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Serdo DF. Insects' perception and behavioral responses to plant semiochemicals. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17735. [PMID: 39035155 PMCID: PMC11260073 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect-plant interactions are shaped by the exchange of chemical cues called semiochemicals, which play a vital role in communication between organisms. Plants release a variety of volatile organic compounds in response to environmental cues, such as herbivore attacks. These compounds play a crucial role in mediating the interactions between plants and insects. This review provides an in-depth analysis of plant semiochemicals, encompassing their classification, current understanding of extraction, identification, and characterization using various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The article also delves into the manner in which insects perceive and respond to plant semiochemicals, as well as the impact of environmental factors on plant odor emission and insect orientation. Furthermore, it explores the underlying mechanisms by which insects perceive and interpret these chemical cues, and how this impacts their behavioral responses, including feeding habits, oviposition patterns, and mating behaviors. Additionally, the potential applications of plant semiochemicals in integrated pest management strategies are explored. This review provides insight into the intricate relationships between plants and insects mediated by semiochemicals, highlighting the significance of continued research in this field to better understand and leverage these interactions for effective pest control.
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2
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Hansen MJ. Modelling developments in consciousness within a multidimensional framework. Neurosci Conscious 2024; 2024:niae026. [PMID: 38895541 PMCID: PMC11184344 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent advancement in consciousness science has been the introduction of a multidimensional framework of consciousness. This framework has been applied to global states of consciousness, including psychedelic states and disorders of consciousness, and the consciousness of non-human animals. The multidimensional framework enables a finer parsing of both various states of consciousness and forms of animal consciousness, paving the way for new scientific investigations into consciousness. In this paper, the multidimensional model is expanded by constructing temporal profiles. This expansion allows for the modelling of changes in consciousness across the life cycles of organisms and the progression over time of disorders of consciousness. The result of this expansion is 2-fold: (i) it enables new modes of comparison, both across stages of development and across species; (ii) it proposes that more attention be given to the various types of fluctuations that occur in patients who are suffering from disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Jørgensen Hansen
- Department of Philosophy and History of Ideas, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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3
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Levin M. Self-Improvising Memory: A Perspective on Memories as Agential, Dynamically Reinterpreting Cognitive Glue. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:481. [PMID: 38920491 PMCID: PMC11203334 DOI: 10.3390/e26060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Many studies on memory emphasize the material substrate and mechanisms by which data can be stored and reliably read out. Here, I focus on complementary aspects: the need for agents to dynamically reinterpret and modify memories to suit their ever-changing selves and environment. Using examples from developmental biology, evolution, and synthetic bioengineering, in addition to neuroscience, I propose that a perspective on memory as preserving salience, not fidelity, is applicable to many phenomena on scales from cells to societies. Continuous commitment to creative, adaptive confabulation, from the molecular to the behavioral levels, is the answer to the persistence paradox as it applies to individuals and whole lineages. I also speculate that a substrate-independent, processual view of life and mind suggests that memories, as patterns in the excitable medium of cognitive systems, could be seen as active agents in the sense-making process. I explore a view of life as a diverse set of embodied perspectives-nested agents who interpret each other's and their own past messages and actions as best as they can (polycomputation). This synthesis suggests unifying symmetries across scales and disciplines, which is of relevance to research programs in Diverse Intelligence and the engineering of novel embodied minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
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4
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Kovlyagina I, Wierczeiko A, Todorov H, Jacobi E, Tevosian M, von Engelhardt J, Gerber S, Lutz B. Leveraging interindividual variability in threat conditioning of inbred mice to model trait anxiety. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002642. [PMID: 38805548 PMCID: PMC11161093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Trait anxiety is a major risk factor for stress-induced and anxiety disorders in humans. However, animal models accounting for the interindividual variability in stress vulnerability are largely lacking. Moreover, the pervasive bias of using mostly male animals in preclinical studies poorly reflects the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women. Using the threat imminence continuum theory, we designed and validated an auditory aversive conditioning-based pipeline in both female and male mice. We operationalised trait anxiety by harnessing the naturally occurring variability of defensive freezing responses combined with a model-based clustering strategy. While sustained freezing during prolonged retrieval sessions was identified as an anxiety-endophenotype behavioral marker in both sexes, females were consistently associated with an increased freezing response. RNA-sequencing of CeA, BLA, ACC, and BNST revealed massive differences in phasic and sustained responders' transcriptomes, correlating with transcriptomic signatures of psychiatric disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, we detected significant alterations in the excitation/inhibition balance of principal neurons in the lateral amygdala. These findings provide compelling evidence that trait anxiety in inbred mice can be leveraged to develop translationally relevant preclinical models to investigate mechanisms of stress susceptibility in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kovlyagina
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Wierczeiko
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hristo Todorov
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eric Jacobi
- Institute of Pathophysiology, and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Margarita Tevosian
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
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5
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Li C, Wang H, Bian F, Yao J, Shi L, Chen X. Pupal and Adult Experience Affect Adult Response to Food Odour Components in the Flower-Visiting Butterfly Tirumala limniace. INSECTS 2024; 15:231. [PMID: 38667361 PMCID: PMC11050233 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Butterflies have the ability to learn to associate olfactory information with abundant food sources during foraging. How the co-occurrence of both food and food odours affects the learning behaviour of adults and whether butterflies perceive the odour of their surroundings and develop a preference for that odour during the pupal stage have rarely been tested. We examined the effect of experience with food odour components (α-pinene and ethyl acetate) during the pupal and adult stages on the foraging behaviour of the flower-visiting butterfly Tirumala limniace. We found that α-pinene exposure during the pupal stage changed the foraging preference of newly emerged adults. T. limniace exhibits olfactory learning in the adult stage, and adult learning may influence their previous pupal memory. Moreover, adults' odour preference did not continue to increase over multiple training times. The learning ability of adults for floral odours (α-pinene) was greater than that for non-floral odours (ethyl acetate). In contrast to previous studies, we found that males learned odours more efficiently than females did. This could be attributed to differences in antennal sensilla, affecting sensitivity to compounds and nectar demand between males and females. Our study provides further insight into how olfactory learning helps flower-visiting butterflies use food odours to forage better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhe Li
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Fangyuan Bian
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Bamboo Forest Ecology and Resource Utilization, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China;
| | - Jun Yao
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Center of Resource Insect, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
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6
