1
|
Ullah Khan S, Daniela Hernández-González K, Ali A, Shakeel Raza Rizvi S. Diabetes and the fabkin complex: A dual-edged sword. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116196. [PMID: 38588831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The Fabkin complex, composed of FABP4, ADK, and NDPKs, emerges as a novel regulator of insulin-producing beta cells, offering promising prospects for diabetes treatment. Our approach, which combines literature review and database analysis, sets the stage for future research. These findings hold significant implications for both diabetes treatment and research, as they present potential therapeutic targets for personalized treatment, leading to enhanced patient outcomes and a deeper comprehension of the disease. The multifaceted role of the Fabkin complex in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, anti-inflammation, beta cell proliferation, and vascular function underscores its therapeutic potential, reshaping diabetes management and propelling advancements in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, Faculty of sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, P.C. 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Karla Daniela Hernández-González
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Amir Ali
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, Faculty of sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, P.C. 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheu JWS, Chiu DKC, Kwan KKL, Yang C, Yuen VWH, Goh CC, Chui NNQ, Shen W, Law CT, Li Q, Zhang MS, Bao MHR, Wong BPY, Chan CYK, Liu CX, Sit GFW, Ooi ZY, Deng H, Tse APW, Ng IOL, Wong CCL. Hypoxia-inducible factor orchestrates adenosine metabolism to promote liver cancer development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5111. [PMID: 37146141 PMCID: PMC10162666 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced adenosine creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and dampens the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We found that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) orchestrates adenosine efflux through two steps in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, HIF-1 activates transcriptional repressor MXI1, which inhibits adenosine kinase (ADK), resulting in the failure of adenosine phosphorylation to adenosine monophosphate. This leads to adenosine accumulation in hypoxic cancer cells. Second, HIF-1 transcriptionally activates equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4, pumping adenosine into the interstitial space of HCC, elevating extracellular adenosine levels. Multiple in vitro assays demonstrated the immunosuppressive role of adenosine on T cells and myeloid cells. Knockout of ADK in vivo skewed intratumoral immune cells to protumorigenic and promoted tumor progression. Therapeutically, combination treatment of adenosine receptor antagonists and anti-PD-1 prolonged survival of HCC-bearing mice. We illustrated the dual role of hypoxia in establishing an adenosine-mediated immunosuppressive TME and offered a potential therapeutic approach that synergizes with ICIs in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinth Wing-Sum Cheu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - David Kung-Chun Chiu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Kin-Leung Kwan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Chunxue Yang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Wai-Hin Yuen
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Noreen Nog-Qin Chui
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk-Ting Law
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qidong Li
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Misty Shuo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Macus Hao-Ran Bao
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Bowie Po-Yee Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cerise Yuen-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Cindy Xinqi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Fu-Wan Sit
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zher Yee Ooi
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Haijing Deng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aki Pui-Wah Tse
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510120
- Shenzhen Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas (SRCSs) of bone and soft tissue comprise a heterogeneous group of highly aggressive tumours associated with a poor prognosis, especially in metastatic disease. SRCS entities mainly occur in the third decade of life and can exhibit striking disparities regarding preferentially affected sex and tumour localization. SRCSs comprise new entities defined by specific genetic abnormalities, namely EWSR1-non-ETS fusions, CIC-rearrangements or BCOR genetic alterations, as well as EWSR1-ETS fusions in the prototypic SRCS Ewing sarcoma. These gene fusions mainly encode aberrant oncogenic transcription factors that massively rewire the transcriptome and epigenome of the as yet unknown cell or cells of origin. Additional mutations or copy number variants are rare at diagnosis and, depending on the tumour entity, may involve TP53, CDKN2A and others. Histologically, these lesions consist of small round cells expressing variable levels of CD99 and specific marker proteins, including cyclin B3, ETV4, WT1, NKX3-1 and aggrecan, depending on the entity. Besides locoregional treatment that should follow standard protocols for sarcoma management, (neo)adjuvant treatment is as yet ill-defined but generally follows that of Ewing sarcoma and is associated with adverse effects that might compromise quality of life. Emerging studies on the molecular mechanisms of SRCSs and the development of genetically engineered animal models hold promise for improvements in early detection, disease monitoring, treatment-related toxicity, overall survival and quality of life.