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Cai Y, Guo H, Han T, Wang H. Lactate: a prospective target for therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1473-1479. [PMID: 38051889 PMCID: PMC10883489 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although antipsychotics that act via monoaminergic neurotransmitter modulation have considerable therapeutic effect, they cannot completely relieve clinical symptoms in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. This may be attributed to the limited range of neurotransmitters that are regulated by psychotropic drugs. Recent findings indicate the need for investigation of psychotropic medications that target less-studied neurotransmitters. Among these candidate neurotransmitters, lactate is developing from being a waste metabolite to a glial-neuronal signaling molecule in recent years. Previous studies have suggested that cerebral lactate levels change considerably in numerous psychiatric illnesses; animal experiments have also shown that the supply of exogenous lactate exerts an antidepressant effect. In this review, we have described how medications targeting newer neurotransmitters offer promise in psychiatric diseases; we have also summarized the advances in the use of lactate (and its corresponding signaling pathways) as a signaling molecule. In addition, we have described the alterations in brain lactate levels in depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia and have indicated the challenges that need to be overcome before brain lactate can be used as a therapeutic target in psychopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haiyun Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tianle Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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2
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Krzyściak W, Bystrowska B, Karcz P, Chrzan R, Bryll A, Turek A, Mazur P, Śmierciak N, Szwajca M, Donicz P, Furman K, Pilato F, Kozicz T, Popiela T, Pilecki M. Association of Blood Metabolomics Biomarkers with Brain Metabolites and Patient-Reported Outcomes as a New Approach in Individualized Diagnosis of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2294. [PMID: 38396971 PMCID: PMC10888632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Given its polygenic nature, there is a need for a personalized approach to schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to select laboratory biomarkers from blood, brain imaging, and clinical assessment, with an emphasis on patients' self-report questionnaires. Metabolomics studies of serum samples from 51 patients and 45 healthy volunteers, based on the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), led to the identification of 3 biochemical indicators (cortisol, glutamate, lactate) of schizophrenia. These metabolites were sequentially correlated with laboratory tests results, imaging results, and clinical assessment outcomes, including patient self-report outcomes. The hierarchical cluster analysis on the principal components (HCPC) was performed to identify the most homogeneous clinical groups. Significant correlations were noted between blood lactates and 11 clinical and 10 neuroimaging parameters. The increase in lactate and cortisol were significantly associated with a decrease in immunological parameters, especially with the level of reactive lymphocytes. The strongest correlations with the level of blood lactate and cortisol were demonstrated by brain glutamate, N-acetylaspartate and the concentrations of glutamate and glutamine, creatine and phosphocreatine in the prefrontal cortex. Metabolomics studies and the search for associations with brain parameters and self-reported outcomes may provide new diagnostic evidence to specific schizophrenia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paulina Karcz
- Department of Electroradiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, 31-126 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Robert Chrzan
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (R.C.); (A.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (R.C.); (A.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Aleksander Turek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Paulina Mazur
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Natalia Śmierciak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Szwajca
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Paulina Donicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Furman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Fabio Pilato
- Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Tadeusz Popiela
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (R.C.); (A.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Maciej Pilecki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.T.); (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.D.); (K.F.); (M.P.)
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Cropley VL, Kittel M, Heurich M, Föcking M, Leweke FM, Pantelis C. Complement proteins are elevated in blood serum but not CSF in clinical high-risk and antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:136-144. [PMID: 37437819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the complement system have been reported in some people with psychotic disorder, including in pre-psychotic individuals, suggesting that complement pathway dysregulation may be a feature of the early psychosis phenotype. Measurement of complement protein expression in psychosis has been largely restricted to the blood from patients with established illness who were taking antipsychotic medication. The present study examined a range of complement proteins in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) derived from individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR), antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) and healthy controls. A panel of complement proteins (C1q, C3, C3b/iC3b, C4, factor B and factor H) were quantified in serum and matched CSF in 72 participants [n = 23 individuals at CHR, n = 24 antipsychotic-naïve FEP, n = 25 healthy controls] using a multiplex immunoassay. Analysis of covariance was used to assess between-group differences in complement protein levels in serum and CSF. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between serum and CSF proteins, and between complement proteins and symptom severity. In serum, all proteins, except for C3, were significantly higher in FEP and CHR. While a trend was observed, protein levels in CSF did not statistically differ between groups and appeared to be impacted by BMI and sample storage time. Across the whole sample, serum and CSF protein levels were not correlated. In FEP, higher levels of serum classical and alternative grouped pathway components were correlated with symptom severity. Our exploratory study provides evidence for increased activity of the peripheral complement system in the psychosis spectrum, with such elevations varying with clinical severity. Further study of complement in CSF is warranted. Longitudinal investigations are required to elucidate whether complement proteins change peripherally and/or centrally with progression of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - M Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F M Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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4
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Cocco C, Manai AL, Manca E, Noli B. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10932. [PMID: 37446110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is rarely diagnosed at an early stage. Although the understanding of PD-related mechanisms has greatly improved over the last decade, the diagnosis of PD is still based on neurological examination through the identification of motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and resting tremor. The early phase of PD is characterized by subtle symptoms with a misdiagnosis rate of approximately 16-20%. The difficulty in recognizing early PD has implications for the potential use of novel therapeutic approaches. For this reason, it is important to discover PD brain biomarkers that can indicate early dopaminergic dysfunction through their changes in body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For the CFS-based test, the invasiveness of sampling is a major limitation, whereas the other body fluids are easier to obtain and could also allow population screening. Following the identification of the crucial role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the pathology of PD, a very large number of studies have summarized its changes in body fluids. However, methodological problems have led to the poor diagnostic/prognostic value of this protein and alternative biomarkers are currently being investigated. The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize studies on protein biomarkers that are alternatives to α-syn, particularly those that change in nigrostriatal areas and in biofluids, with a focus on blood, and, eventually, saliva and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Luigi Manai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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5
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Endres D, von Zedtwitz K, Matteit I, Bünger I, Foverskov-Rasmussen H, Runge K, Feige B, Schlump A, Maier S, Nickel K, Berger B, Schiele MA, Cunningham JL, Domschke K, Prüss H, Tebartz van Elst L. Spectrum of Novel Anti-Central Nervous System Autoantibodies in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of 119 Patients With Schizophreniform and Affective Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:261-274. [PMID: 35606187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune psychosis may be caused by well-characterized anti-neuronal autoantibodies, such as those against the NMDA receptor. However, the presence of additional anti-central nervous system (CNS) autoantibodies in these patients has not been systematically assessed. METHODS Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with schizophreniform and affective syndromes were analyzed for immunoglobulin G anti-CNS autoantibodies using tissue-based assays with indirect immunofluorescence on unfixed murine brain tissue as part of an extended routine clinical practice. After an initial assessment of patients with red flags for autoimmune psychosis (n = 30), tissue-based testing was extended to a routine procedure (n = 89). RESULTS Based on the findings from all 119 patients, anti-CNS immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against brain tissue were detected in 18% (n = 22) of patients (serum 9%, CSF 18%) following five principal patterns: 1) against vascular structures, most likely endothelial cells (serum 3%, CSF 8%); 2) against granule cells in the cerebellum and/or hippocampus (serum 4%, CSF 6%); 3) against myelinated fibers (serum 2%, CSF 2%); 4) against cerebellar Purkinje cells (serum 0%, CSF 2%); and 5) against astrocytes (serum 1%, CSF 1%). The patients with novel anti-CNS autoantibodies showed increased albumin quotients (p = .026) and white matter changes (p = .020) more frequently than those who tested negative for autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates five novel autoantibody-binding patterns on brain tissue of patients with schizophreniform and affective syndromes. CSF yielded positive findings more frequently than serum analysis. The frequency and spectrum of autoantibodies in these patient groups may be broader than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina von Zedtwitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Matteit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Bünger
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helle Foverskov-Rasmussen
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kimon Runge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlump
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janet L Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Identification of cerebrospinal fluid and serum metabolomic biomarkers in first episode psychosis patients. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:229. [PMID: 35665740 PMCID: PMC9166796 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are currently diagnosed by examining the patient's mental state and medical history. Identifying reliable diagnostic, monitoring, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers would be useful in clinical settings and help to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectroscopy on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of 25 patients at their first-episode psychosis (FEP) manifestation (baseline) and after 18 months (follow-up). CSF and serum samples of 21 healthy control (HC) subjects were also analyzed. By comparing FEP and HC groups at baseline, we found eight CSF and 32 serum psychosis-associated metabolites with non-redundant identifications. Most remarkable was the finding of increased CSF serotonin (5-HT) levels. Most metabolites identified at baseline did not differ between groups at 18-month follow-up with significant improvement of positive symptoms and cognitive functions. Comparing FEP patients at baseline and 18-month follow-up, we identified 20 CSF metabolites and 90 serum metabolites that changed at follow-up. We further utilized Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and identified candidate signaling pathways involved in psychosis pathogenesis and progression. In an extended cohort, we validated that CSF 5-HT levels were higher in FEP patients than in HC at baseline by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. To conclude, these findings provide insights into the pathophysiology of psychosis and identify potential psychosis-associated biomarkers.