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Sun K, Ray S, Gupta N, Aldworth Z, Stopfer M. Olfactory system structure and function in newly hatched and adult locusts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2608. [PMID: 38297144 PMCID: PMC10830560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An important question in neuroscience is how sensory systems change as animals grow and interact with the environment. Exploring sensory systems in animals as they develop can reveal how networks of neurons process information as the neurons themselves grow and the needs of the animal change. Here we compared the structure and function of peripheral parts of the olfactory pathway in newly hatched and adult locusts. We found that populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in hatchlings and adults responded with similar tunings to a panel of odors. The morphologies of local neurons (LNs) and projection neurons (PNs) in the antennal lobes (ALs) were very similar in both age groups, though they were smaller in hatchlings, they were proportional to overall brain size. The odor evoked responses of LNs and PNs were also very similar in both age groups, characterized by complex patterns of activity including oscillatory synchronization. Notably, in hatchlings, spontaneous and odor-evoked firing rates of PNs were lower, and LFP oscillations were lower in frequency, than in the adult. Hatchlings have smaller antennae with fewer OSNs; removing antennal segments from adults also reduced LFP oscillation frequency. Thus, consistent with earlier computational models, the developmental increase in frequency is due to increasing intensity of input to the oscillation circuitry. Overall, our results show that locusts hatch with a fully formed olfactory system that structurally and functionally matches that of the adult, despite its small size and lack of prior experience with olfactory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Sun
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Subhasis Ray
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Plaksha University, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Zane Aldworth
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Stopfer
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Vyatkin YA, Shakhparonov VV. Learning the native pond odor as one of the mechanisms of olfactory orientation in juvenile smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:57-63. [PMID: 37266670 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important mechanism of orientation in amphibians toward the breeding site. It is known that anurans can memorize the odor of the native pond during larval development and prefer this odor prior to the beginning of dispersion. However, such a mechanism in urodeles has not been studied yet. We conducted experiments on recognition of the odor of a native water body in juveniles of the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris. One group of larvae were reared in pure water (control), the other group in water with morpholine (10-7 mol/L). A few days after metamorphosis, the newts were tested under paired-choice conditions in a T-maze. A total of 73 newts from the experimental group and 47 newts from the control group were tested. The results of the experiment show that the newts in the experimental group preferred the morpholine solution, whereas the individuals of the control group made the choice randomly. We conclude that newts can learn the odor of the environment in which they developed and use this memory for orientation in later stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Aleksandrovich Vyatkin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, k.12, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Vladimirovich Shakhparonov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, k.12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, Saint-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
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Levin M. Bioelectric networks: the cognitive glue enabling evolutionary scaling from physiology to mind. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1865-1891. [PMID: 37204591 PMCID: PMC10770221 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Each of us made the remarkable journey from mere matter to mind: starting life as a quiescent oocyte ("just chemistry and physics"), and slowly, gradually, becoming an adult human with complex metacognitive processes, hopes, and dreams. In addition, even though we feel ourselves to be a unified, single Self, distinct from the emergent dynamics of termite mounds and other swarms, the reality is that all intelligence is collective intelligence: each of us consists of a huge number of cells working together to generate a coherent cognitive being with goals, preferences, and memories that belong to the whole and not to its parts. Basal cognition is the quest to understand how Mind scales-how large numbers of competent subunits can work together to become intelligences that expand the scale of their possible goals. Crucially, the remarkable trick of turning homeostatic, cell-level physiological competencies into large-scale behavioral intelligences is not limited to the electrical dynamics of the brain. Evolution was using bioelectric signaling long before neurons and muscles appeared, to solve the problem of creating and repairing complex bodies. In this Perspective, I review the deep symmetry between the intelligence of developmental morphogenesis and that of classical behavior. I describe the highly conserved mechanisms that enable the collective intelligence of cells to implement regulative embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer suppression. I sketch the story of an evolutionary pivot that repurposed the algorithms and cellular machinery that enable navigation of morphospace into the behavioral navigation of the 3D world which we so readily recognize as intelligence. Understanding the bioelectric dynamics that underlie construction of complex bodies and brains provides an essential path to understanding the natural evolution, and bioengineered design, of diverse intelligences within and beyond the phylogenetic history of Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Rana S, Basu A, Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S. Moths exhibit strong memory among cooperative species of other taxonomic groups: An empirical study. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Truman JW, Price J, Miyares RL, Lee T. Metamorphosis of memory circuits in Drosophila reveals a strategy for evolving a larval brain. eLife 2023; 12:80594. [PMID: 36695420 PMCID: PMC9984194 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom bodies (MB) of adult Drosophila have a core of thousands of Kenyon neurons; axons of the early-born g class form a medial lobe and those from later-born α'β' and αβ classes form both medial and vertical lobes. The larva, however, hatches with only γ neurons and forms a vertical lobe 'facsimile' using larval-specific axon branches from its γ neurons. MB input (MBINs) and output (MBONs) neurons divide the Kenyon neuron lobes into discrete computational compartments. The larva has 10 such compartments while the adult has 16. We determined the fates of 28 of the 32 MBONs and MBINs that define the 10 larval compartments. Seven compartments are subsequently incorporated into the adult MB; four of their MBINs die, while 12 MBINs/MBONs remodel to function in adult compartments. The remaining three compartments are larval specific. At metamorphosis their MBIN/MBONs trans-differentiate, leaving the MB for other adult brain circuits. The adult vertical lobes are made de novo using MBONs/MBINs recruited from pools of adult-specific neurons. The combination of cell death, compartment shifting, trans-differentiation, and recruitment of new neurons result in no larval MBIN-MBON connections being maintained through metamorphosis. At this simple level, then, we find no anatomical substrate for a memory trace persisting from larva to adult. The adult phenotype of the trans-differentiating neurons represents their evolutionarily ancestral phenotype while their larval phenotype is a derived adaptation for the larval stage. These cells arise primarily within lineages that also produce permanent MBINs and MBONs, suggesting that larval specifying factors may allow information related to birth-order or sibling identity to be interpreted in a modified manner in the larva to allow these neurons to acquire larval phenotypic modifications. The loss of such factors at metamorphosis then allows these neurons to revert to their ancestral functions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Truman
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of WashingtonFriday HarborUnited States
| | | | | | - Tzumin Lee
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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11
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Levin M. Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: An Experimentally-Grounded Framework for Understanding Diverse Bodies and Minds. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:768201. [PMID: 35401131 PMCID: PMC8988303 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.768201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology and bioengineering provide the opportunity to create novel embodied cognitive systems (otherwise known as minds) in a very wide variety of chimeric architectures combining evolved and designed material and software. These advances are disrupting familiar concepts in the philosophy of mind, and require new ways of thinking about and comparing truly diverse intelligences, whose composition and origin are not like any of the available natural model species. In this Perspective, I introduce TAME-Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere-a framework for understanding and manipulating cognition in unconventional substrates. TAME formalizes a non-binary (continuous), empirically-based approach to strongly embodied agency. TAME provides a natural way to think about animal sentience as an instance of collective intelligence of cell groups, arising from dynamics that manifest in similar ways in numerous other substrates. When applied to regenerating/developmental systems, TAME suggests a perspective on morphogenesis as an example of basal cognition. The deep symmetry between problem-solving in anatomical, physiological, transcriptional, and 3D (traditional behavioral) spaces drives specific hypotheses by which cognitive capacities can increase during evolution. An important medium exploited by evolution for joining active subunits into greater agents is developmental bioelectricity, implemented by pre-neural use of ion channels and gap junctions to scale up cell-level feedback loops into anatomical homeostasis. This architecture of multi-scale competency of biological systems has important implications for plasticity of bodies and minds, greatly potentiating evolvability. Considering classical and recent data from the perspectives of computational science, evolutionary biology, and basal cognition, reveals a rich research program with many implications for cognitive science, evolutionary biology, regenerative medicine, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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12
