainly IL-10) and natural and specific antibodies. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells have emerged as new important entities in cell-cell communication. Immune cells release EVs that can activate and/or modulate other immune cells. Here, we characterized the EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells infected or not with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. This Leishmania species causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and can infect macrophages and B-1 cells. Our results showed that peritoneal B-1 cells spontaneously release EVs, but the parasite stimulated an increase in EVs production by peritoneal B-1 cells. The treatment of BALB/c and C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with EVs from infected peritoneal B-1 cells led to differential expression of iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Additionally, BALB/c mice previous treated with EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells showed a significant lower lesion size and parasite burden. Thus, this study demonstrated that peritoneal B-1 cells could release EVs that can alter the functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo these EVs altered the course of L. amazonensis infection. These findings represent the first evidence that EVs from peritoneal B-1 cells can act as a new mechanism of cellular communication between macrophages and B-1 cells, contributing to immunity against experimental leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytê Dos Santos Toledo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Talita Vieira Dupin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cronemberger-Andrade A, Xander P, Soares RP, Pessoa NL, Campos MA, Ellis CC, Grajeda B, Ofir-Birin Y, Almeida IC, Regev-Rudzki N, Torrecilhas AC. Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Human Macrophages Shed Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles That Enhance Host-Cell Invasion via Toll-Like Receptor 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:99. [PMID: 32266161 PMCID: PMC7098991 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi have the ability to interact with host tissues, increase invasion, and modulate the host innate response. In this study, EVs shed from T. cruzi or T.cruzi-infected macrophages were investigated as immunomodulatory agents during the initial steps of infection. Initially, by scanning electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we determined that T. cruzi-infected macrophages release higher numbers of EVs (50-300 nm) as compared to non-infected cells. Using Toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2)-transfected CHO cells, we observed that pre-incubation of these host cells with parasite-derived EVs led to an increase in the percentage of infected cells. In addition, EVs from parasite or T.cruzi-infected macrophages or not were able to elicit translocation of NF-κB by interacting with TLR2, and as a consequence, to alter the EVs the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and STAT-1 and STAT-3 signaling pathways. By proteomic analysis, we observed highly significant changes in the protein composition between non-infected and infected host cell-derived EVs. Thus, we observed the potential of EVs derived from T. cruzi during infection to maintain the inflammatory response in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cameron C Ellis
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Brian Grajeda
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Correia Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Bystander activation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 103:102301. [PMID: 31326230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction over time of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (i.e., autoimmune ecology) increases or decreases the liability an individual would have to develop an autoimmune disease (AD) depending on the misbalance between risk and protective effects. Pathogens have been the most common antecedent events studied, but multiple other environmental factors including xenobiotic chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and nutritional factors have been implicated into the development of ADs. Three main mechanisms have been offered to explain the development of autoimmunity: molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation. The latter is characterized by auto-reactive B and T cells that undergo activation in an antigen-independent manner, influencing the development and course of autoimmunity. Activation occurs due to a combination of an inflammatory milieu, co-signaling ligands, and interactions with neighboring cells. In this review, we will discuss the studies performed seeking to define the role of bystander activation in systemic and organ-specific ADs. In all cases, we are cognizant of individual differences between hosts and the variable latency time for clinical expression of disease, all of which have made our understanding of the etiology of loss of immune tolerance difficult and enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovana Pacheco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Clínica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia.
