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Rossi IV, de Souza DAS, Ramirez MI. The End Justifies the Means: Chagas Disease from a Perspective of the Host- Trypanosoma cruzi Interaction. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38672758 PMCID: PMC11050810 DOI: 10.3390/life14040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The neglected Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite CD dispersion throughout the world, it prevails in tropical areas affecting mainly poor communities, causing devastating health, social and economic consequences. Clinically, CD is marked by a mildly symptomatic acute phase, and a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and/or digestive complications. Current treatment for CD relies on medications with strong side effects and reduced effectiveness. The complex interaction between the parasite and the host outlines the etiology and progression of CD. The unique characteristics and high adaptability of T. cruzi, its mechanisms of persistence, and evasion of the immune system seem to influence the course of the disease. Despite the efforts to uncover the pathology of CD, there are many gaps in understanding how it is established and reaches chronicity. Also, the lack of effective treatments and protective vaccines constitute challenges for public health. Here, we explain the background in which CD is established, from the peculiarities of T. cruzi molecular biology to the development of the host's immune response leading to the pathophysiology of CD. We also discuss the state of the art of treatments for CD and current challenges in basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Denise Andréa Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
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2
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Rokhsar JL, Raynor B, Sheen J, Goldstein ND, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R. Modeling the impact of xenointoxication in dogs to halt Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011115. [PMID: 37155680 PMCID: PMC10194993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions in the Americas. Dogs are important reservoirs of the parasite. Under laboratory conditions, canine treatment with the systemic insecticide fluralaner demonstrated efficacy in killing Triatoma infestans and T. brasiliensis, T. cruzi vectors, when they feed on dogs. This form of pest control is called xenointoxication. However, T. cruzi can also be transmitted orally when mammals ingest infected bugs, so there is potential for dogs to become infected upon consuming infected bugs killed by the treatment. Xenointoxication thereby has two contrasting effects on dogs: decreasing the number of insects feeding on the dogs but increasing opportunities for exposure to T. cruzi via oral transmission to dogs ingesting infected insects. OBJECTIVE Examine the potential for increased infection rates of T. cruzi in dogs following xenointoxication. DESIGN/METHODS We built a deterministic mathematical model, based on the Ross-MacDonald malaria model, to investigate the net effect of fluralaner treatment on the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs in different epidemiologic scenarios. We drew upon published data on the change in percentage of bugs killed that fed on treated dogs over days post treatment. Parameters were adjusted to mimic three scenarios of T. cruzi transmission: high and low disease prevalence and domestic vectors, and low disease prevalence and sylvatic vectors. RESULTS In regions with high endemic disease prevalence in dogs and domestic vectors, prevalence of infected dogs initially increases but subsequently declines before eventually rising back to the initial equilibrium following one fluralaner treatment. In regions of low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, however, treatment seems to be detrimental. In these regions our models suggest a potential for a rise in dog prevalence, due to oral transmission from dead infected bugs. CONCLUSION Xenointoxication could be a beneficial and novel One Health intervention in regions with high prevalence of T. cruzi and domestic vectors. In regions with low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, there is potential harm. Field trials should be carefully designed to closely follow treated dogs and include early stopping rules if incidence among treated dogs exceeds that of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Rokhsar
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- ORISE Fellow, Emerging Leaders in Data Science and Technologies Program Fellowship, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, United States of America
| | - Brinkley Raynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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3
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Jha BK, Varikuti S, Verma C, Shivahare R, Bishop N, Dos Santos GP, McDonald J, Sur A, Myler PJ, Schenkman S, Satoskar AR, McGwire BS. Immunization with a Trypanosoma cruzi cyclophilin-19 deletion mutant protects against acute Chagas disease in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:63. [PMID: 37185599 PMCID: PMC10130101 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease for which there are no prophylactic vaccines. Cyclophilin 19 is a secreted cis-trans peptidyl isomerase expressed in all life stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. This protein in the insect stage leads to the inactivation of insect anti-parasitic peptides and parasite transformation whereas in the intracellular amastigotes it participates in generating ROS promoting the growth of parasites. We have generated a parasite mutant with depleted expression of Cyp19 by removal of 2 of 3 genes encoding this protein using double allelic homologous recombination. The mutant parasite line failed to replicate when inoculated into host cells in vitro or in mice indicating that Cyp19 is critical for infectivity. The mutant parasite line also fails to replicate in or cause clinical disease in immuno-deficient mice further validating their lack of virulence. Repeated inoculation of mutant parasites into immuno-competent mice elicits parasite-specific trypanolytic antibodies and a Th-1 biased immune response and challenge of mutant immunized mice with virulent wild-type parasites is 100% effective at preventing death from acute disease. These results suggest that parasite Cyp19 may be candidate for small molecule drug targeting and that the mutant parasite line may warrant further immunization studies for prevention of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rahul Shivahare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Bishop
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory P Dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacquelyn McDonald
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aakash Sur
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Myler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Rokhsar JL, Raynor B, Sheen J, Goldstein ND, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R. Modeling the impact of xenointoxication in dogs to halt Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.24.23284917. [PMID: 36747723 PMCID: PMC9901065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.23284917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , affects millions in the Americas. Dogs are important reservoirs of the parasite. Under laboratory conditions, canine treatment with the systemic insecticide fluralaner demonstrated efficacy in killing Triatoma infestans and T. brasiliensis, T. cruzi vectors, when they feed on dogs. This form of pest control is called xenointoxication. However, T. cruzi can also be transmitted orally when mammals ingest infected bugs, so there is potential for dogs to become infected upon consuming infected bugs killed by the treatment. Xenointoxication thereby has two contrasting effects on dogs: decreasing the number of insects feeding on the dogs but increasing opportunities for exposure to T. cruzi via oral transmission to dogs ingesting infected insects. Objective Examine the potential for increased infection rates of T. cruzi in dogs following xenointoxication. Design/Methods We built a deterministic mathematical model, based on the Ross-MacDonald malaria model, to investigate the net effect of fluralaner treatment on the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs in different epidemiologic scenarios. We drew upon published data on the change in percentage of bugs killed that fed on treated dogs over days post treatment. Parameters were adjusted to mimic three scenarios of T. cruzi transmission: high and low disease prevalence and domestic vectors, and low disease prevalence and sylvatic vectors. Results In regions with high endemic disease prevalence in dogs and domestic vectors, prevalence of infected dogs initially increases but subsequently declines before eventually rising back to the initial equilibrium following one fluralaner treatment. In regions of low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, however, treatment seems to be detrimental. In these regions our models suggest a potential for a rise in dog prevalence, due to oral transmission from dead infected bugs. Conclusion Xenointoxication could be a beneficial and novel One Health intervention in regions with high prevalence of T. cruzi and domestic vectors. In regions with low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, there is potential harm. Field trials should be carefully designed to closely follow treated dogs and include early stopping rules if incidence among treated dogs exceeds that of controls. Author summary Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , is transmitted via triatomine insect vectors. In Latin America, dogs are a common feeding source for triatomine vectors and subsequently an important reservoir of T. cruzi . One proposed intervention to reduce T. cruzi transmission is xenointoxication: treating dogs with oral insecticide to kill triatomine vectors in order to decrease overall T. cruzi transmission. Fluralaner, commonly administered to prevent ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks, is effective under laboratory conditions against the triatomine vectors. One concern with fluralaner treatment is that rapid death of the insect vectors may make the insects more available to oral ingestion by dogs; a more effective transmission pathway than stercorarian, the usual route for T. cruzi transmission. Using a mathematical model, we explored 3 different epidemiologic scenarios: high prevalence endemic disease within a domestic T. cruzi cycle, low prevalence endemic disease within a domestic T. cruzi cycle, and low prevalence endemic disease within a semi-sylvatic T. cruzi cycle. We found a range of beneficial to detrimental effects of fluralaner xenointoxication depending on the epidemiologic scenario. Our results suggest that careful field trials should be designed and carried out before wide scale implementation of fluralaner xenointoxication to reduce T. cruzi transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Rokhsar
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,ORISE Fellow, Emerging Leaders in Data Science and Technologies Program Fellowship, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, USA
| | - Brinkley Raynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Neal D. Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Corresponding author:
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5
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Carvalho DB, das Neves AR, Portapilla GB, Soares O, Santos LBB, Oliveira JRS, Vianna LS, Judice WAS, Cardoso IA, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Lopes NP, de Albuquerque S, Baroni ACM. Repurposing of 5‐nitrofuran‐3,5‐disubstituted isoxazoles: A thriving scaffold to antitrypanosomal agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 356:e2200472. [PMID: 36534890 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The two drugs used in the treatment schedules exhibit adverse effects and severe toxicity. Thus, searching for new antitrypanosomal agents is urgent to provide improved treatments to those affected by this disease. 5-Nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs were synthesized by cycloaddition reactions [3+2] between chloro-oximes and acetylenes in satisfactory yields. We analyzed the structure-activity relationship of the analogs based on Hammett's and Hansch's parameters. The 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs exhibited relevant in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against the amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Analog 7s was the trending hit of the series, showing an IC50 value of 40 nM and a selectivity index of 132.50. A possible explanation for this result may be the presence of an electrophile near the isoxazole core. Moreover, the most active analogs proved to act as an in vitro substrate of type I nitroreductase rather than the cruzain, enzymes commonly investigated in molecular target studies of CD drug discovery. These findings suggest that 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs are promising in the studies of agents for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Amarith R. das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Gisele B. Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ozildeia Soares