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Kudithipudi D, Aguilar-Simon M, Babb J, Bazhenov M, Blackiston D, Bongard J, Brna AP, Chakravarthi Raja S, Cheney N, Clune J, Daram A, Fusi S, Helfer P, Kay L, Ketz N, Kira Z, Kolouri S, Krichmar JL, Kriegman S, Levin M, Madireddy S, Manicka S, Marjaninejad A, McNaughton B, Miikkulainen R, Navratilova Z, Pandit T, Parker A, Pilly PK, Risi S, Sejnowski TJ, Soltoggio A, Soures N, Tolias AS, Urbina-Meléndez D, Valero-Cuevas FJ, van de Ven GM, Vogelstein JT, Wang F, Weiss R, Yanguas-Gil A, Zou X, Siegelmann H. Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Embryonic antipredator defenses and behavioral carryover effects in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Nadimi-Shahraki MH, Fatahi A, Zamani H, Mirjalili S, Abualigah L. An Improved Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm with Adaptation Mechanism to Solve Numerical and Mechanical Engineering Problems. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:1637. [PMID: 34945943 PMCID: PMC8700729 DOI: 10.3390/e23121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm inspired by the transverse orientation of moths toward the light source is an effective approach to solve global optimization problems. However, the MFO algorithm suffers from issues such as premature convergence, low population diversity, local optima entrapment, and imbalance between exploration and exploitation. In this study, therefore, an improved moth-flame optimization (I-MFO) algorithm is proposed to cope with canonical MFO's issues by locating trapped moths in local optimum via defining memory for each moth. The trapped moths tend to escape from the local optima by taking advantage of the adapted wandering around search (AWAS) strategy. The efficiency of the proposed I-MFO is evaluated by CEC 2018 benchmark functions and compared against other well-known metaheuristic algorithms. Moreover, the obtained results are statistically analyzed by the Friedman test on 30, 50, and 100 dimensions. Finally, the ability of the I-MFO algorithm to find the best optimal solutions for mechanical engineering problems is evaluated with three problems from the latest test-suite CEC 2020. The experimental and statistical results demonstrate that the proposed I-MFO is significantly superior to the contender algorithms and it successfully upgrades the shortcomings of the canonical MFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; (A.F.); (H.Z.)
- Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
| | - Ali Fatahi
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; (A.F.); (H.Z.)
- Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
| | - Hoda Zamani
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; (A.F.); (H.Z.)
- Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
| | - Seyedali Mirjalili
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane 4006, Australia
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Laith Abualigah
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Informatics, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan;
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
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15
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Wcislo WT. A Dual Role for Behavior in Evolution and Shaping Organismal Selective Environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012921-052523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that evolved behaviors play a determining role in facilitating and impeding the evolution of other traits has been discussed for more than 100 years with little consensus beyond an agreement that the ideas are theoretically plausible in accord with the Modern Synthesis. Many recent reviews of the genomic, epigenetic, and developmental mechanisms underpinning major behavioral transitions show how facultative expression of novel behaviors can lead to the evolution of obligate behaviors and structures that enhance behavioral function. Phylogenetic and genomic studies indicate that behavioral traits are generally evolutionarily more labile than other traits and that they help shape selective environments on the latter traits. Adaptive decision-making to encounter resources and avoid stress sources requires specific sensory inputs, which behaviorally shape selective environments by determining those features of the external world that are biologically relevant. These recent findings support the hypothesis of a dual role for behavior in evolution and are consistent with current evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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16
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Kapila R, Kashyap M, Gulati A, Narasimhan A, Poddar S, Mukhopadhaya A, Prasad NG. Evolution of sex-specific heat stress tolerance and larval Hsp70 expression in populations of Drosophila melanogaster adapted to larval crowding. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1376-1385. [PMID: 34197669 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate temperature stress is an important component of adult fitness. In holometabolous insects like Drosophila melanogaster, adult stress resistance can be affected by growth conditions experienced during the larval stages. Although evolution under crowded larval conditions is known to lead to the correlated evolution of many adult traits, its consequences on adult heat stress tolerance have not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the adult heat stress tolerance in populations of D. melanogaster adapted to a stressful larval crowding environment. We used replicate populations of D. melanogaster, selected for adaptation to larval crowding stress (MCUs), for more than 230 generations, and their respective controls (MBs). Larvae from selected and control populations were grown under crowded and uncrowded conditions, and their adult heat shock resistance at two different temperatures was measured. Further, we compared Hsp70 expression in crowded and uncrowded larvae of both populations and also measured the Hsp70 expression after a mild heat treatment in adults of selected and control populations. Our results showed that adaptation to larval crowding leads to the evolution of Hsp70 gene expression in larval stages and improves adult heat stress tolerance ability in males, but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mayank Kashyap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aakanksha Gulati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aaditya Narasimhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Soumyadip Poddar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
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17
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Shah D, Yang B, Kriegman S, Levin M, Bongard J, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Shape Changing Robots: Bioinspiration, Simulation, and Physical Realization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002882. [PMID: 32954582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the key differentiators between biological and artificial systems is the dynamic plasticity of living tissues, enabling adaptation to different environmental conditions, tasks, or damage by reconfiguring physical structure and behavioral control policies. Lack of dynamic plasticity is a significant limitation for artificial systems that must robustly operate in the natural world. Recently, researchers have begun to leverage insights from regenerating and metamorphosing organisms, designing robots capable of editing their own structure to more efficiently perform tasks under changing demands and creating new algorithms to control these changing anatomies. Here, an overview of the literature related to robots that change shape to enhance and expand their functionality is presented. Related grand challenges, including shape sensing, finding, and changing, which rely on innovations in multifunctional materials, distributed actuation and sensing, and somatic control to enable next-generation shape changing robots are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Shah
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Bilige Yang
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sam Kriegman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, E428 Innovation Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave. Suite 4604, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Josh Bongard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, E428 Innovation Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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18
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Westwick RR, Rittschof CC. Insects Provide Unique Systems to Investigate How Early-Life Experience Alters the Brain and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:660464. [PMID: 33967715 PMCID: PMC8097038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.660464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life experiences have strong and long-lasting consequences for behavior in a surprising diversity of animals. Determining which environmental inputs cause behavioral change, how this information becomes neurobiologically encoded, and the functional consequences of these changes remain fundamental puzzles relevant to diverse fields from evolutionary biology to the health sciences. Here we explore how insects provide unique opportunities for comparative study of developmental behavioral plasticity. Insects have sophisticated behavior and cognitive abilities, and they are frequently studied in their natural environments, which provides an ecological and adaptive perspective that is often more limited in lab-based vertebrate models. A range of cues, from relatively simple cues like temperature to complex social information, influence insect behavior. This variety provides experimentally tractable opportunities to study diverse neural plasticity mechanisms. Insects also have a wide range of neurodevelopmental trajectories while sharing many developmental plasticity mechanisms with vertebrates. In addition, some insects retain only subsets of their juvenile neuronal population in adulthood, narrowing the targets for detailed study of cellular plasticity mechanisms. Insects and vertebrates share many of the same knowledge gaps pertaining to developmental behavioral plasticity. Combined with the extensive study of insect behavior under natural conditions and their experimental tractability, insect systems may be uniquely qualified to address some of the biggest unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Westwick
