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Ventocilla JA, Tapia LL, Ponce R, Franco A, Leelawong M, Aguiar JC, Baldeviano GC, Wilder BK. Evaluation of naturally acquired immune responses against novel pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium vivax proteins in a low endemic malaria population located in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Malar J 2024; 23:163. [PMID: 38783317 PMCID: PMC11118720 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax represents the most geographically widespread human malaria parasite affecting civilian and military populations in endemic areas. Targeting the pre-erythrocytic (PE) stage of the parasite life cycle is especially appealing for developing P. vivax vaccines as it would prevent disease and transmission. Here, naturally acquired immunity to a panel of P. vivax PE antigens was explored, which may facilitate vaccine development and lead to a better understanding of naturally acquired PE immunity. METHODS Twelve P. vivax PE antigens orthologous to a panel of P. falciparum antigens previously identified as highly immunogenic in protected subjects after immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites (RAS) were used for evaluation of humoral and cellular immunity by ELISA and IFN-γ ELISpot. Samples from P. vivax infected individuals (n = 76) from a low endemic malaria region in the Peruvian Amazon Basin were used. RESULTS In those clinical samples, all PE antigens evaluated showed positive IgG antibody reactivity with a variable prevalence of 58-99% in recently P. vivax diagnosed patients. The magnitude of the IgG antibody response against PE antigens was lower compared with blood stage antigens MSP1 and DBP-II, although antibody levels persisted better for PE antigens (average decrease of 6% for PE antigens and 43% for MSP1, p < 0.05). Higher IgG antibodies was associated with one or more previous malaria episodes only for blood stage antigens (p < 0.001). High IgG responders across PE and blood stage antigens showed significantly lower parasitaemia compared to low IgG responders (median 1,921 vs 4,663 par/µl, p < 0.05). In a subgroup of volunteers (n = 17),positive IFN-γ T cell response by ELISPOT was observed in 35% vs 9-35% against blood stage MSP1 and PE antigens, respectively, but no correlation with IgG responses. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate clear humoral and T cell responses against P. vivax PE antigens in individuals naturally infected with P. vivax. These data identify novel attractive PE antigens suitable for use in the potential development and selection of new malaria vaccine candidates which can be used as a part of malaria prevention strategies in civilian and military populations living in P. vivax endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Ventocilla
- Vysnova Partners Inc., Bethesda, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - L Lorena Tapia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
| | | | | | - Mindy Leelawong
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, USA
| | | | - G Christian Baldeviano
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
- Bluebird Bio, Inc, Somerville, USA
| | - Brandon K Wilder
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru.
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
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de Assis GMP, de Alvarenga DAM, Souza LBE, Sánchez-Arcila JC, Silva EFE, de Pina-Costa A, Gonçalves GHP, Souza JCDJ, Nunes AJD, Pissinatti A, Moreira SB, Torres LDM, Costa HL, Tinoco HDP, Pereira VDS, Soares IDS, de Sousa TN, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Hirano ZMB, Pratt-Riccio LR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira JO, Carvalho LH, Alves de Brito CF. IgM antibody responses against Plasmodium antigens in neotropical primates in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1169552. [PMID: 37829607 PMCID: PMC10565664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1169552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonotic transmission is a challenge for the control and elimination of malaria. It has been recorded in the Atlantic Forest, outside the Amazon which is the endemic region in Brazil. However, only very few studies have assessed the antibody response, especially of IgM antibodies, in Neotropical primates (NP). Therefore, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the immune response in different hosts and facilitate the identification of potential reservoirs, in this study, naturally acquired IgM antibody responses against Plasmodium antigens were evaluated, for the first time, in NP from the Atlantic Forest. Methods The study was carried out using 154 NP samples from three different areas of the Atlantic Forest. IgM antibodies against peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from different Plasmodium species and different erythrocytic stage antigens were detected by ELISA. Results Fifty-nine percent of NP had IgM antibodies against at least one CSP peptide and 87% against at least one Plasmodium vivax erythrocytic stage antigen. Levels of antibodies against PvAMA-1 were the highest compared to the other antigens. All families of NP showed IgM antibodies against CSP peptides, and, most strikingly, against erythrocytic stage antigens. Generalized linear models demonstrated that IgM positivity against PvCSP and PvAMA-1 was associated with PCR-detectable blood-stage malaria infection and the host being free-living. Interestingly, animals with IgM against both PvCSP and PvAMA-1 were 4.7 times more likely to be PCR positive than animals that did not have IgM for these two antigens simultaneously. Discussion IgM antibodies against different Plasmodium spp. antigens are present in NP from the Atlantic Forest. High seroprevalence and antibody levels against blood-stage antigens were observed, which had a significant association with molecular evidence of infection. IgM antibodies against CSP and AMA-1 may be used as a potential marker for the identification of NP infected with Plasmodium, which are reservoirs of malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maíra Pereira de Assis
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Braga e Souza
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila
- School of Natural Sciences, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | | | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa, Departamento de Doenças infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Julia Dutra Nunes
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Programa de conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Perini Business Park, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (Unifeso), Teresópolis, Brazil
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Menezes Torres
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helena Lott Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irene da Silva Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francis Babila Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Programa de conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Perini Business Park, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Macalinao MLM, Fornace KM, Reyes RA, Hall T, Bareng APN, Adams JH, Huon C, Chitnis CE, Luchavez JS, Tetteh KK, Yui K, Hafalla JCR, Espino FEJ, Drakeley CJ. Analytical approaches for antimalarial antibody responses to confirm historical and recent malaria transmission: an example from the Philippines. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 37:100792. [PMID: 37693871 PMCID: PMC10485684 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Assessing the status of malaria transmission in endemic areas becomes increasingly challenging as countries approach elimination. Serology can provide robust estimates of malaria transmission intensities, and multiplex serological assays allow for simultaneous assessment of markers of recent and historical malaria exposure. Methods Here, we evaluated different statistical and machine learning methods for analyzing multiplex malaria-specific antibody response data to classify recent and historical exposure to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. To assess these methods, we utilized samples from a health-facility based survey (n = 9132) in the Philippines, where we quantified antibody responses against 8 P. falciparum and 6 P. vivax-specific antigens from 3 sites with varying transmission intensity. Findings Measurements of antibody responses and seroprevalence were consistent with the 3 sites' known endemicity status. Among the models tested, a machine learning (ML) approach (Random Forest model) using 4 serological markers (PfGLURP R2, Etramp5.Ag1, GEXP18, and PfMSP119) gave better predictions for P. falciparum recent infection in Palawan (AUC: 0.9591, CI 0.9497-0.9684) than individual antigen seropositivity. Although the ML approach did not improve P. vivax infection predictions, ML classifications confirmed the absence of recent exposure to P. falciparum and P. vivax in both Occidental Mindoro and Bataan. For predicting historical P. falciparum and P. vivax transmission, seroprevalence and seroconversion rates based on cumulative exposure markers AMA1 and MSP119 showed reliable trends in the 3 sites. Interpretation Our study emphasizes the utility of serological markers in predicting recent and historical exposure in a sub-national elimination setting, and also highlights the potential use of machine learning models using multiplex antibody responses to improve assessment of the malaria transmission status of countries aiming for elimination. This work also provides baseline antibody data for monitoring risk in malaria-endemic areas in the Philippines. Funding Newton Fund, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, UK Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lourdes M. Macalinao
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kimberly M. Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph A. Reyes
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Tom Hall
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Paolo N. Bareng
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | - Christèle Huon
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer S. Luchavez
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Kevin K.A. Tetteh
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Julius Clemence R. Hafalla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fe Esperanza J. Espino
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Chris J. Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Mazhari R, Takashima E, Longley RJ, Ruybal-Pesantez S, White MT, Kanoi BN, Nagaoka H, Kiniboro B, Siba P, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Identification of novel Plasmodium vivax proteins associated with protection against clinical malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1076150. [PMID: 36761894 PMCID: PMC9905245 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1076150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As progress towards malaria elimination continues, the challenge posed by the parasite species Plasmodium vivax has become more evident. In many regions co-endemic for P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, as transmission has declined the proportion of cases due to P. vivax has increased. Novel tools that directly target P. vivax are thus warranted for accelerated elimination. There is currently no advanced vaccine for P. vivax and only a limited number of potential candidates in the pipeline. In this study we aimed to identify promising P. vivax proteins that could be used as part of a subunit vaccination approach. We screened 342 P. vivax protein constructs for their ability to induce IgG antibody responses associated with protection from clinical disease in a cohort of children from Papua New Guinea. This approach has previously been used to successfully identify novel candidates. We were able to confirm previous results from our laboratory identifying the proteins reticulocyte binding protein 2b and StAR-related lipid transfer protein, as well as at least four novel candidates with similar levels of predicted protective efficacy. Assessment of these P. vivax proteins in further studies to confirm their potential and identify functional mechanisms of protection against clinical disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Mazhari
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shazia Ruybal-Pesantez
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael T White
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, G5 Épidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Globale, Paris, France
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter Siba
