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Græsholt C, Brembu T, Volpe C, Bartosova Z, Serif M, Winge P, Nymark M. Zeaxanthin epoxidase 3 Knockout Mutants of the Model Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Enable Commercial Production of the Bioactive Carotenoid Diatoxanthin. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:185. [PMID: 38667802 PMCID: PMC11051370 DOI: 10.3390/md22040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are pigments that have a range of functions in human health. The carotenoid diatoxanthin is suggested to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive properties. Diatoxanthin is only produced by a few groups of microalgae, where it functions in photoprotection. Its large-scale production in microalgae is currently not feasible. In fact, rapid conversion into the inactive pigment diadinoxanthin is triggered when cells are removed from a high-intensity light source, which is the case during large-scale harvesting of microalgae biomass. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) 2 and/or ZEP3 have been suggested to be responsible for the back-conversion of high-light accumulated diatoxanthin to diadinoxanthin in low-light in diatoms. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, we knocked out the ZEP2 and ZEP3 genes in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to investigate their role in the diadinoxanthin-diatoxanthin cycle and determine if one of the mutant strains could function as a diatoxanthin production line. Light-shift experiments proved that ZEP3 encodes the enzyme converting diatoxanthin to diadinoxanthin in low light. Loss of ZEP3 caused the high-light-accumulated diatoxanthin to be stable for several hours after the cultures had been returned to low light, suggesting that zep3 mutant strains could be suitable as commercial production lines of diatoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Græsholt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Tore Brembu
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Charlotte Volpe
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Manuel Serif
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Marianne Nymark
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (T.B.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (P.W.)
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
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Sun H, Wang J, Li Y, Yang S, Chen DD, Tu Y, Liu J, Sun Z. Synthetic biology in microalgae towards fucoxanthin production for pharmacy and nutraceuticals. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115958. [PMID: 38052271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful tool for engineering biological systems to produce valuable compounds, including pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Microalgae, in particular, offer a promising platform for the production of bioactive compounds due to their high productivity, low land and water requirements, and ability to perform photosynthesis. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid pigment found predominantly in brown seaweeds and certain microalgae, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its numerous health benefits, such as antioxidation, antitumor effect and precaution osteoporosis. This review provides an overview of the principles and applications of synthetic biology in the microbial engineering of microalgae for enhanced fucoxanthin production. Firstly, the fucoxanthin bioavailability and metabolism in vivo was introduced for the beneficial roles, followed by the biological functions of anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antiapoptotic role antidiabetic and antilipemic effects. Secondly, the cultivation condition and strategy were summarized for fucoxanthin improvement with low production costs. Thirdly, the genetic engineering of microalgae, including gene overexpression, knockdown and knockout strategies were discussed for further improving the fucoxanthin production. Then, synthetic biology tools of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, transcription activator-like effector nucleases as well as modular assembly and chassis engineering were proposed to precise modification of microalgal genomes to improve fucoxanthin production. Finally, challenges and future perspectives were discussed to realize the industrial production and development of functional foods of fucoxanthin from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuelian Li
- China National Chemical Information Center, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | | | - Yidong Tu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Inoherb Co. Ltd, 121 Chengyin Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Algae Innovation Center for Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai 201306, China.