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murugan M, Fedele D, Millner D, Alharfoush E, Vegunta G, Boison D. Adenosine kinase: An epigenetic modulator in development and disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105054. [PMID: 33961946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the key regulator of adenosine and catalyzes the metabolism of adenosine to 5'-adenosine monophosphate. The enzyme exists in two isoforms: a long isoform (ADK-long, ADK-L) and a short isoform (ADK-short, ADK-S). The two isoforms are developmentally regulated and are differentially expressed in distinct subcellular compartments with ADK-L localized in the nucleus and ADK-S localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of ADK-L and its biochemical link to the transmethylation pathway suggest a specific role for gene regulation via epigenetic mechanisms. Recent evidence reveals an adenosine receptor-independent role of ADK in determining the global methylation status of DNA and thereby contributing to epigenomic regulation. Here we summarize recent progress in understanding the biochemical interactions between adenosine metabolism by ADK-L and epigenetic modifications linked to transmethylation reactions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of ADK-associated changes in DNA methylation in developmental, as well as in pathological conditions including brain injury, epilepsy, vascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Challenges in investigating the epigenetic role of ADK for therapeutic gains are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Denise Fedele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David Millner
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Enmar Alharfoush
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Geetasravya Vegunta
- Department of Biology, Albert Dorman Honors College, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Superti‐Furga G. A guide to plasma membrane solute carrier proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2784-2835. [PMID: 32810346 PMCID: PMC8246967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mello CA, Campos FAB, Santos TG, Silva MLG, Torrezan GT, Costa FD, Formiga MN, Nicolau U, Nascimento AG, Silva C, Curado MP, Nakagawa SA, Lopes A, Aguiar S. Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor: A Review of Main Molecular Abnormalities and Emerging Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030498. [PMID: 33525546 PMCID: PMC7865637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Desmoplastic small round cell tumor is a rare neoplasm with extremely aggressive behavior. Despite the multimodal treatment for newly diagnosed patients with chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery and radiation, the cure rate is still low. For relapsed or progressive disease, there is limited data regarding second and third-line therapies. Novel agents have shown only modest activity. Recent molecular changes have been identified in this disease and this opens opportunities to be explored in future clinical trials. Abstract Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an extremely rare, aggressive sarcoma affecting adolescents and young adults with male predominance. Generally, it originates from the serosal surface of the abdominal cavity. The hallmark characteristic of DSRCT is the EWSR1–WT1 gene fusion. This translocation up-regulates the expression of PDGFRα, VEGF and other proteins related to tumor and vascular cell proliferation. Current management of DSRCT includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation and aggressive cytoreductive surgery plus intra-peritoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (HIPEC). Despite advances in multimodal therapy, outcomes remain poor since the majority of patients present disease recurrence and die within three years. The dismal survival makes DSRCT an orphan disease with an urgent need for new drugs. The treatment of advanced and recurrent disease with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as pazopanib, sunitinib, and mTOR inhibitors was evaluated by small trials. Recent studies using comprehensive molecular profiling of DSRCT identified potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aim to describe the current studies conducted to better understand DSRCT biology and to explore the new therapeutic strategies under investigation in preclinical models and in early phase clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celso Abdon Mello
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.A.B.C.); (M.N.F.); (U.N.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2189-2779
| | - Fernando Augusto Batista Campos
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.A.B.C.); (M.N.F.); (U.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Tiago Goss Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Biomarkers, International Center of Research CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil;
| | | | - Giovana Tardin Torrezan
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil;
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Center of Research CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Felipe D’Almeida Costa
- Department of Pathology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.D.C.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Maria Nirvana Formiga
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.A.B.C.); (M.N.F.); (U.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Ulisses Nicolau
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.A.B.C.); (M.N.F.); (U.N.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Cassia Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (F.A.B.C.); (M.N.F.); (U.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- Department of Epidemiology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil;
| | - Suely Akiko Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (S.A.N.); (A.L.)
| | - Ademar Lopes
- Department of Surgery, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (S.A.N.); (A.L.)