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Mizoguchi T, Fujimori H, Ohba T, Shimazawa M, Nakamura S, Shinohara M, Hara H. Glutamatergic dysfunction is associated with phenotypes of VGF-overexpressing mice. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2051-2060. [PMID: 35587282 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide precursor, which is induced by several neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Clinically, an upregulation of VGF levels has been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. In our previous study, mice overexpressing VGF exhibited schizophrenia-related behaviors. In the current study, we characterized the biochemical changes in the brains of VGF-overexpressing mice. Metabolomics analysis of neurotransmitters revealed that glutamic acid and N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid were increased in the striatum of VGF-overexpressing mice. Additionally, the present study revealed that MK-801, which causes the disturbance in glutamic acid metabolism, increased the expression level of VGF-derived peptide (NAPP129, named VGF20), and VGF-overexpressing mice had higher sensitivity to MK-801. These results suggest that VGF may modulate the regulation of glutamic acid levels and the degree of glutamic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Honoka Fujimori
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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9
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Guan F, Ni T, Zhu W, Williams LK, Cui LB, Li M, Tubbs J, Sham PC, Gui H. Integrative omics of schizophrenia: from genetic determinants to clinical classification and risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:113-126. [PMID: 34193973 PMCID: PMC11018294 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability and complex inheritance. In the past decade, successful identification of numerous susceptibility loci has provided useful insights into the molecular etiology of SCZ. However, applications of these findings to clinical classification and diagnosis, risk prediction, or intervention for SCZ have been limited, and elucidating the underlying genomic and molecular mechanisms of SCZ is still challenging. More recently, multiple Omics technologies - genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, connectomics, and gut microbiomics - have all been applied to examine different aspects of SCZ pathogenesis. Integration of multi-Omics data has thus emerged as an approach to provide a more comprehensive view of biological complexity, which is vital to enable translation into assessments and interventions of clinical benefit to individuals with SCZ. In this review, we provide a broad survey of the single-omics studies of SCZ, summarize the advantages and challenges of different Omics technologies, and then focus on studies in which multiple omics data are integrated to unravel the complex pathophysiology of SCZ. We believe that integration of multi-Omics technologies would provide a roadmap to create a more comprehensive picture of interactions involved in the complex pathogenesis of SCZ, constitute a rich resource for elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms of the illness, and eventually improve clinical assessments and interventions of SCZ to address clinical translational questions from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Guan
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Ni
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Justin Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Quinn JP, Kandigian SE, Trombetta BA, Arnold SE, Carlyle BC. VGF as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab261. [PMID: 34778762 PMCID: PMC8578498 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosecretory protein VGF (non-acronymic) belongs to the granin family of neuropeptides. VGF and VGF-derived peptides have been repeatedly identified in well-powered and well-designed multi-omic studies as dysregulated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. New therapeutics is urgently needed for these devastating and costly diseases, as are new biomarkers to improve disease diagnosis and mechanistic understanding. From a list of 537 genes involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, VGF was highlighted by the Accelerating Medicines Partnership in Alzheimer's disease as the potential therapeutic target of greatest interest. VGF levels are consistently decreased in brain tissue and CSF samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to controls, and its levels correlate with disease severity and Alzheimer's disease pathology. In the brain, VGF exists as multiple functional VGF-derived peptides. Full-length human VGF1-615 undergoes proteolytic processing by prohormone convertases and other proteases in the regulated secretory pathway to produce at least 12 active VGF-derived peptides. In cell and animal models, these VGF-derived peptides have been linked to energy balance regulation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, learning and memory, and depression-related behaviours throughout development and adulthood. The C-terminal VGF-derived peptides, TLQP-62 (VGF554-615) and TLQP-21 (VGF554-574) have differential effects on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, neuronal and microglial activity, and learning and memory. TLQP-62 activates neuronal cell-surface receptors and regulates long-term hippocampal memory formation. TLQP-62 also prevents immune-mediated memory impairment, depression-like and anxiety-like behaviours in mice. TLQP-21 binds to microglial cell-surface receptors, triggering microglial chemotaxis and phagocytosis. These actions were reported to reduce amyloid-β plaques and decrease neuritic dystrophy in a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Expression differences of VGF-derived peptides have also been associated with frontotemporal lobar dementias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lewy body diseases, Huntington's disease, pain, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and antidepressant response. This review summarizes current knowledge and highlights questions for future investigation regarding the roles of VGF and its dysregulation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease. Finally, the potential of VGF and VGF-derived peptides as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Savannah E Kandigian
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bianca A Trombetta
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Becky C Carlyle
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Nucifora LG, MacDonald ML, Lee BJ, Peters ME, Norris AL, Orsburn BC, Yang K, Gleason K, Margolis RL, Pevsner J, Tamminga CA, Sweet RA, Ross CA, Sawa A, Nucifora FC. Increased Protein Insolubility in Brains From a Subset of Patients With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:730-743. [PMID: 31055969 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18070864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms leading to schizophrenia are likely to be diverse. However, there may be common pathophysiological pathways for subtypes of the disease. The authors tested the hypothesis that increased protein insolubility and ubiquitination underlie the pathophysiology for a subtype of schizophrenia. METHODS Prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus from postmortem brains of individuals with and without schizophrenia were subjected to cold sarkosyl fractionation, separating proteins into soluble and insoluble fractions. Protein insolubility and ubiquitin levels were quantified for each insoluble fraction, with normalization to total homogenate protein. Mass spectrometry analysis was then performed to identify the protein contents of the insoluble fractions. The potential biological relevance of the detected proteins was assessed using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS A subset of the schizophrenia brains showed an increase in protein insolubility and ubiquitination in the insoluble fraction. Mass spectrometry of the insoluble fraction revealed that brains with increased insolubility and ubiquitination exhibited a similar peptide expression by principal component analysis. The proteins that were significantly altered in the insoluble fraction were enriched for pathways relating to axon target recognition as well as nervous system development and function. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a pathological process related to protein insolubility for a subset of patients with schizophrenia. Determining the molecular mechanism of this subtype of schizophrenia could lead to a better understanding of the pathways underlying the clinical phenotype in some patients with major mental illness as well as to improved nosology and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie G Nucifora
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Matthew L MacDonald
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Brian J Lee
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Matthew E Peters
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Alexis L Norris
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Kun Yang
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Kelly Gleason
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Russell L Margolis
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Jonathan Pevsner
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Robert A Sweet
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Christopher A Ross
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Akira Sawa
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
| | - Frederick C Nucifora
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (L.G. Nucifora, Lee, Peters, Yang, Margolis, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, and the VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh (MacDonald, Sweet); the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner); the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Norris, Pevsner, Ross, Sawa); Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Md. (Orsburn); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Gleason, Tamminga); the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Margolis, Ross, Sawa, F.C. Nucifora); Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Lee, Sawa); the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Ross)