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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da Veiga GTS, Moriggi MR, Vettorazzi JF, Müller-Santos M, Albrecht L. Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go? Front Immunol 2023; 13:910236. [PMID: 36726991 PMCID: PMC9885200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent Plasmodium species and the most geographically distributed parasite and has been neglected for decades. This has a massive gap in knowledge and consequently in the development of vaccines. The most significant difficulties in obtaining a vaccine against P. vivax are the high genetic diversity and the extremely complex life cycle. Due to its complexity, studies have evaluated P. vivax antigens from different stages as potential targets for an effective vaccine. Therefore, the main vaccine candidates are grouped into preerythrocytic stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, and transmission-blocking vaccines. This review aims to support future investigations by presenting the main findings of vivax malaria vaccines to date. There are only a few P. vivax vaccines in clinical trials, and thus far, the best protective efficacy was a vaccine formulated with synthetic peptide from a circumsporozoite protein and Montanide ISA-51 as an adjuvant with 54.5% efficacy in a phase IIa study. In addition, the majority of P. vivax antigen candidates are polymorphic, induce strain-specific and heterogeneous immunity and provide only partial protection. Nevertheless, immunization with recombinant proteins and multiantigen vaccines have shown promising results and have emerged as excellent strategies. However, more studies are necessary to assess the ideal vaccine combination and test it in clinical trials. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against vivax malaria is essential for controlling and eliminating the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what is already known to propose and identify new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Tatiane Soares da Veiga
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Parasites Research, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil,Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Müller-Santos
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Parasites Research, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil,*Correspondence: Letusa Albrecht,
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Tayipto Y, Rosado J, Gamboa D, White MT, Kiniboro B, Healer J, Opi DH, Beeson JG, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Harbers M, Robinson L, Mueller I, Longley RJ. Assessment of IgG3 as a serological exposure marker for Plasmodium vivax in areas with moderate-high malaria transmission intensity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:950909. [PMID: 36017364 PMCID: PMC9395743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.950909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A more sensitive surveillance tool is needed to identify Plasmodium vivax infections for treatment and to accelerate malaria elimination efforts. To address this challenge, our laboratory has developed an eight-antigen panel that detects total IgG as serological markers of P. vivax exposure within the prior 9 months. The value of these markers has been established for use in areas with low transmission. In moderate-high transmission areas, there is evidence that total IgG is more long-lived than in areas with low transmission, resulting in poorer performance of these markers in these settings. Antibodies that are shorter-lived may be better markers of recent infection for use in moderate-high transmission areas. Using a multiplex assay, the antibody temporal kinetics of total IgG, IgG1, IgG3, and IgM against 29 P. vivax antigens were measured over 36 weeks following asymptomatic P. vivax infection in Papua New Guinean children (n = 31), from an area with moderate-high transmission intensity. IgG3 declined faster to background than total IgG, IgG1, and IgM. Based on these kinetics, IgG3 performance was then assessed for classifying recent exposure in a cohort of Peruvian individuals (n = 590; age 3-85 years) from an area of moderate transmission intensity. Using antibody responses against individual antigens, the highest performance of IgG3 in classifying recent P. vivax infections in the prior 9 months was to one of the Pv-fam-a proteins assessed (PVX_125728) (AUC = 0.764). Surprisingly, total IgG was overall a better marker of recent P. vivax infection, with the highest individual classification performance to RBP2b1986-2653 (PVX_094255) (AUC = 0.838). To understand the acquisition of IgG3 in this Peruvian cohort, relevant epidemiological factors were explored using a regression model. IgG3 levels were positively associated with increasing age, living in an area with (relatively) higher transmission intensity, and having three or more PCR-detected blood-stage P. vivax infections within the prior 13 months. Overall, we found that IgG3 did not have high accuracy for detecting recent exposure to P. vivax in the Peruvian cohort, with our data suggesting that this is due to the high levels of prior exposure required to acquire high IgG3 antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanie Tayipto
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Rosado
- Unité Malaria: Parasites et Hôtes, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR)-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael T. White
- Unité Malaria: Parasites et Hôtes, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Julie Healer
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D. Herbert Opi
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan,RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Leanne Robinson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhea J. Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rhea J. Longley,
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7
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Kar S, Sinha A. Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein-Based Vaccine: a Distant Dream. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:916702. [PMID: 35909975 PMCID: PMC9325973 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.916702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected but highly prevalent Plasmodium vivax in South-east Asia and South America poses a great challenge, with regards to long-term in-vitro culturing and heavily limited functional assays. Such visible challenges as well as narrowed progress in development of experimental research tools hinders development of new drugs and vaccines. The leading vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP), is essential for reticulocyte invasion by binding to its cognate receptor, the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC), on the host’s reticulocyte surface. Despite its highly polymorphic nature, the amino-terminal cysteine-rich region II of PvDBP (PvDBPII) has been considered as an attractive target for vaccine-mediated immunity and has successfully completed the clinical trial Phase 1. Although this molecule is an attractive vaccine candidate against vivax malaria, there is still a question on its viability due to recent findings, suggesting that there are still some aspects which needs to be looked into further. The highly polymorphic nature of PvDBPII and strain-specific immunity due to PvDBPII allelic variation in Bc epitopes may complicate vaccine efficacy. Emergence of various blood-stage antigens, such as PvRBP, PvEBP and supposedly many more might stand in the way of attaining full protection from PvDBPII. As a result, there is an urgent need to assess and re-assess various caveats connected to PvDBP, which might help in designing a long-term promising vaccine for P. vivax malaria. This review mainly deals with a bunch of rising concerns for validation of DBPII as a vaccine candidate antigen for P. vivax malaria.
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Park JH, Kim MH, Sutanto E, Na SW, Kim MJ, Yeom JS, Nyunt MH, Abbas Elfaki MM, Abdel Hamid MM, Cha SH, Alemu SG, Sriprawat K, Anstey NM, Grigg MJ, Barber BE, William T, Gao Q, Liu Y, Pearson RD, Price RN, Nosten F, Yoon SI, No JH, Han ET, Auburn S, Russell B, Han JH. Geographical distribution and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 1a correlates with patient antigenicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010492. [PMID: 35737709 PMCID: PMC9258880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread cause of human malaria. Recent reports of drug resistant vivax malaria and the challenge of eradicating the dormant liver forms increase the importance of vaccine development against this relapsing disease. P. vivax reticulocyte binding protein 1a (PvRBP1a) is a potential vaccine candidate, which is involved in red cell tropism, a crucial step in the merozoite invasion of host reticulocytes. As part of the initial evaluation of the PvRBP1a vaccine candidate, we investigated its genetic diversity and antigenicity using geographically diverse clinical isolates. We analysed pvrbp1a genetic polymorphisms using 202 vivax clinical isolates from six countries. Pvrbp1a was separated into six regions based on specific domain features, sequence conserved/polymorphic regions, and the reticulocyte binding like (RBL) domains. In the fragmented gene sequence analysis, PvRBP1a region II (RII) and RIII (head and tail structure homolog, 152-625 aa.) showed extensive polymorphism caused by random point mutations. The haplotype network of these polymorphic regions was classified into three clusters that converged to independent populations. Antigenicity screening was performed using recombinant proteins PvRBP1a-N (157-560 aa.) and PvRBP1a-C (606-962 aa.), which contained head and tail structure region and sequence conserved region, respectively. Sensitivity against PvRBP1a-N (46.7%) was higher than PvRBP1a-C (17.8%). PvRBP1a-N was reported as a reticulocyte binding domain and this study identified a linear epitope with moderate antigenicity, thus an attractive domain for merozoite invasion-blocking vaccine development. However, our study highlights that a global PvRBP1a-based vaccine design needs to overcome several difficulties due to three distinct genotypes and low antigenicity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Sutanto
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Seok-Won Na
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sup Yeom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mohammed Mohieldien Abbas Elfaki
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Seok Ho Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sisay Getachew Alemu
- College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Bioreliance, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kanlaya Sriprawat
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Bridget E. Barber
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Sabah, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia
- Gleneagles Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Qi Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhang X, Wei H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Hu Y, Nguitragool W, Sattabongkot J, Adams J, Cui L, Cao Y, Wang Q. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b in global parasite populations. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:205. [PMID: 35698238 PMCID: PMC9191549 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b (PvRBP2b) plays a critical role in parasite invasion of reticulocytes by binding the transferrin receptor 1. PvRBP2b is a vaccine candidate based on the negative correlation between antibody titers against PvRBP2b recombinant proteins and parasitemia and risk of vivax malaria. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the PvRBP2b gene in the global P. vivax populations. Methods Near full-length PvRBP2b nucleotide sequences (190–8349 bp) were obtained from 88 P. vivax isolates collected from the China–Myanmar border (n = 44) and Thailand (n = 44). An additional 224 PvRBP2b sequences were retrieved from genome sequences from parasite populations worldwide. The genetic diversity, neutral selection, haplotype distribution and genetic differentiation of PvRBP2b were examined. Results The genetic diversity of PvRBP2b was distributed unevenly, with peak diversity found in the reticulocyte binding region in the N-terminus. Neutrality analysis suggested that this region is subjected to balancing selection or population bottlenecks. Several amino acid variants were found in all or nearly all P. vivax endemic regions. However, the critical residues responsible for reticulocyte binding were highly conserved. There was substantial population differentiation according to the geographical separation. The distribution of haplotypes in the reticulocyte binding region varied among regions; even the two major haplotypes Hap_6 and Hap_8 were found in only five populations. Conclusions Our data show considerable genetic variations of PvRBPb in global parasite populations. The geographic divergence may pose a challenge to PvRBP2b-based vaccine development. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05296-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Haichao Wei
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Yangminghui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John Adams
- College of Public Health, Global Health Infectious Disease Research (GHIDR) Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- College of Public Health, Global Health Infectious Disease Research (GHIDR) Program, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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10