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3
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Seo S, Chang KS, Choi MS, Jin E. Overexpression of PtVDL1 in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Increases Fucoxanthin Content under Red Light. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:198-206. [PMID: 37957112 PMCID: PMC10840463 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model diatom with significant biotechnological applications, including enhancing biomass, biofuel, and carotenoid production. Specifically, owing to the capacity of this organism to serve as a valuable source of essential raw materials for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, ongoing research is actively focused on enhancing its productivity. One of the genes involved in various stages of fucoxanthin (Fx) biosynthesis, violaxanthin de-epoxidase like 1 (VDL1), has recently been identified. To validate the intracellular function of this gene and boost Fx production through overexpression, we established and examined three transgenic P. tricornutum lines characterized by elevated P. tricortunum VDL1 ( PtVDL1) expression and evaluate their cell growth and Fx productivity. These transgenic lines exhibited substantially increased PtVDL1 mRNA and protein levels compared to the wild type (WT). Notably, the enzyme substrate violaxanthin was entirely depleted and could not be detected in the transformants, whereas it remained at constant levels in the WT. Interestingly, under standard white light conditions, Fx productivity in the transformants remained unchanged; however, but after 48 h of exposure to red light, it increased by up to 15%. These results indicate that PtVDL1-overexpressing P. tricornutum has industrial potential, particularly for enhancing Fx production under red light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Seo
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Chang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Choi
- Korea Radio-Isotope Center for Pharmaceuticals, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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4
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Whitworth P, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Reynolds KJ, Plummer J, Clare AS. UV-C LED-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, lesion repair and mutagenesis in the biofilm-forming diatom, Navicula incerta. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:76-87. [PMID: 38384189 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2319178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation in marine biofouling control is a relatively new and potentially disruptive technology. This study examined effects of UV-C exposure on the biofilm-forming diatom, Navicula incerta. UV-C-induced mutations were identified via Illumina HiSeq. A de novo genome was assembled from control sequences and reads from UV-C-exposed treatments were mapped to this genome, with a quantitative estimate of mutagenesis then derived from the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms. UV-C exposure increased cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) abundance with a direct correlation between lesion formation and fluency. Cellular repair mechanisms gradually reduced CPDs over time, with the highest UV-C fluence treatments having the fastest repair rates. Mutation abundances were, however, negatively correlated with CPD abundance suggesting that UV-C exposure may influence lesion repair. The threshold fluence for CPD formation exceeding CPD repair was >1.27 J cm-2. Fluences >2.54 J cm-2 were predicted to inhibit repair mechanisms. While UV-C holds considerable promise for marine antifouling, diatoms are just one, albeit an important, component of marine biofouling communities. Determining fluence thresholds for other representative taxa, highlighting the most resistant, would allow UV-C treatments to be specifically tuned to target biofouling organisms, whilst limiting environmental effects and the power requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whitworth
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Reynolds
- Technology & Innovation Delivery, Marine, Protective and Yacht, AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd, Felling, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Plummer
- Physical Sciences Group, Platform Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Cao T, Bai Y, Buschbeck P, Tan Q, Cantrell MB, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Liu RZ, Ries NK, Shi X, Sun Y, Ware MA, Yang F, Zhang H, Han J, Zhang L, Huang J, Lohr M, Peers G, Li X. An unexpected hydratase synthesizes the green light-absorbing pigment fucoxanthin. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3053-3072. [PMID: 37100425 PMCID: PMC10396388 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The ketocarotenoid fucoxanthin and its derivatives can absorb blue-green light enriched in marine environments. Fucoxanthin is widely adopted by phytoplankton species as a main light-harvesting pigment, in contrast to land plants that primarily employ chlorophylls. Despite its supreme abundance in the oceans, the last steps of fucoxanthin biosynthesis have remained elusive. Here, we identified the carotenoid isomerase-like protein CRTISO5 as the diatom fucoxanthin synthase that is related to the carotenoid cis-trans isomerase CRTISO from land plants but harbors unexpected enzymatic activity. A crtiso5 knockout mutant in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum completely lacked fucoxanthin and accumulated the acetylenic carotenoid phaneroxanthin. Recombinant CRTISO5 converted phaneroxanthin into fucoxanthin in vitro by hydrating its carbon-carbon triple bond, instead of functioning as an isomerase. Molecular docking and mutational analyses revealed residues essential for this activity. Furthermore, a photophysiological characterization of the crtiso5 mutant revealed a major structural and functional role of fucoxanthin in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes of diatoms. As CRTISO5 hydrates an internal alkyne physiologically, the enzyme has unique potential for biocatalytic applications. The discovery of CRTISO5 illustrates how neofunctionalization leads to major diversification events in evolution of photosynthetic mechanisms and the prominent brown coloration of most marine photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paul Buschbeck
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiaozhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Michael B Cantrell
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yanyou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Run-Zhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Nana K Ries
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Maxwell A Ware
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Fenghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jichang Han
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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6
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Biswal S, Gupta PSS, Panda SK, Bhat HR, Rana MK. Insights into the binding mechanism of ascorbic acid and violaxanthin with violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and chlorophycean violaxanthin de-epoxidase (CVDE) enzymes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:337-354. [PMID: 36847893 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have evolved to work under low and high lights in photoprotection, acting as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. The light-dependent xanthophyll cycle involved in this process is performed by a key enzyme (present in the thylakoid lumen), Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase (VDE), in the presence of violaxanthin (Vio) and ascorbic acid substrates. Phylogenetically, VDE is found to be connected with an ancestral enzyme Chlorophycean Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase (CVDE), present in the green algae on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane. However, the structure and functions of CVDE were not known. In search of functional similarities involving this cycle, the structure, binding conformation, stability, and interaction mechanism of CVDE are explored with the two substrates compared to VDE. The structure of CVDE was determined by homology modeling and validated. In silico docking (of first-principles optimized substrates) revealed it has a larger catalytic domain than VDE. A thorough analysis of the binding affinity and stability of four enzyme-substrate complexes is performed by computing free energies and their decomposition, the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and fluctuation (RMSF), the radius of gyration, salt bridge, and hydrogen bonding interactions in molecular dynamics. Based on these, violaxanthin interacts with CVDE to a similar extent as that of VDE. Hence, its role is expected to be the same for both enzymes. On the contrary, ascorbic acid has a weaker interaction with CVDE than VDE. Given these interactions drive epoxidation or de-epoxidation in the xanthophyll cycle, it immediately discerns that either ascorbic acid does not participate in de-epoxidation or a different cofactor is necessary as CVDE has a weaker interaction with ascorbic acid than VDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyaranjan Biswal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, D Y Patil International University, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra-411044, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Haamid Rasool Bhat
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, 760010, India.