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VGF has Roles in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia: Evidence from Transgenic Mouse Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:721-727. [PMID: 31037515 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, are complex multigenetic conditions, but focused studies of single genes might reveal genes involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Several candidate genes have been identified using transgenic mice. VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide expression of which is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). VGF is robustly and exclusively synthesized in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells. In central nervous system (CNS), VGF is extensively expressed especially in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. VGF has many roles in the CNS, such as promotion of synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neurite outgrowth. In clinical studies, altered expression and genetic mutations of VGF have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. On this basis, studies using transgenic mice to overexpress or knockout VGF have been performed to investigate the roles of upregulation or downregulation of VGF. In this review, we will discuss studies of the roles of VGF using transgenic mice and its relevance to pathologies in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
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Mizoguchi T, Shimazawa M, Ohuchi K, Kuse Y, Nakamura S, Hara H. Impaired Cerebellar Development in Mice Overexpressing VGF. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:374-387. [PMID: 30460640 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide precursor induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. VGF is increased in the prefrontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia patients. In our previous study, VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited schizophrenia-like behaviors and smaller brain weights. Brain developmental abnormality is one cause of mental illness. Research on brain development is important for discovery of pathogenesis of mental disorders. In the present study, we investigated the role of VGF on cerebellar development. We performed a histological analysis with cerebellar sections of adult and postnatal day 3 mice by Nissl staining. To investigate cerebellar development, we performed immunostaining with antibodies of immature and mature granule cell markers. To understand the mechanism underlying these histological changes, we examined MAPK, Wnt, and sonic hedgehog signaling by Western blot. Finally, we performed rotarod and footprint tests using adult mice to investigate motor function. VGF-overexpressing adult mice exhibited smaller cerebellar sagittal section area. In postnatal day 3 mice, a cerebellar sagittal section area reduction of the whole cerebellum and external granule layer and a decrease in the number of mature granule cells were found in VGF-overexpressing mice. Additionally, the number of proliferative granule cell precursors was lower in VGF-overexpressing mice. Phosphorylation of Trk and Erk1 were increased in the cerebellum of postnatal day 3 VGF-overexpressing mice. Adult VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited motor disability. All together, these findings implicate VGF in the development of cerebellar granule cells via promoting MAPK signaling and motor function in the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohuchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Sensorimotor gating deficits and effects of antipsychotics on the hyperactivity in VGF-overexpressing mice. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:476-480. [PMID: 29653412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide which is expressed in neuronal cells and endocrine cells. VGF is induced by several neurotrophic factors. The expression level of VGF in patients with schizophrenia is increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and prefrontal cortex. In our previous study, we generated mice in which the expression level of VGF in the brain was increased. VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited abnormal behaviors including hyperactivity. However, it remains unknown whether VGF-overexpressing mice exhibit the endophenotype of schizophrenia and whether abnormal behaviors in these mice can be improved by antipsychotics. METHODS In the present study, we investigated schizophrenia-like behaviors and the responsiveness to antipsychotics in transgenic mice. RESULTS VGF-overexpressing mice (1) exhibited prepulse inhibition (PPI) impairment, (2) showed normalized hyperactivity following antipsychotic drug treatment, and (3) showed abnormal responsiveness to haloperidol. CONCLUSION Upregulation of VGF may be implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and abnormalities of dopaminergic signaling.
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Schizophrenia: A review of potential biomarkers. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 93:37-49. [PMID: 28578207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the biological process and progression of schizophrenia is the first step to developing novel approaches and new interventions. Research on new biomarkers is extremely important when the goal is an early diagnosis (prediction) and precise theranostics. The objective of this review is to understand the research on biomarkers and their effects in schizophrenia to synthesize the role of these new advances. METHODS In this review, we search and review publications in databases in accordance with established limits and specific objectives. We look at particular endpoints such as the category of biomarkers, laboratory techniques and the results/conclusions of the selected publications. RESULTS The investigation of biomarkers and their potential as a predictor, diagnosis instrument and therapeutic orientation, requires an appropriate methodological strategy. In this review, we found different laboratory techniques to identify biomarkers and their function in schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The consolidation of this information will provide a large-scale application network of schizophrenia biomarkers.
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Schmitt A, Martins-de-Souza D, Akbarian S, Cassoli JS, Ehrenreich H, Fischer A, Fonteh A, Gattaz WF, Gawlik M, Gerlach M, Grünblatt E, Halene T, Hasan A, Hashimoto K, Kim YK, Kirchner SK, Kornhuber J, Kraus TFJ, Malchow B, Nascimento JM, Rossner M, Schwarz M, Steiner J, Talib L, Thibaut F, Riederer P, Falkai P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: Criteria for biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia, part III: Molecular mechanisms. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:330-356. [PMID: 27782767 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite progress in identifying molecular pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia, valid biomarkers are lacking for both the disease and treatment response. METHODS This comprehensive review summarises recent efforts to identify molecular mechanisms on the level of protein and gene expression and epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro RNA expression. Furthermore, it summarises recent findings of alterations in lipid mediators and highlights inflammatory processes. The potential that this research will identify biomarkers of schizophrenia is discussed. RESULTS Recent studies have not identified clear biomarkers for schizophrenia. Although several molecular pathways have emerged as potential candidates for future research, a complete understanding of these metabolic pathways is required to reveal better treatment modalities for this disabling condition. CONCLUSIONS Large longitudinal cohort studies are essential that pair a thorough phenotypic and clinical evaluation for example with gene expression and proteome analysis in blood at multiple time points. This approach might identify biomarkers that allow patients to be stratified according to treatment response and ideally also allow treatment response to be predicted. Improved knowledge of molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms, including their potential association with environmental influences, will facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that could ultimately be effective tools in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany.,b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Juliana S Cassoli
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- e Clinical Neuroscience , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- f Research Group for Epigenetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases , German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen , Germany.,g Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Centre Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alfred Fonteh
- h Neurosciences , Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena , CA , USA
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Michael Gawlik
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- j Centre for Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany.,k Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich , Switzerland.,l Neuroscience Centre Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Switzerland.,m Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Tobias Halene
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Kenij Hashimoto
- n Division of Clinical Neuroscience , Chiba University Centre for Forensic Mental Health , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- o Department of Psychiatry , Korea University, College of Medicine , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Johannes Kornhuber
- p Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Berend Malchow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Moritz Rossner
- r Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology , LMU Munich , Germany.,s Research Group Gene Expression , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Markus Schwarz
- t Institute for Laboratory Medicine, LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- u Department of Psychiatry , University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Leda Talib
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Florence Thibaut