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Nourani L, Abouie Mehrizi A, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Untangling population structure and genetic diversity of reticulocyte binding protein 2b (PvRBP2b) erythrocytic stage vaccine candidate in worldwide Plasmodium vivax isolates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266067. [PMID: 35349608 PMCID: PMC8963568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Plasmodium vivax is the predominant Plasmodium species distributed extensively in the Americas and Asia-Pacific areas. Encoded protein by Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins (PvRBPs) family member are of critical prominence to parasite invasion and have been considered the significant targets in development of malaria vaccine for the blood stage. As high genetic polymorphism of parasites may impede the effectiveness of vaccine development, more research to unraveling genetic polymorphism of pvrbp2b from various geographical regions seems indispensable to map the exact pattern of field isolates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of this study was to determine the sequences of Iranian pvrbp2b (nt: 502-1896) gene and then, to ascertain polymorphism of pvrbp2b gene, recombination, the level of genetic distances, evaluation of natural selection, and the prediction of B-cell epitopes of Iranian and global P. vivax isolates. Pvrbp2b partial gene was amplified and sequenced from 60 Iranian P. vivax isolates. Iranian pvrbp2b sequences as well as 95 published sequences from five countries were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and neutral evolution signature in worldwide scale. A total of 38 SNPs were identified among 60 Iranian pvrbp2b sequences (32 non-synonymous and 6 synonymous mutations), and 32 amino acid substitutions were observed in 29 positions as compared to Sal-1 sequence. Worldwide sequence analysis showed that 44 amino acid changes had occurred in 37 positions of which seven polymorphic sites had trimorphic mutations while the rest was dimorphic. The overall nucleotide diversity for Iranian isolates was 0.00431 ± 0.00091 while the level of nucleotide diversity was ranged from 0.00337 ± 0.00076 (Peru) to 0.00452 ± 0.00092 (Thailand) in global scale. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Of amino acid substitutions, 12 replacements were located in the B-cell epitopes in which nine polymorphic sites were positioned in N-terminal and three polymorphic sites in predicted B-cell epitopes of C-terminal, signifying both variable and conserved epitopes for vaccine designing. Using the achieved outcome of the current investigation interrogate questions to the selection of conserved regions of pvrbp2b and understanding polymorphism and immune system pressure to pave a way for developing a vaccine based on PvRBP2b candidate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nourani
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Liu ZSJ, Sattabongkot J, White M, Chotirat S, Kumpitak C, Takashima E, Harbers M, Tham WH, Healer J, Chitnis CE, Tsuboi T, Mueller I, Longley RJ. Naturally acquired antibody kinetics against Plasmodium vivax antigens in people from a low malaria transmission region in western Thailand. BMC Med 2022; 20:89. [PMID: 35260169 PMCID: PMC8904165 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is the dominant Plasmodium spp. causing the disease malaria in low-transmission regions outside of Africa. These regions often feature high proportions of asymptomatic patients with sub-microscopic parasitaemia and relapses. Naturally acquired antibody responses are induced after Plasmodium infection, providing partial protection against high parasitaemia and clinical episodes. However, previous work has failed to address the presence and maintenance of such antibody responses to P. vivax particularly in low-transmission regions. METHODS We followed 34 patients in western Thailand after symptomatic P. vivax infections to monitor antibody kinetics over 9 months, during which no recurrent infections occurred. We assessed total IgG, IgG subclass and IgM levels to up to 52 P. vivax proteins every 2-4 weeks using a multiplexed Luminex® assay and identified protein-specific variation in antibody longevity. Mathematical modelling was used to generate the estimated half-life of antibodies, long-, and short-lived antibody-secreting cells. RESULTS Generally, an increase in antibody level was observed within 1-week post symptomatic infection, followed by an exponential decay of different rates. We observed mostly IgG1 dominance and IgG3 sub-dominance in this population. IgM responses followed similar kinetic patterns to IgG, with some proteins unexpectedly inducing long-lived IgM responses. We also monitored antibody responses against 27 IgG-immunogenic antigens in 30 asymptomatic individuals from a similar region. Our results demonstrate that most antigens induced robust and long-lived total IgG responses following asymptomatic infections in the absence of (detected) boosting infections. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides new insights into the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity to P. vivax and will guide the potential use of serology to indicate immune status and/or identify populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Shih-Jung Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Current affiliation: Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sadudee Chotirat
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalermpon Kumpitak
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan and RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Ivo Mueller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rhea J Longley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Hoque MR, Nyunt MH, Han JH, Muh F, Lee SK, Park JH, Lu F, Park WS, Han ET, Na S. Identification of Reticulocyte Binding Domain of Plasmodium ovale curtisi Duffy Binding Protein (PocDBP) Involved in Reticulocyte Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:764293. [PMID: 34956929 PMCID: PMC8704803 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.764293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc) prevalence has increased substantially in sub-Saharan African countries as well as regions of Southeast Asia. Poc parasite biology has not been explored much to date; in particular, the invasion mechanism of this malaria parasite remains unclear. In this study, the binding domain of the Duffy binding protein of P. ovale curtisi (PocDBP) was characterized as an important ligand for reticulocyte invasion. The homologous region of the P. vivax Duffy binding protein in PocDBP, named PocDBP-RII herein, was selected, and the recombinant PocDBP-RII protein was expressed in an Escherichia coli system. This was used to analyze reticulocyte binding activity using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immune serum production in rabbits. The binding specificity was proven by treating reticulocytes with trypsin, chymotrypsin and neuraminidase. The amino acid sequence homology in the N-terminal Cys-rich region was found to be ~ 44% between PvDBP and PocDBP. The reticulocyte binding activity of PocDBP-RII was significantly higher than the erythrocyte binding activity and was concentration dependent. Erythrocyte binding was reduced significantly by chymotrypsin treatment and inhibited by an anti-PocDBP-RII antibody. This finding suggests that PocDBP may be an important ligand in the reticulocyte invasion process of P. ovale curtisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiul Hoque
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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13
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Kochayoo P, Sanguansuttikul P, Thawornpan P, Wangriatisak K, Adams JH, Ntumngia FB, Chootong P. The presence of circulating antibody secreting cells and long-lived memory B cell responses to reticulocyte binding protein 1a in Plasmodium vivax patients. Malar J 2021; 20:474. [PMID: 34930312 PMCID: PMC8686587 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of an effective vaccine against blood-stage malaria requires the induction of long-term immune responses. Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein 1a (PvRBP1a) is a blood-stage parasite antigen which is associated with invasion of red blood cells and induces antibody responses. Thus, PvRBP1a is considered as a target for design of a blood-stage vaccine against vivax malaria. METHODS Both cross-sectional and cohort studies were used to explore the development and persistence of long-lived antibody and memory B cell responses to PvRBP1a in individuals who lived in an area of low malaria endemicity. Antibody titers and frequency of memory B cells specific to PvRBP1a were measured during infection and following recovery for up to 12 months. RESULTS IgG antibody responses against PvRBP1a were prevalent during acute vivax malaria, predominantly IgG1 subclass responses. High responders to PvRBP1a had persistent antibody responses for at least 12-month post-infection. Further analysis of high responder found a direct relation between antibody titers and frequency of activated and atypical memory B cells. Furthermore, circulating antibody secreting cells and memory B cells specific to PvRBP1a were generated during infection. The PvRBP1a-specific memory B cells were maintained for up to 3-year post-infection, indicating the ability of PvRBP1a to induce long-term humoral immunity. CONCLUSION The study revealed an ability of PvRBP1a protein to induce the generation and maintenance of antibody and memory B cell responses. Therefore, PvRBP1a could be considered as a vaccine candidate against the blood-stage of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Kochayoo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattarawan Sanguansuttikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Thawornpan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Wangriatisak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Francis B Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
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14
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Mazhari R, Ruybal-Pesántez S, Angrisano F, Kiernan-Walker N, Hyslop S, Longley RJ, Bourke C, Chen C, Williamson DA, Robinson LJ, Mueller I, Eriksson EM. SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen Serology Assay. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4040072. [PMID: 34698238 PMCID: PMC8544427 DOI: 10.3390/mps4040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serology tests are extremely useful for assessing whether a person has been infected with a pathogen. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies has been considered an essential tool in identifying seropositive individuals and thereby understanding the extent of transmission in communities. The Luminex system is a bead-based technology that has the capacity to assess multiple antigens simultaneously using very low sample volumes and is ideal for high-throughput studies. We have adapted this technology to develop a COVID-19 multi-antigen serological assay. This protocol described here carefully outlines recommended steps to optimize and establish this method for COVID-19-specific antibody measurement in plasma and in saliva. However, the protocol can easily be customized and thus the assay is broadly applicable to measure antibodies to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Fiona Angrisano
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Nicholas Kiernan-Walker
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Hyslop
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rhea J. Longley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Caitlin Bourke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Catherine Chen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Public Health Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.); (S.R.-P.); (N.K.-W.); (S.H.); (R.J.L.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (L.J.R.); (I.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-93452870; Fax: +61-3-93470852
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15
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Plasmodium vivax binds host CD98hc (SLC3A2) to enter immature red blood cells. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:991-999. [PMID: 34294905 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of the world's population is exposed to Plasmodium vivax malaria, mainly in Asia1. P. vivax preferentially invades reticulocytes (immature red blood cells)2-4. Previous work has identified 11 parasite proteins involved in reticulocyte invasion, including erythrocyte binding protein 2 (ref. 5) and the reticulocyte-binding proteins (PvRBPs)6-10. PvRBP2b binds to the transferrin receptor CD71 (ref. 11), which is selectively expressed on immature reticulocytes12. Here, we identified CD98 heavy chain (CD98), a heteromeric amino acid transporter from the SLC3 family (also known as SLCA2), as a reticulocyte-specific receptor for the PvRBP2a parasite ligand using mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, biochemical and parasite invasion assays. We characterized the expression level of CD98 at the surface of immature reticulocytes (CD71+) and identified an interaction between CD98 and PvRBP2a expressed at the merozoite surface. Our results identify CD98 as an additional host membrane protein, besides CD71, that is directly associated with P. vivax reticulocyte tropism. These findings highlight the potential of using PvRBP2a as a vaccine target against P. vivax malaria.