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Larissa B. B. Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Jefferson R. S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Luan S. Vianna
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Wagner A. S. Judice
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Iara A. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - M. Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriano C. M. Baroni
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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Useche Y, Pérez AR, de Meis J, Bonomo A, Savino W. Central nervous system commitment in Chagas disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975106. [PMID: 36439149 PMCID: PMC9685529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) during human acute and chronic Chagas disease (CD) has been largely reported. Meningoencephalitis is a frequent finding during the acute infection, while during chronic phase the CNS involvement is often accompanied by behavioral and cognitive impairments. In the same vein, several studies have shown that rodents infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) display behavior abnormalities, accompanied by brain inflammation, in situ production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and parasitism in diverse cerebral areas, with involvement of microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, and neurons. However, the mechanisms used by the parasite to reach the brain remain now largely unknown. Herein we discuss the evidence unravelling the CNS involvement and complexity of neuroimmune interactions that take place in acute and chronic CD. Also, we provide some clues to hypothesize brain infections routes in human and experimental acute CD following oral infection by T. cruzi, an infection route that became a major CD related public health issue in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerly Useche
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Center for Research and Production of Biological Reagents (CIPReB), Faculty of Medical Sciences National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gonçalves KR, Mazzeti AL, Nascimento AFDS, Castro-Lacerda In Memory JM, Nogueira-Paiva NC, Mathias FAS, Reis AB, Caldas S, Bahia MT. The entrance route: Oral, mucous, cutaneous, or systemic has a marked influence on the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi experimental infection. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106581. [PMID: 35779591 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the oral infection of Trypanosoma cruzi has gathered increased attention due to frequent outbreaks that can lead to more severe clinical signs than those usually found in the areas of vector transmission. This study addresses the main routes of infection using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) and blood trypomastigotes (BT). Herein, BALB/c mice were infected with the Colombian (TcI) strain via intraperitoneal (IP), oral, intragastric (IG), ocular (OC) and cutaneous (CT) routes with 106 culture-derived MT or BT. Parasitemia was intermittent and low in animals inoculated with MT, in contrast, high parasitemia levels were found in BT-mice. A tropism for the muscles was observed in oral or IG infection with BT. Differently, the parasite was widely distributed in the tissues of mice infected with MT. However, the intensity of the inflammation infiltrating the tissues was higher in oral or IG infection with BT. Animals inoculated with BT via the IG route had similar serum levels of IFN-γ and smaller IL-10 compared to those infected with MT via the IG route. TNF-α levels were higher in the serum from BT-animals, which could explain the higher intensity of heart inflammation in these animals. Our results suggest that the infective form and the route of infection differentially modulated the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi mice infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Laboratório de Parasitologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais - Unidade Passos, Av. Juca Stockler, 1130 Passos, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alvaro Fernando da Silva Nascimento
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Mara Castro-Lacerda In Memory
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira-Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Laboratório de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Caldas
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80 - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Abstract
In this issue of Science Immunology, Barreto de Albuquerque et al. track immune responsiveness to the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes during oral infection. Their findings extend the notion of compartmentalized immunity within the gastrointestinal tract to the oral cavity and provide previously unkown insights into regional specialization of oral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Barreto de Albuquerque J, Altenburger LM, Abe J, von Werdt D, Wissmann S, Martínez Magdaleno J, Francisco D, van Geest G, Ficht X, Iannacone M, Bruggmann R, Mueller C, Stein JV. Microbial uptake in oral mucosa-draining lymph nodes leads to rapid release of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells lacking a gut-homing phenotype. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabf1861. [PMID: 35714202 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract constitutes an essential barrier against ingested microbes, including potential pathogens. Although immune reactions are well studied in the lower GI tract, it remains unclear how adaptive immune responses are initiated during microbial challenge of the oral mucosa (OM), the primary site of microbial encounter in the upper GI tract. Here, we identify mandibular lymph nodes (mandLNs) as sentinel lymphoid organs that intercept ingested Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Oral Lm uptake led to local activation and release of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that constituted most of the early circulating effector T cell (TEFF) pool. MandLN-primed TEFF disseminated to lymphoid organs, lung, and OM and contributed substantially to rapid elimination of target cells. In contrast to CD8+ TEFF generated in mesenteric LN (MLN) during intragastric infection, mandLN-primed TEFF lacked a gut-seeking phenotype, which correlated with low expression of enzymes required for gut-homing imprinting by mandLN stromal and dendritic cells. Accordingly, mandLN-primed TEFF decreased Lm burden in spleen but not MLN after intestinal infection. Our findings extend the concept of regional specialization of immune responses along the length of the GI tract, with CD8+ TEFF generated in the upper GI tract displaying homing profiles that differ from those imprinted by lymphoid tissue of the lower GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diego von Werdt
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wissmann
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martínez Magdaleno
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - David Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geert van Geest
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Remy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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10
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Waldeck B, Schaub GA. "Natural infections" with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin of mice: size of mouthparts of vectors and numbers of invading parasites. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2033-2041. [PMID: 35507065 PMCID: PMC9192721 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigating parameters influencing natural infections with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin, the diameters of mouthparts of different stages of triatomines vectors were measured to determine the size of the channel accessible for T. cruzi during cutaneous infection. The mean diameters of the skin-penetrating mandibles of first to fifth instar nymphs of the vector Triatoma infestans increased from 18 to 65 µm. The mean diameter in fourth instar nymphs of Dipetalogaster maxima was 86 µm. Different numbers of isolated vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (10–10,000) were injected intradermally into mice. Prepatent periods, parasitemia and mortality rates were compared with those of mice obtaining 10,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes that are usually present in the first drop of faeces onto the feeding wounds of fifth and fourth instar nymphs of T. infestans and D. maxima, respectively. After injection of 50–10,000 T. cruzi, in all 42 mice the infection developed. An injection of 10 parasites induced an infection in 8 out of 15 mice. With increasing doses of parasites, prepatent periods tended to decrease. The level of parasitemia was higher after injection of the lowest dose. Except for one mouse all infected mice died. After placement of 10,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes onto the feeding wound of fifth or fourth instar nymphs of T. infestans and D. maxima, respectively, the infection rates of the groups, prepatent periods and the levels of parasitemia of T. cruzi in mice indicated that about 10–1,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes entered the skin via this route. For the first time, the present data emphasise the risk of an infection by infectious excreta of triatomines deposited near the feeding wound and the low number of invading parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Waldeck
- Zoology-Parasitology, Ruhr University, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter A Schaub
- Zoology-Parasitology, Ruhr University, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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11
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Marins-Dos-Santos A, Ayres-Silva JDP, Antunes D, Moreira CJDC, Pelajo-Machado M, Alfaro D, Zapata AG, Bonomo AC, Savino W, de Meis J, Farias-de-Oliveira DA. Oral Trypanosoma cruzi Acute Infection in Mice Targets Primary Lymphoid Organs and Triggers Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:800395. [PMID: 35402296 PMCID: PMC8990980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the acute phase of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi circulation through the bloodstream leads to high tissue parasitism in the host. In primary lymphoid organs, progenitor cell reduction paralleled transient immunosuppression. Herein we showed that acute oral infection in mice promotes diffuse parasitism in bone marrow cells at 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), with perivascular regions, intravascular regions, and regions near the bone being target sites of parasite replication. Phenotypic analysis of hematopoietic differentiation in the bone marrow of infected mice showed that the cell number in the tissue is decreased (lineage-negative and lineage-positive cells). Interestingly, analysis of hematopoietic branching points showed that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) were significantly increased at 14 dpi. In addition, the pool of progenitors with stem plasticity (HSC-MPP3), as well as multipotent progenitors (MPPs) such as MPP4, also showed this pattern of increase. In contrast, subsequent progenitors that arise from MPPs, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), lymphoid-primed MPPs (LMPPs), and myeloid progenitors, were not enhanced; conversely, all presented numeric decline. Annexin V staining revealed that cell death increase in the initial hematopoietic branching point probably is not linked to CLPs and that myeloid progenitors decreased at 14 and 21 dpi. In parallel, our investigation provided clues that myeloid progenitor decrease could be associated with an atypical expression of Sca-1 in this population leading to a remarkable increase on LSK-like cells at 14 dpi within the HSPC compartment. Finally, these results led us to investigate HSPC presence in the spleen as a phenomenon triggered during emergency hematopoiesis due to mobilization or expansion of these cells in extramedullary sites. Splenocyte analysis showed a progressive increase in HSPCs between 14 and 21 dpi. Altogether, our study shows that the bone marrow is a target tissue in T. cruzi orally infected mice, leading to a hematopoietic disturbance with LSK-like cell bias accounting on HSPCs possibly affecting myeloid progenitor numbers. The LMPP and CLP reduction converges with defective thymocyte development. Lastly, it is tempting to speculate that the extramedullary hematopoiesis seen in the spleen is a mechanism involved in the hematological maintenance reported during the acute phase of oral T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marins-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dina Antunes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G. Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Cesar Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Wilson Savino, ; ; Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira, ;