- v Department of Psychiatry , University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes, INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , Paris , France
| | - Peter Riederer
- w Center of Psychic Health; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
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Noli B, Sanna F, Brancia C, D'Amato F, Manconi B, Vincenzoni F, Messana I, Melis MR, Argiolas A, Ferri GL, Cocco C. Profiles of VGF Peptides in the Rat Brain and Their Modulations after Phencyclidine Treatment. Front Cell Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28626390 PMCID: PMC5454051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From the VGF precursor protein originate several low molecular weight peptides, whose distribution in the brain and blood circulation is not entirely known. Among the VGF peptides, those containing the N-terminus portion were altered in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and hypothalamus of schizophrenia patients. "Hence, we aimed to better investigate the involvement of the VGF peptides in schizophrenia by studying their localization in the brain regions relevant for the disease, and revealing their possible modulations in response to certain neuronal alterations occurring in schizophrenia". We produced antibodies against different VGF peptides encompassing the N-terminus, but also C-terminus-, TLQP-, GGGE- peptide sequences, and the so named NERP-3 and -4. These antibodies were used to carry out specific ELISA and immunolocalization studies while mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was also performed to recognize the intact brain VGF fragments. We used a schizophrenia rat model, in which alterations in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response occurred after PCP treatment. In normal rats, all the VGF peptides studied were distributed in the brain areas examined including hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, accumbens and amygdaloid nuclei and also in the plasma. By liquid chromatography-high resolution mass, we identified different intact VGF peptide fragments, including those encompassing the N-terminus and the NERPs. PCP treatment caused behavioral changes that closely mimic schizophrenia, estimated by us as a disruption of PPI of the acoustic startle response. The PCP treatment also induced selective changes in the VGF peptide levels within certain brain areas. Indeed, an increase in VGF C-terminus and TLQP peptides was revealed in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01) where they were localized within parvoalbumin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing neurons, respectively. Conversely, in the nucleus accumbens, PCP treatment produced a down-regulation in the levels of VGF C-terminus-, N-terminus- and GGGE- peptides (p < 0.01), expressed in GABAergic- (C-terminus/GGGE) and somatostatin- (N-terminus) neurons. These results confirm that VGF peptides are widely distributed in the brain and modulated in specific areas involved in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Noli
- Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorecence (NEF) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Carla Brancia
- Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorecence (NEF) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Filomena D'Amato
- Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorecence (NEF) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Institute of Chemistry of the Molecular Recognition, National Research Council (CNR)Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Melis
- Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Argiolas
- Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorecence (NEF) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorecence (NEF) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CagliariMonserrato, Italy
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18
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Studerus E, Ramyead A, Riecher-Rössler A. Prediction of transition to psychosis in patients with a clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review of methodology and reporting. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1163-1178. [PMID: 28091343 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To enhance indicated prevention in patients with a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, recent research efforts have been increasingly directed towards estimating the risk of developing psychosis on an individual level using multivariable clinical prediction models. The aim of this study was to systematically review the methodological quality and reporting of studies developing or validating such models. METHOD A systematic literature search was carried out (up to 14 March 2016) to find all studies that developed or validated a clinical prediction model predicting the transition to psychosis in CHR patients. Data were extracted using a comprehensive item list which was based on current methodological recommendations. RESULTS A total of 91 studies met the inclusion criteria. None of the retrieved studies performed a true external validation of an existing model. Only three studies (3.5%) had an event per variable ratio of at least 10, which is the recommended minimum to avoid overfitting. Internal validation was performed in only 14 studies (15%) and seven of these used biased internal validation strategies. Other frequently observed modeling approaches not recommended by methodologists included univariable screening of candidate predictors, stepwise variable selection, categorization of continuous variables, and poor handling and reporting of missing data. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review revealed that poor methods and reporting are widespread in prediction of psychosis research. Since most studies relied on small sample sizes, did not perform internal or external cross-validation, and used poor model development strategies, most published models are probably overfitted and their reported predictive accuracy is likely to be overoptimistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Studerus
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital,Center for Gender Research and Early Detection,Basel,Switzerland
| | - A Ramyead
- Department of Psychiatry,Weill Institute for Neurosciences,University of California (UCSF),San Francisco,CA,USA
| | - A Riecher-Rössler
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital,Center for Gender Research and Early Detection,Basel,Switzerland
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19
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Huang JH, Park H, Iaconelli J, Berkovitch SS, Watmuff B, McPhie D, Öngür D, Cohen BM, Clish CB, Karmacharya R. Unbiased Metabolite Profiling of Schizophrenia Fibroblasts under Stressful Perturbations Reveals Dysregulation of Plasmalogens and Phosphatidylcholines. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:481-493. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H. Huang
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hyoungjun Park
- Institute
of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Iaconelli
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shaunna S. Berkovitch
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donna McPhie
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Dost Öngür
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
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20
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Síntomas básicos en la esquizofrenia, su estudio clínico y relevancia en investigación. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2016; 9:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Schultze-Lutter F, Debbané M, Theodoridou A, Wood SJ, Raballo A, Michel C, Schmidt SJ, Kindler J, Ruhrmann S, Uhlhaas PJ. Revisiting the Basic Symptom Concept: Toward Translating Risk Symptoms for Psychosis into Neurobiological Targets. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:9. [PMID: 26858660 PMCID: PMC4729935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In its initial formulation, the concept of basic symptoms (BSs) integrated findings on the early symptomatic course of schizophrenia and first in vivo evidence of accompanying brain aberrations. It argued that the subtle subclinical disturbances in mental processes described as BSs were the most direct self-experienced expression of the underlying neurobiological aberrations of the disease. Other characteristic symptoms of psychosis (e.g., delusions and hallucinations) were conceptualized as secondary phenomena, resulting from dysfunctional beliefs and suboptimal coping styles with emerging BSs and/or concomitant stressors. While BSs can occur in many mental disorders, in particular affective disorders, a subset of perceptive and cognitive BSs appear to be specific to psychosis and are currently employed in two alternative risk criteria. However, despite their clinical recognition in the early detection of psychosis, neurobiological research on the aetiopathology of psychosis with neuroimaging methods has only just begun to consider the neural correlate of BSs. This perspective paper reviews the emerging evidence of an association between BSs and aberrant brain activation, connectivity patterns, and metabolism, and outlines promising routes for the use of BSs in aetiopathological research on psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Theodoridou
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Chantal Michel
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Stefanie J Schmidt
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jochen Kindler
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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22