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Deelder W, Benavente ED, Phelan J, Manko E, Campino S, Palla L, Clark TG. Using deep learning to identify recent positive selection in malaria parasite sequence data. Malar J 2021; 20:270. [PMID: 34126997 PMCID: PMC8201710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a major global public health problem. To assist an understanding of malaria pathogenesis, including drug resistance, there is a need for the timely detection of underlying genetic mutations and their spread. With the increasing use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Plasmodium DNA, the potential of deep learning models to detect loci under recent positive selection, historically signals of drug resistance, was evaluated. METHODS A deep learning-based approach (called "DeepSweep") was developed, which can be trained on haplotypic images from genetic regions with known sweeps, to identify loci under positive selection. DeepSweep software is available from https://github.com/WDee/Deepsweep . RESULTS Using simulated genomic data, DeepSweep could detect recent sweeps with high predictive accuracy (areas under ROC curve > 0.95). DeepSweep was applied to Plasmodium falciparum (n = 1125; genome size 23 Mbp) and Plasmodium vivax (n = 368; genome size 29 Mbp) WGS data, and the genes identified overlapped with two established extended haplotype homozygosity methods (within-population iHS, across-population Rsb) (~ 60-75% overlap of hits at P < 0.0001). DeepSweep hits included regions proximal to known drug resistance loci for both P. falciparum (e.g. pfcrt, pfdhps and pfmdr1) and P. vivax (e.g. pvmrp1). CONCLUSION The deep learning approach can detect positive selection signatures in malaria parasite WGS data. Further, as the approach is generalizable, it may be trained to detect other types of selection. With the ability to rapidly generate WGS data at low cost, machine learning approaches (e.g. DeepSweep) have the potential to assist parasite genome-based surveillance and inform malaria control decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Deelder
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Dalberg Advisors, 7 Rue de Chantepoulet, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jody Phelan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Luigi Palla
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Taane G Clark
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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17
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Hietanen J, Chim-Ong A, Sattabongkot J, Nguitragool W. Naturally induced humoral response against Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2P1. Malar J 2021; 20:246. [PMID: 34082763 PMCID: PMC8173506 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria parasite in many countries. A better understanding of human immunity to this parasite can provide new insights for vaccine development. Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins (RBPs) are key parasite proteins that interact with human proteins during erythrocyte invasion and are targets of the human immune response. The aim of this study is to characterize the human antibody response to RBP2P1, the most recently described member of the RBP family. Methods The levels of total IgG and IgM against RBP2P1 were measured using plasmas from 68 P. vivax malaria patients and 525 villagers in a malarious village of western Thailand. The latter group comprises asymptomatic carriers and healthy uninfected individuals. Subsets of plasma samples were evaluated for anti-RBP2P1 IgG subtypes and complement-fixing activity. Results As age increased, it was found that the level of anti-RBP2P1 IgG increased while the level of IgM decreased. The main anti-RBP2P1 IgG subtypes were IgG1 and IgG3. The IgG3-seropositive rate was higher in asymptomatic carriers than in patients. The higher level of IgG3 was correlated with higher in vitro RBP2P1-mediated complement fixing activity. Conclusions In natural infection, the primary IgG response to RBP2P1 was IgG1 and IgG3. The predominance of these cytophilic subtypes and the elevated level of IgG3 correlating with complement fixing activity, suggest a possible role of anti-RBP2P1 antibodies in immunity against P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Hietanen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anongruk Chim-Ong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
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18
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Naturally acquired blocking human monoclonal antibodies to Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1538. [PMID: 33750786 PMCID: PMC7943553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax preferentially invades reticulocytes and recognition of these cells is mediated by P. vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein 2b (PvRBP2b) binding to human Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and Transferrin (Tf). Longitudinal cohort studies in Papua New Guinea, Thailand and Brazil show that PvRBP2b antibodies are correlated with protection against P. vivax infection and disease. Here, we isolate and characterize anti-PvRBP2b human monoclonal antibodies from two individuals in Cambodia with natural P. vivax infection. These antibodies bind with high affinities and map to different regions of PvRBP2b. Several human antibodies block PvRBP2b binding to reticulocytes and inhibit complex formation with human TfR1-Tf. We describe different structural mechanisms for functional inhibition, including either steric hindrance with TfR1-Tf or the reticulocyte membrane. These results show that naturally acquired human antibodies against PvRBP2b can inhibit its function which is important for P. vivax invasion. Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b (PvRBP2b) is important for invasion of reticulocytes and PvRBP2b antibodies correlate with protection. Here, Chan et al. isolate and characterize anti-PvRBP2b human monoclonal antibodies and describe mechanisms by which these antibodies inhibit invasion.
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19
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Rosado J, White MT, Longley RJ, Lacerda M, Monteiro W, Brewster J, Sattabongkot J, Guzman-Guzman M, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Mueller I. Heterogeneity in response to serological exposure markers of recent Plasmodium vivax infections in contrasting epidemiological contexts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009165. [PMID: 33591976 PMCID: PMC7909627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody responses as serological markers of Plasmodium vivax infection have been shown to correlate with exposure, but little is known about the other factors that affect antibody responses in naturally infected people from endemic settings. To address this question, we studied IgG responses to novel serological exposure markers (SEMs) of P. vivax in three settings with different transmission intensity. METHODOLOGY We validated a panel of 34 SEMs in a Peruvian cohort with up to three years' longitudinal follow-up using a multiplex platform and compared results to data from cohorts in Thailand and Brazil. Linear regression models were used to characterize the association between antibody responses and age, the number of detected blood-stage infections during follow-up, and time since previous infection. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to test the performance of SEMs to identify P. vivax infections in the previous 9 months. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Antibody titers were associated with age, the number of blood-stage infections, and time since previous P. vivax infection in all three study sites. The association between antibody titers and time since previous P. vivax infection was stronger in the low transmission settings of Thailand and Brazil compared to the higher transmission setting in Peru. Of the SEMs tested, antibody responses to RBP2b had the highest performance for classifying recent exposure in all sites, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.83 in Thailand, AUC = 0.79 in Brazil, and AUC = 0.68 in Peru. CONCLUSIONS In low transmission settings, P. vivax SEMs can accurately identify individuals with recent blood-stage infections. In higher transmission settings, the accuracy of this approach diminishes substantially. We recommend using P. vivax SEMs in low transmission settings pursuing malaria elimination, but they are likely to be less effective in high transmission settings focused on malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rosado
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, ED 393, Paris, France
| | - Michael T. White
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rhea J. Longley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane (Fiocruz), Manaus, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jessica Brewster
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mitchel Guzman-Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
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20
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De SL, Ntumngia FB, Nicholas J, Adams JH. Progress towards the development of a P. vivax vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:97-112. [PMID: 33481638 PMCID: PMC7994195 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1880898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasmodium vivax causes significant public health problems in endemic regions. A vaccine to prevent disease is critical, considering the rapid spread of drug-resistant parasite strains, and the development of hypnozoites in the liver with potential for relapse. A minimally effective vaccine should prevent disease and transmission while an ideal vaccine provides sterile immunity. AREAS COVERED Despite decades of research, the complex life cycle, technical challenges and a lack of funding have hampered progress of P. vivax vaccine development. Here, we review the progress of potential P. vivax vaccine candidates from different stages of the parasite life cycle. We also highlight the challenges and important strategies for rational vaccine design. These factors can significantly increase immune effector mechanisms and improve the protective efficacy of these candidates in clinical trials to generate sustained protection over longer periods of time. EXPERT OPINION A vaccine that presents functionally-conserved epitopes from multiple antigens from various stages of the parasite life cycle is key to induce broadly neutralizing strain-transcending protective immunity to effectively disrupt parasite development and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Lata De
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Tampa – 33612, FL
| | - Francis B. Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Tampa – 33612, FL
| | - Justin Nicholas
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Tampa – 33612, FL
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Tampa – 33612, FL
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21
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Longley RJ, White MT, Takashima E, Brewster J, Morita M, Harbers M, Obadia T, Robinson LJ, Matsuura F, Liu ZSJ, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Tham WH, Healer J, Huon C, Chitnis CE, Nguitragool W, Monteiro W, Proietti C, Doolan DL, Siqueira AM, Ding XC, Gonzalez IJ, Kazura J, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Development and validation of serological markers for detecting recent Plasmodium vivax infection. Nat Med 2020; 26:741-749. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Chim-Ong A, Surit T, Chainarin S, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Cui L, Nguitragool W. The Blood Stage Antigen RBP2-P1 of Plasmodium vivax Binds Reticulocytes and Is a Target of Naturally Acquired Immunity. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00616-19. [PMID: 32014895 PMCID: PMC7093139 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00616-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Plasmodium parasites and human erythrocytes are prime targets of blood stage malaria vaccine development. The reticulocyte binding protein 2-P1 (RBP2-P1) of Plasmodium vivax, a member of the reticulocyte binding protein family, has recently been shown to be highly antigenic in several settings endemic for malaria. Yet, its functional characteristics and the relevance of its antibody response in human malaria have not been examined. In this study, the potential function of RBP2-P1 as an invasion ligand of P. vivax was evaluated. The protein was found to be expressed in schizonts, be localized at the apical end of the merozoite, and preferentially bind reticulocytes over normocytes. Human antibodies to this protein also exhibit erythrocyte binding inhibition at physiologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, RBP2-P1 antibodies are associated with lower parasitemia and tend to be higher in asymptomatic carriers than in patients. This study provides evidence supporting a role of RBP2-P1 as an invasion ligand and its consideration as a vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anongruk Chim-Ong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Surit
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittinont Chainarin
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Imported Malaria in Countries where Malaria Is Not Endemic: a Comparison of Semi-immune and Nonimmune Travelers. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/2/e00104-19. [PMID: 32161068 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00104-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in long-distance travel and recent large migratory movements have changed the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in countries where malaria is not endemic (here termed non-malaria-endemic countries). While malaria was primarily imported to nonendemic countries by returning travelers, the proportion of immigrants from malaria-endemic regions and travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) in malaria-endemic countries has continued to increase. VFRs and immigrants from malaria-endemic countries now make up the majority of malaria patients in many nonendemic countries. Importantly, this group is characterized by various degrees of semi-immunity to malaria, resulting from repeated exposure to infection and a gradual decline of protection as a result of prolonged residence in non-malaria-endemic regions. Most studies indicate an effect of naturally acquired immunity in VFRs, leading to differences in the parasitological features, clinical manifestation, and odds for severe malaria and clinical complications between immune VFRs and nonimmune returning travelers. There are no valid data indicating evidence for differing algorithms for chemoprophylaxis or antimalarial treatment in semi-immune versus nonimmune malaria patients. So far, no robust biomarkers exist that properly reflect anti-parasite or clinical immunity. Until they are found, researchers should rigorously stratify their study results using surrogate markers, such as duration of time spent outside a malaria-endemic country.