| | - Samuel Aguiar
- Department of Surgery, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (S.A.N.); (A.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ogura K, Somwar R, Hmeljak J, Magnan H, Benayed R, Momeni Boroujeni A, Bowman AS, Mattar MS, Khodos I, de Stanchina E, Jungbluth A, Asher M, Odintsov I, Hartono AB, LaQuaglia MP, Slotkin E, Pratilas CA, Lee SB, Spraggon L, Ladanyi M. Therapeutic Potential of NTRK3 Inhibition in Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1184-1194. [PMID: 33229458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a highly lethal intra-abdominal sarcoma of adolescents and young adults. DSRCT harbors a t(11;22)(p13:q12) that generates the EWSR1-WT1 chimeric transcription factor, the key oncogenic driver of DSRCT. EWSR1-WT1 rewires global gene expression networks and activates aberrant expression of targets that together mediate oncogenesis. EWSR1-WT1 also activates a neural gene expression program. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Among these neural markers, we found prominent expression of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (NTRK3), a druggable receptor tyrosine kinase. We investigated the regulation of NTRK3 by EWSR1-WT1 and its potential as a therapeutic target in vitro and in vivo, the latter using novel patient-derived models of DSRCT. RESULTS We found that EWSR1-WT1 binds upstream of NTRK3 and activates its transcription. NTRK3 mRNA is highly expressed in DSRCT compared with other major chimeric transcription factor-driven sarcomas and most DSRCTs are strongly immunoreactive for NTRK3 protein. Remarkably, expression of NTRK3 kinase domain mRNA in DSRCT is also higher than in cancers with NTRK3 fusions. Abrogation of NTRK3 expression by RNAi silencing reduces growth of DSRCT cells and pharmacologic targeting of NTRK3 with entrectinib is effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of DSRCT. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that EWSR1-WT1 directly activates NTRK3 expression in DSRCT cells, which are dependent on its expression and activity for growth. Pharmacologic inhibition of NTRK3 by entrectinib significantly reduces growth of DSRCT cells both in vitro and in vivo, providing a rationale for clinical evaluation of NTRK3 as a therapeutic target in DSRCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Julija Hmeljak
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Heather Magnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Anita S Bowman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marissa S Mattar
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Inna Khodos
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Achim Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marina Asher
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Igor Odintsov
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alifiani B Hartono
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michael P LaQuaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christine A Pratilas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean Bong Lee
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lee Spraggon
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor of the Kidney: Report of a Case, Literature Review, and Comprehensive Discussion of the Distinctive Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features in the Differential Diagnosis of Small Round Cell Tumors Affecting the Kidney. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:408-421. [PMID: 32804706 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare, highly aggressive neoplasm typically presenting with widespread involvement of the abdominopelvic peritoneum of adolescent males, usually without organ-based primary. Although it is believed to originate from the serous (mainly peritoneal) membranes, intracranial, sinonasal, intraosseous, and other soft tissue sites are also documented. A chromosomal translocation t(11:22)(p13;q12) signature that fuses EWSR1 and WT1 genes results in the production of a chimeric protein with transcriptional regulatory activity that drives oncogenesis. Integration of clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic data is necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis, especially when the tumor arises in an atypical site. A 15-year-old male presented with hematuria and was found to have a large renal tumor associated with adrenal, liver, lung, and bone metastases. Histopathologic and immunophenotypic features were distinctive for DSRCT. This diagnosis was confirmed by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization and cytogenetic analysis, which documented the pathognomonic t(11;22) translocation, and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on snap-frozen tissue, which revealed the EWSR1/WT1-specific chimeric transcript. Despite high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy targeted to a single T11 vertebral metastasis, the disease progressed, and the patient died 4 years after the diagnosis. A search of electronic databases for DSRCT yielded 16 cases of well-documented renal primaries out of around 1570 cases from all sites gathered from the global literature. Desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor and other primary renal tumors considered in the differential diagnosis with DSRCT are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Circulating Tumor Cells, the Precursors of Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:11-34. [PMID: 32304077 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells offer an unprecedented window into the metastatic cascade, and to some extent can be considered as intermediates in the process of metastasis. They exhibit dynamic oscillations in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity and provide important opportunities for prognosis, therapy response monitoring, and targeting of metastatic disease. In this manuscript, we review the involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in the early steps of metastasis and what we have learned about its contribution to genomic instability and genetic diversity, tumor progression and therapeutic responses using cell culture, mouse models and circulating tumor cells enriched from patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Uboldi S, Craparotta I, Colella G, Ronchetti E, Beltrame L, Vicario S, Marchini S, Panini N, Dagrada G, Bozzi F, Pilotti S, Galmarini CM, D'Incalci M, Gatta R. Mechanism of action of trabectedin in desmoplastic small round cell tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:107. [PMID: 28166781 PMCID: PMC5294815 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive disease, that can be described as a member of the family of small round blue cell tumors. The molecular diagnostic marker is the