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Silva R, Clarke AR. The "sequential cues hypothesis": a conceptual model to explain host location and ranking by polyphagous herbivores. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1136-1147. [PMID: 31448531 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Successfully locating a host plant is crucial for an insect herbivore to feed and/or oviposit. However, locating a host within a complex environment that may contain an array of different plant species is a difficult task. This is particularly the case for polyphagous herbivores, which must locate a host within environments that may simultaneously contain multiple suitable and unsuitable hosts. Here we review the mechanisms of host selection used by polyphagous herbivores, as well as exploring how prior experience may modify a generalist's response to host cues. We show that recent research demonstrates that polyphagous herbivores have the capacity to detect both common cues from multiple host species, as well as specific cues from individual host species. This creates a paradox in that generalists invariably rank hosts when given a choice, a finding at odds with the "neural limitations" hypothesis that says generalist insect herbivores should not have the neural capacity to identify cues specific to every possible host. To explain this paradox we propose a model, akin to parasitoid host location, that postulates that generalist herbivores use different cues sequentially in host location. We propose that initially common host cues, associated with all potential hosts, are used to place the herbivore within the host habitat and that, in the absence of any other host cues, these cues are sufficient in themselves to lead to host location. As such they are true "generalist" cues. However, once within the host habitat, we propose that the presence of a smaller group of cues may lead to further host searching and the location of preferred hosts: these are "specialist" cues. This model explains the current conflict in the literature where generalists can respond to both common and specific host-plant cues, while also exhibiting specialist and generalist host use behavior under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Life, death, and self: Fundamental questions of primitive cognition viewed through the lens of body plasticity and synthetic organisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 564:114-133. [PMID: 33162026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Central to the study of cognition is being able to specify the Subject that is making decisions and owning memories and preferences. However, all real cognitive agents are made of parts (such as brains made of cells). The integration of many active subunits into a coherent Self appearing at a larger scale of organization is one of the fundamental questions of evolutionary cognitive science. Typical biological model systems, whether basal or advanced, have a static anatomical structure which obscures important aspects of the mind-body relationship. Recent advances in bioengineering now make it possible to assemble, disassemble, and recombine biological structures at the cell, organ, and whole organism levels. Regenerative biology and controlled chimerism reveal that studies of cognition in intact, "standard", evolved animal bodies are just a narrow slice of a much bigger and as-yet largely unexplored reality: the incredible plasticity of dynamic morphogenesis of biological forms that house and support diverse types of cognition. The ability to produce living organisms in novel configurations makes clear that traditional concepts, such as body, organism, genetic lineage, death, and memory are not as well-defined as commonly thought, and need considerable revision to account for the possible spectrum of living entities. Here, I review fascinating examples of experimental biology illustrating that the boundaries demarcating somatic and cognitive Selves are fluid, providing an opportunity to sharpen inquiries about how evolution exploits physical forces for multi-scale cognition. Developmental (pre-neural) bioelectricity contributes a novel perspective on how the dynamic control of growth and form of the body evolved into sophisticated cognitive capabilities. Most importantly, the development of functional biobots - synthetic living machines with behavioral capacity - provides a roadmap for greatly expanding our understanding of the origin and capacities of cognition in all of its possible material implementations, especially those that emerge de novo, with no lengthy evolutionary history of matching behavioral programs to bodyplan. Viewing fundamental questions through the lens of new, constructed living forms will have diverse impacts, not only in basic evolutionary biology and cognitive science, but also in regenerative medicine of the brain and in artificial intelligence.
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21
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A sensitive period for the induction of host plant preference in a generalist herbivorous insect. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Ruedenauer FA, Sydow D, Spaethe J, Leonhardt SD. Young bumblebees may rely on both direct pollen cues and early experience when foraging. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201615. [PMID: 32842923 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate supply of macro- and micronutrients determines health and reproductive success in most animals. Many bee species, for example, collect nectar and pollen to satisfy their demands for carbohydrates, protein and fat, respectively. Bees can assess the quality of pollen by feeding on it, but also pre-digestively by means of chemotactile assessment. Whether they additionally use larval nutritional experience, as has been shown for Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori, is unknown. In this study, we tested whether pollen selection of bumblebee foragers is affected by nutritional experience (acquired before the onset of foraging) or solely by food quality. Bumblebee larvae were fed with one out of three different pollen blends. As adults, they were offered all three blends when they started foraging for the first time. We found all treatment groups to prefer one out of the three blends. This blend provided the highest nutritional quality and increased the bees' lifespan, as shown by feeding studies with microcolonies. Besides, bees also chose the pollen blend fed during their larval stage more often than expected, indicating a significant effect of pre-foraging experience on adult pollen foraging behaviour. The combination of both direct pollen quality assessment and pre-foraging experience (i.e. during the larval phase or as early imagines) seems to allow foraging bumblebees to efficiently select the most suitable pollen for their colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Ruedenauer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.,Plant-Insect-Interactions Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David Sydow
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.,Plant-Insect-Interactions Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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23
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de Queiroz AP, Bueno ADF, Panizzi AR, Favetti BM, Grande MLM, Luski PGG. Biological characteristics of Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Euschistus heros (Fabricius) and Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12441. [PMID: 32710085 PMCID: PMC7382489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Trissolcus are effective as egg parasitoids of Euschistus heros and can potentially be used in a multispecies pest management approach. However, in order to successfully use those biocontrol agents in the field, previous detailed knowledge about their life history are necessary. Therefore, we evaluate some biological characteristics of Trissolcus urichi on Euschistus heros and Dichelops melacanthus eggs. Three independent experiments were performed: (1) T. urichi host preference between E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. (2) T. urichi eggs-adult period (days), number of parasitized eggs in 24 h, emergence rate (%) and sex ratio of the parasitoid in E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. (3) Morphometric characteristics of T. urichi grown on E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. Trissolcus urichi preferred to parasitize E. heros eggs, exhibiting a higher number of parasitized eggs, higher rate of emergence (%) and faster development, as well as producing progeny of larger size than the parasitoids emerged from eggs of D. melacanthus in relation to body length, wing length and width. Thus, it can be concluded that T. urichi had better performance on E. heros eggs, although the parasitoid had also acceptable parasitism capacity and development in D. melacanthus eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Queiroz
- Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brasil
| | - Adeney de Freitas Bueno
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, Londrina, Paraná, 86001-970, Brasil.