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24
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Aitken EH, Mahanty S, Rogerson SJ. Antibody effector functions in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a few needles and many haystacks. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:264-275. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Aitken
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
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25
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Popovici J, Roesch C, Rougeron V. The enigmatic mechanisms by which Plasmodium vivax infects Duffy-negative individuals. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008258. [PMID: 32078643 PMCID: PMC7032691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of the Duffy protein at the surface of erythrocytes was considered for decades to confer full protection against Plasmodium vivax as this blood group is the receptor for the key parasite ligand P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). However, it is now clear that the parasite is able to break through this protection and induce clinical malaria in Duffy-negative people, although the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. Here, we briefly review the evidence of Duffy-negative infections by P. vivax and summarize the current hypothesis at the basis of this invasion process. We discuss those in the perspective of malaria-elimination challenges, notably in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), Montpellier, France
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26
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Lover AA, Dantzer E, Hocini S, Estera R, Rerolle F, Smith JL, Hwang J, Gosling R, Yukich J, Greenhouse B, Jacobson J, Phetsouvanh R, Hongvanthong B, Bennett A. Study protocol for a cluster-randomized split-plot design trial to assess the effectiveness of targeted active malaria case detection among high-risk populations in Southern Lao PDR (the AcME-Lao study). Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1730. [PMID: 32118199 PMCID: PMC7019195 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13088.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Novel interventions are needed to accelerate malaria elimination, especially in areas where asymptomatic parasitemia is common, and where transmission generally occurs outside of village-based settings. Testing of community members linked to a person with clinical illness (reactive case detection, RACD) has not shown effectiveness in prior studies due to the limited sensitivity of current point-of-care tests. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of active case finding in village-based and forested-based settings using novel high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic tests in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Methods and analysis: This study is a cluster-randomized split-plot design trial. The interventions include village-based mass test and treat (MTAT), focal test and treat in high-risk populations (FTAT), and the combination of these approaches, using high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic tests (HS-RDTs) to asses
P. falciparum infection status. Within four districts in Champasak province, Lao PDR fourteen health center-catchment areas will be randomized to either FTAT or control; and within these HCCAs, 56 villages will be randomized to either MTAT or control. In intervention areas, FTAT will be conducted by community-based peer navigators on a routine basis, and three separate rounds of MTAT are planned. The primary study outcome will be PCR-based
Plasmodium falciparum prevalence after one year of implementation. Secondary outcomes include malaria incidence; interventional coverage; operational feasibility and acceptability; and cost and cost- effectiveness. Ethics and dissemination: Findings will be reported on clinicaltrials.gov, in peer-reviewed publications and through stakeholder meetings with Ministry of Health and community leaders in Lao PDR and throughout the Greater Mekong Subregion. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov
NCT03783299 (21/12/2018)
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Lover
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts- Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9304, USA
| | - Emily Dantzer
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sophia Hocini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronaldo Estera
- Health Poverty Action, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Francois Rerolle
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer L Smith
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Center for Global Health/ DPDM Malaria Branch/ US President's Malaria Initiative, US Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Joshua Yukich
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- Center for Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Kochayoo P, Changrob S, Wangriatisak K, Lee SK, Chootong P, Han ET. The persistence of naturally acquired antibodies and memory B cells specific to rhoptry proteins of Plasmodium vivax in patients from areas of low malaria transmission. Malar J 2019; 18:382. [PMID: 31783870 PMCID: PMC6884809 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhoptries are the large, paired, secretory organelles located at the apical tip of the malaria merozoite that are considered important for parasite invasion processes. Plasmodium vivax rhoptry proteins have been shown to induce humoral immunity during natural infections. Therefore, these proteins may be potential novel vaccine candidates. However, there is a lack of data on the duration of antibody and memory B cell (MBC) responses. Here, the longitudinal analysis of antibody and MBC responses to the P. vivax rhoptry proteins PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2 were monitored and analysed in individuals to determine their persistence. Methods Thirty-nine samples from P. vivax-infected subjects (age 18–60 years) were recruited to explore the frequency and persistence of antibody and MBC responses against rhoptry proteins (PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2) using both cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study designs. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA during clinical malaria, and at 3, 9 and 12 months post-infection. The frequency of MBC sub-sets and presence of rhoptry-specific MBCs in subjects 18 months after treatment were detected by flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay. Results The seroprevalence of antibodies against PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2 proteins was found to be high during acute infection, with IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 sub-classes predominant. However, these anti-rhoptry responses were short-lived and significantly decreased at 9 months post-infection. To relate the durability of these antibody responses to MBC persistence at post-infection, 18-month post-infection peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples were taken to detect rhoptry-specific MBCs and frequency of MBC sub-sets, and correlate with antibody responses. These late post-infection samples revealed that rhoptry-specific MBCs were present in about 70% of total subjects. However, the persistence of specific MBCs was not correlated with antibody responses as the majority of malaria subjects who were positive for PvRALP1-Ecto- or PvRhopH2-specific MBCs were seronegative for the rhoptry antigens. The frequencies of classical MBCs were increased after infection, whereas those of activated and atypical MBCs were decreased, indicating that MBC responses could switch from activated or atypical MBCs to classical MBCs after parasite clearance, and were maintained in blood circulating at post-infection. Conclusion The study showed that rhoptry antigens induced the development and persistence of MBC responses in P. vivax-infected subjects who lived in a region of low malaria transmission, which were not related to the longevity of antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Kochayoo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Wangriatisak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Seong Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Antonelli LR, Junqueira C, Vinetz JM, Golenbock DT, Ferreira MU, Gazzinelli RT. The immunology of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:163-189. [PMID: 31642531 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax infection, the predominant cause of malaria in Asia and Latin America, affects ~14 million individuals annually, with considerable adverse effects on wellbeing and socioeconomic development. A clinical hallmark of Plasmodium infection, the paroxysm, is driven by pyrogenic cytokines produced during the immune response. Here, we review studies on the role of specific immune cell types, cognate innate immune receptors, and inflammatory cytokines on parasite control and disease symptoms. This review also summarizes studies on recurrent infections in individuals living in endemic regions as well as asymptomatic infections, a serious barrier to eliminating this disease. We propose potential mechanisms behind these repeated and subclinical infections, such as poor induction of immunological memory cells and inefficient T effector cells. We address the role of antibody-mediated resistance to P. vivax infection and discuss current progress in vaccine development. Finally, we review immunoregulatory mechanisms, such as inhibitory receptors, T regulatory cells, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, that antagonizes both innate and acquired immune responses, interfering with the development of protective immunity and parasite clearance. These studies provide new insights for the clinical management of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and the development of an efficacious vaccine for vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis R Antonelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Disease and immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Disease and immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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29
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Humoral immunity prevents clinical malaria during Plasmodium relapses without eliminating gametocytes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007974. [PMID: 31536608 PMCID: PMC6752766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium relapses are attributed to the activation of dormant liver-stage parasites and are responsible for a significant number of recurring malaria blood-stage infections. While characteristic of human infections caused by P. vivax and P. ovale, their relative contribution to malaria disease burden and transmission remains poorly understood. This is largely because it is difficult to identify ‘bona fide’ relapse infections due to ongoing transmission in most endemic areas. Here, we use the P. cynomolgi–rhesus macaque model of relapsing malaria to demonstrate that clinical immunity can form after a single sporozoite-initiated blood-stage infection and prevent illness during relapses and homologous reinfections. By integrating data from whole blood RNA-sequencing, flow cytometry, P. cynomolgi-specific ELISAs, and opsonic phagocytosis assays, we demonstrate that this immunity is associated with a rapid recall response by memory B cells that expand and produce anti-parasite IgG1 that can mediate parasite clearance of relapsing parasites. The reduction in parasitemia during relapses was mirrored by a reduction in the total number of circulating gametocytes, but importantly, the cumulative proportion of gametocytes increased during relapses. Overall, this study reveals that P. cynomolgi relapse infections can be clinically silent in macaques due to rapid memory B cell responses that help to clear asexual-stage parasites but still carry gametocytes. Plasmodium vivax contributes significantly to global malaria morbidity and remains a major obstacle for malaria elimination due to its ability to form dormant stages in the liver. These forms can become activated to cause relapsing blood-stage infections. Relapses remain poorly understood because it is difficult to verify whether P. vivax blood-stage infections in patients are due to new infections or relapses in most cases. Here, we use a nonhuman primate model of Plasmodium vivax malaria in concert with state-of-the-art immunological and molecular techniques to assess pathogenesis, host responses, and circulating gametocyte levels during relapses. We found that relapses were clinically silent compared to initial infections, and they were associated with a robust memory B cell response. This response resulted in the production of antibodies that were able to mediate clearance of asexual parasites. Despite this rapid immune protection, the sexual-stage gametocytes continued to circulate. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the host-parasite interface during Plasmodium relapse infections and demonstrates that clinically silent relapses can harbor gametocytes that may be infectious to mosquitoes.