t(11;22)(p13;q12) translocation, which creates an aberrant transcription factor, EWS-WT1, that underlies the oncogenesis of DSRCT. Current treatments are not very effective so new active drugs are needed. Trabectedin, now used as a single agent for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, was reported to be active in some pre-treated DSRCT patients. Using JN-DSRCT-1, a cell line derived from DSRCT expressing the EWS-WT1 fusion protein, we investigated the ability of trabectedin to modify the function of the chimeric protein, as in other sarcomas expressing fusion proteins. After detailed characterization of the EWS-WT1 transcripts structure, we investigated the mode of action of trabectedin, looking at the expression and function of the oncogenic chimera. Methods We characterized JN-DSRCT-1 cells using cellular approaches (FISH, Clonogenicity assay) and molecular approaches (Sanger sequencing, ChIP, GEP). Results JN-DSRCT-1 cells were sensitive to trabectedin at nanomolar concentrations. The cell line expresses different variants of EWS-WT1, some already identified in patients. EWS-WT1 mRNA expression was affected by trabectedin and chimeric protein binding on its target gene promoters was reduced. Expression profiling indicated that trabectedin affects the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusions The JN-DSRCT-1 cell line, in vitro, is sensitive to trabectedin: after drug exposure, EWS-WT1 chimera expression decreases as well as binding on its target promoters. Probably the heterogeneity of chimera transcripts is an obstacle to precisely defining the molecular mode of action of drugs, calling for further cellular models of DSRCT, possibly growing in vivo too, to mimic the biological complexity of this disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3091-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Uboldi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - I Craparotta
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - G Colella
- Experimental Oncology and Pharmacogenomics, IRCCS Fondazione "Salvatore Maugeri"-Istituto di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Ronchetti
- Experimental Oncology and Pharmacogenomics, IRCCS Fondazione "Salvatore Maugeri"-Istituto di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - S Vicario
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - S Marchini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - N Panini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - G Dagrada
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F Bozzi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S Pilotti
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - C M Galmarini
- Cell Biology and Pharmacogenomics Department, PharmaMar, Madrid, 28770, Spain
| | - M D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - R Gatta
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kiese K, Jablonski J, Boison D, Kobow K. Dynamic Regulation of the Adenosine Kinase Gene during Early Postnatal Brain Development and Maturation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:99. [PMID: 27812320 PMCID: PMC5071315 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous metabolic intermediary and nucleoside adenosine is a “master regulator” in all living systems. Under baseline conditions adenosine kinase (ADK) is the primary enzyme for the metabolic clearance of adenosine. By regulating the availability of adenosine, ADK is a critical upstream regulator of complex homeostatic and metabolic networks. Not surprisingly, ADK dysfunction is involved in several pathologies, including diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer. ADK protein exists in the two isoforms nuclear ADK-L, and cytoplasmic ADK-S, which are subject to dynamic expression changes during brain development and in response to brain injury; however, gene expression changes of the Adk gene as well as regulatory mechanisms that direct the cell-type and isoform specific expression of ADK have never been investigated. Here we analyzed potential gene regulatory mechanisms that may influence Adk expression including DNA promoter methylation, histone modifications and transcription factor binding. Our data suggest binding of transcription factor SP1 to the Adk promoter influences the regulation of Adk expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kiese
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janos Jablonski
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The first large series of desmoplastic small round cell tumor was reported twenty-five years ago. This article reviews the original characterization of this neoplasm, and the eventual expansion of its clinical and pathological spectrum. Relevant data on its molecular features are summarized, in order to understand the search for therapeutic targets. The challenge ahead is to better know and cure this disease through the finding and validation of actionable therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique de Alava
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, Seville 41013, Spain; Department of Pathology, La Merced Hospital, AGS Osuna, Osuna, Spain.
| | - David Marcilla
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, Seville 41013, Spain; Department of Pathology, La Merced Hospital, AGS Osuna, Osuna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mediero A, Wilder T, Perez-Aso M, Cronstein BN. Direct or indirect stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors enhances bone regeneration as well as bone morphogenetic protein-2. FASEB J 2015; 29:1577-90. [PMID: 25573752 PMCID: PMC4396602 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Promoting bone regeneration and repair of bone defects is a need that has not been well met to date. We have previously found that adenosine, acting via A2A receptors (A2AR) promotes wound healing and inhibits inflammatory osteolysis and hypothesized that A2AR might be a novel target to promote bone regeneration. Therefore, we determined whether direct A2AR stimulation or increasing endogenous adenosine concentrations via purine transport blockade with dipyridamole regulates bone formation. We determined whether coverage of a 3 mm trephine defect in a mouse skull with a collagen scaffold soaked in saline, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; 200 ng), 1 μM CGS21680 (A2AR agonist, EC50 = 160 nM), or 1 μM dipyridamole (EC50 = 32 nM) promoted bone regeneration. Microcomputed tomography examination demonstrated that CGS21680 and dipyridamole markedly enhanced bone regeneration as well as BMP-2 8 wk after surgery (60 ± 2%, 79 ± 2%, and 75 ± 1% bone regeneration, respectively, vs. 32 ± 2% in control, P < 0.001). Blockade by a selective A2AR antagonist (ZM241385, 1 μM) or deletion of A2AR abrogated the effect of CGS21680 and dipyridamole on bone regeneration. Both CGS21680 and dipyridamole treatment increased alkaline phosphatase-positive osteoblasts and diminished tartrate resistance acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts in the defects. In vivo imaging with a fluorescent dye for new bone formation revealed a strong fluorescent signal in treated animals that was equivalent to BMP-2. In conclusion, stimulation of A2AR by specific agonists or by increasing endogenous adenosine levels stimulates new bone formation as well as BMP-2 and represents a novel approach to stimulating bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Mediero