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Wilson Savino, ; ; Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira, ;
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Pacini MF, González FB, Dinatale B, Bulfoni Balbi C, Villar SR, Farré C, Lupi G, Espariz M, Blancato VS, Magni C, Marcipar I, Pérez AR. Nasal immunization with a L. lactis-derived trans-sialidase antigen plus c-di-AMP protects against acute oral T. cruzi infection. Vaccine 2022; 40:2311-2323. [PMID: 35279330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The new generation of vaccines for Chagas disease, are focused to induce both humoral and cellular response to effectively control Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. The administration of vaccine formulations intranasally has the advantage over parenteral routes that can induce a specific response at mucosal and systemic levels. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the immunogenicity and prophylactic effectiveness of two Trans-sialidase (TS)-based mucosal vaccines against T. cruzi administered intranasally. Vaccines consisted of a recombinant fragment of TS expressed in Lactococcus lactis formulated in two different adjuvants. The first, was an immunostimulant particle (ISPA, an ISCOMATRIX-like adjuvant), while the second was the dinucleotide c-di-AMP, which have shown immunostimulant properties at the mucosal level. BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally (3 doses, one every two weeks) with each formulation (TS + ISPA or TS + c-di-AMP) and with TS alone or vehicle (saline solution) as controls. Fifteen days after the last immunization, both TS + ISPA or TS + c-di-AMP induced an evident systemic humoral and cellular response, as judged by the increased plasma anti-TS IgG2a titers and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and enhanced cellular response against TS. Plasma derived antibodies from TS + c-di-AMP also inhibit in vitro the invasion capacity of T. cruzi. Furthermore, specific secretory IgA was more enhanced in TS + c-di-AMP group. Protective efficacy was proved in vaccinated animals by an oral T. cruzi-challenge. Parasitemia control was only achieved by animals vaccinated with TS + c-di-AMP, despite all vaccinates groups showed enhanced CD8+IFN-γ+ T cell numbers. In addition, it was reflected during the acute phase in a significant reduction of tissue parasite load, clinical manifestations and diminished tissue damage. The better prophylactic capacity elicited by TS + c-di-AMP was related to the induction of neutralizing plasma antibodies and augmented levels of mucosal IgA since TS + ISPA and TS + c-di-AMP groups displayed similar immunogenicity and CD8+IFN-γ+ T-cell response. Therefore, TS + c-di-AMP formulation appears as a promising strategy for prophylaxis against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda Dinatale
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Bulfoni Balbi
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvina Raquel Villar
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Farré
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Lupi
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Martín Espariz
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Molecular de Rosario, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Víctor Sebastián Blancato
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Molecular de Rosario, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Christian Magni
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Molecular de Rosario, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Iván Marcipar
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Producción de Reactivos Biológicos (CIPReB), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.
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13
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Chacón F, Muñoz-San Martín C, Bacigalupo A, Álvarez-Duhart B, Solís R, Cattan PE. Trypanosoma cruzi Parasite Load Modulates the Circadian Activity Pattern of Triatoma infestans. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010076. [PMID: 35055920 PMCID: PMC8777832 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary We studied the locomotor activity of one of the kissing bug species that transmit the Chagas disease-causing parasite in humans, which usually bites during the night. To date, no other reports researching its behavior take into account the amount of parasites inside the kissing bug; however, some studies have demonstrated that the presence of parasites modifies the activity of some kissing bug species. We recorded their movements in light and dark conditions after part of the insects fed on mammals that had the parasite and others fed on those that did not have the parasite. Later, their amounts of parasites were quantified. We found that, compared with insects with no parasites, kissing bugs with higher parasite amounts increase the number of times they move and the distance they travel, especially during daylight hours. This could imply that the insect increases its time searching for a food source when it is infected with a higher number of parasites, and this could increase the risk of transmission of the parasite to people by the kissing bug. Abstract American trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted mainly in endemic areas by blood-sucking triatomine vectors. Triatoma infestans is the most important vector in the southern cone of South America, exhibiting a nocturnal host-seeking behavior. It has been previously documented that the parasite produces changes in some triatomine species, but this is the first time that the behavior of a vector has been evaluated in relation to its parasite load. After comparing the movement events and distance traveled of infected and non-infected T. infestans, we evaluated the change produced by different T. cruzi parasite loads on its circadian locomotor activity. We observed differences between infected and non-infected triatomines, and a significant relation between the parasite load and the increase in locomotor activity of T. infestans, which was accentuated during the photophase. This could have direct implications on the transmission of T. cruzi, as the increased movement and distance traveled could enhance the contact of the vector with the host, while increasing the predation risk for the vector, which could both constitute a risk for vectorial and oral transmission to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Chacón
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8150215, Chile
| | - Catalina Muñoz-San Martín
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Campus Providencia, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bárbara Álvarez-Duhart
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
| | - Rigoberto Solís
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.E.C.); Tel.: +562-2978-5527 (R.S.); +562-2978-5629 (P.E.C.)
| | - Pedro E. Cattan
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.E.C.); Tel.: +562-2978-5527 (R.S.); +562-2978-5629 (P.E.C.)
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14
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Souza RDCMD, Gorla DE, Chame M, Jaramillo N, Monroy C, Diotaiuti L. Chagas disease in the context of the 2030 agenda: global warming and vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e200479. [PMID: 35649048 PMCID: PMC9150778 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines’ dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.
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15
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Valença-Barbosa C, Finamore-Araujo P, Moreira OC, Vergara-Meza JG, Alvarez MVN, Nascimento JR, Borges-Veloso A, Viana MC, Lilioso M, Miguel DC, Gadelha FR, Teixeira MMG, Almeida CE. Genotypic Trypanosoma cruzi distribution and parasite load differ ecotypically and according to parasite genotypes in Triatoma brasiliensis from endemic and outbreak areas in Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106054. [PMID: 34273309 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes and their relationship with parasitic load in distinct geographic and ecotypic populations of Triatoma brasiliensis in two sites, including one where a Chagas disease (ChD) outbreak occurred in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Triatomine captures were performed in peridomestic and sylvatic ecotopes in two municipalities: Marcelino Vieira - affected by the outbreak; and Currais Novos - where high pressure of peridomestic triatomine infestation after insecticide spraying have been reported. The kDNA-PCR was used to select 124 T. cruzi positive triatomine samples, of which 117 were successfully genotyped by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB). Moreover, the T. cruzi load quantification was performed using a multiplex TaqMan qPCR. Our findings showed a clear ecotypic segregation between TcI and TcII harboured by T. brasiliensis (p<0.001). Although no genotypes were ecotypically exclusive, TcI was predominant in peridomestic ecotopes (86%). In general, T. brasiliensis from Rio Grande do Norte had a higher T. cruzi load varying from 3.94 to 7.66 x 106T. cruzi per insect. Additionally, TcII (median value=299,504 T. cruzi/intestine unit equivalents) had more than twice (p=0.1) the parasite load of TcI (median value=149,077 T. cruzi/intestine unit equivalents), which can be attributed to a more ancient co-evolution with T. brasiliensis. The higher prevalence of TcII in the sylvatic T. brasiliensis (70%) could be associated with a more diversified source of bloodmeals for wild insect populations. Either TcI or TcII may have been responsible for the ChD outbreak that occurred in the city of Marcelino Vieira. On the other hand, a smaller portion of T. brasiliensis was infected by TcIII (3%) in the peridomicile, in addition to T. rangeli genotype A (1%), often found in mixed infections. Our results highlight the need of understanding the patterns of T. cruzi genotype´s development and circulation in insect vectors and reservoirs as a mode of tracking situations of epidemiologic importance, as the ChD outbreak recently recorded for Northeastern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Valença-Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Borges-Veloso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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16