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24
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Leishmania major degrades murine CXCL1 - An immune evasion strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007533. [PMID: 31260451 PMCID: PMC6625741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a global health problem with an estimated report of 2 million new cases every year and more than 1 billion people at risk of contracting this disease in endemic areas. The innate immune system plays a central role in controlling L. major infection by initiating a signaling cascade that results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Upon infection with L. major, CXCL1 is produced locally and plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Herein, we report that L. major specifically targets murine CXCL1 for degradation. The degradation of CXCL1 is not dependent on host factors as L. major can directly degrade recombinant CXCL1 in a cell-free system. Using mass spectrometry, we discovered that the L. major protease cleaves at the C-terminal end of murine CXCL1. Finally, our data suggest that L. major metalloproteases are involved in the direct cleavage and degradation of CXCL1, and a synthetic peptide spanning the CXCL1 cleavage site can be used to inhibit L. major metalloprotease activity. In conclusion, our study has identified an immune evasion strategy employed by L. major to evade innate immune responses in mice, likely reservoirs in the endemic areas, and further highlights that targeting these L. major metalloproteases may be important in controlling infection within the reservoir population and transmittance of the disease. Our study discovered a highly specific role for L. major metalloprotease in cleaving and degrading murine CXCL1. Indeed, L. major metalloprotease did not cleave murine CXCL2 or human CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8. CXCL1 is a critical chemokine required for neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection; thus, we propose that this metalloprotease may have evolved to evade immune responses specifically in the murine host. We have further identified that the C-terminal end on CXCL1 is targeted for cleavage by the L. major metalloprotease. Finally, this cleavage site information was used to design peptides that are able to inhibit CXCL1 degradation by L. major. Our study highlights an immune evasion strategy utilized by L. major to establish infection within a murine host.
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25
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Veerman RE, Güçlüler Akpinar G, Eldh M, Gabrielsson S. Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Functions and Therapeutic Applications. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:382-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Chávez ASO, O'Neal AJ, Santambrogio L, Kotsyfakis M, Pedra JHF. Message in a vesicle - trans-kingdom intercommunication at the vector-host interface. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/6/jcs224212. [PMID: 30886004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause over 700,000 deaths annually and represent 17% of all infectious illnesses worldwide. This public health menace highlights the importance of understanding how arthropod vectors, microbes and their mammalian hosts interact. Currently, an emphasis of the scientific enterprise is at the vector-host interface where human pathogens are acquired and transmitted. At this spatial junction, arthropod effector molecules are secreted, enabling microbial pathogenesis and disease. Extracellular vesicles manipulate signaling networks by carrying proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and regulatory nucleic acids. Therefore, they are well positioned to aid in cell-to-cell communication and mediate molecular interactions. This Review briefly discusses exosome and microvesicle biogenesis, their cargo, and the role that nanovesicles play during pathogen spread, host colonization and disease pathogenesis. We then focus on the role of extracellular vesicles in dictating microbial pathogenesis and host immunity during transmission of vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela S Oliva Chávez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anya J O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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A new level of complexity in parasite-host interaction: The role of extracellular vesicles. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:39-112. [PMID: 31030771 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals have co-existed with parasites in a battle of constant adaptation to one another. It is becoming increasingly clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in this co-existence and pathology. This chapter reviews the current research on EVs released by protozoa, nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes with a special focus on EVs in parasite life cycles. The environmental changes experienced by the parasite during its life cycle is associated with distinct changes in EV release and content. The function of these EV seems to have a significant influence on parasite pathology and survival in the host by concomitantly modulating host immune responses and triggering parasite differentiation. The role of EVs in communication between the parasites and the host adds a new level of complexity in our understanding of parasite biology, which may be a key to further understand the complexity behind host-parasite interactions and communication. This increased understanding can, in turn, open up new avenues for vaccine, diagnostic, and therapeutic development for a wide variety of diseases such as parasite infection, cancers, and immunological disorders.