- Divisions of Translational Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tuere Wilder
- Divisions of Translational Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miguel Perez-Aso
- Divisions of Translational Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Divisions of Translational Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mariño-Enríquez A, Fletcher CD. Round cell sarcomas – Biologically important refinements in subclassification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:493-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Kang HJ, Park JH, Chen W, Kang SI, Moroz K, Ladanyi M, Lee SB. EWS-WT1 oncoprotein activates neuronal reprogramming factor ASCL1 and promotes neural differentiation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4526-35. [PMID: 24934812 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion gene EWS-WT1 is the defining chromosomal translocation in desmoplastic small round-cell tumors (DSRCT), a rare but aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a high rate of mortality. EWS-WT1 functions as an aberrant transcription factor that drives tumorigenesis, but the mechanistic basis for its pathogenic activity is not well understood. To address this question, we created a transgenic mouse strain that permits physiologic expression of EWS-WT1 under the native murine Ews promoter. EWS-WT1 expression led to a dramatic induction of many neuronal genes in embryonic fibroblasts and primary DSRCT, most notably the neural reprogramming factor ASCL1. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated that EWS-WT1 directly bound the proximal promoter of ASCL1, activating its transcription through multiple WT1-responsive elements. Conversely, EWS-WT1 silencing in DSRCT cells reduced ASCL1 expression and cell viability. Notably, exposure of DSRCT cells to neuronal induction media increased neural gene expression and induced neurite-like projections, both of which were abrogated by silencing EWS-WT1. Taken together, our findings reveal that EWS-WT1 can activate neural gene expression and direct partial neural differentiation via ASCL1, suggesting agents that promote neural differentiation might offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat DSRCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Kang
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - WeiPing Chen
- Genomics Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soo Im Kang
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean Bong Lee
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The oncogenic properties of EWS/WT1 of desmoplastic small round cell tumors are unmasked by loss of p53 in murine embryonic fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:585. [PMID: 24321497 PMCID: PMC4029184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is characterized by the presence of a fusion protein EWS/WT1, arising from the t (11;22) (p13;q12) translocation. Here we examine the oncogenic properties of two splice variants of EWS/WT1, EWS/WT1-KTS and EWS/WT1 + KTS. Methods We over-expressed both EWS/WT1 variants in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of wild-type, p53+/- and p53-/- backgrounds and measured effects on cell-proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, clonogenicity after serum withdrawal, and sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs and gamma irradiation in comparison to control cells. We examined gene expression profiles in cells expressing EWS/WT1. Finally we validated our key findings in a small series of DSRCT. Results Neither isoform of EWS/WT1 was sufficient to transform wild-type MEFs however the oncogenic potential of both was unmasked by p53 loss. Expression of EWS/WT1 in MEFs lacking at least one allele of p53 enhanced cell-proliferation, clonogenic survival and anchorage-independent growth. EWS/WT1 expression in wild-type MEFs conferred resistance to cell-cycle arrest after irradiation and daunorubicin induced apoptosis. We show DSRCT commonly have nuclear localization of p53, and copy-number amplification of MDM2/MDMX. Expression of either isoform of EWS/WT1 induced characteristic mRNA expression profiles. Gene-set enrichment analysis demonstrated enrichment of WNT pathway signatures in MEFs expressing EWS/WT1 + KTS. Wnt-activation was validated in cell lines with over-expression of EWS/WT1 and in DSRCT. Conclusion In conclusion, we show both isoforms of EWS/WT1 have oncogenic potential in MEFs with loss of p53. In addition we provide the first link between EWS/WT1 and Wnt-pathway signaling. These data provide novel insights into the function of the EWS/WT1 fusion protein which characterize DSRCT.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang C, Lin W, Playa H, Sun S, Cameron K, Buolamwini J. Dipyridamole analogs as pharmacological inhibitors of equilibrative nucleoside transporters. Identification of novel potent and selective inhibitors of the adenosine transporter function of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (hENT4). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1531-40. [PMID: 24021350 PMCID: PMC3866046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify needed human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (hENT4) inhibitors, we cloned and stably expressed the recombinant protein in PK15NTD (nucleoside transporter deficient) cells, and, investigated its interaction with a series of dipyridamole analogs synthesized in our laboratory. Compounds were tested in this newly established hENT4 expressing system as well in previous stably expressed hENT1 and hENT2 expressing systems. Of the dipyridamole analogs evaluated, about one fourth of the compounds inhibited hENT4 with higher potencies than dipyridamole. The most potent of them, Compound 30 displayed an IC₅₀ of 74.4 nM, making it about 38 times more potent than dipyridamole (IC₅₀=2.8 μM), and selectivities of about 80-fold and 20-fold relative to ENT1 and ENT2, respectively. Structure-activity relationship showed nitrogen-containing monocyclic rings and noncyclic substituents at the 4- and 8-positions of the pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine were important for the inhibitory activity against hENT4. The most potent and selective hENT4 inhibitors tended to have a 2,6-di(N-monohydroxyethyl) substitution on the pyrimidopyrimidine ring system. The inhibitors of hENT4 identified in this study are the most selective and potent inhibitors of hENT4 adenosine transporter function to date, and should serve as useful pharmacological/biochemical tools and/or potential leads for ENT4-based therapeutics. Also, the new hENT4-expressing PK15 cell line established will serve as a useful screening tool for the discovery and design of hENT4 ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | | | - Hilaire Playa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Kenyuna Cameron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - John Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maity A, Choi JS, Teets TS, Deligonul N, Berdis AJ, Gray TG. Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with Deoxyribose Substituents. Chemistry 2013; 19:15924-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Young JD, Yao SYM, Baldwin JM, Cass CE, Baldwin SA. The human concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families, SLC28 and SLC29. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:529-47. [PMID: 23506887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside transport in humans is mediated by members of two unrelated protein families, the SLC28 family of cation-linked concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and the SLC29 family of energy-independent, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). These families contain three and four members, respectively, which differ both in the stoichiometry of cation coupling and in permeant selectivity. Together, they play key roles in nucleoside and nucleobase uptake for salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, they facilitate cellular uptake of several nucleoside and nucleobase drugs used in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of viral infections. Thus, the transporter content of target cells can represent a key determinant of the response to treatment. In addition, by regulating the concentration of adenosine available to cell surface receptors, nucleoside transporters modulate many physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission to cardiovascular activity. This review describes the molecular and functional properties of the two transporter families, with a particular focus on their physiological roles in humans and relevance to disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Young
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen D, Fang L, Li H, Tang MS, Jin C. Cigarette smoke component acrolein modulates chromatin assembly by inhibiting histone acetylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21678-87. [PMID: 23770671 PMCID: PMC3724627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structure and gene expression are both regulated by nucleosome assembly. How environmental factors influence histone nuclear import and the nucleosome assembly pathway, leading to changes in chromatin organization and transcription, remains unknown. Acrolein (Acr) is an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, which is abundant in the environment, especially in cigarette smoke. It has recently been implicated as a potential major carcinogen of smoking-related lung cancer. Here we show that Acr forms adducts with histone proteins in vitro and in vivo and preferentially reacts with free histones rather than with nucleosomal histones. Cellular fractionation analyses reveal that Acr exposure specifically inhibits acetylations of N-terminal tails of cytosolic histones H3 and H4, modifications that are important for nuclear import and chromatin assembly. Notably, Acr exposure compromises the delivery of histone H3 into chromatin and increases chromatin accessibility. Moreover, changes in nucleosome occupancy at several genomic loci are correlated with transcriptional responses to Acr exposure. Our data provide new insights into mechanisms whereby environmental factors interact with the genome and influence genome function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Chen
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987
| | - Lei Fang
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987
| | - Hongjie Li
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987
| | - Chunyuan Jin
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Philippe-Chomette P, Kabbara N, Andre N, Pierron G, Coulomb A, Laurence V, Blay JY, Delattre O, Schleiermacher G, Orbach D. Desmoplastic small round cell tumors with EWS-WT1 fusion transcript in children and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:891-7. [PMID: 22162435 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of the EWS-WT1 gene fusion transcript (GFT) is characteristic of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), a rare and very aggressive disease for which the treatment has not yet been clearly standardized. METHODS This was a retrospective national multicenter analysis of young patients <30 years with tumors expressing the EWS-WT1-GFT, designed to determine whether extensive surgery had an impact on survival. RESULTS Between 1995 and 2006, a EWS-WT1-GFT was detected in the tumors of 38 patients, 17 (44.7%) of whom had had a different initial pathologic diagnosis prior to molecular testing. Mean age was 13.2 years (range: 4-29.7 years). Only 9 patients (24%) had localized disease. Treatment was heterogeneous. Nine patients had "limited" surgical resections and 22 underwent "extensive" surgery. Two-year event-free survival and overall survival were 14.4% and 50%, respectively. Among the five patients who were alive in complete remission, four had undergone extensive and complete surgery. CONCLUSIONS Detection of the EWS-WT1-GFT plays a major role in the diagnosis of DSRCT. No survival difference was observed according to extent of surgery, but complete surgery seemed to offer the best chance of long-term survival. High-dose chemotherapy or local radiotherapy did not appear to improve survival in this retrospective analysis, but larger prospective studies are needed to provide definitive conclusions on the role of these treatments.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsokos M, Alaggio RD, Dehner LP, Dickman PS. Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor and related tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:108-26. [PMID: 22420726 PMCID: PMC6993191 DOI: 10.2350/11-08-1078-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (EWS/pPNET) and other tumors with EWS gene rearrangements encompass a malignant and intermediate neoplasm with a broad anatomic distribution and a wide age range but a predilection for soft tissue in children, adolescents, and young adults. The overlapping histologic, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic and molecular genetic features create diagnostic challenges despite significant clinical and prognostic differences. Ewing sarcoma is the 3rd most common sarcoma in children and adolescents, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor is a rare neoplasm that occurs more often in older children, adolescents, and young adults. Pathologic examination is complemented by immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features of EWS/pPNET and desmoplastic small round cell tumor in the spectrum of tumors with EWS gene rearrangements. Other tumors with different histopathologic features and an EWS gene rearrangement are discussed elsewhere in this volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsokos