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30
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Ntumngia FB, Thomson-Luque R, Galusic S, Frato G, Frischmann S, Peabody DS, Chackerian B, Ferreira MU, King CL, Adams JH. Identification and Immunological Characterization of the Ligand Domain of Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein 1a. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1110-1118. [PMID: 29741629 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites is essential for blood-stage development. Consequently, parasite proteins critically involved in erythrocyte invasion, such as the Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding proteins (RBPs) that mediate preferential invasion of reticulocytes, are considered potential vaccine targets. Thus, targeting the RBPs could prevent blood-stage infection and disease. The RBPs are large, and little is known about their functional domains and whether individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax acquire binding-inhibitory antibodies to these critical binding regions. This study aims to functionally and immunologically characterize Plasmodium vivax RBP1a. Methods Recombinant proteins of overlapping fragments of RBP1a were used to determine binding specificity to erythrocytes and immunogenicity in laboratory animals. The naturally acquired antibody response to these proteins was evaluated using serum samples from individuals in regions of endemicity. Results The N-terminal extracellular region, RBP1157-650 (RBP1:F8), was determined to bind both reticulocytes and normocytes, with a preference for immature reticulocytes. Antibodies elicited against rRBP1:F8 blocked binding between RBP1:F8 and erythrocytes. Naturally acquired anti-RBP1 binding-inhibitory antibodies were detected in serum specimens from P. vivax-exposed individuals from Papua New Guinea and Brazil. Conclusion Recombinant RBP1:F8 binds human erythrocytes, elicits artificially induced functional blocking antibodies, and is a target of naturally acquired binding-inhibitory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis B Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard Thomson-Luque
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sandra Galusic
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Gabriel Frato
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah Frischmann
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - David S Peabody
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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31
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Chan LJ, Dietrich MH, Nguitragool W, Tham WH. Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins for invasion into reticulocytes. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13110. [PMID: 31469946 PMCID: PMC7003471 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is responsible for most of the malaria infections outside Africa and is currently the predominant malaria parasite in countries under elimination programs. P. vivax preferentially enters young red cells called reticulocytes. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of entry are hampered by the inability to grow large numbers of P. vivax parasites in a long‐term in vitro culture. Recent progress in understanding the biology of the P. vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein (PvRBPs) family of invasion ligands has led to the identification of a new invasion pathway into reticulocytes, an understanding of their structural architecture and PvRBPs as targets of the protective immune response to P. vivax infection. This review summarises current knowledge on the role of reticulocytes in P. vivax infection, the function of the PvRBP family of proteins in generating an immune response in human populations, and the characterization of anti‐PvRBP antibodies in blocking parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie H Dietrich
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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He WQ, Karl S, White MT, Nguitragool W, Monteiro W, Kuehn A, Gruszczyk J, França CT, Sattabongkot J, Lacerda MVG, Tham WH, Mueller I. Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b are associated with protection against P. vivax malaria in populations living in low malaria transmission regions of Brazil and Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007596. [PMID: 31425514 PMCID: PMC6726234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein (PvRBP) family is involved in red blood cell recognition and members of this family are potential targets for antibodies that may block P. vivax invasion. To date, the acquisition of immunity against PvRBPs in low malaria transmission settings and in a broad age group of exposed individuals has not been investigated. Methodology/Principal findings Total IgG antibody levels to six members of the PvRBP family (PvRBP1a, PvRBP1b, PvRBP2a, PvRBP2b, a non-binding fragment of PvRBP2c (PvRBP2cNB) and PvRBP2-P2) were measured in samples collected from individuals living in two regions of low P. vivax endemicity in Brazil and Thailand. In both settings, levels of total IgG to PvRBP1a, PvRBP2b, PvRBP2cNB, and PvRBP2P-2 increased significantly with age (rho = 0.17–0.49; P<0.001). IgG responses to PvRBP1a, PvRBP2b and PvRBP2cNB were significantly higher in infected individuals by using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test (P<0.001). Of the six PvRBPs examined, only antibodies to PvRBP2b were associated with protection against clinical malaria in both settings. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that PvRBP2b warrants further preclinical development as a blood-stage vaccine candidate against P. vivax. Total IgG responses to PvRBPs were also shown to be promising immunological markers of exposure to P. vivax infection. Plasmodium vivax preferentially invades young red blood cells called reticulocytes. Successful parasite invasion relies on the interaction between parasite ligands with human red blood cell receptors. The P. vivax reticulocyte binding protein family (PvRBP) plays a role in the invasion process. The role of PvRBP in the natural acquisition of immunity to P. vivax, especially in low transmission settings, is poorly understood. Using samples from longitudinal cohort studies from regions of low P. vivax endemicity in Brazil and Thailand, we showed that antibody responses to PvRBP1a, PvRBP2b, and PvRBP2cNB increased with age and were boosted during infection. In addition, higher antibody levels to PvRBP2b were strongly associated with a lower risk of clinical episodes of P. vivax. Based on these observations, we propose that PvRBP2b warrants further preclinical development as a blood-stage vaccine candidate against P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang He
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephan Karl
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michael T. White
- Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakub Gruszczyk
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Camila T. França
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus V. G. Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Surendra H, Wijayanti MA, Murhandarwati EH, Irnawati, Yuniarti T, Mardiati, Herdiana, Sumiwi ME, Hawley WA, Lobo NF, Cook J, Drakeley C, Supargiyono. Analysis of serological data to investigate heterogeneity of malaria transmission: a community-based cross-sectional study in an area conducting elimination in Indonesia. Malar J 2019; 18:227. [PMID: 31286973 PMCID: PMC6615161 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of anti-malarial antibody responses has the potential to improve characterization of the variation in exposure to infection in low transmission settings, where conventional measures, such as entomological estimates and parasitaemia point prevalence become less sensitive and expensive to measure. This study evaluates the use of sero-epidemiological analysis to investigate heterogeneity of transmission in area conducting elimination in Indonesia. Methods Filter paper bloodspots and epidemiological data were collected through a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in two sub-districts in Sabang municipality, Aceh province, Indonesia in 2013. Antibody responses to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroconversion rates (SCR) were estimated by fitting a simple reversible catalytic model to seroprevalence data for each antibody. Spatial analysis was performed using a Normal model (SaTScan v.9.4.2) to identify the clustering of higher values of household antibody responses. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with exposure. Results 1624 samples were collected from 605 households. Seroprevalence to any P. falciparum antigen was higher than to any P. vivax antigen, 6.9% (95% CI 5.8–8.2) vs 2.0% (95% CI 1.4–2.8). SCR estimates suggest that there was a significant change in P. falciparum transmission with no exposure seen in children under 5 years old. Plasmodium falciparum SCR in over 5 years old was 0.008 (95% CI 0.003–0.017) and 0.012 (95% CI 0.005–0.030) in Sukakarya and Sukajaya sub-districts, respectively. Clusters of exposure were detected for both P. falciparum and P. vivax, most of them in Sukajaya sub-district. Higher age, P. vivax seropositivity and use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN) were associated with higher P. falciparum exposure. Conclusion Analysis of community-based serological data helps describe the level of transmission, heterogeneity and factors associated with malaria transmission in Sabang. This approach could be an important additional tool for malaria monitoring and surveillance in low transmission settings in Indonesia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2866-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Surendra
- Infection Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Mahardika A Wijayanti
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Elsa H Murhandarwati
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Irnawati
- Sabang Municipal Health Office, Sabang, Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Mardiati
- Sabang Municipal Health Office, Sabang, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Herdiana
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, UNICEF Aceh Field Office, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maria E Sumiwi
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, UNICEF Aceh Field Office, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - William A Hawley
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, UNICEF Indonesia Country Office, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jackie Cook
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Infection Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Supargiyono
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Salinas ND, Tang WK, Tolia NH. Blood-Stage Malaria Parasite Antigens: Structure, Function, and Vaccine Potential. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4259-4280. [PMID: 31103771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are the causative agent of malaria, a disease that kills approximately 450,000 individuals annually, with the majority of deaths occurring in children under the age of 5 years and the development of a malaria vaccine is a global health priority. Plasmodium parasites undergo a complex life cycle requiring numerous diverse protein families. The blood stage of parasite development results in the clinical manifestation of disease. A vaccine that disrupts the blood stage is highly desired and will aid in the control of malaria. The blood stage comprises multiple steps: invasion of, asexual growth within, and egress from red blood cells. This review focuses on blood-stage antigens with emphasis on antigen structure, antigen function, neutralizing antibodies, and vaccine potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole D Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,, 20892, USA
| | - Wai Kwan Tang
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,, 20892, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,, 20892, USA.
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35
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Antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding and Erythrocyte binding proteins predict risk of infection and are associated with protection from clinical Malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006987. [PMID: 30768655 PMCID: PMC6400399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is a key target of naturally acquired immunity. However, region II of PvDBP, which contains the receptor-binding site, is highly polymorphic. The natural acquisition of antibodies to different variants of PvDBP region II (PvDBPII), including the AH, O, P and Sal1 alleles, the central region III-V (PvDBPIII-V), and P. vivax Erythrocyte Binding Protein region II (PvEBPII) and their associations with risk of clinical P. vivax malaria are not well understood. Methodology Total IgG and IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 3 that recognize four alleles of PvDBPII (AH, O, P, and Sal1), PvDBPIII-V and PvEBPII were measured in samples collected from a cohort of 1 to 3 year old Papua New Guinean (PNG) children living in a highly endemic area of PNG. The levels of binding inhibitory antibodies (BIAbs) to PvDBPII (AH, O, and Sal1) were also tested in a subset of children. The association of presence of IgG with age, cumulative exposure (measured as the product of age and malaria infections during follow-up) and prospective risk of clinical malaria were evaluated. Results The increase in antigen-specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 with age and cumulative exposure was only observed for PvDBPII AH and PvEBPII. High levels of total IgG and predominant subclass IgG3 specific for PvDBPII AH were associated with decreased incidence of clinical P. vivax episodes (aIRR = 0.56–0.68, P≤0.001–0.021). High levels of total IgG and IgG1 to PvEBPII correlated strongly with protection against clinical vivax malaria compared with IgGs against all PvDBPII variants (aIRR = 0.38, P<0.001). Antibodies to PvDBPII AH and PvEBPII showed evidence of an additive effect, with a joint protective association of 70%. Conclusion Antibodies to the key parasite invasion ligands PvDBPII and PvEBPII are good correlates of protection against P. vivax malaria in PNG. This further strengthens the rationale for inclusion of PvDBPII in a recombinant subunit vaccine for P. vivax malaria and highlights the need for further functional studies to determine the potential of PvEBPII as a component of a subunit vaccine for P. vivax malaria. Plasmodium vivax is responsible for most malaria infections outside Africa, with 13.8 million vivax malaria cases reported annually worldwide. Antibodies are a key component of the host response to P. vivax infection, and their study can assist in identifying suitable vaccine candidates and serological biomarkers for malaria surveillance. The binding of P. vivax Duffy binding protein region II (PvDBPII) to the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is critical for P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. Although the binding residues for DARC are highly conserved across PvDBPII, the parasite displays high sequence diversity in non-binding residues of PvDBPII. Other regions such as PvDBPIII-V are relatively conserved. Recently, sequencing of P. vivax field isolates, identified a homologous erythrocyte-binding protein (PvEBP), which harbors a domain, region II (PvEBPII), that is homologous to PvDBPII. To date, there has been limited investigation into the naturally acquired immunity to both PvDBPIII-V and PvEBPII in human populations. Using a longitudinal cohort study, we have characterized the serological response to PvDBPII, PvDBPIII-V, and PvEBPII among 1–3 years old PNG children and investigated associations with protection against clinical malaria. This study shows that both total IgG and IgG3 to the predominant PvDBPII AH allele in PNG, and total IgG and IgG1 to PvEBPII were associated with protection from P. vivax malaria.