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28
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Lovo-Martins MI, Malvezi AD, Zanluqui NG, Lucchetti BFC, Tatakihara VLH, Mörking PA, de Oliveira AG, Goldenberg S, Wowk PF, Pinge-Filho P. Extracellular Vesicles Shed By Trypanosoma cruzi Potentiate Infection and Elicit Lipid Body Formation and PGE 2 Production in Murine Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:896. [PMID: 29755471 PMCID: PMC5934475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the onset of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, an effective immune response is necessary to control parasite replication and ensure host survival. Macrophages have a central role in innate immunity, acting as an important trypanocidal cell and triggering the adaptive immune response through antigen presentation and cytokine production. However, T. cruzi displays immune evasion mechanisms that allow infection and replication in macrophages, favoring its chronic persistence. One potential mechanism is the release of T. cruzi strain Y extracellular vesicle (EV Y), which participate in intracellular communication by carrying functional molecules that signal host cells and can modulate the immune response. The present work aimed to evaluate immune modulation by EV Y in C57BL/6 mice, a prototype resistant to infection by T. cruzi strain Y, and the effects of direct EV Y stimulation of macrophages in vitro. EV Y inoculation in mice prior to T. cruzi infection resulted in increased parasitemia, elevated cardiac parasitism, decreased plasma nitric oxide (NO), reduced NO production by spleen cells, and modulation of cytokine production, with a reduction in TNF-α in plasma and decreased production of TNF-α and IL-6 by spleen cells from infected animals. In vitro assays using bone marrow-derived macrophages showed that stimulation with EV Y prior to infection by T. cruzi increased the parasite internalization rate and release of infective trypomastigotes by these cells. In this same scenario, EV Y induced lipid body formation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by macrophages even in the absence of T. cruzi. In infected macrophages, EV Y decreased production of PGE2 and cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 24 h after infection. These results suggest that EV Y modulates the host response in favor of the parasite and indicates a role for lipid bodies and PGE2 in immune modulation exerted by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Lovo-Martins
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Donizette Malvezi
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Fernando Cruz Lucchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Hideko Tatakihara
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Admilton Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Microanálises, Central de Laboratórios de Pesquisa Multiusuários, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz - Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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29
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GER. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of immunopathology in infectious diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:694-703. [PMID: 29577413 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, extracellular vesicles have emerged as important elements in cell-cell communication and as key players in disease pathogenesis via transmission of their cargo between different cells. Various works have described different subpopulations of these membrane structures, based on their cell of origin, biogenesis, size, biophysical properties and cargo. In addition to their pathophysiological role in the development and progression of different diseases including infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, extracellular vesicles are now recognized for their potential as novel therapeutic targets and intelligent drug delivery system. Here, we have reviewed the most recent data on different subtypes of extracellular vesicles, focusing on microvesicles and exosomes and their subpopulations, their involvement in immune-mediated pathogenesis of various infectious diseases and their role as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges Emile Raymond Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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30
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Wang J, Faict S, Maes K, De Bruyne E, Van Valckenborgh E, Schots R, Vanderkerken K, Menu E. Extracellular vesicle cross-talk in the bone marrow microenvironment: implications in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38927-38945. [PMID: 26950273 PMCID: PMC5122441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) represents a complex microenvironment containing stromal cells, immune cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells, which are crucial for the immune response, bone formation, and hematopoiesis. Apart from soluble factors and direct cell-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, were recently identified as a third mediator for cell communication. Solid evidence has already demonstrated the involvement of various BM-derived cells and soluble factors in the regulation of multiple biological processes whereas the EV-mediated message delivery system from the BM has just been explored in recent decades. These EVs not only perform physiological functions but can also play a role in cancer development, including in Multiple Myeloma (MM) which is a plasma cell malignancy predominantly localized in the BM. This review will therefore focus on the multiple functions of EVs derived from BM cells, the manipulation of the BM by cancer-derived EVs, and the role of BM EVs in MM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Faict
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik Schots