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Kan C, Zhao Y, Sun KM, Tang X, Zhao Y. The inhibition and recovery mechanisms of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to high light stress - A study combining physiological and transcriptional analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:418-431. [PMID: 36798977 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
By combining physiological/biochemical and transcriptional analysis, the inhibition and recovery mechanisms of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to extreme high light stress (1300 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) were elucidated. The population growth was inhibited in the first 24 h and started to recover from 48 h. At 24 h, photoinhibition was exhibited as the changes of PSII photosynthetic parameters and decrease in cellular pigments, corresponding to the downregulation of genes encoding light-harvesting complex and pigments synthesis. Changes in those photosynthetic parameters and genes were kept until 96 h, indicating that the decrease of light absorption abilities might be one strategy for photoacclimation. In the meanwhile, we observed elevated cellular ROS levels, dead cells proportions, and upregulation of genes encoding antioxidant materials and proteasome pathway at 24 h. Those stress-related parameters and genes recovered to the controls at 96 h, indicating a stable intracellular environment after photoacclimation. Finally, genes involving carbon metabolisms were upregulated from 24 to 96 h, which ensured the energy supply for keeping high base and nucleotide excision repair abilities, leading to the recovery of cell cycle progression. We concluded that P. tricornutum could overcome photoinhibition by decreasing light-harvesting abilities, enhancing carbon metabolisms, activating anti-oxidative functions, and elevating repair abilities. The parameters of light harvesting, carbon metabolisms, and repair processes were responsible for the recovery phase, which could be considered long-term adaptive strategies for diatoms under high light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Kan
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yirong Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai-Ming Sun
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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8
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Rius M, Rest JS, Filloramo GV, Novák Vanclová AMG, Archibald JM, Collier JL. Horizontal Gene Transfer and Fusion Spread Carotenogenesis Among Diverse Heterotrophic Protists. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:7048456. [PMID: 36805209 PMCID: PMC10016063 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids (phylum: Labyrinthulomycota) are nonphotosynthetic marine protists. Some thraustochytrids have crtIBY, a trifunctional fusion gene encoding a protein capable of β-carotene biosynthesis from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Here we show that crtIBY is essential in, and encodes the sole pathway for, carotenoid biosynthesis in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381. We explore the evolutionary origins of CrtIBY and discover that the closest related protein domains are present in a small but diverse group of other heterotrophic protists, including the apusomonad Thecamonas trahens and the dinoflagellates Oxyrrhis marina and Noctiluca scintillans. Each organism within this cluster also contains one or more β-carotene 15-15' oxygenase genes (blh and rpe65), suggesting that the acquisition of β-carotene biosynthesis genes may have been related to the production of retinal. Our findings support a novel origin of eukaryotic (apo)carotenoid biosynthesis by horizontal gene transfer from Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and/or Archaea. This reveals a remarkable case of parallel evolution of eukaryotic (apo)carotenogenesis in divergent protistan lineages by repeated gene transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rius
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University
| | - Joshua S Rest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University
| | - Gina V Filloramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anna M G Novák Vanclová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia.,Present address: Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jackie L Collier
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University
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9
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Zarekarizi A, Hoffmann L, Burritt DJ. The potential of manipulating light in the commercial production of carotenoids from algae. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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10