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Yman V, White MT, Asghar M, Sundling C, Sondén K, Draper SJ, Osier FHA, Färnert A. Antibody responses to merozoite antigens after natural Plasmodium falciparum infection: kinetics and longevity in absence of re-exposure. BMC Med 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30696449 PMCID: PMC6352425 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against merozoite antigens are key components of malaria immunity. The naturally acquired antibody response to these antigens is generally considered short-lived; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Prospective studies of travellers with different levels of prior exposure, returning to malaria-free countries with Plasmodium infection, offer a unique opportunity to investigate the kinetics and composition of the antibody response after natural infection. METHODS Adults diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria in Stockholm, Sweden (20 likely malaria naïve and 41 with repeated previous exposure during residency in sub-Saharan Africa) were sampled at diagnosis and 10 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Total and subclass-specific IgG responses to P. falciparum merozoite antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, MSP-2, MSP-3, and RH5) and tetanus toxoid were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and ELISA. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate the exposure-dependent longevity of antibodies and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). RESULTS A majority of individuals mounted detectable antibody responses towards P. falciparum merozoite antigens at diagnosis; however, the magnitude and breadth were greater in individuals with prior exposure. In both exposure groups, antibody levels increased rapidly for 2 weeks and decayed thereafter. Previously exposed individuals maintained two- to ninefold greater antibody levels throughout the 1-year follow-up. The half-lives of malaria-specific long-lived ASCs, responsible for maintaining circulating antibodies, ranged from 1.8 to 3.7 years for merozoite antigens and were considerably short compared to tetanus-specific ASCs. Primary infected individuals did acquire a long-lived component of the antibody response; however, the total proportion of long-lived ASCs generated in response to infection was estimated not to exceed 10%. In contrast, previously exposed individuals maintained substantially larger numbers of long-lived ASCs (10-56% of total ASCs). CONCLUSION The short-lived nature of the naturally acquired antibody response, to all tested merozoite antigens, following primary malaria infection can be attributed to a combination of a poor acquisition and short half-life of long-lived ASCs. Greater longevity is acquired with repeated infections and can be explained by the maintenance of larger numbers of long-lived ASCs. These insights advance our understanding of naturally acquired malaria immunity and will guide strategies for further development of both vaccines and serological tools to monitor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael T White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Faith H A Osier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kanjee U, Rangel GW, Clark MA, Duraisingh MT. Molecular and cellular interactions defining the tropism of Plasmodium vivax for reticulocytes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:109-115. [PMID: 30366310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is uniquely restricted to invading reticulocytes, the youngest of red blood cells. Parasite invasion relies on the sequential deployment of multiple parasite invasion ligands. Correct targeting of the host reticulocyte is mediated by two families of invasion ligands: the reticulocyte binding proteins (RBPs) and erythrocyte binding proteins (EBPs). The Duffy receptor has long been established as a key determinant for P. vivax invasion. However, recently, the RBP protein PvRBP2b has been shown to bind to transferrin receptor, which is expressed on reticulocytes but lost on normocytes, implicating the ligand-receptor in the reticulocyte tropism of P. vivax. Furthermore there is increasing evidence for P. vivax growth and sexual development in reticulocyte-enriched tissues such as the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel W Rangel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha A Clark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bermúdez M, Moreno-Pérez DA, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel. Malar J 2018; 17:301. [PMID: 30126427 PMCID: PMC6102941 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax is fundamental for developing strategies aimed at controlling and eliminating this parasitic species. Although advances in omic sciences and high-throughput techniques in recent years have enabled the identification and characterization of proteins which might be participating in P. vivax invasion of target cells, exclusive parasite tropism for invading reticulocytes has become the main obstacle in maintaining a continuous culture for this species. Such advance that would help in defining each parasite protein’s function in the complex process of P. vivax invasion, in addition to evaluating new therapeutic agents, is still a dream. Advances related to maintenance, culture medium supplements and the use of different sources of reticulocytes and parasites (strains and isolates) have been made regarding the development of an in vitro culture for P. vivax; however, only some cultures having few replication cycles have been obtained to date, meaning that this parasite’s maintenance goes beyond the technical components involved. Although it is still not yet clear which molecular mechanisms P. vivax prefers for invading young CD71+ reticulocytes [early maturation stages (I–II–III)], changes related to membrane proteins remodelling of such cells could form part of the explanation. The most relevant aspects regarding P. vivax in vitro culture and host cell characteristics have been analysed in this review to explain possible reasons why the species’ continuous in vitro culture is so difficult to standardize. Some alternatives for P. vivax in vitro culture have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Bermúdez
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Livestock Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Gunalan K, Niangaly A, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH. Plasmodium vivax Infections of Duffy-Negative Erythrocytes: Historically Undetected or a Recent Adaptation? Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29530446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the main cause of malarial disease in Asia and South America. Plasmodium vivax infection was thought to be absent in African populations who are Duffy blood group antigen negative (Duffy-negative). However, many cases of P. vivax infection have recently been observed in Duffy-negative Africans. This raises the question: were P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative populations previously missed or has P. vivax adapted to infect Duffy-negative populations? This review focuses on recent P. vivax findings in Africa and reports views on the parasite ligands that may play a role in Duffy-negative P. vivax infections. In addition, clues gained from studying P. vivax infection of reticulocytes are presented, which may provide possible avenues for establishing P. vivax culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; These authors contributed equally.
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; These authors contributed equally
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Gruszczyk J, Kanjee U, Chan LJ, Menant S, Malleret B, Lim NT, Schmidt CQ, Mok YF, Lin KM, Pearson RD, Rangel G, Smith BJ, Call MJ, Weekes MP, Griffin MDW, Murphy JM, Abraham J, Sriprawat K, Menezes MJ, Ferreira MU, Russell B, Renia L, Duraisingh MT, Tham WH. Transferrin receptor 1 is a reticulocyte-specific receptor for Plasmodium vivax. Science 2018; 359:48-55. [PMID: 29302006 PMCID: PMC5788258 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax shows a strict host tropism for reticulocytes. We identified transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) as the receptor for P. vivax reticulocyte-binding protein 2b (PvRBP2b). We determined the structure of the N-terminal domain of PvRBP2b involved in red blood cell binding, elucidating the molecular basis for TfR1 recognition. We validated TfR1 as the biological target of PvRBP2b engagement by means of TfR1 expression knockdown analysis. TfR1 mutant cells deficient in PvRBP2b binding were refractory to invasion of P. vivax but not to invasion of P. falciparum Using Brazilian and Thai clinical isolates, we show that PvRBP2b monoclonal antibodies that inhibit reticulocyte binding also block P. vivax entry into reticulocytes. These data show that TfR1-PvRBP2b invasion pathway is critical for the recognition of reticulocytes during P. vivax invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gruszczyk
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Li-Jin Chan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sébastien Menant
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Nicholas T.Y. Lim
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christoph Q. Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kai-Min Lin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Rangel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Brian J. Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Call
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James M. Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kanlaya Sriprawat
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Maria J. Menezes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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França CT, White MT, He WQ, Hostetler JB, Brewster J, Frato G, Malhotra I, Gruszczyk J, Huon C, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Yadava A, Siba P, Galinski MR, Healer J, Chitnis C, Cowman AF, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Tham WH, Fairhurst RM, Rayner JC, King CL, Mueller I. Identification of highly-protective combinations of Plasmodium vivax recombinant proteins for vaccine development. eLife 2017; 6:28673. [PMID: 28949293 PMCID: PMC5655538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of antigenic targets of naturally-acquired immunity is essential to identify and prioritize antigens for further functional characterization. We measured total IgG antibodies to 38 P. vivax antigens, investigating their relationship with prospective risk of malaria in a cohort of 1–3 years old Papua New Guinean children. Using simulated annealing algorithms, the potential protective efficacy of antibodies to multiple antigen-combinations, and the antibody thresholds associated with protection were investigated for the first time. High antibody levels to multiple known and newly identified proteins were strongly associated with protection (IRR 0.44–0.74, p<0.001–0.041). Among five-antigen combinations with the strongest protective effect (>90%), EBP, DBPII, RBP1a, CyRPA, and PVX_081550 were most frequently identified; several of them requiring very low antibody levels to show a protective association. These data identify individual antigens that should be prioritized for further functional testing and establish a clear path to testing a multicomponent P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tenorio França
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael T White
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,MRC Center for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Qiang He
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jessica B Hostetler
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Jessica Brewster
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gabriel Frato
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Indu Malhotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Jakub Gruszczyk
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christele Huon
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Enmoore Lin
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Peter Siba
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mary R Galinski
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education, and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, United States.,Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Julie Healer
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chetan Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Alan F Cowman
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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Arévalo-Pinzón G, Bermúdez M, Hernández D, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax ligand-receptor interaction: PvAMA-1 domain I contains the minimal regions for specific interaction with CD71+ reticulocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9616. [PMID: 28855657 PMCID: PMC5577344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The malarial parasite’s invasion is complex, active and coordinated, involving many low and high affinity interactions with receptors on target cell membrane. Proteomics analysis has described around 40 proteins in P. vivax which could be involved in reticulocyte invasion; few have been studied with the aim of elucidating how many of them establish specific interactions with their respective host cells. Given the importance of knowing which of the parasite’s protein regions are functionally important for invasion, minimum regions mediating specific interaction between Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA-1) and its host cell were here elucidated. The region covering PvAMA-1 domains I and II (PvAMA-DI-II) specifically bound to the CD71+ red blood cell subpopulation. A 20 residue-long region (81EVENAKYRIPAGRCPVFGKG100) located in domain I was capable of inhibiting PvAMA-DI-II recombinant protein binding to young reticulocytes (CD71+CD45−) and rosette formation. This conserved peptide specifically interacted with high affinity with reticulocytes (CD71+) through a neuraminidase- and chymotrypsin-treatment sensitive receptor. Such results showed that, despite AMA-1 having universal functions during late Plasmodium invasion stages, PvAMA-1 had reticulocyte-preferring binding regions, suggesting that P. vivax target cell selection is not just restricted to initial interactions but maintained throughout the erythrocyte invasion cycle, having important implications for designing a specific anti-P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,MSc Program in Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Hernández
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Gupta ED, Anand G, Singh H, Chaddha K, Bharti PK, Singh N, Sharma YD, Gaur D. Naturally Acquired Human Antibodies Against Reticulocyte-Binding Domains of Plasmodium vivax Proteins, PvRBP2c and PvRBP1a, Exhibit Binding-Inhibitory Activity. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1558-1568. [PMID: 28379500 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crucial gaps in our understanding of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte invasion and protective immunity have hampered development of vivax vaccines. P. vivax exclusively invades reticulocytes that is mediated by the P. vivax reticulocyte-binding proteins (PvRBPs) specifically PvRBP2c and PvRBP1a. Vivax infections in Duffy-null individuals have suggested the evolution of alternate invasion pathways that may be mediated by the PvRBPs. Thus, PvRBPs appear as potential targets for efficacious P. vivax neutralization. However, there are limited data validating their vaccine efficacy. In the absence of vivax invasion assays, binding-inhibitory activity of antibodies has been reported to be associated with protection and a measure of vaccine potential. Methods -based analysis was performed of the PvRBP reticulocyte-binding properties and binding-inhibitory activity of specific anti-PvRBP2c/PvRBP1a human antibodies. Results PvRBP2c and PvRBP1a displayed a distinct reticulocyte-binding specificity, and their specific reticulocyte-binding domains were mapped within their N-terminal regions. Importantly, naturally acquired antibodies against the reticulocyte-binding domains efficaciously blocked reticulocyte binding of native PvRBPs, suggesting that the human immune system produced functional binding-inhibitory antibodies through exposure to vivax malaria. Conclusions Reticulocyte-binding domains of PvRBP2c/PvRBP1a are targets of naturally acquired binding-inhibitory antibodies, substantiating their promise as candidate antigens against which vaccine-inducible immunity could potentially be boosted through natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enna Dogra Gupta
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Gaurav Anand
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Hina Singh
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Kritika Chaddha
- Laboratory of Malaria & Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yagya Dutta Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.,Laboratory of Malaria & Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and
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Hill DL, Schofield L, Wilson DW. IgG opsonization of merozoites: multiple immune mechanisms for malaria vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:585-595. [PMID: 28668325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Global eradication of the human-infecting malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the major cause of malaria mortality, is unlikely to be achieved without an effective vaccine. However, our limited understanding of how protective immune responses target malaria parasites in humans, and how to best elicit these immune responses through vaccination, has hampered vaccine development. The red blood cell invading stage of the parasite lifecycle (merozoite) displays antigens that are attractive vaccine candidates as they are accessible to antibodies and raise high antibody titres in naturally immune individuals. The number of merozoite antigens that elicit an immune response, and their structural and functional diversity, has led to a large number of lead antigens being pursued as vaccine candidates. Despite being seemingly spoilt for choice in terms of vaccine candidates, there is still a lack of consensus on exactly how merozoite antibodies reduce parasitemia and malaria disease. In this review we describe the various immune mechanisms that can result from IgG opsonization of merozoites, and highlight recent developments that support a role for these functional antibodies in naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Hill
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Louis Schofield
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
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Natural immune response to Plasmodium vivax alpha-helical coiled coil protein motifs and its association with the risk of P. vivax malaria. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28651021 PMCID: PMC5484505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein α-helical coiled coil structures are known to induce antibodies able to block critical functions in different pathogens. In a previous study, a total of 50 proteins of Plasmodium vivax erythrocytic asexual stages containing α-helical coiled coil structural motifs were identified in silico, and the corresponding peptides were chemically synthesized. A total of 43 peptides were recognized by naturally acquired antibodies in plasma samples from both Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Colombian adult donors. In this study, the association between IgG antibodies to these peptides and clinical immunity was further explored by measuring total IgG antibody levels to 24 peptides in baseline samples from a longitudinal study of children aged 1–3 years (n = 164) followed for 16 months. Samples were reactive to all peptides tested. Eight peptides were recognized by >50% of individuals, whereas only one peptide had < 20% reactivity. Children infected at baseline were seropositive to 23/24 peptides. No significant association was observed between antibody titers and age or molecular force of infection, suggesting that antibody levels had already reached an equilibrium. There was a strong association between antibody levels to all peptides and protection against P. vivax clinical episodes during the 16 months follow-up. These results suggest that the selected coiled coil antigens might be good markers of both exposure and acquired immunity to P. vivax malaria, and further preclinical investigation should be performed to determine their potential as P. vivax vaccine antigens.