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Ramirez MI, Deolindo P, de Messias-Reason IJ, Arigi EA, Choi H, Almeida IC, Evans-Osses I. Dynamic flux of microvesicles modulate parasite-host cell interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi in eukaryotic cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27665486 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released from pathogens may alter host cell functions. We previously demonstrated the involvement of host cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) during early interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote (META) stage and THP-1 cells. Here, we aim to understand the contribution of different parasite stages and their extracellular vesicles in the interaction with host cells. First, we observed that infective host cell-derived trypomastigote (tissue culture-derived trypomastigote [TCT]), META, and noninfective epimastigote (EPI) stages were able to induce different levels of MV release from THP-1 cells; however, only META and TCT could increase host cell invasion. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy revealed that THP-1-derived MVs can fuse with parasite-derived MVs. Furthermore, MVs derived from the TCT-THP-1 interaction showed a higher fusogenic capacity than those from META- or EPI-THP-1 interaction. However, a higher presence of proteins from META (25%) than TCT (12%) or EPI (5%) was observed in MVs from parasite-THP-1 interaction, as determined by proteomics. Finally, sera from patients with chronic Chagas disease at the indeterminate or cardiac phase differentially recognized antigens in THP-1-derived MVs resulting only from interaction with infective stages. The understanding of intracellular trafficking and the effect of MVs modulating the immune system may provide important clues about Chagas disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Ramirez
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - P Deolindo
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Emma A Arigi
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - H Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - I C Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - I Evans-Osses
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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32
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Reales-Calderón JA, Vaz C, Monteoliva L, Molero G, Gil C. Candida albicans Modifies the Protein Composition and Size Distribution of THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:87-105. [PMID: 27740763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of macrophages in the response to systemic candidiasis is crucial to an effective clearance of the pathogen. The secretion of proteins, mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and lipids through extracellular vesicles (EVs) is one of the mechanisms of communication between immune cells. EVs change their cargo to mediate different responses, and may play a role in the response against infections. Thus we have undertaken the first quantitative proteomic analysis on the protein composition of THP-1 macrophage-derived EVs during the interaction with Candida albicans. This study revealed changes in EVs sizes and in protein composition, and allowed the identification and quantification of 717 proteins. Of them, 133 proteins changed their abundance due to the interaction. The differentially abundant proteins were involved in functions relating to immune response, signaling, or cytoskeletal reorganization. THP-1-derived EVs, both from control and from Candida-infected macrophages, had similar effector functions on other THP-1-differenciated macrophages, activating ERK and p38 kinases, and increasing both the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and the candidacidal activity; while in THP-1 nondifferenciated monocytes, only EVs from infected macrophages increased significantly the TNF-α secretion. Our findings provide new information on the role of macrophage-derived EVs in response to C. albicans infection and in macrophages communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Reales-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , Madrid 28040, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Catarina Vaz
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , Madrid 28040, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , Madrid 28040, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Gloria Molero
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , Madrid 28040, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n , Madrid 28040, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034, Spain
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33
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Outrunning the Red Queen: bystander activation as a means of outpacing innate immune subversion by intracellular pathogens. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:14-21. [PMID: 27545071 PMCID: PMC5214943 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described by the late evolutionary biologist Leigh Van Valen, the Red Queen hypothesis posits that the evolutionary arms race between hosts and their pathogens selects for discrete, genetically encoded events that lead to competitive advantages over the other species. Examples of immune evasion strategies are seen throughout the co-evolution of the mammalian immune system and pathogens, such as the enzymatic inactivation of nuclear factor-κB signaling or host translation by pathogen-encoded virulence factors. Such immunoevasive maneuvers would be expected to select for the evolution of innate immune counterstrategies. Recent advances in our understanding of host immunity and microbial pathogenesis have provided insight into a particular innate immune adaptation, termed bystander activation. Bystander activation occurs as a consequence of infected cells alerting and instructing neighboring uninfected cells to produce inflammatory mediators, either through direct cell contact or paracrine signals. Thus, bystander activation can allow the immune system to overcome the ability of pathogens to disarm immune signaling in directly infected cells. This review presents an overview of the general hallmarks of bystander activation and their emerging role in innate immunity to intracellular pathogens, as well as examples of recent mechanistic discoveries relating to the bystander activation during infection with specific pathogens relevant to human health and disease.