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Lizano PL, Keshavan MS, Tandon N, Mathew IT, Mothi SS, Montrose DM, Yao JK. Angiogenic and immune signatures in plasma of young relatives at familial high-risk for psychosis and first-episode patients: A preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:115-22. [PMID: 26692348 PMCID: PMC4735038 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a heterogeneous disorder that presents in adolescence, persists into adulthood, and has many clinical features. Recent evidence suggests that abnormalities in inflammatory, neurotrophic, and angiogenic processes may play a role in the etiology of SZ. The identification of molecular biomarkers early in the course of disease is crucial to transforming diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. We investigated 14 molecular analytes focusing on inflammatory, neurotrophic and angiogenic pathways from the plasma of antipsychotic-naïve familial high risk for SZ (FHR; n=35) and first-episode psychosis (FEP; n=45) subjects, in comparison to healthy controls (HC, n=39). We identified distinct alterations in molecular signatures in young relatives at FHR for SZ prior to psychosis onset and FEP subjects. Firstly, the expression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1), an anti-angiogenic factor that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was significantly increased in the FHR group compared to HC, but not in FEP. Secondly, interferon gamma (IFNγ) was significantly reduced in the FEP group compared to HC. Thirdly, network analysis revealed a positive correlation between sFlt-1 and VEGF, suggesting an activation of the angiogenic cascade in the FHR group, which persists in FEP. Our results indicate an angiogenesis and immunological dysfunction early in the course of disease, shifting the balance towards anti-angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo L Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States,Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States,Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ian T Mathew
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suraj Sarvode Mothi
- Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Debra M Montrose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Medical Research Service, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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23
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Commercialisation of Biomarker Tests for Mental Illnesses: Advances and Obstacles. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:712-723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Nascimento JM, Martins-de-Souza D. The proteome of schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2015; 1:14003. [PMID: 27336025 PMCID: PMC4849438 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
On observing schizophrenia from a clinical point of view up to its molecular basis, one may conclude that this is likely to be one of the most complex human disorders to be characterized in all aspects. Such complexity is the reflex of an intricate combination of genetic and environmental components that influence brain functions since pre-natal neurodevelopment, passing by brain maturation, up to the onset of disease and disease establishment. The perfect function of tissues, organs, systems, and finally the organism depends heavily on the proper functioning of cells. Several lines of evidence, including genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, neuropathology, and pharmacology, have supported the idea that dysfunctional cells are causative to schizophrenia. Together with the above-mentioned techniques, proteomics have been contributing to understanding the biochemical basis of schizophrenia at the cellular and tissue level through the identification of differentially expressed proteins and consequently their biochemical pathways, mostly in the brain tissue but also in other cells. In addition, mass spectrometry-based proteomics have identified and precisely quantified proteins that may serve as biomarker candidates to prognosis, diagnosis, and medication monitoring in peripheral tissue. Here, we review all data produced by proteomic investigation in the last 5 years using tissue and/or cells from schizophrenic patients, focusing on postmortem brain tissue and peripheral blood serum and plasma. This information has provided integrated pictures of the biochemical systems involved in the pathobiology, and has suggested potential biomarkers, and warrant potential targets to alternative treatment therapies to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Behavioural and molecular endophenotypes in psychotic disorders reveal heritable abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e540. [PMID: 25826115 PMCID: PMC4429170 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are biologically complex and carry huge population morbidity due to their prevalence, persistence and associated disability. Defined by features such as delusions and hallucinations, they involve cognitive dysfunction and neurotransmitter dysregulations that appear mostly to involve the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. A number of genetic and environmental factors are associated with these disorders but it has been difficult to identify the biological pathways underlying the principal symptoms. The endophenotype concept of stable, heritable traits that form a mechanistic link between genes and an overt expression of the disorder has potential to reduce the complexity of psychiatric phenotypes. In this study, we used a genetically sensitive design with individuals with a first episode of psychosis, their non-affected first-degree relatives and non-related healthy controls. Metabolomic analysis was combined with neurocognitive assessment to identify multilevel endophenotypic patterns: one concerned reaction times during the performance of cognitive and emotional tests that have previously been associated with the glutamate neurotransmission system, the other involved metabolites involved directly and indirectly in the co-activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a major receptor of the glutamate system. These cognitive and metabolic endophenotypes may comprise a single construct, such that genetically mediated dysfunction in the glutamate system may be responsible for delays in response to cognitive and emotional functions in psychotic disorders. This focus on glutamatergic neurotransmission should guide drug discovery and experimental medicine programmes in schizophrenia and related disorders.
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26
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Dumas ME, Davidovic L. Metabolic Profiling and Phenotyping of Central Nervous System Diseases: Metabolites Bring Insights into Brain Dysfunctions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:402-24. [PMID: 25616565 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic phenotyping corresponds to the large-scale quantitative and qualitative analysis of the metabolome i.e., the low-molecular weight <1 KDa fraction in biological samples, and provides a key opportunity to advance neurosciences. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry are the main analytical platforms used for metabolic profiling, enabling detection and quantitation of a wide range of compounds of particular neuro-pharmacological and physiological relevance, including neurotransmitters, secondary messengers, structural lipids, as well as their precursors, intermediates and degradation products. Metabolic profiling is therefore particularly indicated for the study of central nervous system by probing metabolic and neurochemical profiles of the healthy or diseased brain, in preclinical models or in human samples. In this review, we introduce the analytical and statistical requirements for metabolic profiling. Then, we focus on key studies in the field of metabolic profiling applied to the characterization of animal models and human samples of central nervous system disorders. We highlight the potential of metabolic profiling for pharmacological and physiological evaluation, diagnosis and drug therapy monitoring of patients affected by brain disorders. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in the field, including the development of systems biology and pharmacology strategies improving our understanding of metabolic signatures and mechanisms of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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27
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Arai M, Miyashita M, Kobori A, Toriumi K, Horiuchi Y, Itokawa M. Carbonyl stress and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:655-65. [PMID: 24995521 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate biological treatment and psychosocial support are essential to achieve and maintain recovery for patients with schizophrenia. Despite extensive efforts to clarify the underlying disease mechanisms, the main cause and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain unclear. This is due in large part to disease heterogeneity, which results in biochemical differences within a single disease entity. Other factors include variability across clinical symptoms and disease course, along with varied risk factors and treatment responses. Although schizophrenia's positive symptoms are largely managed through treatment with atypical antipsychotics, new classes of drugs are needed to address the unmet medical need for improving cognitive dysfunction and promoting recovery of negative symptoms in these patients. Accumulation of toxic reactive dicarbonyls, such as methylglyoxal, are typical indicators of carbonyl stress, and result in the modification of proteins and the formation of advanced glycation end products, such as pentosidine. In June 2010, we reported on idiopathic carbonyl stress in a subpopulation of schizophrenia patients, leading to a failure of metabolic systems with plasma pentosidine accumulation and serum pyridoxal depletion. Our findings suggest two markers, pentosidine and pyridoxal, as beneficial for distinguishing a specific subgroup of schizophrenics. We believe that this information, derived from in vitro and in vivo studies, is beneficial in the search for personalized and hopefully more effective treatment regimens in schizophrenia. Here, we define a subtype of schizophrenia based on carbonyl stress and the potential for using carbonyl stress as a biomarker in the challenge of overcoming heterogeneity in schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Arai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayes LN, Severance EG, Leek JT, Gressitt KL, Rohleder C, Coughlin JM, Leweke FM, Yolken RH, Sawa A. Inflammatory molecular signature associated with infectious agents in psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:963-72. [PMID: 24743863 PMCID: PMC4133679 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental condition with onset in young adulthood. The identification of molecular biomarkers that reflect illness pathology is crucial. Recent evidence suggested immune