| | - Antônio Ricardo Panizzi
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Trigo, Caixa Postal 3081, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90050-970, Brasil
| | - Bruna Magda Favetti
- Instituto Agronômico Do Paraná (IAPAR), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, Londrina, Paraná, 86047-902, Brasil
| | - Marcela Lais Mora Grande
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86055-900, Brasil
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24
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Merwin AC, Inouye BD, Underwood N. Natal-habitat experience mediates the relationship between insect and hostplant densities. Oecologia 2020; 193:261-271. [PMID: 32281030 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For some animals, the habitat which they first experience can influence the type of habitat which they select later in life and, thus, potentially their population distribution and dynamics. However, for many insect herbivores, whose natal habitat may consist of a single hostplant, the consequences of natal hostplant experience remain untested in landscapes relevant to the adult, which may select not only among plants, but among plant patches. As a first step towards understanding how natal hostplant experience shapes patterns of insect feeding damage in landscapes relevant to adults, we conducted partially caged field experiments with diamondback moths that were reared on either mustard or collard plants and then allowed to choose among and within patches of plants that varied in plant density and composition. We predicted that natal hostplant experience would interact with patch size and composition to influence the number of diamondback moth offspring and feeding damage per plant. As predicted, when moths were reared on collards, we found more offspring on and damage to collard plants in four-collard patches than in two-collard patches (i.e., resource concentration), but no difference when moths were reared on mustards. Contrary to predictions, we found no difference in the number of offspring on or damage to mixed plant patches compared with two- or four-collard plant patches regardless of natal hostplant type. Our research suggests that prior hostplant experience has complex consequences for how insects and their feeding damage are distributed in patchy environments and highlights the need for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Merwin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Department of Biology and Geology, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA.
| | - Brian D Inouye
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nora Underwood
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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25
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Gámez AM, León SP. Preimaginal conditioning affects oviposition choices in the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori). Behav Processes 2020; 175:104121. [PMID: 32259625 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays we can find a number of experiments that have showed the importance of learning in several situations related with survival of many animal species. For instance, knowledge acquired in the early stages of life could be crucial on the choice of egg-laying site. In this study we explored the influence of Pavlovian conditioning of silkworm larvae on their oviposition behaviour as adult female moths. For this, the larvae learning have to survive the metamorphosis and be shown in oviposition choice. In acquisition phase, a larvae group experienced an odour (conditioned stimulus) paired with mulberry leaves (unconditioned stimulus), another one experienced the odour and the mulberry leaves in an unpaired way and the last one experienced the odour alone during this phase. The results show that when these larvae became moths, only the first group preferred to lay their eggs near the odour when it was present during the test, so that associations learned during the larval stage seem to influence oviposition behaviour during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matías Gámez
- Universidad de Córdoba, Spain; Universidad de Jaén, Spain.
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26
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Pohl P, Douglas Greer R, Du L, Lee Moschella J. Verbal Development, Behavioral Metamorphosis, and the Evolution of Language. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:215-232. [PMID: 32440652 PMCID: PMC7198683 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-018-00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on Skinner's theory of verbal behavior, research over the last few decades confirmed verbal speaker operants, added the role of the listener, added the identification of speaker and listener interaction between and within individuals, and identified verbal behavior developmental cusps. Meanwhile, comparative biology focused on how and why language evolved in Homo sapiens. Findings about differences in behavior that neurotypical children demonstrated in their verbal development, and even more so in research that identified and established missing verbal behavior cusps, suggested changes analogous to metamorphosis. These striking changes in stimulus control found in the onset of cusps from the preverbal to the fully verbal child led us to an expansion of the concept of metamorphosis from morphology to the domain of behavior. The major findings of this comparative perspective are presented here as they have led us from experimental analyses of verbal development to metamorphosis as complex verbal behavior transformation and finally to a novel hypothesis about the evolution of language based on the concepts and research described here. To our knowledge, this is the first formulation of verbal development as behavioral metamorphosis in the context of evolutionary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pohl
- Child Psychology Practice Garmisch, St.-Martin-Str. 10, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - R. Douglas Greer
- Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Teachers College, New York, NY USA
| | - Lin Du
- Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Teachers College, New York, NY USA
| | - Jennifer Lee Moschella
- Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Teachers College, New York, NY USA
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27
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Ferdenache M, Bezzar-Bendjazia R, Marion-Poll F, Kilani-Morakchi S. Transgenerational effects from single larval exposure to azadirachtin on life history and behavior traits of Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17015. [PMID: 31745147 PMCID: PMC6863814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Azadirachtin is one of the successful botanical pesticides in agricultural use with a broad-spectrum insecticide activity, but its possible transgenerational effects have not been under much scrutiny. The effects of sublethal doses of azadirachtin on life-table traits and oviposition behaviour of a model organism in toxicological studies, D. melanogaster, were evaluated. The fecundity and oviposition preference of flies surviving to single azadirachtin-treated larvae of parental generation was adversely affected and resulted in the reduction of the number of eggs laid and increased aversion to this compound over two successive generations. In parental generation, early exposure to azadirachtin affects adult's development by reducing the number of organisms, delay larval and pupal development; male biased sex ratio and induced morphological alterations. Moreover, adult's survival of the two generations was significantly decreased as compared to the control. Therefore, Single preimaginal azadirachtin treatment can affect flies population dynamics via transgenerational reductions in survival and reproduction capacity as well as reinforcement of oviposition avoidance which can contribute as repellent strategies in integrated pest management programs. The transgenerational effects observed suggest a possible reduction both in application frequency and total amount of pesticide used, would help in reducing both control costs and possible ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferdenache
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie. CNRS, IRD, Univ Paris-Sud. Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R Bezzar-Bendjazia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - F Marion-Poll
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie. CNRS, IRD, Univ Paris-Sud. Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - S Kilani-Morakchi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
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28
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Kemp DJ. Manipulation of natal host modifies adult reproductive behaviour in the butterfly Heliconius charithonia. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191225. [PMID: 31506053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding non-genetic inheritance have prompted broader interest in environmental effects. One way in which such effects may influence adaptation is via the transmission of acquired habitat biases. Here I explore how natal experience influences adult host orientation in the oligophagous passion vine butterfly Heliconius charithonia. As an exemplar of the 'pupal mating' system, this species poses novelty among diurnal Lepidoptera for the extent to which male as well as female reproductive behaviours are guided by olfactory host cues. I sampled wild adult females breeding exclusively upon Passiflora incarnata, assigned their offspring to develop either upon this species or its local alternative Passiflora suberosa, and then assessed the behaviour of F1 adults in a large rainforest enclosure. Despite the fact that juvenile performance was superior upon P. incarnata, females oviposited preferentially upon their assigned natal species. Mate-seeking males also indicated a bias for the proximity of their natal host, and there was evidence for assortative mating based upon host treatment, although these data are less robust. This study is, to my knowledge, the first to support Hopkins' hostplant principle in butterflies, and points to inducible host preferences capable of reinforcing ecological segregation and ultimately accelerating evolutionary divergence in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2019 Australia