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Bombaça ACS, Silva LA, Chaves OA, da Silva LS, Barbosa JMC, da Silva AM, Ferreira ABB, Menna-Barreto RFS. Novel N,N-di-alkylnaphthoimidazolium derivative of β-lapachone impaired Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondrial electron transport system. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111186. [PMID: 33395606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in Latin America and spreading worldwide due to globalization. The current treatments are based on benznidazole and nifurtimox; however, these drugs have important limitations and limited efficacy during the chronic phase, reinforcing the necessity of an alternative chemotherapy. For the last 30 years, our group has been evaluating the biological activity of naphthoquinones and derivatives on T. cruzi, and of the compounds tested, N1, N2 and N3 were found to be the most active in vitro. Here, we show the synthesis of a novel β-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazolium named N4 and assess its activity on T. cruzi stages and the mechanism of action. The new compound was very active on all parasite stages (IC50/24 h in the range of 0.8-7.9 μM) and had a selectivity index of 5.4. Mechanistic analyses reveal that mitochondrial ROS production begins after short treatment starts and primarily affects the activity of complexes II-III. After 24 h treatment, a partial restoration of mitochondrial physiology (normal complexes II-III and IV activities and controlled H2O2 release) was observed; however, an extensive injury in its morphology was still detected. During treatment with N4, we also observed that trypanothione reductase activity increased in a time-dependent manner and concomitant with increased oxidative stress. Molecular docking calculations indicated the ubiquinone binding site of succinate dehydrogenase as an important interaction point with N4, as with the FMN binding site of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The results presented here may be a good starting point for the development of alternative treatments for Chagas disease and for understanding the mechanism of naphthoimidazoles in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Chaves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorrainy S da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ari M da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aurélio B B Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ferreira LDL, de Araújo FF, Martinelli PM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Alves-Silva J, Guarneri AA. New features on the survival of human-infective Trypanosoma rangeli in a murine model: Parasite accumulation is observed in lymphoid organs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0009015. [PMID: 33370305 PMCID: PMC7793305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli is a non-pathogenic protozoan parasite that infects mammals, including humans, in Chagas disease-endemic areas of South and Central America. The parasite is transmitted to a mammalian host when an infected triatomine injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into the host's skin during a bloodmeal. Infected mammals behave as parasite reservoirs for several months and despite intensive research, some major aspects of T. rangeli-vertebrate interactions are still poorly understood. In particular, many questions still remain unanswered, e.g. parasite survival and development inside vertebrates, as no parasite multiplication sites have yet been identified. The present study used an insect bite transmission strategy to investigate whether the vector inoculation spot in the skin behave as a parasite-replication site. Histological data from the skin identified extracellular parasites in the dermis and hypodermis of infected mice in the first 24 hours post-infection, as well as the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in a period of up to 7 days. However, qPCR analyses demonstrated that T. rangeli is eliminated from the skin after 7 days of infection despite being still consistently found on circulating blood and secondary lymphoid tissues for up to 30 days post-infection. Interestingly, significant numbers of parasites were found in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice during different periods of infection and steady basal numbers of flagellates are maintained in the host's bloodstream, which might behave as a transmission source to insect vectors. The presence of parasites in the spleen was confirmed by fluorescent photomicrography of free and cell-associated T. rangeli forms. Altogether our results suggest that this organ could possibly behave as a T. rangeli maintenance hotspot in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Lima Ferreira
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Integrated Research Group in Biomarkers, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patricia Massara Martinelli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Research Group in Biomarkers, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves-Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pedra-Rezende Y, Fernandes MC, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Stiebler R, Bombaça ACS, Pinho N, Cuervo P, De Castro SL, Menna-Barreto RFS. Starvation and pH stress conditions induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and autophagy in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166028. [PMID: 33248274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected illness endemic in Latin America that mainly affects rural populations. The etiological agent of Chagas disease is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which has three different parasite stages and a dixenous life cycle that includes colonization of the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. During its life cycle, T. cruzi is subjected to stress conditions, including variations in nutrient availability and pH, which impact parasite survival and differentiation. The plasticity of mitochondrial function in trypanosomatids has been defined as mitochondrial activity related to substrate availability. Thus, mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy, which is a constitutive cellular process of turnover and recycling of cellular components, may constitute a response to the nutritional and pH stress in the host. To assess these processes, epimastigotes were subjected to acidic, alkaline, and nutritional stress conditions, and mitochondrial function and its influence on the autophagic process were evaluated. Our data demonstrated that the three stress conditions affected the mitochondrial structure, inducing organelle swelling and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Stressed epimastigotes produced increased ROS levels and overexpressed antioxidant enzymes. The stress conditions resulted in an increase in the number of autophagosomes and exacerbated the expression of different autophagy-related genes (Atgs). A correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic phenotypes was also observed. After 24 h, acid stress and nutritional deprivation induced metacyclogenesis phenotypes (mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy). On the other hand, alkaline stress was transient due to insect blood feeding and culminated in an increase in autophagic flux as a survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle C Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Diretoria de Extensão, Fundação Centro de Educação a Distância do Cecierj Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Stiebler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange L De Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Domingues CS, Cardoso FDO, Hardoim DDJ, Pelajo-Machado M, Bertho AL, Calabrese KDS. Host Genetics Background Influence in the Intragastric Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566476. [PMID: 33329529 PMCID: PMC7732431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the complexity of the factors involved in the immunopathology of Chagas disease, which influence the Chagas' disease pathogenesis, anti-T. cruzi immune response, and chemotherapy outcome, further studies are needed to improve our understanding about these relationships. On this way, in this article we analyzed the host genetic influence on hematological, histopathological and immunological aspects after T. cruzi infection. Methods BALB/c and A mice were intragastrically infected with T. cruzi SC2005 strain, isolated from a patient of an outbreak of Chagas disease. Parameters such as parasite load, survival rates, cytokines production, macrophages, T and B cell frequencies, and histopathology analysis were carried out. Results BALB/c mice presented higher parasitemia and mortality rates than A mice. Both mouse lineages exhibited hematological alterations suggestive of microcytic hypochromic anemia and histopathological alterations in stomach, heart and liver. The increase of CD8+ T cells, in heart, liver and blood, and the increase of CD19+ B cells, in liver, associated with a high level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), confer a resistance profile to the host. Although BALB/c animals exhibited the same findings observed in A mice, the response to infection occurred later, after a considerable parasitemia increase. By developing an early response to the infection, A mice were found to be less susceptible to T. cruzi SC2005 infection. Conclusions Host genetics background shaping the response to infection. The early development of a cytotoxic cellular response profile with the production of proinflammatory cytokines is important to lead a less severe manifestation of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salles Domingues
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Jesus Hardoim
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Citometria de Fluxo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Sear CE, Pieper P, Amaral M, Romanelli MM, Costa-Silva TA, Haugland MM, Tate JA, Lago JHG, Tempone AG, Anderson EA. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship of Dehydrodieugenol B Neolignans against Trypanosoma cruzi. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2872-2878. [PMID: 33047947 PMCID: PMC7670487 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects over seven million people, especially in developing countries. Undesirable side effects are frequently associated with current therapies, which are typically ineffective in the treatment of all stages of the disease. Here, we report the first synthesis of the neolignan dehydrodieugenol B, a natural product recently shown to exhibit activity against T. cruzi. Using this strategy, a series of synthetic analogues were prepared to explore structure-activity relationships. The in vitro antiparasitic activities of these analogues revealed a wide tolerance of modifications and substituent deletions, with maintained or improved bioactivities against the amastigote forms of the parasite (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4-63 μM) and no mammalian toxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >200 μM). Five of these analogues meet the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative (DNDi) "hit criteria" for Chagas disease. This work has enabled the identification of key structural features of the natural product and sites where scaffold modification is tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Sear
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Pieper
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Maiara Amaral
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Maiara M. Romanelli
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Thais A. Costa-Silva
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Marius M. Haugland
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A. Tate
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - João H. G. Lago
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFBC), Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo Andre, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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21
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Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in false negative samples of collected triatomines, xenodiagnosis material, and biopsies of experimentally infected animals. Int Microbiol 2020; 24:141-147. [PMID: 33156443 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct test over the gut material from triatomine vectors and xenodiagnosis over mammalian hosts are classical techniques for Trypanosoma cruzi parasitological diagnosis. Nevertheless, negative results can be a source of uncertainty. Experimental models have allowed evaluating the tissue invasion of different strains of T. cruzi, but conventional techniques for tissue biopsies involve time-consuming and elaborated procedures and have low sensitivity. Gut material of collected triatomines (microscopically negative) (n = 114), material of mammal xenodiagnoses (microscopically negative) (n = 138), and biopsy material (microscopically negative) from experimentally infected animals (n = 34) with isolates from endemic areas of Chagas' disease from Venezuela were used for DNA extraction and PCR for the amplification of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and satellite DNA (sDNA) of T. cruzi. Positive PCR was observed in 53.6% of collected triatomine material, 15.8% of parasitological negative xenodiagnosis material, and 70.6% in biopsies, revealing underestimation by the parasitological tests and the valour of this analysis with preserved material. Anzoátegui was the state with the highest percentage of infection, and the triatomine species Rhodnius prolixus and Panstrongylus geniculatus had the highest percentages of infection. Didelphis marsupialis and Canis familiaris were the most infected by T. cruzi revealed by PCR of xenodiagnosis material. In addition, the PCR technique allowed demonstrating the invasion of T. cruzi in all tissues analyzed, constituting a molecular marker of tissue invasion.