and inflammatory cascades in conjunction with infection may play a role in the pathology. To address this question, we investigated molecular changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from antipsychotic-naïve patients with SZ and at risk mental status for psychosis (ARMS), in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). We measured 90 analytes using a broad multiplex platform focusing on immune and inflammatory cascades then selected 35 with our quality reporting criteria for further analysis. We also examined Toxoplasma gondii (TG) and herpes simplex virus 1 antibody levels in CSF. We report that expression of 15 molecules was significantly altered in the patient groups (SZ and ARMS) compared with HCs. The majority of these molecular changes (alpha-2-macroglobulin [α2M], fibrinogen, interleukin-6 receptor [IL-6R], stem cell factor [SCF], transforming growth factor alpha [TGFα], tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 [TNFR2], IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 2 [MCP-2/CCL8], testosterone [for males], angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], and epidermal growth factor receptor) were consistent between SZ and ARMS patients, suggesting these may represent trait changes associated with psychotic conditions in general. Interestingly, many of these analytes (α2M, fibrinogen, IL-6R, SCF, TGFα, TNFR2, IL-8, MCP-2/CCL8, and testosterone [for males]) were exacerbated in subjects with ARMS compared with subjects with SZ. Although further studies are needed, we optimistically propose that these molecules may be good candidates for predictive markers for psychosis from an early stage. Lastly, reduction of IL-6R, TGFα, and ACE was correlated with positivity of TG antibody in the CSF, suggesting possible involvement of TG infection in the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emily G. Severance
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey T. Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristin L. Gressitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer M. Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Baloyianni N, Tsangaris GT. The audacity of proteomics: a chance to overcome current challenges in schizophrenia research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:661-74. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Harris LW, Guest PC, Wayland MT, Umrania Y, Krishnamurthy D, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. Schizophrenia: metabolic aspects of aetiology, diagnosis and future treatment strategies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:752-66. [PMID: 23084727 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology and aetiology of schizophrenia remains incompletely understood. The disorder is frequently accompanied by metabolic symptoms including dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, type 2 diabetes and obesity. These symptoms are a common side effect of currently available antipsychotic medications. However, reports of metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia predate the antipsychotic era and have also been observed in first onset patients prior to antipsychotic treatment. Here, we review the evidence for abnormalities in metabolism in schizophrenia patients, both in the central nervous system and periphery. Molecular analysis of post mortem brain tissue has pointed towards alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling pathways, and blood-based molecular profiling analyses have demonstrated hyperinsulinaemia and abnormalities in secretion of insulin and co-released factors at first presentation of symptoms. Nonetheless, such features are not observed for all subjects with the disorder and not all individuals with such abnormalities suffer the symptoms of schizophrenia. One interpretation of these data is the presence of an underlying metabolic vulnerability in a subset of individuals which interacts with environmental or genetic factors to produce the overt symptoms of the disorder. Further investigation of metabolic aspects of schizophrenia may prove critical for diagnosis, improvement of existing treatment based on patient stratification/personalised medicine strategies and development of novel antipsychotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Daneault JG, Stip E. Genealogy of instruments for prodrome evaluation of psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:25. [PMID: 23616773 PMCID: PMC3629300 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the last 15 years, researchers from around the world have developed instruments for assessing the risk of conversion to psychosis. The objective of this article is to review the literature on these instruments by focusing on genealogy links and on their performance in predicting conversion to psychosis. METHOD A systematic review of articles published since 1980 relating to risk assessment instruments for conversion to psychosis by manual search and consultation of electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. RESULTS Three hundred ninety one (391) publications were selected and analyzed. Among these, 22 instruments were identified. These instruments are briefly described and placed on a timeline according to their year of publication. A code of positions, patterns, and forms is used to schematize the characteristics of each instrument. A table is presented to show changes in rates of conversion to psychosis within cohorts of subjects considered at risk according to the instruments. A second code of shades and outlines is used to schematize the characteristics of each cohort of patients. The two graphics set the stage for a discussion about the major strategies that were adopted to improve the performance of risk assessment instruments. CONCLUSION These graphics allow a better understanding of the origin, evolution, current status, strengths, shortcomings, and future prospects of research on risk assessment instruments. Clinical ImplicationsThe integration of theoretical approaches, the multicenter studies, and the pre-selection of patients with short questionnaires were the main strategies to improve the performance of instruments assessing the risk of conversion to psychosis.These instruments are better at predicting conversion to psychosis than conventional variables within a more limited time span and can therefore enable the evaluation of various risk factors and biomarkers that may be associated with psychosis. LimitationsThe studies selected for this review of literature were not classified according to their methodological quality.These studies are based on heterogeneous populations and this must be taken into account when comparing the rates of conversion to psychosis.This review of literature was based on published data only and they were no direct communication with the authors of these instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Stip
- Département de Psychiatrie, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Fernand-Séguin, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
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Updating the mild encephalitis hypothesis of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:71-91. [PMID: 22765923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia seems to be a heterogeneous disorder. Emerging evidence indicates that low level neuroinflammation (LLNI) may not occur infrequently. Many infectious agents with low overall pathogenicity are risk factors for psychoses including schizophrenia and for autoimmune disorders. According to the mild encephalitis (ME) hypothesis, LLNI represents the core pathogenetic mechanism in a schizophrenia subgroup that has syndromal overlap with other psychiatric disorders. ME may be triggered by infections, autoimmunity, toxicity, or trauma. A 'late hit' and gene-environment interaction are required to explain major findings about schizophrenia, and both aspects would be consistent with the ME hypothesis. Schizophrenia risk genes stay rather constant within populations despite a resulting low number of progeny; this may result from advantages associated with risk genes, e.g., an improved immune response, which may act protectively within changing environments, although they are associated with the disadvantage of increased susceptibility to psychotic disorders. Specific schizophrenic symptoms may arise with instances of LLNI when certain brain functional systems are involved, in addition to being shaped by pre-existing liability factors. Prodrome phase and the transition to a diseased status may be related to LLNI processes emerging and varying over time. The variability in the course of schizophrenia resembles the varying courses of autoimmune disorders, which result from three required factors: genes, the environment, and the immune system. Preliminary criteria for subgrouping neurodevelopmental, genetic, ME, and other types of schizophrenias are provided. A rare example of ME schizophrenia may be observed in Borna disease virus infection. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia due to early infections has been estimated by others to explain approximately 30% of cases, but the underlying pathomechanisms of transition to disease remain in question. LLNI (e.g. from reactivation related to persistent infection) may be involved and other pathomechanisms including dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier or the blood-CSF barrier, CNS-endogenous immunity and the volume transmission mode balancing wiring transmission (the latter represented mainly by synaptic transmission, which is often described as being disturbed in schizophrenia). Volume transmission is linked to CSF signaling; and together could represent a common pathogenetic link for the distributed brain dysfunction, dysconnectivity, and brain structural abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. In addition, CSF signaling may extend into peripheral tissues via the CSF outflow pathway along brain nerves and peripheral nerves, and it may explain the peripheral topology of neuronal dysfunctions found, like in olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and even in peripheral tissues, i.e., the muscle lesions that were found in 50% of cases. Modulating factors in schizophrenia, such as stress, hormones, and diet, are also modulating factors in the immune response. Considering recent investigations of CSF, the ME schizophrenia subgroup may constitute approximately 40% of cases.