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Emery SJ, Lacey E, Haynes PA. Quantitative proteomics in Giardia duodenalis —Achievements and challenges. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles: The New Communicators in Parasite Infections. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:477-489. [PMID: 26433251 PMCID: PMC4685040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, vesicles also transport molecules from pathogens to hosts and can spread antigens as well as infectious agents. Although initially described in the host-pathogen context for their functions in immune surveillance, vesicles enable multiple modes of communication by, and between, parasites. Here we review the literature demonstrating that EVs are secreted by intracellular and extracellular eukaryotic parasites, as well as their hosts, and detail the functional properties of these vesicles in maturation, pathogenicity and survival. We further describe the prospects for targeting or exploiting these complexes in therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Schwab A, Meyering SS, Lepene B, Iordanskiy S, van Hoek ML, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Extracellular vesicles from infected cells: potential for direct pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1132. [PMID: 26539170 PMCID: PMC4611157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections that result in natural or manmade spread of lethal biological agents are a concern and require national and focused preparedness. In this manuscript, as part of an early diagnostics and pathogen treatment strategy, we have focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs) that arise following infections. Although the field of biodefense does not currently have a rich resource in EVs literature, none the less, similar pathogens belonging to the more classical emerging and non-emerging diseases have been studied in their EV/exosomal contents and function. These exosomes are formed in late endosomes and released from the cell membrane in almost every cell type in vivo. These vesicles contain proteins, RNA, and lipids from the cells they originate from and function in development, signal transduction, cell survival, and transfer of infectious material. The current review focuses on how different forms of infection exploit the exosomal pathway and how exosomes can be exploited artificially to treat infection and disease and potentially also be used as a source of vaccine. Virally-infected cells can secrete viral as well as cellular proteins and RNA in exosomes, allowing viruses to cause latent infection and spread of miRNA to nearby cells prior to a subsequent infection. In addition to virally-infected host cells, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi can all release small vesicles that contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns, regulating the neighboring uninfected cells. Examples of exosomes from both virally and bacterially infected cells point toward a re-programming network of pathways in the recipient cells. Finally, many of these exosomes contain cytokines and miRNAs that in turn can effect gene expression in the recipient cells through the classical toll-like receptor and NFκB pathway. Therefore, although exosomes do not replicate as an independent entity, they however facilitate movement of infectious material through tissues and may be the cause of many pathologies seen in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA ; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
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Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Inflammatory Responses and Potential Uses in Vaccination in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:832057. [PMID: 26380326 PMCID: PMC4562184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/832057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cells and organisms release membrane structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have a wide range of functions concerning intercellular communication and signaling events. Recently, the characterization and understanding of their biological role have become a main research area due to their potential role in vaccination, as biomarkers antigens, early diagnostic tools, and therapeutic applications. Here, we will overview the recent advances and studies of Evs shed by tumor cells, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, focusing on their inflammatory role and their potential use in vaccination and diagnostic of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Leishmania infantum modulates host macrophage mitochondrial metabolism by hijacking the SIRT1-AMPK axis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004684. [PMID: 25738568 PMCID: PMC4349736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic manipulation of host cells by intracellular pathogens is currently recognized to play an important role in the pathology of infection. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding mitochondrial energy metabolism in Leishmania infected macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that during L. infantum infection, macrophages switch from an early glycolytic metabolism to an oxidative phosphorylation, and this metabolic deviation requires SIRT1 and LKB1/AMPK. SIRT1 or LBK1 deficient macrophages infected with L. infantum failed to activate AMPK and up-regulate its targets such as Slc2a4 and Ppargc1a, which are essential for parasite growth. As a result, impairment of metabolic switch caused by SIRT1 or AMPK deficiency reduces parasite load in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of SIRT1 and AMPK energetic sensors for parasite intracellular survival and proliferation, highlighting the modulation of these proteins as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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