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22
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Carvalho LM, de Carvalho TV, Ferraz AT, Marques FDS, Roatt BM, Fonseca KDS, Reis LES, Carneiro CM, Vieira PMDA. Histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract and systemic alterations triggered by experimental oral infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108012. [PMID: 33011239 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in almost all countries of Latin America. In Brazil, oral infection is becoming the most important mechanism of transmission of the disease in several regions of the country. The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for the parasite through this route of infection, however, little is known about the involvement of these organs related to oral route. In this sense, the present study evaluated the impact of oral infection on the digestive tract in mice infected by Berenice-78 (Be-78) T. cruzi strain, in comparison with the intraperitoneal route of infection. In this work, the intraperitoneal route group showed a peak of parasitemia similar to the oral route group, however the mortality rate among the orally infected animals was higher when compared to intraperitoneal route. By analyzing the frequency of blood cell populations, differences were mainly observed in CD4+ T lymphocytes, and not in CD8+, presenting an earlier reduction in the number of CD4+ T cells, which persisted for a longer period, in the animals of the oral group when compared with the intraperitoneal group. Animals infected by oral route presented a higher tissue parasitism and inflammatory infiltrate in stomach, duodenum and colon on the 28th day after infection. Therefore, these data suggest that oral infection has a different profile of parasitological and immune responses compared to intraperitoneal route, being the oral route more virulent and with greater tissue parasitism in organs of the gastrointestinal tract evaluated during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Mendes Carvalho
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Thais Vieira de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline Tonhela Ferraz
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Souza Marques
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Claudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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23
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Motility patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes correlate with the efficiency of parasite invasion in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15894. [PMID: 32985548 PMCID: PMC7522242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous works have demonstrated that trypanosomatid motility is relevant for parasite replication and sensitivity. Nonetheless, although some findings indirectly suggest that motility also plays an important role during infection, this has not been extensively investigated. This work is aimed at partially filling this void for the case of Trypanosoma cruzi. After recording swimming T. cruzi trypomastigotes (CL Brener strain) and recovering their individual trajectories, we statistically analyzed parasite motility patterns. We did this with parasites that swim alone or above monolayer cultures of different cell lines. Our results indicate that T. cruzi trypomastigotes change their motility patterns when they are in the presence of mammalian cells, in a cell-line dependent manner. We further performed infection experiments in which each of the mammalian cell cultures were incubated for 2 h together with trypomastigotes, and measured the corresponding invasion efficiency. Not only this parameter varied from cell line to cell line, but it resulted to be positively correlated with the corresponding intensity of the motility pattern changes. Together, these results suggest that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are capable of sensing the presence of mammalian cells and of changing their motility patterns accordingly, and that this might increase their invasion efficiency.
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Ward AI, Lewis MD. Host-parasite dynamics in Chagas disease from systemic to hyper-local scales. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12786. [PMID: 32799361 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a remarkably versatile parasite. It can parasitize almost any nucleated cell type and naturally infects hundreds of mammal species across much of the Americas. In humans, it is the cause of Chagas disease, a set of mainly chronic conditions predominantly affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract, which can progress to become life threatening. Yet around two thirds of infected people are long-term asymptomatic carriers. Clinical outcomes depend on many factors, but the central determinant is the nature of the host-parasite interactions that play out over the years of chronic infection in diverse tissue environments. In this review, we aim to integrate recent developments in the understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of T. cruzi infections with established and emerging concepts in host immune responses in the corresponding phases and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez-Mazliah
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander I Ward
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael D Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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25
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Chatelain E, Scandale I. Animal models of Chagas disease and their translational value to drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1381-1402. [PMID: 32812830 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1806233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION American trypanosomiasis, better known as Chagas disease, is a global public health issue. Current treatments targeting the causative parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, are limited to two old nitroheterocyclic compounds; new, safer drugs are needed. New tools to identify compounds suitable for parasitological cure in humans have emerged through efforts in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Animal disease models are an integral part of the drug discovery process. There are numerous experimental models of Chagas disease described and in use; rather than going through each of these and their specific features, the authors focus on developments in recent years, in particular the imaging technologies that have dramatically changed the Chagas R&D landscape, and provide a critical view on their value and limitations for moving compounds forward into further development. EXPERT OPINION The application of new technological advances to the field of drug development for Chagas disease has led to the implementation of new and robust/standardized in vivo models that contributed to a better understanding of host/parasite interactions. These new models should also build confidence in their translational value for moving compounds forward into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chatelain
- R&D Department, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- R&D Department, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) , Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Velásquez-Ortiz N, Ramírez JD. Understanding the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:448-461. [PMID: 32781335 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that lately has been highlighted because several outbreaks attributed to oral transmission of the parasite have occurred. These outbreaks are characterized by high mortality rates and massive infections that cannot be related to other types of transmission such as the vectorial route. Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been reported in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and French Guiana, most of them are massive oral outbreaks caused by the ingestion of beverages and food contaminated with triatomine feces or parasites' reservoirs secretions and considered since 2012 as a foodborne disease. In this review, we present the current status and all available data regarding oral transmission of Chagas disease, highlighting its relevance as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Velásquez-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Oral sex: A new, and possibly the most dangerous, route of toxoplasmosis transmission. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Besuschio SA, Picado A, Muñoz-Calderón A, Wehrendt DP, Fernández M, Benatar A, Diaz-Bello Z, Irurtia C, Cruz I, Ndung’u JM, Cafferata ML, Montenegro G, Sosa Estani S, Lucero RH, Alarcón de Noya B, Longhi SA, Schijman AG. Trypanosoma cruzi loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Trypanosoma cruzi Loopamp) kit for detection of congenital, acute and Chagas disease reactivation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008402. [PMID: 32797041 PMCID: PMC7458301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A Trypanosoma cruzi Loopamp kit was recently developed as a ready-to-use diagnostic method requiring minimal laboratory facilities. We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy for detection of acute Chagas disease (CD) in different epidemiological and clinical scenarios. In this retrospective study, a convenience series of clinical samples (venous blood treated with EDTA or different stabilizer agents, heel-prick blood in filter paper or cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF)) from 30 infants born to seropositive mothers (13 with congenital CD and 17 noninfected), four recipients of organs from CD donors, six orally-infected cases after consumption of contaminated guava juice and six CD patients coinfected with HIV at risk of CD reactivation (N = 46 patients, 46 blood samples and 1 CSF sample) were tested by T. cruzi Loopamp kit (Tc LAMP) and standardized quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). T. cruzi Loopamp accuracy was estimated using the case definition in the different groups as a reference. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was applied to measure the agreement between Tc LAMP (index test) and qPCR (reference test). Sensitivity and specificity of T. cruzi Loopamp kit in blood samples from the pooled clinical groups was 93% (95% CI: 77-99) and 100% (95% CI: 80-100) respectively. The agreement between Tc LAMP and qPCR was almost perfect (κ = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.62-1.00). The T. cruzi Loopamp kit was sensitive and specific for detection of T. cruzi infection. It was carried out from DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples (via frozen EDTA blood, guanidine hydrochloride-EDTA blood, DNAgard blood and dried blood spots), as well as in CSF specimens infected with TcI or TcII/V/VI parasite populations. The T. cruzi Loopamp kit appears potentially useful for rapid detection of T. cruzi infection in congenital, acute and CD reactivation due to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Besuschio
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albert Picado
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana P Wehrendt
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Fernández
- Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Dr. Francisco J. Muñiz” Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología, “Dr Mario Fatala Chabén”, ANLIS CG Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Benatar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zoraida Diaz-Bello
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela 5
| | - Cecilia Irurtia
- Hospital Nacional “Profesor Alejandro Posadas”, Villa Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Israel Cruz
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
- National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph M Ndung’u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - María L Cafferata
- Departamento en Salud de la Madre y el Niño, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria – Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (IECS-CIESP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Montenegro
- Hospital Nacional “Profesor Alejandro Posadas”, Villa Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sosa Estani
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología, “Dr Mario Fatala Chabén”, ANLIS CG Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl H. Lucero
- Área de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia A Longhi
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr Héctor Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Majeau A, Pronovost H, Sanford A, Cloherty E, Anderson AN, Balsamo G, Gee L, Straif-Bourgeois SC, Herrera C. Raccoons As an Important Reservoir for Trypanosoma cruzi: A Prevalence Study from Two Metropolitan Areas in Louisiana. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:535-540. [PMID: 32286921 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Raccoons are an important reservoir for Trypanosoma cruzi infection, having been reported to maintain a high and lengthy parasitemia. Although raccoon populations have historically been abundant in Louisiana, the prevalence rate of T. cruzi infection in raccoons in this state is unknown. Here, we tested raccoon tissues from two urban areas in Louisiana, namely Orleans Parish (OP) and East Baton Rouge Parish (EBRP), to investigate prevalence in these areas using direct detection through polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 33.6% of raccoons tested were positive. The prevalence in OP (42.9%) was significantly higher than the prevalence in EBRP (23.2%). There was no significant difference in prevalence between sexes or based on age, but there was a significant difference in infection prevalence based on season of trapping. These results suggest the importance of raccoons as a reservoir host, maintaining T. cruzi infection and potentially posing a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Majeau
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Henry Pronovost