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Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C. Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:67-78. [PMID: 22024767 PMCID: PMC3526727 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects 0.5-1% of the population worldwide. Current diagnostic methods are based on psychiatric interviews, which are subjective in nature. The lack of disease biomarkers to support objective laboratory tests has been a long-standing bottleneck in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of schizophrenia. Here we report a global metabolic profiling study involving 112 schizophrenic patients and 110 healthy subjects, who were divided into a training set and a test set, designed to identify metabolite markers. A panel of serum markers consisting of glycerate, eicosenoic acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate and cystine was identified as an effective diagnostic tool, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.945 in the training samples (62 patients and 62 controls) and 0.895 in the test samples (50 patients and 48 controls). Furthermore, a composite panel by the addition of urine β-hydroxybutyrate to the serum panel achieved a more satisfactory accuracy, which reached an AUC of 1 in both the training set and the test set. Multiple fatty acids and ketone bodies were found significantly (P<0.01) elevated in both the serum and urine of patients, suggesting an upregulated fatty acid catabolism, presumably resulting from an insufficiency of glucose supply in the brains of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - T Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - X Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - M Su
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - A Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Wang
- Wuhu No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - P Yang
- Wuhu No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - J Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Feng
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - L He
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Jia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China. E-mail:
| | - C Wan
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China. E-mail:
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Jaros JA, Martins-de-Souza D, Rahmoune H, Rothermundt M, Leweke FM, Guest PC, Bahn S. Protein phosphorylation patterns in serum from schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vasic N, Connemann BJ, Wolf RC, Tumani H, Brettschneider J. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates of schizophrenia: where do we stand? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:375-91. [PMID: 22173848 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) candidate markers with regard to their clinical relevance as potential surrogates for disease activity, prognosis assessment, and predictors of treatment response. We searched different online databases such as MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies on schizophrenia and CSF. Initial studies on cerebrospinal fluid in patients with schizophrenia revealed increased brain-blood barrier permeability with elevated total protein content, increased CSF-to-serum ratio for albumin, and intrathecal production of immunoglobulins in subgroups of patients. Analyses of metabolites in CSF suggest alterations within glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as monoamine and cannabinoid metabolism. Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in CSF of first-episode patients with schizophrenia reported in recent studies point to a dysregulation of neuroprotective and neurodevelopmental processes. Still, these findings must be considered as non-specific. A more profound characterization of the particular psychopathological profiles, the investigation of patients in the prodromal phase or within the first episode of schizophrenia promoting longitudinal investigations, implementation of different approaches of proteomics, and rigorous adherence to standard procedures based on international CSF guidelines are necessary to improve the quality of CSF studies in schizophrenia, paving the way for identification of syndrome-specific biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Vasic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany.
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Lecube A, Poca MA, Colomé N, Bech-Serra JJ, Hernández C, García-Ramírez M, Gándara D, Canals F, Simó R. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from obese women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a new approach for identifying new candidates in the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:944-52. [PMID: 22296024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body weight control is tightly regulated in the hypothalamus. The inaccessibility of human brain tissue can be partially solved by using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a tool for assessing the central nervous system's production of orexigen and anorexigen factors. Using proteomic analysis, the present study investigated the differentially displayed proteins in human CSF from obese and non-obese subjects. We designed a case-control study conducted in a reference hospital where eight obese (cases) and eight non-obese (controls) women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were included. Intracranial hypertension was normalised through the placement of a ventriculo- or lumboperitoneal shunt in the 12 months before their inclusion in the study. Isotope-coded protein label (for proteins > 10 kDa) and label-free liquid chromatography (for proteins < 10 kDa) associated with mass spectrometry analysis were used. Eighteen differentially expressed proteins were identified. Many of them fall into three main groups: inflammation (osteopontin, fibrinogen γ and β chain, α1 acid glycoprotein 2 and haptoglobin), neuroendocrine mediators (neurosecretory protein VGF, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, chromogranin-A and chromogranin B), and brain plasticity (testican-1, isoform 10 of fibronectin, galectin-3 binding protein and metalloproteinase inhibitor type 2). The differential production of osteopontin, neurosecretory protein VGF, chromogranin-A and fibrinogen γ chain was further confirmed by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting. In conclusion, we have identified potential candidates that could be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Further studies aiming to investigating the precise role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of obesity and their potential therapeutic implications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lecube
- Department of Endocrinology, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Martins-de-Souza D, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. Proteomic approaches to unravel the complexity of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:97-108. [PMID: 22292827 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder that affects approximately 30 million people worldwide. The development and progression of this disease is now thought to be precipitated through a complex interaction between altered gene function and environmental factors. Proteomic analyses have been applied extensively over the past 10 years in studies of several tissues from schizophrenic patients, resulting in increased insight into the affected molecular pathways. In addition, these proteomic approaches have led to the identification of a set of molecular biomarker assays as the first blood-based test to aid in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Here, we discuss the main outcome of these investigations and suggest a practical means of integrating and translating the findings between the brain and peripheral blood to increase our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, UK.
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Sha L, MacIntyre L, Machell JA, Kelly MP, Porteous DJ, Brandon NJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH, Watson DG, Clapcote SJ, Pickard BS. Transcriptional regulation of neurodevelopmental and metabolic pathways by NPAS3. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:267-79. [PMID: 21709683 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix PAS (Per, Arnt, Sim) domain transcription factor gene NPAS3 is a replicated genetic risk factor for psychiatric disorders. A knockout (KO) mouse model exhibits behavioral and adult neurogenesis deficits consistent with human illness. To define the location and mechanism of NPAS3 etiopathology, we combined immunofluorescent, transcriptomic and metabonomic approaches. Intense Npas3 immunoreactivity was observed in the hippocampal subgranular zone-the site of adult neurogenesis--but was restricted to maturing, rather than proliferating, neuronal precursor cells. Microarray analysis of a HEK293 cell line over-expressing NPAS3 showed that transcriptional targets varied according to circadian rhythm context and C-terminal deletion. The most highly up-regulated NPAS3 target gene, VGF, encodes secretory peptides with established roles in neurogenesis, depression and schizophrenia. VGF was just one of many NPAS3 target genes also regulated by the SOX family of transcription factors, suggesting an overlap in neurodevelopmental function. The parallel repression of multiple glycolysis genes by NPAS3 reveals a second role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Comparison of wild-type and Npas3 KO metabolite composition using high-resolution mass spectrometry confirmed these transcriptional findings. KO brain tissue contained significantly altered levels of NAD(+), glycolysis metabolites (such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate), pentose phosphate pathway components and Kreb's cycle intermediates (succinate and α-ketoglutarate). The dual neurodevelopmental and metabolic aspects of NPAS3 activity described here increase our understanding of mental illness etiology, and may provide a mechanism for innate and medication-induced susceptibility to diabetes commonly reported in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Wan HI, Soares H, Waring JF. Use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in clinical trials for schizophrenia and depression. Biomark Med 2012; 6:119-29. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly using biomarkers in clinical trials in order to determine if new drug candidates are displaying the expected pharmacological properties and to give early indications if they are showing efficacy or unexpected toxicity. This is especially true for the development of new drug candidates for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, where it is imperative to understand whether the drug is reaching the brain and acting on the target. A particular challenge for biochemical biomarkers used to determine centrally mediated activity is the relative inaccessibility of the brain to direct sampling of cells or tissues. As a result, the use of biomarkers located in the cerebrospinal fluid and in close contact with the interstitial fluid of the brain has risen in prominence. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers allow for the analysis of biochemical changes that reflect pharmacological activity or that may be related to the disease. In the area of psychiatric disorders, many studies have utilized biochemical biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid for gaining pharmacodynamic or disease modification information. This review summarizes many of these efforts, and identifies challenges and opportunities for utilizing biomarkers for new drug candidates targeting psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong I Wan
- Translational Medicine, BioTherapeutics, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Holly Soares
- Clinical Biomarkers, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Waring
- Translational Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, R4DA, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL, 60064-6123, USA