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Manipulation in Culture Conditions of Nanofrustulum shiloi for Enhanced Fucoxanthin Production and Isolation by Preparative Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041988. [PMID: 36838976 PMCID: PMC9959852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae produce a variety of high-value chemicals including carotenoids. Fucoxanthin is also a carotenoid that has many physiological functions and biological properties. For this reason, the cost-effective production of fucoxanthin at an industrial scale has gained significant attention. In the proposed study, fucoxanthin production was aimed to be increased by altering the culture conditions of N. shiloi. The effect of light intensity aeration rate, different nitrogen sources, and oxidative stress on the biomass and fucoxanthin productivity have been discussed. Based on these results, the fucoxanthin increased to 97.45 ± 2.64 mg/g by adjusting the light intensity to 50 µmol/m2s, and aeration rate at 5 L/min using oxidative stress through the addition of 0.1 mM H2O2 and 0.1 mM NaOCl to the culture medium. Fucoxanthin was then purified with preparative HPLC using C30 carotenoid column (10 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm). After the purification procedure, Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and UV-vis spectroscopy were employed for the confirmation of fucoxanthin. This study presented a protocol for obtaining and purifying considerable amounts of biomass and fucoxanthin from diatom by manipulating culture conditions. With the developed methodology, N. shiloi could be evaluated as a promising source of fucoxanthin at the industrial scale for food, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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11
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The Functions of Chloroplastic Ascorbate in Vascular Plants and Algae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032537. [PMID: 36768860 PMCID: PMC9916717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) is a multifunctional metabolite essential for various cellular processes in plants and animals. The best-known property of Asc is to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), in a highly regulated manner. Besides being an effective antioxidant, Asc also acts as a chaperone for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in the hormone metabolism of plants and the synthesis of various secondary metabolites. Asc also essential for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, signaling and iron transport. Thus, Asc affects plant growth, development, and stress resistance via various mechanisms. In this review, the intricate relationship between Asc and photosynthesis in plants and algae is summarized in the following major points: (i) regulation of Asc biosynthesis by light, (ii) interaction between photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport in relation to Asc biosynthesis, (iii) Asc acting as an alternative electron donor of photosystem II, (iv) Asc inactivating the oxygen-evolving complex, (v) the role of Asc in non-photochemical quenching, and (vi) the role of Asc in ROS management in the chloroplast. The review also discusses differences in the regulation of Asc biosynthesis and the effects of Asc on photosynthesis in algae and vascular plants.
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12
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Fierli D, Barone ME, Graceffa V, Touzet N. Cold stress combined with salt or abscisic acid supplementation enhances lipogenesis and carotenogenesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae). Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1967-1977. [PMID: 36264371 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Compounds from microalgae such as ω3-fatty acids or carotenoid are commercially exploited within the pharmacology, nutraceutical, or cosmetic sectors. The co-stimulation of several compounds of interest may improve the cost-effectiveness of microalgal biorefinery pipelines. This study focussed on Phaeodactylum tricornutum to investigate the effects on lipogenesis and carotenogenesis of combined stressors, here cold temperature and addition of NaCl salt or the phytohormone abscisic acid, using a two-stage cultivation strategy. Cold stress with NaCl or phytohormone addition increased the neutral lipid content of the biomass (20 to 35%). These treatments also enhanced the proportions of EPA (22% greater than control) in the fatty acid profile. Also, these treatments had a stimulatory effect on carotenogenesis, especially the combination of cold stress with NaCl addition, which returned the highest production of fucoxanthin (33% increase). The gene expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and the ω-3 desaturase precursor (PTD15) were enhanced 4- and 16-fold relative to the control, respectively. In addition, zeaxanthin epoxidase 3 (ZEP3), was downregulated at low temperature when combined with abscisic acid. These results highlight the benefits of applying a combination of low temperature and salinity stress, to simultaneously enhance the yields of the valuable metabolites EPA and fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fierli
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland.