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anna Sanford
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erin Cloherty
- New Orleans Mosquito, Rodent, and Termite Control, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Nikki Anderson
- Louisiana Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gary Balsamo
- Department of Health, Office of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Laura Gee
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Susanne C Straif-Bourgeois
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Echeverría LE, Marcus R, Novick G, Sosa-Estani S, Ralston K, Zaidel EJ, Forsyth C, RIbeiro ALP, Mendoza I, Falconi ML, Mitelman J, Morillo CA, Pereiro AC, Pinazo MJ, Salvatella R, Martinez F, Perel P, Liprandi ÁS, Piñeiro DJ, Molina GR. WHF IASC Roadmap on Chagas Disease. Glob Heart 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 32489799 PMCID: PMC7218776 DOI: 10.5334/gh.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas Disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, with some of the most serious manifestations affecting the cardiovascular system. It is a chronic, stigmatizing condition, closely associated with poverty and affecting close to 6 million people globally. Although historically the disease was limited to endemic areas of Latin America recent years have seen an increasing global spread. In addition to the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, the social and economic burdens on individuals and society are substantial. Often called the 'silent killer', Chagas disease is characterized by a long, asymptomatic phase in affected individuals. Approximately 30% then go on develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and other serious cardiac complications such as stroke, rhythm disturbances and severe heart failure. Methods In a collaboration of the World Hearth Federation (WHF) and the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) a writing group consisting of 20 diverse experts on Chagas disease (CD) was convened. The group provided up to date expert knowledge based on their area of expertise. An extensive review of the literature describing obstacles to diagnosis and treatment of CD along with proposed solutions was conducted. A survey was sent to all WHF Members and, using snowball sampling to widen the consultation, to a variety of health care professionals working in the CD global health community. The results were analyzed, open comments were reviewed and consolidated, and the findings were incorporated into this document, thus ensuring a consensus representation. Results The WHF IASC Roadmap on Chagas Disease offers a comprehensive summary of current knowledge on prevention, diagnosis and management of the disease. In providing an analysis of 'roadblocks' in access to comprehensive care for Chagas disease patients, the document serves as a framework from which strategies for implementation such as national plans can be formulated. Several dimensions are considered in the analysis: healthcare system capabilities, governance, financing, community awareness and advocacy. Conclusion The WHF IASC Roadmap proposes strategies and evidence-based solutions for healthcare professionals, health authorities and governments to help overcome the barriers to comprehensive care for Chagas disease patients. This roadmap describes an ideal patient care pathway, and explores the roadblocks along the way, offering potential solutions based on available research and examples in practice. It represents a call to action to decision-makers and health care professionals to step up efforts to eradicate Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Marcus
- LASOCHA, Washington DC, US
- Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Gabriel Novick
- Swiss Medical Group, Buenos Aires, AR
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, US
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative-Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, BR
| | | | - Ezequiel Jose Zaidel
- Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, AR
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, AR
| | - Colin Forsyth
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative-Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, BR
| | - Antonio Luiz P. RIbeiro
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, BR
- Hospital das Clínicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, BR
| | | | - Mariano Luis Falconi
- Cardiology Division, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, AR
- University Institute of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, AR
| | - Jorge Mitelman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, AR
- School of Medicine, Barcélo University, Buenos Aires, AR
| | - Carlos A. Morillo
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, CA
- Southeastern Alberta Region, Alberta Health Services, Foothills Medical Centre, CA
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Martinez
- National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, AR
- DAMIC Institute/Rusculleda Foundation, Cordoba, AR
| | - Pablo Perel
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH
- Centre for Global Chronic Conditions, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, GB
| | - Álvaro Sosa Liprandi
- Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, AR
- Medical School of Cardiology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, AR
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Harrison JR, Sarkar S, Hampton S, Riley J, Stojanovski L, Sahlberg C, Appelqvist P, Erath J, Mathan V, Rodriguez A, Kaiser M, Pacanowska DG, Read KD, Johansson NG, Gilbert IH. Discovery and Optimization of a Compound Series Active against Trypanosoma cruzi, the Causative Agent of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3066-3089. [PMID: 32134269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is endemic in South and Central America and recently has been found in other parts of the world, due to migration of chronically infected patients. The current treatment for Chagas disease is not satisfactory, and there is a need for new treatments. In this work, we describe the optimization of a hit compound resulting from the phenotypic screen of a library of compounds against T. cruzi. The compound series was optimized to the level where it had satisfactory pharmacokinetics to allow an efficacy study in a mouse model of Chagas disease. We were able to demonstrate efficacy in this model, although further work is required to improve the potency and selectivity of this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Harrison
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sandipan Sarkar
- Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Shahienaz Hampton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jessey Erath
- New York University School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria Center West Tower, Room 511, Lab 524, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Vinodhini Mathan
- Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- New York University School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria Center West Tower, Room 511, Lab 524, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel CH-4003, Switzerland
| | - Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud18016 Armilla, Granada Spain
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Sereno D, Akhoundi M, Sayehmri K, Mirzaei A, Holzmuller P, Lejon V, Waleckx E. Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1684. [PMID: 32121441 PMCID: PMC7084391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Kourosh Sayehmri
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Parasitology Department, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE “Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes”, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales «Dr Hideyo Noguchi», Universidad autònoma de yucatán, Merida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
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Franco-Paredes C, Villamil-Gómez WE, Schultz J, Henao-Martínez AF, Parra-Henao G, Rassi A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suarez JA. A deadly feast: Elucidating the burden of orally acquired acute Chagas disease in Latin America - Public health and travel medicine importance. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101565. [PMID: 32004732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several countries in Latin American, particularly Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia, have experienced multiple outbreaks of oral Chagas disease. Transmission occurs secondary to contamination of food or beverages by triatomine (kissing bug) feces containing infective Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes. Orally transmitted infections are acute and potentially fatal. Oral Chagas transmission carries important clinical implications from management to public health policies compared to vector-borne transmission. This review aims to discuss the contemporary situation of orally acquired Chagas disease, and its eco-epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management. We also propose preventive public health interventions to reduce the burden of disease and provide important perspectives for travel medicine. Travel health advisors need to counsel intending travellers to South America on avoidance of "deadly feasts" - risky beverages such as fruit juices including guava juice, bacaba, babaçu and palm wine (vino de palma), açai pulp, sugar cane juice and foodstuffs such as wild animal meats that may be contaminated with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico; Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama
| | - Wilmer E Villamil-Gómez
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Committe on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Bogota, Colombia; Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Sincelejo, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia; Programa del Doctorado de Medicina Tropical, SUE Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jonathan Schultz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico (CIST), Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Anis Rassi
- Division of Cardiology, Anis Rassi Heart Hospital, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Committe on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Bogota, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Universidad Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | - José Antonio Suarez
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá, Clinical Research Deparment, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Panama
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Sayé M, Gauna L, Valera-Vera E, Reigada C, Miranda MR, Pereira CA. Crystal violet structural analogues identified by in silico drug repositioning present anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity through inhibition of proline transporter TcAAAP069. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007481. [PMID: 31961864 PMCID: PMC6994103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystal violet (CV) was used for several years in blood banks to eliminate the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in endemic areas in order to prevent transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease. One mechanism of action described for CV involves inhibition of proline uptake. In T. cruzi, proline is essential for host cell infection and intracellular differentiation among other processes, and can be obtained through the proline permease TcAAAP069. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS CV inhibited proline transporter TcAAAP069 and parasites overexpressing this permease were 47-fold more sensitive to this compound than control parasites. Using CV as reference molecule, loratadine, cyproheptadine, olanzapine and clofazimine were identified as structurally related compounds to CV (structural analogues) by in silico drug repurposing through a similarity-based virtual screening protocol. All these already-approved drugs for clinical use inhibited TcAAAP069 activity with different efficacies and also presented trypanocidal action in epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes of the Y, CL Brener and Dm28c T. cruzi strains. Finally, a synergistic effect between benznidazole and the CV chemical analogues was evidenced by combination and dose-reduction indexes values in epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of the Y strain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Loratadine, cyproheptadine and clofazimine inhibit TcAAAP069 proline transporter and also present trypanocidal effect against all T. cruzi life stages in strains from three different DTUs. These CV structural analogues could be a starting point to design therapeutic alternatives to treat Chagas disease by finding new indications for old drugs. This approach, called drug repurposing is a recommended strategy by the World Health Organization to treat neglected diseases, like Chagas disease, and combination therapy may improve the possibility of success of repositioned drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Sayé
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Gauna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edward Valera-Vera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chantal Reigada
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana R. Miranda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A. Pereira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Immune-neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders in human and experimental T. cruzi infection: New clues for understanding Chagas disease pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165642. [PMID: 31866417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice undergoing acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection and patients with Chagas disease, led to identify several immune-neuroendocrine disturbances and metabolic disorders. Here, we review relevant findings concerning such abnormalities and discuss their possible influence on disease physiopathology.