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29
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Mustard JA, Akyol E, Robles KD, Ozturk C, Kaftanoglu O. Influence of sugar experience during development on gustatory sensitivity of the honey bee. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:100-105. [PMID: 31059690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The level of response to sugar plays a role in many aspects of honey bee behavior including age dependent polyethism and division of labor. Bees may tune their sensitivity to sugars so that they maximize collection of high quality nectar, but they must also be able to collect from less profitable sources when high quality food is scarce. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which bees can change their responsiveness to different sugars remains incomplete. To investigate the plasticity of sensitivity to sugar, bees were raised on different sugars either in vitro or in colonies. Bees raised in the incubator on diets containing mostly either fructose or glucose showed significantly more responsiveness to the majority sugar. In contrast, bees raised in colonies that only foraged on fructose or glucose responded equally well to both sugars. These data suggest that developmental plasticity for responses to sugar is masked by the feeding of worker jelly to larvae and young bees. The production of worker jelly from secretions of the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands by nurse bees ensures that both glucose and fructose are experienced by young bees so that they respond to both sugars and will be able to exploit all future food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mustard
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, United States.
| | - Ethem Akyol
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Karin D Robles
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, United States
| | - Cahit Ozturk
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Osman Kaftanoglu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
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Little CM, Chapman TW, Hillier NK. Considerations for Insect Learning in Integrated Pest Management. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:6. [PMID: 31313814 PMCID: PMC6635889 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The past 100 yr have seen dramatic philosophical shifts in our approach to controlling or managing pest species. The introduction of integrated pest management in the 1970s resulted in the incorporation of biological and behavioral approaches to preserve ecosystems and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Increased understanding of the local ecosystem, including its structure and the biology of its species, can improve efficacy of integrated pest management strategies. Pest management strategies incorporating insect learning paradigms to control insect pests or to use insects to control other pests can mediate risk to nontarget insects, including pollinators. Although our understanding of insect learning is in its early stages, efforts to integrate insect learning into pest management strategies have been promising. Due to considerable differences in cognitive abilities among insect species, a case-by-case assessment is needed for each potential application of insect learning within a pest management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Little
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Thomas W Chapman
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - N Kirk Hillier
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
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Manicka S, Levin M. The Cognitive Lens: a primer on conceptual tools for analysing information processing in developmental and regenerative morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180369. [PMID: 31006373 PMCID: PMC6553590 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brains exhibit plasticity, multi-scale integration of information, computation and memory, having evolved by specialization of non-neural cells that already possessed many of the same molecular components and functions. The emerging field of basal cognition provides many examples of decision-making throughout a wide range of non-neural systems. How can biological information processing across scales of size and complexity be quantitatively characterized and exploited in biomedical settings? We use pattern regulation as a context in which to introduce the Cognitive Lens-a strategy using well-established concepts from cognitive and computer science to complement mechanistic investigation in biology. To facilitate the assimilation and application of these approaches across biology, we review tools from various quantitative disciplines, including dynamical systems, information theory and least-action principles. We propose that these tools can be extended beyond neural settings to predict and control systems-level outcomes, and to understand biological patterning as a form of primitive cognition. We hypothesize that a cognitive-level information-processing view of the functions of living systems can complement reductive perspectives, improving efficient top-down control of organism-level outcomes. Exploration of the deep parallels across diverse quantitative paradigms will drive integrative advances in evolutionary biology, regenerative medicine, synthetic bioengineering, cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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32
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Trillmich F, Müller T, Müller C. Understanding the evolution of personality requires the study of mechanisms behind the development and life history of personality traits. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2017.0740. [PMID: 29491028 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on animal personality explains the coexistence of distinct behavioural phenotypes within a species and demonstrates limits to individual plasticity. However, the mechanisms guiding the lifelong development of personality should receive more attention, because many elements of personality are emergent properties of interactions between the environment and an individual's genetic background. In these interactions, mechanisms (e.g. genetic regulatory networks, epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine regulation) influencing personality may be modified. An approach integrating proximate mechanisms with a view of lifelong personality development will crucially improve understanding stability, plasticity and inter-individual variability of personalities and clarify the effects of selection on the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Trillmich
- Department of Behavioural Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thorben Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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33
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The role of learning in the oviposition behavior of the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori). Behav Processes 2018; 157:286-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Urbanisation and sex affect the consistency of butterfly personality across metamorphosis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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de Fouchier A, Sun X, Caballero-Vidal G, Travaillard S, Jacquin-Joly E, Montagné N. Behavioral Effect of Plant Volatiles Binding to Spodoptera littoralis Larval Odorant Receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:264. [PMID: 30483075 PMCID: PMC6240680 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophagous insects use volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by plants to orient towards their hosts. In lepidopteran pests, crop damages are caused by larval stages-the caterpillars-that feed extensively on leaves or other plant tissues. However, larval host plant choice has been poorly studied, and it is generally admitted that caterpillars feed on the plant where the female laid the eggs. The mobility of caterpillars has been generally overlooked even though several studies showed that they can orient towards odors and change host plant. Recently, a large number of odorant receptors (ORs) tuned to plant volatiles have been characterized in the model pest moth Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). In the present work, we identified nine of these deorphanized ORs as expressed in S. littoralis caterpillars. In order to understand whether these ORs are involved in host searching, we tested the behavioral significance of their ligands using a larval two-choice assay. This OR-guided approach led to the identification of nine plant volatiles, namely 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, (Z)3-hexenol, (E)2-hexenol, indole, DMNT and (Z)3-hexenyl acetate, which are active on S. littoralis caterpillar behavior, increasing our knowledge on larval olfactory abilities. To further explore the link between OR activation and behavioral output induced by plant volatiles we used a modeling approach, thereby allowing identification of some ORs whose activation is related to caterpillar attraction. These ORs may be promising targets for future plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Montagné
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris and Versailles, France
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36
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Abstract