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Herrero M, Simó C, García-Cañas V, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. Foodomics: MS-based strategies in modern food science and nutrition. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:49-69. [PMID: 21374694 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Modern research in food science and nutrition is moving from classical methodologies to advanced analytical strategies in which MS-based techniques play a crucial role. In this context, Foodomics has been recently defined as a new discipline that studies food and nutrition domains through the application of advanced omics technologies in which MS techniques are considered indispensable. Applications of Foodomics include the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and/or metabolomic study of foods for compound profiling, authenticity, and/or biomarker-detection related to food quality or safety; the development of new transgenic foods, food contaminants, and whole toxicity studies; new investigations on food bioactivity, food effects on human health, etc. This review work does not intend to provide an exhaustive revision of the many works published so far on food analysis using MS techniques. The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of the different MS-based strategies that have been (or can be) applied in the new field of Foodomics, discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Besides, some ideas about the foreseen development and applications of MS-techniques in this new discipline are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfuses the brain and spinal cord. CSF contains proteins and peptides important for brain physiology and potentially also relevant for brain pathology. Hence, CSF is the perfect source to search for new biomarkers to improve diagnosis of neurological diseases as well as to monitor the performance of disease-modifying drugs. This chapter presents methods for SELDI-TOF profiling of CSF as well as useful advice regarding pre-analytical factors to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja H Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Kambarova DK, Golubev AG. Biochemical and genetic aspects of pathogenesis of schizophrenia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Steiner J, Sarnyai Z, Westphal S, Gos T, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Keilhoff G. Protective effects of haloperidol and clozapine on energy-deprived OLN-93 oligodendrocytes. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:477-82. [PMID: 21328015 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem studies on schizophrenia provided evidence for compromised myelin integrity and reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes, which may worsen during the disease course. However, it is not clear whether these findings result from disease-inherent oligodendrocyte degeneration or side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Therefore, effects of haloperidol and clozapine on the viability and apoptosis of immature oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells, immunopositive for NG2, Olig1, Olig2) have been evaluated in the present study by labeling with propidium iodide and a caspase 3 assay. Given the indications for impaired cerebral energy supply in schizophrenia, a serum and glucose deprivation (SGD) model was chosen in comparison with the basal condition (BC). SGD led to increased necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Haloperidol and clozapine were partially protective in this model and reduced the percentage of propidium iodide-positive cells, while caspase 3 activity was not altered. No significant drug effects were observed under BC. The observed protective effects of haloperidol and clozapine on energy-deprived OLN-93 oligodendrocytes suggest that previously reported reductions in oligodendrocyte density in schizophrenia are rather disease related than a side effect of medication. A new mechanism of antipsychotic action is suggested, which may help to establish new oligodendrocyte-directed therapies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common mental illness resulting from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Establishing its primary molecular and cellular aetiopathologies has proved difficult. However, this is a vital step towards the rational development of useful disease biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies. The advent and large-scale application of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies are generating data sets required to achieve this goal. This discovery phase, typified by its objective and hypothesis-free approach, is described in the first part of the review. The accumulating biological information, when viewed as a whole, reveals a number of biological process and subcellular locations that contribute to schizophrenia causation. The data also show that each technique targets different aspects of central nervous system function in the disease state. In the second part of the review, key schizophrenia candidate genes are discussed more fully. Two higher-order processes - adult neurogenesis and inflammation - that appear to have pathological relevance are also described in detail. Finally, three areas where progress would have a large impact on schizophrenia biology are discussed: deducing the causes of schizophrenia in the individual, explaining the phenomenon of cross-disorder risk factors, and distinguishing causative disease factors from those that are reactive or compensatory.
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VGF: an inducible gene product, precursor of a diverse array of neuro-endocrine peptides and tissue-specific disease biomarkers. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:249-61. [PMID: 21621608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vgf gene (non-acronymic) is induced in vivo by neurotrophins including Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Growth Factor (BDNF) and Glial Derived Growth Factor (GDNF), by synaptic activity and by homeostatic and other stimuli. Post-translational processing of a single VGF precursor gives raise to a varied multiplicity of neuro-endocrine peptides, some of which are secreted upon stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Several VGF peptides, accounting for ∼20% of the VGF precursor sequence, have shown biological roles including regulation of food intake, energy balance, reproductive and homeostatic mechanisms, synaptic strengthening, long-term potentiation (LTP) and anti-depressant activity. From a further ∼50% of VGF derive multiple "fragments", largely identified in the human cerebro-spinal fluid by proteomic studies searching for disease biomarkers. These represent an important starting point for discovery of further VGF products relevant to neuronal brain functions, as well as to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease conditions. A distinct feature of VGF peptides is their cell type specific diversity in all neuroendocrine organs studied so far. Selective differential profiles are found across the cell populations of pituitary, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets, and in gastric neuroendocrine as well as some further mucosal cells, and are yet to be investigated in neuronal systems. At the same time, specific VGF peptide/s undergo selective modulation in response to organ or cell population relevant stimuli. Such pattern argues for a multiplicity of roles for VGF peptides, including endocrine functions, local intercellular communication, as well as the possible mediation of intracellular mechanisms.
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Metabonomic studies of schizophrenia and psychotropic medications: focus on alterations in CNS energy homeostasis. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:1615-26. [PMID: 21083107 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a poorly understood etiology and progression. We and other research groups have found that energy metabolic pathways in the CNS are perturbed in many subjects with this disorder. Antipsychotic drugs that generally target neurotransmission are currently used for clinical management of the disorder, although these can also have marked effects on energy metabolism in the CNS and periphery. Recent proteomic and metabonomic studies have shown that molecular pathways associated with brain energy metabolism are altered in both the disorder and by antipsychotic treatments. This review focuses on discussion of these molecular alterations. Increased knowledge in this area could facilitate biomarker identification and drug discovery based on improving brain energy metabolism in this debilitating disorder.
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Guo K, Bamforth F, Li L. Qualitative metabolome analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid by 13C-/12C-isotope dansylation labeling combined with liquid chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:339-347. [PMID: 21472593 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolome analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is challenging because of low abundance of metabolites present in a small volume of sample. We describe and apply a sensitive isotope labeling LC-MS technique for qualitative analysis of the CSF metabolome. After a CSF sample is divided into two aliquots, they are labeled by (13)C-dansyl and (12)C-dansyl chloride, respectively. The differentially labeled aliquots are then mixed and subjected to LC-MS using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). Dansylation offers significant improvement in the performance of chromatography separation and detection sensitivity. Moreover, peaks detected in the mass spectra can be readily analyzed for ion pair recognition and database search based on accurate mass and/or retention time information. It is shown that about 14,000 features can be detected in a 25-min LC-FTICR MS run of a dansyl-labeled CSF sample, from which about 500 metabolites can be profiled. Results from four CSF samples are compared to gauge the detectability of metabolites by this method. About 261 metabolites are commonly detected in replicate runs of four samples. In total, 1132 unique metabolite ion pairs are detected and 347 pairs (31%) matched with at least one metabolite in the Human Metabolome Database. We also report a dansylation library of 220 standard compounds and, using this library, about 85 metabolites can be positively identified. Among them, 21 metabolites have never been reported to be associated with CSF. These results illustrate that the dansylation LC-FTICR MS method can be used to analyze the CSF metabolome in a more comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Taurines R, Dudley E, Grassl J, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Coogan AN, Thome J. Proteomic research in psychiatry. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:151-96. [PMID: 20142298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe and disabling conditions of largely unknown origin and poorly understood pathophysiology. An accurate diagnosis and treatment of these disorders is often complicated by their aetiological and clinical heterogeneity. In recent years proteomic technologies based on mass spectrometry have been increasingly used, especially in the search for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders. Proteomics enable an automated high-throughput protein determination revealing expression levels, post-translational modifications and complex protein-interaction networks. In contrast to other methods such as molecular genetics, proteomics provide the opportunity to determine modifications at the protein level thereby possibly being more closely related to pathophysiological processes underlying the clinical phenomenology of specific psychiatric conditions. In this article we review the theoretical background of proteomics and its most commonly utilized techniques. Furthermore the current impact of proteomic research on diverse psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, drug abuse and autism, is discussed. Proteomic methods are expected to gain crucial significance in psychiatric research and neuropharmacology over the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Taurines
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, The School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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