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Wilke ABB, Beier JC, Benelli G. Complexity of the relationship between global warming and urbanization - an obscure future for predicting increases in vector-borne infectious diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:1-9. [PMID: 31279898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors are responsible for the transmission of many infectious diseases. Currently, more than three billion people living in endemic areas are exposed to vector-borne pathogens. Substantial differences in the biology of arthropod vectors make it extremely challenging to predict the incidence of vector-borne diseases in the future. However, global warming and urbanization both profoundly affect the ecology and distribution of arthropod vectors. Such processes often result in a biotic homogenization of species in a non-random process of biodiversity loss. The data presently available indicate a trend towards progressive increases in the presence and abundance of vectors capable of thriving in urban environments amongst humans, thus, increasing the contact between vectors and human hosts. As a consequence, we expect the incidence of vector-borne diseases to increase. In our opinion, resources should be made available and directed to strategies within the Integrated Vector Management framework, focusing on proven vector control tools. Besides, a substantial reduction of IVM costs would be achieved by observing environmental guidelines and providing basic sanitary infrastructure at early stages of its development. This could help to increase IVM effectiveness in attenuating social determinants of health and social inequities due to exposure to vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B B Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Arrúa EC, Seremeta KP, Bedogni GR, Okulik NB, Salomon CJ. Nanocarriers for effective delivery of benznidazole and nifurtimox in the treatment of chagas disease: A review. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105080. [PMID: 31299283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of infectious diseases prevalent in countries with tropical and subtropical climate that affect the poorest individuals and produce high chronic disability associated with serious problems for the health system and socioeconomic development. Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is included on the NTDs list. However, even though this disease affects more than 10 million people, mostly in Latin America, causing the death of over 10,000 people every year, only two drugs are approved for its treatment, benznidazole and nifurtimox. These antiparasitic agents were developed almost half a century ago and present several biopharmaceutical disadvantages such as low aqueous solubility and permeability limiting their bioavailability. In addition, both therapeutic agents are available only as tablets and a liquid pediatric formulation is still lacking. Therefore, novel pharmaceutical strategies to optimize the pharmacotherapy of Chagas disease are urgently required. In this regard, nanotechnological approaches may be a crucial alternative for the delivery of both drugs ensuring an effective pharmacotherapy although the successful bench-to-bedside translation remains a major challenge. The present work reviews in detail the formulation and in-vitro/in-vivo analysis of different nanoformulations of nifurtimox and benznidazole in order to enhance their solubility, dissolution, bioavailability and trypanocidal activity.
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38
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Wesley M, Moraes A, Rosa ADC, Lott Carvalho J, Shiroma T, Vital T, Dias N, de Carvalho B, do Amaral Rabello D, Borges TKDS, Dallago B, Nitz N, Hagström L, Hecht M. Correlation of Parasite Burden, kDNA Integration, Autoreactive Antibodies, and Cytokine Pattern in the Pathophysiology of Chagas Disease. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1856. [PMID: 31496999 PMCID: PMC6712995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the main parasitic disease in the Western Hemisphere. Unfortunately, its physiopathology is not completely understood, and cardiomegaly development is hard to predict. Trying to explain tissue lesion and the fact that only a percentage of the infected individuals develops clinical manifestations, a variety of mechanisms have been suggested as the provokers of CD, such as parasite persistence and autoimmune responses. However, holistic analysis of how parasite and host-related elements may connect to each other and influence clinical outcome is still scarce in the literature. Here, we investigated murine models of CD caused by three different pathogen strains: Colombian, CL Brener and Y strains, and employed parasitological and immunological tests to determine parasite load, antibody reactivity, and cytokine production during the acute and chronic phases of the disease. Also, we developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol to quantify T. cruzi kDNA minicircle integration into the mammalian host genome. Finally, we used a correlation analysis to interconnect parasite- and host-related factors over time. Higher parasite load in the heart and in the intestine was significantly associated with IgG raised against host cardiac proteins. Also, increased heart and bone marrow parasitism was associated with a more intense leukocyte infiltration. kDNA integration rates correlated to the levels of IgG antibodies reactive to host cardiac proteins and interferon production, both influencing tissue inflammation. In conclusion, our results shed light into how inflammatory process associates with parasite load, kDNA transfer to the host, autoreactive autoantibody production and cytokine profile. Altogether, our data support the proposal of an updated integrative theory regarding CD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Wesley
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Aline Moraes
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana de Cássia Rosa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Shiroma
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tamires Vital
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nayra Dias
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Doralina do Amaral Rabello
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Karla Dos Santos Borges
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallago
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hagström
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan that causes Chagas disease, is primarily transmitted by three main Triatomine vectors in endemic areas. However, the infection has become a potential emerging disease because the vector is found in non-endemic areas, there is migration of infected asymptomatic people that can infect the vector, become blood donors, or pass the disease vertically (congenital infections). Lastly, the disease can be acquired through contaminated food (oral transmission). This review will present the different transmission pathways, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities and treatment considerations of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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40
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Sepúlveda-Robles O, Espinoza-Gutiérrez B, Gomez-Verjan JC, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, De Ita M, Silva-Miranda M, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Fernández-Ramírez F, Herrera-Salazar A, Mata-Rocha M, Ortega-Hernández A, Reyes-Chilpa R. Trypanocidal and toxicological assessment in vitro and in silico of three sesquiterpene lactones from Asteraceae plant species. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Labello Barbosa R, Dias VL, Lorosa ES, de Góes Costa E, Pereira KS, Gilioli R, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi from vector and reservoir in in natura açaí pulp resulting in food-borne acute Chagas disease at Pará State, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pérez-Ayala A, Fradejas I, Rebollo L, Lora-Pablos D, Lizasoain M, Herrero-Martínez JM. Usefulness of the ARCHITECT Chagas ® assay as a single test for the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 23:634-640. [PMID: 29683542 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Imported Chagas disease (CD) is an emerging health problem in Europe due to immigration from endemic countries. Although WHO currently recommends two different serological methods to establish diagnosis, new tools like the ARCHITECT Chagas assay have potential for use as a single diagnostic test. Our objective was to determine an optimal signal-to-cut-off (S/CO) value for the ARCHITECT Chagas assay to diagnose CD with a single test. METHODS A retrospective study conducted at the 12 de Octubre University Hospital (Madrid, Spain). All patients with requests for Chagas screening between January 2014 and August 2017 were consecutively included. All samples were routinely tested with the ARCHITECT assay. Negative samples (S/CO < 0.8) required no further testing. Immunochromatographic testing (ICT) and/or indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) was used to confirm samples with S/CO ≥ 0.8. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined the ARCHITECT S/CO value that yielded 100% specificity and positive predictive value. SPSS software, version 22.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS A total of 4153 samples were analysed; 361 (8.69%) gave a reactive ARCHITECT Chagas result. 261/361 (72.3%) were women; median age was 38 years old (2-79). 92.8% were Bolivian. A total of 307 (85.0%) were confirmed as cases of Chagas; 52 (14.4%) were not infected; two (0.6%) were not evaluable. Seroprevalence was 7.39%. An S/CO ≥ 3.80 yielded 100% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-1.00) and 100% positive predictive value (95% CI, 0.99-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Using S/CO ≥ 3.80, the ARCHITECT Chagas could be used as a single test for diagnosis of chronic CD in Bolivian immigrants. Patients with S/CO between 0.80 and 3.80 would require additional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez-Ayala
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fradejas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rebollo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lora-Pablos
- Clinical Research Department, Hospital 12 Octubre Research Institute, Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Lizasoain
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Hou T, Li S, Zhang G, Li Y. High-fluence low-power laser irradiation promotes odontogenesis and inflammation resolution in periodontitis by enhancing stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2107-2119. [PMID: 30085334 PMCID: PMC6108882 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis can exert a severe impact on the life of patients, and the use of stem cell therapy for this disease is promising. The inflammatory response consequent to periodontitis can promote stem cell proliferation. Activated inflammation triggers inhibitory cytokine secretion, thus reducing inflammation subsequent to stem cell activation. High-fluence low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI) has the ability to regulate stem cell function through its effect on inflammation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether HF-LPLI is able to activate stem cells to promote regeneration in periodontitis by promoting inflammation resolution, as well as to evaluate the underlying mechanism of action if an effect is observed. Stem cells were treated with HF-LPLI following inflammation activation. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and EdU assay were used to evaluate cell proliferation and differentiation. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were also used to detect the ability of HF-LPLI to regulate the surrounding inflammatory environment. Animal models of periodontal disease were treated with stem cells and HF-LPLI, and regeneration was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining and in vivo imaging. It was observed that HF-LPLI promoted inflammation resolution by reducing the excessive inflammatory response, and finally stimulated stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, in vivo results revealed that stem cells treated with HF-LPLI induced bone regeneration. HF-LPLI stimulated stem cell proliferation and differentiation by promoting inflammation resolution subsequent to stem cell activation, providing a new strategy for the clinical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Hou
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Shanyong Li