This article serves as a brief primer on planaria for behavior scientists. In the 1950s and 1960s, McConnell's planarian laboratory posited that conditioned behavior could transfer after regeneration, and through cannibalization of trained planaria. These studies, the responses, and replications have been collectively referred to as the "planarian controversy." Successful behavioral assays still require refinement with this organism, but they could add valuable insight into our conceptualization of memory and learning. We discuss how the planarian's distinctive biology enables an examination of biobehavioral interaction models, and what behavior scientists must consider if they are to advance behavioral research with this organism. Suggestions for academics interested in building planaria learning laboratories are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Health and Human Services Department, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Mack S. Costello
- Department of Psychology, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA
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37
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Haber AI, Rivera Sustache J, Carr DE. A generalist and a specialist herbivore are differentially affected by inbreeding and trichomes in
Mimulus guttatus. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariela I. Haber
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | | | - David E. Carr
- Blandy Experimental Farm University of Virginia Boyce Virginia 22620 USA
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38
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Levin M, Martyniuk CJ. The bioelectric code: An ancient computational medium for dynamic control of growth and form. Biosystems 2018; 164:76-93. [PMID: 28855098 PMCID: PMC10464596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
What determines large-scale anatomy? DNA does not directly specify geometrical arrangements of tissues and organs, and a process of encoding and decoding for morphogenesis is required. Moreover, many species can regenerate and remodel their structure despite drastic injury. The ability to obtain the correct target morphology from a diversity of initial conditions reveals that the morphogenetic code implements a rich system of pattern-homeostatic processes. Here, we describe an important mechanism by which cellular networks implement pattern regulation and plasticity: bioelectricity. All cells, not only nerves and muscles, produce and sense electrical signals; in vivo, these processes form bioelectric circuits that harness individual cell behaviors toward specific anatomical endpoints. We review emerging progress in reading and re-writing anatomical information encoded in bioelectrical states, and discuss the approaches to this problem from the perspectives of information theory, dynamical systems, and computational neuroscience. Cracking the bioelectric code will enable much-improved control over biological patterning, advancing basic evolutionary developmental biology as well as enabling numerous applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Biology Department, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600 Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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39
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Host plant associated enhancement of immunity and survival in virus infected caterpillars. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 151:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Lhomme P, Carrasco D, Larsson M, Hansson B, Anderson P. A context-dependent induction of natal habitat preference in a generalist herbivorous insect. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lhomme
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Alnarp, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - David Carrasco
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mattias Larsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Bill Hansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Alnarp, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Alnarp, Sweden
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41
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Bezzar-Bendjazia R, Kilani-Morakchi S, Maroua F, Aribi N. Azadirachtin induced larval avoidance and antifeeding by disruption of food intake and digestive enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:135-140. [PMID: 29183582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides are a promising alternative to reduce the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals. Among the botanical biopesticides, azadirachtin obtained from the Indian neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) is probably the biorational insecticide with greatest agriculture use nowadays due to its broad insecticide activity. The current study, evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin on larval avoidance, food intake and digestive enzymes of Drosophila melanogaster larvae as biological model. Azadirachtin was applied topically at two doses LD25 (0.28μg) and LD50 (0.67μg) on early third instars larvae. Results evaluated 24h after treatment showed that larvae exhibited significant repellence to azadirachtin and prefer keeping in untreated arenas rather than moving to treated one. In addition, azadirachtin avoidance was more marked in larvae previously treated with this compound as compared with naïf larvae (controls). Moreover, azadirachtin treatment decreased significantly the amount of larval food intake. Finally, azadirachtin reduced significantly the activity of larval α-amylase, chitinase and protease and increased the activity of lipase. This finding showed that azadirachtin induced behavioral and physiological disruption affecting the ability of the insect to digest food. This rapid installation of avoidance and long term antifeedancy might reinforce the action of azadirachtin and provide a new behavioral strategy for integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Bezzar-Bendjazia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Samira Kilani-Morakchi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Ferdenache Maroua
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Nadia Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
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42
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Qu H, Seifan T, Seifan M. Effects of plant and pollinator traits on the maintenance of a food deceptive species within a plant community. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Qu
- Division of Theoretical Research for Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Industrial IOT and Networked Control (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education; CN-400065 Chongqing PR China
| | | | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Dept of Desert Ecology, Swiss Inst. for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, and: Jacob Blaustein Inst. for Desert Research, Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev; IL-8499000 Midresher Ben-Gurion Israel
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43
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Müller T, Müller C. Phenotype of a leaf beetle larva depends on host plant quality and previous test experience. Behav Processes 2017; 142:40-45. [PMID: 28552703 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic expressions of insects are strongly dependent on various external and internal factors, like diet or density and age or sex. However, environmental effects on the behavioural phenotype and repeatability are rather unexplored for holometabolous insects in their larval stage. We examined the effects of the food environment (young versus old cabbage leaves) and previous test experience on growth and behaviour of Phaedon cochleariae larvae. A more nutritious diet, i.e., young leaves, had beneficial consequences on larval growth. Contrary to findings on adults, the behaviour of larvae was neither consistent over time nor across contexts, thus larvae did not show personality. Furthermore, larval behaviour was shaped independent of the diet, pointing to a stage-dependent receptivity towards diet conditions in this species. Besides, larval activity was significantly influenced by former test experience, with naïve larvae being more active than previously tested larvae. In general, in insects memories in an olfactory or sexual behaviour context can lead to behavioural responses later in life. Mechanisms of memory-learning should be further explored in different contexts in insects. Overall, the present study reveals that growth-related traits are diet-dependent and that the activity of a holometabolous larva is shaped in dependence of its previous test experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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44
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Decoupling of Behavioral Trait Correlation Across Life Stages in Two Holometabolous Insects. Behav Genet 2017; 47:459-467. [PMID: 28421346 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many animal behaviors have a genetic base, and behavioral traits often correlate with one another. In this study, we tested for a behavioral correlation between tonic immobility and walking distance in the larval and adult stages independently of two holometabolous insects. We confirmed a negative correlation of traits between strains in adults of both the species; however, we did not find it in larvae of either species. This suggests that the negative correlation between tonic immobility and walking is decoupled across life stages from larva to adult. In contrast, previous studies have reported that phenotypic correlations between behavioral traits are maintained from larvae to adults in hemimetabolous insects. In addition, our present results differ from previous results with holometabolous insects. Therefore, our results suggest that metamorphosis can change trade-offs between behavioral traits.