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Baquero LA, Moreno-Pérez DA, Garzón-Ospina D, Forero-Rodríguez J, Ortiz-Suárez HD, Patarroyo MA. PvGAMA reticulocyte binding activity: predicting conserved functional regions by natural selection analysis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:251. [PMID: 28526096 PMCID: PMC5438544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adhesin proteins are used by Plasmodium parasites to bind and invade target cells. Hence, characterising molecules that participate in reticulocyte interaction is key to understanding the molecular basis of Plasmodium vivax invasion. This study focused on predicting functionally restricted regions of the P. vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) and characterising their reticulocyte binding activity. Results The pvgama gene was initially found in P. vivax VCG-I strain schizonts. According to the genetic diversity analysis, PvGAMA displayed a size polymorphism very common for antigenic P. vivax proteins. Two regions along the antigen sequence were highly conserved among species, having a negative natural selection signal. Interestingly, these regions revealed a functional role regarding preferential target cell adhesion. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study describes PvGAMA reticulocyte binding properties for the first time. Conserved functional regions were predicted according to natural selection analysis and their binding ability was confirmed. These findings support the notion that PvGAMA may have an important role in P. vivax merozoite adhesion to its target cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Heidy D Ortiz-Suárez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
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47
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Moreno-Pérez DA, Baquero LA, Chitiva-Ardila DM, Patarroyo MA. Characterising PvRBSA: an exclusive protein from Plasmodium species infecting reticulocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:243. [PMID: 28521840 PMCID: PMC5437689 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax uses multiple ligand-receptor interactions for preferential invasion of human reticulocytes. Several of these ligands have been identified by in silico approaches based on the role displayed by their orthologs in other Plasmodium species during initial adhesion or invasion. However, the cell adhesion role of proteins that are exclusive to species that specifically invade reticulocytes (as P. vivax and P. cynomolgi) has not been evaluated to date. This study aimed to characterise an antigen shared between Plasmodium species that preferentially infect reticulocytes with a focus on assessing its binding activity to target cells. Results An in silico analysis was performed using P. vivax proteome data to identify and characterise one antigen shared between P. vivax and P. cynomolgi. This led to identification of the pvrbsa gene present in the P. vivax VCG-I strain genome. This gene is transcribed in mature schizonts and encodes a protein located on the parasite surface. rPvRBSA was antigenic and capable of binding to a population of reticulocytes with a different Duffy phenotype. Interestingly, the molecule showed a higher percentage of binding to immature human reticulocytes (CD71hi). Conclusions This study describes for the first time, a molecule involved in host cell binding that is exclusive in reticulocyte-infecting Plasmodium species. This suggest that PvRBSA is an antigenic adhesin that plays a role in parasite binding to target cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2185-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.,Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis A Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana M Chitiva-Ardila
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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48
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Longley RJ, França CT, White MT, Kumpitak C, Sa-Angchai P, Gruszczyk J, Hostetler JB, Yadava A, King CL, Fairhurst RM, Rayner JC, Tham WH, Nguitragool W, Sattabongkot J, Mueller I. Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections induce robust IgG responses to multiple blood-stage proteins in a low-transmission region of western Thailand. Malar J 2017; 16:178. [PMID: 28454546 PMCID: PMC5410030 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thailand is aiming to eliminate malaria by the year 2024. Plasmodium vivax has now become the dominant species causing malaria within the country, and a high proportion of infections are asymptomatic. A better understanding of antibody dynamics to P. vivax antigens in a low-transmission setting, where acquired immune responses are poorly characterized, will be pivotal for developing new strategies for elimination, such as improved surveillance methods and vaccines. The objective of this study was to characterize total IgG antibody levels to 11 key P. vivax proteins in a village of western Thailand. Methods Plasma samples from 546 volunteers enrolled in a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012 in Kanchanaburi Province were utilized. Total IgG levels to 11 different proteins known or predicted to be involved in reticulocyte binding or invasion (ARP, GAMA, P41, P12, PVX_081550, and five members of the PvRBP family), as well as the leading pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate (CSP) were measured using a multiplexed bead-based assay. Associations between IgG levels and infection status, age, and spatial location were explored. Results Individuals from a low-transmission region of western Thailand reacted to all 11 P. vivax recombinant proteins. Significantly greater IgG levels were observed in the presence of a current P. vivax infection, despite all infected individuals being asymptomatic. IgG levels were also higher in adults (18 years and older) than in children. For most of the proteins, higher IgG levels were observed in individuals living closer to the Myanmar border and further away from local health services. Conclusions Robust IgG responses were observed to most proteins and IgG levels correlated with surrogates of exposure, suggesting these antigens may serve as potential biomarkers of exposure, immunity, or both. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1826-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J Longley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camila T França
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael T White
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Chalermpon Kumpitak
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patiwat Sa-Angchai
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jakub Gruszczyk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica B Hostetler
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, United States Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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49
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López C, Yepes-Pérez Y, Hincapié-Escobar N, Díaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo MA. What Is Known about the Immune Response Induced by Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidates? Front Immunol 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28243235 PMCID: PMC5304258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax continues being one of the most important infectious diseases around the world; P. vivax is the second most prevalent species and has the greatest geographic distribution. Developing an effective antimalarial vaccine is considered a relevant control strategy in the search for means of preventing the disease. Studying parasite-expressed proteins, which are essential in host cell invasion, has led to identifying the regions recognized by individuals who are naturally exposed to infection. Furthermore, immunogenicity studies have revealed that such regions can trigger a robust immune response that can inhibit sporozoite (hepatic stage) or merozoite (erythrocyte stage) invasion of a host cell and induce protection. This review provides a synthesis of the most important studies to date concerning the antigenicity and immunogenicity of both synthetic peptide and recombinant protein candidates for a vaccine against malaria produced by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; MSc Programme in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Hincapié-Escobar
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC) , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Diana Díaz-Arévalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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50
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Auburn S, Böhme U, Steinbiss S, Trimarsanto H, Hostetler J, Sanders M, Gao Q, Nosten F, Newbold CI, Berriman M, Price RN, Otto TD. A new Plasmodium vivax reference sequence with improved assembly of the subtelomeres reveals an abundance of pir genes. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:4. [PMID: 28008421 PMCID: PMC5172418 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9876.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is now the predominant cause of malaria in the Asia-Pacific, South America and Horn of Africa. Laboratory studies of this species are constrained by the inability to maintain the parasite in continuous
ex vivo culture, but genomic approaches provide an alternative and complementary avenue to investigate the parasite’s biology and epidemiology. To date, molecular studies of
P. vivax have relied on the Salvador-I reference genome sequence, derived from a monkey-adapted strain from South America. However, the Salvador-I reference remains highly fragmented with over 2500 unassembled scaffolds. Using high-depth Illumina sequence data, we assembled and annotated a new reference sequence, PvP01, sourced directly from a patient from Papua Indonesia. Draft assemblies of isolates from China (PvC01) and Thailand (PvT01) were also prepared for comparative purposes. The quality of the PvP01 assembly is improved greatly over Salvador-I, with fragmentation reduced to 226 scaffolds. Detailed manual curation has ensured highly comprehensive annotation, with functions attributed to 58% core genes in PvP01 versus 38% in Salvador-I. The assemblies of PvP01, PvC01 and PvT01 are larger than that of Salvador-I (28-30 versus 27 Mb), owing to improved assembly of the subtelomeres. An extensive repertoire of over 1200
Plasmodium interspersed repeat (
pir) genes were identified in PvP01 compared to 346 in Salvador-I, suggesting a vital role in parasite survival or development. The manually curated PvP01 reference and PvC01 and PvT01 draft assemblies are important new resources to study vivax malaria. PvP01 is maintained at GeneDB and ongoing curation will ensure continual improvements in assembly and annotation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica Hostetler
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu, China
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris I Newbold
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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