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Schijman AG. Molecular diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2018; 184:59-66. [PMID: 29476727 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people, most of them neglected populations. The different phases of the disease, the transmission mode and the high genetic variability of the parasite determine that molecular detection methods display different degree of success. Molecular diagnostic tests may be employed during epidemiological surveys of transmission, for early diagnosis of congenital transmission and acute infections due to oral transmission, transfusion or transplantation routes, reactivation due to immunosuppression and monitoring of treatment response in chronically infected patients receiving trypanocidal chemotherapy. This manuscript summarizes the most widely used molecular tools to detect T. cruzi infection in different epidemiological and clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Hector Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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45
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Barreto de Albuquerque J, Silva Dos Santos D, Stein JV, de Meis J. Oral Versus Intragastric Inoculation: Similar Pathways of Trypanosoma cruzi Experimental Infection? From Target Tissues, Parasite Evasion, and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1734. [PMID: 30100907 PMCID: PMC6072848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, oral infection is the most frequent transmission mechanism of Chagas disease in Brazil and others Latin American countries. This transmission pathway presents increased mortality rate in the first 2 weeks, which is higher than the calculated mortality after the biting of infected insect vectors. Thus, the oral route of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, and the consequences in the host must be taken into account when thinking on the mechanisms underlying the natural history of the disease. Distinct routes of parasite entry may differentially affect immune circuits, stimulating regional immune responses that impact on the overall profile of the host protective immunity. Experimental studies related to oral infection usually comprise inoculation in the mouth (oral infection, OI) or gavage (gastrointestinal infection, GI), being often considered as similar routes of infection. Hence, establishing a relationship between the inoculation site (OI or GI) with disease progression and the mounting of T. cruzi-specific regional immune responses is an important issue to be considered. Here, we provide a discussion on studies performed in OI and GI in experimental models of acute infections, including T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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46
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Lewis MD, Francisco AF, Jayawardhana S, Langston H, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. Imaging the development of chronic Chagas disease after oral transmission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11292. [PMID: 30050153 PMCID: PMC6062536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission cycles are maintained by haematophagous triatomine bug vectors that carry infective T. cruzi in their faeces. Most human infections are acquired by contamination of mucosal membranes with triatomine faeces after being bitten, however, T. cruzi can be transmitted by several other routes. Oral transmission is an increasingly important aspect of Chagas disease epidemiology, typically involving food or drink products contaminated with triatomines. This has recently caused numerous outbreaks and been linked to unusually severe acute infections. The long-term impact of oral transmission on infection dynamics and disease pathogenesis is unclear. We used highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging and quantitative histopathology to study orally transmitted T. cruzi infections in mice. Both metacyclic and bloodform trypomastigotes were infectious via the oral cavity, but only metacyclics led to established infections by intra-gastric gavage. Mice displayed only mild acute symptoms but later developed significantly increased myocardial collagen content (p = 0.017), indicative of fibrosis. Gastrointestinal tissues and skin were the principal chronic infection reservoirs. Chronic phase parasite load profiles, tissue distribution and myocardial fibrosis severity were comparable to needle-injected controls. Thus, the oral route neither exacerbates nor ameliorates experimental Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lewis
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Amanda F Francisco
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Shiromani Jayawardhana
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Langston
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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47
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Robertson LJ. Parasites in Food: From a Neglected Position to an Emerging Issue. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:71-113. [PMID: 30077225 PMCID: PMC7129657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne parasites have long been a neglected group of pathogens, as they often have insidious, chronic effects, rather than being acute diseases, and they are often associated with impoverished or marginalized populations. In addition, due to the long incubation period for most foodborne parasites, source attribution is often difficult, if not impossible. However, global trends have enabled foodborne parasites to emerge in different populations in new locations, transmitted through different food types, and sometimes with unexpected symptoms. This emergence of foodborne parasites has brought them into focus. In this chapter, six foodborne parasites are used as examples on emergence: Echinococcus multilocularis is spreading to new locations; Cryptosporidium spp. are beginning to be associated not only with water, but also with salads; Trypanosoma cruzi is being manifest with acute disease due to foodborne transmission, particularly transmitted with juices; Trichinella spp. have become less of a burden regarding transmission via pork in many countries, but now game animals are becoming a concern; anisakiasis is becoming a global problem as the world develops a taste for sushi, and similarly for opisthorchiasis, which is increasingly being associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, the emergence of these foodborne parasites provides an incentive for increased efforts being made toward control. In this chapter, having described how the parasites are emerging from their neglected position, the focus turns toward control. In addition to considering control measures that may be applied to the specific parasites, an overview is provided of some of the organized collaborations, projects, and consortia, as well as some of their outputs, that have in focus the control of these emerging and important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Flores-Ferrer A, Marcou O, Waleckx E, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S. Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need? Evol Appl 2017; 11:470-487. [PMID: 29636800 PMCID: PMC5891055 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a key human pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large‐scale insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution, we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential, which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and –omic approaches. Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of T. cruzi high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design evolution‐proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing a theory of T. cruzi virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of evolutionary ecology and life‐history evolution that provide the quantitative backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alheli Flores-Ferrer
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.,UMR 5096 'Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes' Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| | - Olivier Marcou
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Mexico
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.,UMR 5096 'Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes' Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
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Avci P, Karimi M, Sadasivam M, Antunes-Melo WC, Carrasco E, Hamblin MR. In-vivo monitoring of infectious diseases in living animals using bioluminescence imaging. Virulence 2017; 9:28-63. [PMID: 28960132 PMCID: PMC6067836 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1371897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods of localizing and quantifying the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in living experimental animal models of infections have mostly relied on sacrificing the animals, dissociating the tissue and counting the number of colony forming units. However, the discovery of several varieties of the light producing enzyme, luciferase, and the genetic engineering of bacteria, fungi, parasites and mice to make them emit light, either after administration of the luciferase substrate, or in the case of the bacterial lux operon without any exogenous substrate, has provided a new alternative. Dedicated bioluminescence imaging (BLI) cameras can record the light emitted from living animals in real time allowing non-invasive, longitudinal monitoring of the anatomical location and growth of infectious microorganisms as measured by strength of the BLI signal. BLI technology has been used to follow bacterial infections in traumatic skin wounds and burns, osteomyelitis, infections in intestines, Mycobacterial infections, otitis media, lung infections, biofilm and endodontic infections and meningitis. Fungi that have been engineered to be bioluminescent have been used to study infections caused by yeasts (Candida) and by filamentous fungi. Parasitic infections caused by malaria, Leishmania, trypanosomes and toxoplasma have all been monitored by BLI. Viruses such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, hepatitis B and C and influenza, have been studied using BLI. This rapidly growing technology is expected to continue to provide much useful information, while drastically reducing the numbers of animals needed in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Magesh Sadasivam
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,e Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida , India
| | - Wanessa C Antunes-Melo
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,f University of Sao Paulo , Sao Carlos-SP , Brazil
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,g Department of Biosciences , Durham University , Durham , United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,h Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Nuclear DNA Replication in Trypanosomatids: There Are No Easy Methods for Solving Difficult Problems. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:858-874. [PMID: 28844718 PMCID: PMC5662062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In trypanosomatids, etiological agents of devastating diseases, replication is robust and finely controlled to maintain genome stability and function in stressful environments. However, these parasites encode several replication protein components and complexes that show potentially variant composition compared with model eukaryotes. This review focuses on the advances made in recent years regarding the differences and peculiarities of the replication machinery in trypanosomatids, including how such divergence might affect DNA replication dynamics and the replication stress response. Comparing the DNA replication machinery and processes of parasites and their hosts may provide a foundation for the identification of targets that can be used in the development of chemotherapies to assist in the eradication of diseases caused by these pathogens. In trypanosomatids, DNA replication is tightly controlled by protein complexes that diverge from those of model eukaryotes. There is no consensus for the number of replication origins used by trypanosomatids; how their replication dynamics compares with that of model organisms is the subject of debate. The DNA replication rate in trypanosomatids is similar to, but slightly higher than, that of model eukaryotes, which may be related to chromatin structure and function. Recent data suggest that the origin recognition complex in trypanosomatids closely resembles the multisubunit eukaryotic model. The absence of fundamental replication-associated proteins in trypanosomatids suggests that new signaling pathways may be present in these parasites to direct DNA replication and the replicative stress response.
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