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45
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Monceau K, Moreau J, Richet J, Motreuil S, Moret Y, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX. Larval personality does not predict adult personality in a holometabolous insect. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Abstract
The relationship between plants and insects is influenced by insects' behavioral decisions during foraging and oviposition. In mutualistic pollinators and antagonistic herbivores, past experience (learning) affects such decisions, which ultimately can impact plant fitness. The higher levels of dietary generalism in pollinators than in herbivores may be an explanation for the differences in learning seen between these two groups. Generalist pollinators experience a high level of environmental variation, which we suggest favors associative learning. Larval herbivores employ habituation and sensitization-strategies useful in their less variable environments. Exceptions to these patterns based on habitats, mobility, and life history provide critical tests of current theory. Relevant plant traits should be under selection to be easily learned and remembered in pollinators and difficult to learn in herbivores. Insect learning thereby has the potential to have an important, yet largely unexplored, role in plant-insect coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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47
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Wilson JK, Woods HA. Innate and Learned Olfactory Responses in a Wild Population of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew108. [PMID: 27965403 PMCID: PMC5155552 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid insects face the fundamental problem of finding a suitable host in environments filled with competing stimuli. Many are deft sensors of olfactory cues emitted by other insects and the plants they live on, and use these cues to find hosts. Using olfactory cues from host-plants is effective because plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in response to herbivory or oviposition, that contain information about the presence of hosts. However, plant-produced cues can also be misleading because they are influenced by a variety of stimuli (abiotic variation, infection and multiple sources of induction via herbivory or oviposition). Flexible behavior is one strategy that parasitoids may use to cope with variation in olfactory cues. We examine the innate and learned responses of a natural population of wasp egg parasitoids (Trichogramma deion and Trichogramma sathon) using a series of laboratory and field Y-olfactometer experiments. Wasps typically attack eggs of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and Manduca quinquemaculata on native Datura wrightii plants in the southwestern United States. We show that Trichogramma wasps responded innately to VOCs produced by D. wrightii and could distinguish plants recently attacked by M. sexta from non-attacked plants. Furthermore, adult Trichogramma wasps were able to learn components of the VOC blend given off by D. wrightii, though they did not learn during exposure as pupae. By further exploring the behavioral ecology of a natural population of Trichogramma, we gain greater insight into how egg parasitoids function in tri-trophic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keaton Wilson
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E Lowell Street, P.O. Box 210106, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Organismal Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive HS104, Missoula, MT 59812
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48
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Bezzar-Bendjazia R, Kilani-Morakchi S, Aribi N. Larval exposure to azadirachtin affects fitness and oviposition site preference of Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 133:85-90. [PMID: 27742366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin, a biorational insecticide, is one of the prominent biopesticide commercialized today and represent an alternative to conventional insecticides. The current study examined the lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) as biological model. Various doses ranging from 0.1 to 2μg were applied topically on early third instar larvae and the cumulative mortality of immature stage was determined. In second series of experiments, azadirachtin was applied at its LD25 (0.28μg) and LD50 (0.67μg) and evaluated on fitness (development duration, fecundity, adult survival) and oviposition site preference with and without choice. Results showed that azadirachtin increased significantly at the two tested doses the duration of larval and pupal development. Moreover, azadirachtin treatment reduced significantly adult's survival of both sex as compared to control. In addition, azadirachtin affected fecundity of flies by a significant reduction of the number of eggs laid. Finally results showed that females present clear preference for oviposition in control medium. Pre-imaginal exposure (L3) to azadirachtin increased aversion to this substance suggesting a memorability of the learned avoidance. The results provide some evidence that larval exposure to azadirachtin altered adult oviposition preference as well as major fitness traits of D. melanogaster. Theses finding may reinforce behavioural avoidance of azadirachtin and contribute as repellent strategies in integrated pest management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Bezzar-Bendjazia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Samira Kilani-Morakchi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Nadia Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
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49
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Ramírez G, Fagundez C, Grosso JP, Argibay P, Arenas A, Farina WM. Odor Experiences during Preimaginal Stages Cause Behavioral and Neural Plasticity in Adult Honeybees. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:105. [PMID: 27375445 PMCID: PMC4891344 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In eusocial insects, experiences acquired during the development have long-term consequences on mature behavior. In the honeybee that suffers profound changes associated with metamorphosis, the effect of odor experiences at larval instars on the subsequent physiological and behavioral response is still unclear. To address the impact of preimaginal experiences on the adult honeybee, colonies containing larvae were fed scented food. The effect of the preimaginal experiences with the food odor was assessed in learning performance, memory retention and generalization in 3–5- and 17–19 day-old bees, in the regulation of their expression of synaptic-related genes and in the perception and morphology of their antennae. Three-five day old bees that experienced 1-hexanol (1-HEX) as food scent responded more to the presentation of the odor during the 1-HEX conditioning than control bees (i.e., bees reared in colonies fed unscented food). Higher levels of proboscis extension response (PER) to 1-HEX in this group also extended to HEXA, the most perceptually similar odor to the experienced one that we tested. These results were not observed for the group tested at older ages. In the brain of young adults, larval experiences triggered similar levels of neurexins (NRXs) and neuroligins (Nlgs) expression, two proteins that have been involved in synaptic formation after associative learning. At the sensory periphery, the experience did not alter the number of the olfactory sensilla placoidea, but did reduce the electrical response of the antennae to the experienced and novel odor. Our study provides a new insight into the effects of preimaginal experiences in the honeybee and the mechanisms underlying olfactory plasticity at larval stage of holometabolous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carol Fagundez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Grosso
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Argibay
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Arenas
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter M Farina
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the signaling functions that implement these remarkable algorithms. It is often forgotten that neurons optimized cellular signaling modes that existed long before the CNS appeared during evolution, and were used by somatic cellular networks to orchestrate physiology, embryonic development, and behavior. Many of the key dynamics that enable information processing can, in fact, be implemented by different biological hardware. This is widely exploited by organisms throughout the tree of life. Here, we review data on memory, learning, and other aspects of cognition in a range of models, including single celled organisms, plants, and tissues in animal bodies. We discuss current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at work in these systems, and suggest several hypotheses for future investigation. The study of cognitive processes implemented in aneural contexts is a fascinating, highly interdisciplinary topic that has many implications for evolution, cell biology, regenerative medicine, computer science, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
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