- Department of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rita D. Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Louis P. Dehner
- Department of Pathology, Lauren V. Ackerman Division of Surgical Pathology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul S. Dickman
- Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Raizada N, Daga MK, Sinha N, Kumar R, Nayak H, Kamble NL, Garg S, Kumar N. A rapidly developing lung mass diagnosed as desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Lung India 2011; 28:287-90. [PMID: 22084544 PMCID: PMC3213717 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.85692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a young male who presented with complaints of fever along with cough and sputum. He was diagnosed with having right pleural effusion. He was already taking anti-tubercular therapy for one month before presentation. He was started on intravenous antibiotics and continued on anti-tubercular therapy in our hospital, based on his high leukocyte count, pleural fluid analysis, and ultrasonographic report of multiple hypoechoic areas in the liver. His symptoms continued to worsen and he subsequently developed mediastinal widening and a left lung mass. Commuted tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the lung mass revealed a desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor. Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is a rare and aggressive tumor, which presents rarely as a mediastinal and lung mass. This tumor has very poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Raizada
- Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside/nucleobase transporters have been investigated since the 1960s. In particular, equilibrative nucleoside transporters were thought to be valuable drug targets, since they are involved in various kinds of viral and parasitic diseases as well as cancers. DISCUSSION In the postgenomic era multiple transporters, including different subtypes, have been cloned and characterized on the molecular level. In this article we summarize recent advances regarding structure, function and localization of nucleoside/nucleobase transporters as well as the pharmacological profile of selected drugs. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the different kinetic properties and structural features of nucleoside transporters can either be used for the rational design of therapeutics directly targeting the transporter itself or for the delivery of drugs using the transporter as a port of entry into the target cell. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters are of considerable pharmacological interest as drug targets for the development of drugs tailored to each patient's need for the treatment of cardiac disease, cancer and viral infections.
Collapse
|
26
|
Errasti-Murugarren E, Pastor-Anglada M. Drug transporter pharmacogenetics in nucleoside-based therapies. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:809-41. [PMID: 20504255 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the different types of transporter proteins that have been implicated in the influx and efflux of nucleoside-derived drugs currently used in the treatment of cancer, viral infections (i.e., AIDS) and other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetic variations in nucleoside-derived drug transporter proteins encoded by the gene families SLC15, SLC22, SLC28, SLC29, ABCB, ABCC and ABCG will be specifically considered. Variants known to affect biological function are summarized, with a particular emphasis on those for which clinical correlations have already been established. Given that relatively little is known regarding the genetic variability of the players involved in determining nucleoside-derived drug bioavailability, it is anticipated that major challenges will be faced in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in the Subject Area of Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona 08071, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Romeo S, Dei Tos AP. Soft tissue tumors associated with EWSR1 translocation. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:219-34. [PMID: 19936782 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1; also known as EWS) represents one of the most commonly involved genes in sarcoma translocations. In fact, it is involved in a broad variety of mesenchymal lesions which includes Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, desmoplastic small round cell tumor,clear cell sarcoma, angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and a subset of myxoid liposarcoma. The fusion products between EWSR1 and partners usually results in fusion of the N-terminal transcription-activating domain of EWSR1 and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of the fusion partner, eventually generating novel transcription factors. EWSR1 rearrangement can be visualized by the means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As soft tissue sarcomas represent a diagnostically challenging group, FISH analysis is an extremely useful confirmatory diagnostic tool. However, as in most instances a split-apart approach is used, the results of molecular genetics must be evaluated in context with morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Romeo