| | - Maria Elena Barone
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Valeria Graceffa
- School of Science, Department of Life Sciences, Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Atlantic Technological University, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
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13
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Bai Y, Cao T, Dautermann O, Buschbeck P, Cantrell MB, Chen Y, Lein CD, Shi X, Ware MA, Yang F, Zhang H, Zhang L, Peers G, Li X, Lohr M. Green diatom mutants reveal an intricate biosynthetic pathway of fucoxanthin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203708119. [PMID: 36095219 PMCID: PMC9499517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203708119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a major light-harvesting pigment in ecologically important algae such as diatoms, haptophytes, and brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Therefore, it is a major driver of global primary productivity. Species of these algal groups are brown colored because the high amounts of fucoxanthin bound to the proteins of their photosynthetic machineries enable efficient absorption of green light. While the structure of these fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins has recently been resolved, the biosynthetic pathway of fucoxanthin is still unknown. Here, we identified two enzymes central to this pathway by generating corresponding knockout mutants of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum that are green due to the lack of fucoxanthin. Complementation of the mutants with the native genes or orthologs from haptophytes restored fucoxanthin biosynthesis. We propose a complete biosynthetic path to fucoxanthin in diatoms and haptophytes based on the carotenoid intermediates identified in the mutants and in vitro biochemical assays. It is substantially more complex than anticipated and reveals diadinoxanthin metabolism as the central regulatory hub connecting the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle and the formation of fucoxanthin. Moreover, our data show that the pathway evolved by repeated duplication and neofunctionalization of genes for the xanthophyll cycle enzymes violaxanthin de-epoxidase and zeaxanthin epoxidase. Brown algae lack diadinoxanthin and the genes described here and instead use an alternative pathway predicted to involve fewer enzymes. Our work represents a major step forward in elucidating the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin and understanding the evolution, biogenesis, and regulation of the photosynthetic machinery in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878
| | - Tianjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Oliver Dautermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Buschbeck
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael B. Cantrell
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Christopher D. Lein
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Maxwell A. Ware
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878
| | - Fenghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Sun Y, Xin Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu R, Li X, Zhou C, Zhang L, Han J. Enhancement of violaxanthin accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica by overexpressing a carotenoid isomerase gene from Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:942883. [PMID: 36118188 PMCID: PMC9471142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.942883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis has been considered as a promising feedstock for the industrial production of violaxanthin. However, a rational breeding strategy for the enhancement of violaxanthin content in this microalga is still vacant, thereby limiting its industrial application. All-trans-lycopene locates in the first branch point of carotenogenesis. The carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), catalyzing the lycopene formation, is thus regarded as a key enzyme for carotenogenesis. Phaeodactylum tricornutum can accumulate high-level carotenoids under optimal conditions. Therefore, it is feasible to improve violaxanthin level in Nannochloropsis by overexpression of PtCRTISO. Protein targeting analysis of seven PtCRTISO candidates (PtCRTISO1–6 and PtCRTISO-like) demonstrated that PtCRTISO4 was most likely the carotenoid isomerase of P. tricornutum. Moreover, the transcriptional pattern of PtCRTISO4 at different cultivation periods was quite similar to other known carotenogenesis genes. Thus, PtCRTISO4 was transformed into N. oceanica. Compared to the wild type (WT), all three transgenic lines (T1–T3) of N. oceanica exhibited higher levels of total carotenoid and violaxanthin. Notably, T3 exhibited the peak violaxanthin content of 4.48 mg g–1 dry cell weight (DCW), which was 1.68-folds higher than WT. Interestingly, qRT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated that phytoene synthase (NoPSY) rather than ζ-carotene desaturase (NoZDS) and lycopene β-cyclase (NoLCYB) exhibited the highest upregulation, suggesting that PtCRTISO4 played an additional regulatory role in terms of carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, PtCRTISO4 overexpression increased C18:1n-9 but decreased C16:1n-7, implying that C18:1 may serve as a main feedstock for xanthophyll esterification in Nannochloropsis. Our results will provide valuable information for the violaxanthin production from Nannochloropsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruolan Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhang,
| | - Jichang Han
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Jichang Han,
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15
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Snell TW, Carberry J. Astaxanthin Bioactivity Is Determined by Stereoisomer Composition and Extraction Method. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071522. [PMID: 35406135 PMCID: PMC9002770 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a natural product and one of the most powerful antioxidants known. It has significant effects on the metabolism of many animals, increasing fecundity, egg yolk volume, growth rates, immune responses, and disease resistance. A large part of the bioactivity of ASX is due to its targeting of mitochondria, where it inserts itself into cell membranes. Here, ASX stabilizes membranes and acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting mitochondria from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are ubiquitous by-products of energy metabolism that must be tightly regulated by cells, lest they bind to and inactivate proteins, DNA and RNA, lipids, and signaling molecules. Most animals cannot synthesize ASX, so they need to acquire it in their diet. ASX is easily thermally denatured during extraction, and its high hydrophobicity limits its bioavailability. Our focus in this review is to contrast the bioactivity of different ASX stereoisomers and how extraction methods can denature ASX, compromising its bioavailability and bioactivity. We discuss the commercial sources of astaxanthin, structure of stereoisomers, relative bioavailability and bioactivity of ASX stereoisomers, mechanisms of ASX bioactivity, evolution of carotenoids, and why mitochondrial targeting makes ASX such an effective antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Snell
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-368-8475
| | - John Carberry
- Sustainable Aquatics, 110 W. Old Andrew Johnson Highway, Jefferson City, TN 37760, USA;
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16
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Sun H, Yang S, Zhao W, Kong Q, Zhu C, Fu X, Zhang F, Liu Z, Zhan Y, Mou H, He Y. Fucoxanthin from marine microalgae: A promising bioactive compound for industrial production and food application. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7996-8012. [PMID: 35319314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2054932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin attracts increasing attentions due to its potential health benefits, which has been exploited in several food commodities. However, fucoxanthin available for industrial application is mainly derived from macroalgae, and is not yet sufficiently cost-effective compared with microalgae. This review focuses on the strategies to improve fucoxanthin productivity and approaches to reduce downstream costs in microalgal production. Here we comprehensively and critically discuss ways and methods to increase the cell growth rate and fucoxanthin content of marine microalgae, including strain screening, condition optimization, design of culture mode, metabolic and genetic engineering, and scale-up production of fucoxanthin. The approaches in downstream processes provide promising alternatives for fucoxanthin production from marine microalgae. Besides, this review summarizes fucoxanthin improvements in solubility and bioavailability by delivery system of emulsion, nanoparticle, and hydrogel, and discusses fucoxanthin metabolism with gut microbes. Fucoxanthin production from marine microalgae possesses numerous advantages in environmental sustainability and final profits to meet incremental global market demands of fucoxanthin. Strategies of adaptive evolution, multi-stage cultivation, and bioreactor improvements have tremendous potentials to improve economic viability of the production. Moreover, fucoxanthin is promising as the microbiota-targeted ingredient, and nanoparticles can protect fucoxanthin from external environmental factors for improving the solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhemin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Zhan
- Shandong Feed and Veterinary Drug Quality Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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17
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Jin P, Ji Y, Huang Q, Li P, Pan J, Lu H, Liang Z, Guo Y, Zhong J, Beardall J, Xia J. A reduction in metabolism explains the tradeoffs associated with the long-term adaptation of phytoplankton to high CO 2 concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2155-2167. [PMID: 34907539 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are responsible for nearly half of global primary productivity and play crucial roles in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. However, the long-term adaptive responses of phytoplankton to rising CO2 remains unknown. Here we examine the physiological and proteomics responses of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, following long-term (c. 900 generations) selection to high CO2 conditions. Our results show that this diatom responds to long-term high CO2 selection by downregulating proteins involved in energy production (Calvin cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway), with a subsequent decrease in photosynthesis and respiration. Nearly similar extents of downregulation of photosynthesis and respiration allow the high CO2 -adapted populations to allocate the same fraction of carbon to growth, thereby maintaining their fitness during the long-term high CO2 selection. These results indicate an important role of metabolism reduction under high CO2 and shed new light on the adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Ji
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Quanting Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinmei Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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18
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Font-Muñoz JS, Sourisseau M, Cohen-Sánchez A, Tuval I, Basterretxea G. Pelagic diatoms communicate through synchronized beacon natural fluorescence signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj5230. [PMID: 34910521 PMCID: PMC8673755 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communication between conspecific individuals is an essential part of life both in terrestrial and marine realms. Until recently, social behavior in marine phytoplankton was assumed to rely mainly on the secretion of a variety of infochemicals that allowed population-scale collective responses. Here, we demonstrate that pelagic diatoms also use Sun-stimulated fluorescence signals for synchronizing their behavior. These unicellular microorganisms, playing a key biogeochemical role in the ocean, use photoreceptor proteins and red–far-red fluorescent radiation to communicate. A characteristic beaconing signal is generated by rhythmic organelle displacement within the cell cytoplasm, triggering coordinated population behavior. These light-based communication networks could critically determine major facets of diatom ecology and fitness and regulate the dynamics of larger-scale ocean processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S. Font-Muñoz
- IFREMER, French Institute for Sea Research, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest-UBO/CNRS/IFREMER/IRD, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Marc Sourisseau
- IFREMER, French Institute for Sea Research, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Amanda Cohen-Sánchez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Gotzon Basterretxea
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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19