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Treviso, Piazza Ospedale 1, Treviso, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sohn EJ, Li H, Reidy K, Beers LF, Christensen BL, Lee SB. EWS/FLI1 oncogene activates caspase 3 transcription and triggers apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1154-63. [PMID: 20103643 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EWS/FLI1 is a fusion gene product generated by a chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) found in Ewing sarcoma. EWS/FLI1 encodes an aberrant transcription factor with oncogenic properties in vitro. Paradoxically, expression of EWS/FLI1 in nontransformed primary cells results in apoptosis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. In primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from conditional EWS/FLI1 knock-in embryos, expression of EWS/FLI1 resulted in apoptosis with concomitant increase in the endogenous Caspase 3 (Casp3) mRNA. EWS/FLI1 directly bound and activated the CASP3 promoter, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of EWS/FLI1 led to a marked decrease in CASP3 transcripts in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of EWS/FLI1 resulted in an increased expression of CASP3 protein in heterologous cell lines. Importantly, expression of EWS/FLI1 in the mouse triggered an early onset of apoptosis in kidneys and acute lethality. These findings suggest that EWS/FLI1 induces apoptosis, at least partially, through the activation of CASP3 and show the cell context-dependent roles of EWS/FLI1 in apoptosis and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Sohn
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kuhnen C, Schäfer KL, Franke K, Poremba C. [Cystic desmoplastic small round cell tumor: tumor development from cystic-"mesothelioblastic" areas?]. DER PATHOLOGE 2010; 31:142-9. [PMID: 20066421 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-009-1258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 7-cm cystic lesion in the upper left abdomen and additional smaller solid tumor nodules were diagnosed incidentally in a 15-year-old boy without tumor symptoms. The main tumorous cystic lesion showed a flattened single-cell tumor cell component in gradual transition to stratified, papillary and truly "invasive" typical desmoplastic areas of a desmoplastic small round-cell tumor (DSRCT). The Ki-67-proliferation index gradually increased within three histologic tumor patterns up to about 70% in the typical desmoplastic (infiltrating) component. Using microdissection techniques, EWS-WT1-gene fusion transcripts were detected in the cystic (single-cell-layered), the papillary and the solid tumor proliferations (exon 7 of EWS on chromosome 22 with exon 8 of WT1 on chromosome 11). The presented case illustrates a predominant cystic growth pattern of DSRCT, in which a stepwise development in the pathogenesis of DSRCT from cystic (-"mesothelioblastic") towards a more papillary proliferation and finally typical "infiltrative" desmoplastic tumor pattern might be discussed. The cystic pattern could represent an initial stage in the development of the neoplasia. The presence of specific EWS-WT1-gene fusion transcripts in all tumor growth patterns in this respect would indicate an early event in t(11;22)(p13;q12) translocation in the pathogenesis of DSRCT.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abdominal Neoplasms/genetics
- Abdominal Neoplasms/pathology
- Adolescent
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Male
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Sarcoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Sarcoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kuhnen
- Institut für Pathologie am Clemenshospital, Medical Center, Düesbergweg 128, 48153 Münster.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nurmemmedov E, Yengo RK, Uysal H, Karlsson R, Thunnissen MMGM. New insights into DNA-binding behavior of Wilms tumor protein (WT1)--a dual study. Biophys Chem 2009; 145:116-25. [PMID: 19853363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Wilms Tumor suppressor protein (WT1) is a transcription factor that is involved in a variety of developmental functions during organ development. It is also implicated in the pathology of several different cancer forms. The protein contains four C(2)H(2)-type zinc fingers and it specifically binds GC-rich sequences in the promoter regions of its target genes, which are either up or down regulated. Two properties make WT1 a more unusual transcription factor - an unconventional amino acid composition for zinc finger 1, and the insertion of a tri-peptide KTS in some of the splice isoforms of WT1. Using six WT1 constructs in which zinc fingers are systematically deleted, a dual study based on a bacterial 1-hybrid system and surface plasmon resonance measurements is performed. The experiments show that the effect of zinc finger 1 is not significant in terms of overall DNA-binding kinetics, however it influences both the specificity of target recognition and stability of interaction in presence of KTS. The KTS insertion, however, only mildly retards binding affinity, mainly by affecting the on-rate. We suggest that the insertion disturbs zinc finger 4 from its binding frame, thus weakening the rate of target recognition. Finally, for the construct in which both zinc fingers 1 and 4 were deleted, the two middle fingers 2-3 still could function as a 'minimal DNA-recognition domain' for WT1, however the formation of a stable protein-DNA complex is impaired since the overall affinity was dramatically reduced mainly since the off-rate was severely affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Nurmemmedov
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xia L, Zhou M, Kalhorn TF, Ho HTB, Wang J. Podocyte-specific expression of organic cation transporter PMAT: implication in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1307-13. [PMID: 19357181 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00046.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a novel polyspecific organic cation transporter that transports organic cations and the purine nucleoside, adenosine. PMAT is expressed in the kidney, but the specific localization and function of this transporter in renal cells are unclear. In this study, we developed a polyclonal antibody toward a 14-amino acid sequence in the last intracellular loop of PMAT and determined the precise cellular localization of PMAT in human and rat kidneys. Surprisingly, we found that the PMAT protein was predominantly expressed in the glomerulus with minimal expression in tubular cells. Within the glomerulus, dual-color immunofluorescence labeling showed that the PMAT protein was specifically localized to the visceral glomerular epithelial cells, i.e., podocytes. There was no significant PMAT immunoreactivity in mesangial or glomerular endothelial cells. We further showed that puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), a classic podocyte toxin that induces massive proteinuria and severe glomerulopathy, is transported by PMAT. Expression of PMAT in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells significantly increased cell sensitivity to PAN. Decynium 22, a potent PMAT inhibitor, abolished PAN toxicity in PMAT-expressing cells. Together, our data suggest that PMAT is specifically expressed in podocytes and may play an important role in PAN-induced kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, H272J Health Sciences Bldg., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|