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Seth K, Kumar A, Rastogi RP, Meena M, Vinayak V, Harish. Bioprospecting of fucoxanthin from diatoms — Challenges and perspectives. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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A review on the progress, challenges and prospects in commercializing microalgal fucoxanthin. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107865. [PMID: 34763051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, the most abundant but nearly untapped carotenoid resource, is in the spotlight in the last decade from various perspectives due to a wide range of bioactivities and healthy benefits. The exploitation of fucoxanthin for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes encompasses enormous scientific and economic potentials. Traditional production of fucoxanthin from brown algae (macroalgae) is constrained by limited yield and prohibitively high cost. Microalgae, as the most diverse photoautotrophs, hold the promises as sustainable sources and ideal cell factories for commercial fucoxanthin production, owing to their rich fucoxanthin content and excellent biomass productivity. In this work, the recent progress in upstream (microalgae selection, optimization of culture conditions, trophic modes, cultivation strategies and biosynthesis pathway) as well as downstream processes (extraction) of fucoxanthin production has been comprehensively and critically reviewed. The major bottlenecks, such as screening of fucoxanthin-producers, conflict between biomass and fucoxanthin accumulation under high light condition, unclear steps in biosynthesis pathway and limited evaluation of outdoor scale-up cultivation and extraction, have been pinpointed. Most importantly, the applications of emerging and conventional techniques facilitating commercialization of microalgal fucoxanthin are highlighted. The reviewed and evaluated include breeding and high-throughput screening methods of elite strains; flashing light effect inducing concurrent biomass and fucoxanthin accumulation; fucoxanthin biosynthesis and the regulatory mechanisms associating with its accumulation elucidated with the development of genetic engineering and omics techniques; and photobioreactors, harvesting and extraction techniques suitable for scaling up fucoxanthin production. In conclusion, the prospects of microalgal fucoxanthin commercialization can be expected with the joint development of fundamental phycology and biotechnology.
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21
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Fattore N, Savio S, Vera‐Vives AM, Battistuzzi M, Moro I, La Rocca N, Morosinotto T. Acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus in the mesophilic red alga Dixoniella giordanoi. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:805-817. [PMID: 34171145 PMCID: PMC8596783 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic algae are photosynthetic organisms capable of exploiting sunlight to fix carbon dioxide into biomass with highly variable genetic and metabolic features. Information on algae metabolism from different species is inhomogeneous and, while green algae are, in general, more characterized, information on red algae is relatively scarce despite their relevant position in eukaryotic algae diversity. Within red algae, the best-known species are extremophiles or multicellular, while information on mesophilic unicellular organisms is still lacunose. Here, we investigate the photosynthetic properties of a recently isolated seawater unicellular mesophilic red alga, Dixoniella giordanoi. Upon exposure to different illuminations, D. giordanoi shows the ability to acclimate, modulate chlorophyll content, and re-organize thylakoid membranes. Phycobilisome content is also largely regulated, leading to almost complete disassembly of this antenna system in cells grown under intense illumination. Despite the absence of a light-induced xanthophyll cycle, cells accumulate zeaxanthin upon prolonged exposure to strong light, likely contributing to photoprotection. D. giordanoi cells show the ability to perform cyclic electron transport that is enhanced under strong illumination, likely contributing to the protection of Photosystem I from over-reduction and enabling cells to survive PSII photoinhibition without negative impact on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Savio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | - Mariano Battistuzzi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali (CISAS) “Giuseppe Colombo”University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Isabella Moro
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
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22
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Wakao S, Niyogi KK. Chlamydomonas as a model for reactive oxygen species signaling and thiol redox regulation in the green lineage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:687-698. [PMID: 35237823 PMCID: PMC8491031 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One-sentence summary: Advances in proteomic and transcriptomic studies have made Chlamydomonas a powerful research model in redox and reactive oxygen species regulation with unique and overlapping mechanisms with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Wakao
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Author for communication: Senior author
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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23
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Shetty P, Farkas A, Pap B, Hupp B, Ördög V, Bíró T, Varga T, Maróti G. Comparative and phylogenomic analysis of nuclear and organelle genes in cryptic Coelastrella vacuolata MACC-549 green algae. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Glucose-Induced Trophic Transition of the Marine Diatom Nitzschia laevis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080426. [PMID: 34436265 PMCID: PMC8401676 DOI: 10.3390/md19080426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms have important ecological roles and are natural sources of bioactive compounds. Nitzschia laevis is a member of marine diatoms that accumulates high-value products including fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, physiological data showed that comparing to autotrophic growth, mixotrophic cultivation with glucose supplementation led to a decrease of chlorophyll and fucoxanthin content in N. laevis, and an increase of biomass density and EPA yield. To further examine the metabolic barriers for fucoxanthin and EPA biosynthesis, comparative transcriptomic and metabolome analyses were conducted, with a focus on the genes related to carotenoids biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. The results indicated that phytoene desaturase (PDS) and zeta-carotene isomerase (ZISO) could be the rate-limiting enzymes in carotenoid biosynthesis. The transcription regulation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) and elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (EVOVL) are important contributors associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) accumulation. Furthermore, we also investigated the glucose-associated regulatory genes using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and identified potential hub genes linked with cell cycle, carbohydrate metabolism, purine biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism. This study offers a high-quality transcriptome resource for N. laevis and provides a molecular framework for further metabolic engineering studies on fucoxanthin and EPA production.
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Blommaert L, Chafai L, Bailleul B. The fine-tuning of NPQ in diatoms relies on the regulation of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12750. [PMID: 34140542 PMCID: PMC8211711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms possess an efficient mechanism to dissipate photons as heat in conditions of excess light, which is visualized as the Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (NPQ). In most diatom species, NPQ is proportional to the concentration of the xanthophyll cycle pigment diatoxanthin formed from diadinoxanthin by the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase enzyme. The reverse reaction is performed by the diatoxanthin epoxidase. Despite the xanthophyll cycle's central role in photoprotection, its regulation is not yet well understood. The proportionality between diatoxanthin and NPQ allowed us to calculate the activity of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum from NPQ kinetics. From there, we explored the light-dependency of the activity of both enzymes. Our results demonstrate that a tight regulation of both enzymes is key to fine-tune NPQ: (i) the rate constant of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation is low under a light-limiting regime but increases as photosynthesis saturates, probably due to the thylakoidal proton gradient ΔpH (ii) the rate constant of diatoxanthin epoxidation exhibits an optimum under low light and decreases in the dark due to an insufficiency of the co-factor NADPH as well as in higher light through an as yet unresolved inhibition mechanism, that is unlikely to be related to the ΔpH. We observed that the suppression of NPQ by an uncoupler was due to an accelerated diatoxanthin epoxidation enzyme rather than to the usually hypothesized inhibition of the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Blommaert
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France. .,Department of Estuarine and Delta System, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
| | - Lamia Chafai
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France.
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Manfellotto F, Stella GR, Falciatore A, Brunet C, Ferrante MI. Engineering the Unicellular Alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Enhancing Carotenoid Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E757. [PMID: 32824292 PMCID: PMC7465010 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae represent a promising resource for the production of beneficial natural compounds due to their richness in secondary metabolites and easy cultivation. Carotenoids feature among distinctive compounds of many microalgae, including diatoms, which owe their golden color to the xanthophyll fucoxanthin. Carotenoids have antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties, and there is a considerable market demand for these compounds. Here, with the aim to increase the carotenoid content in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, we exploited genetic transformation to overexpress genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. We produced transgenic lines over-expressing simultaneously one, two or three carotenoid biosynthetic genes, and evaluated changes in pigment content with high-performance liquid chromatography. Two triple transformants over-expressing the genes Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (Vde), Vde-related (Vdr) and Zeaxanthin epoxidase 3 (Zep3) showed an accumulation of carotenoids, with an increase in the fucoxanthin content up to four fold. Vde, Vdr and Zep3 mRNA and protein levels in the triple transformants were coherently increased. The exact role of these enzymes in the diatom carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is not completely elucidated nevertheless our strategy successfully modulated the carotenoid metabolism leading to an accumulation of valuable compounds, leading the way toward improved utilization of microalgae in the field of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio Rocco Stella
- Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, UMR 7238, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.R.S.); (A.F.)
- Boston Consulting Group, Via Ugo Foscolo 1, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Falciatore
- Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, UMR 7238, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.R.S.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
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Yang R, Wei D, Xie J. Diatoms as cell factories for high-value products: chrysolaminarin, eicosapentaenoic acid, and fucoxanthin. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:993-1009. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Yang R, Wei D. Improving Fucoxanthin Production in Mixotrophic Culture of Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by LED Light Shift and Nitrogen Supplementation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:820. [PMID: 32760713 PMCID: PMC7373720 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (Fx), a kind of primary carotenoids in brown seaweeds and diatoms, has attractive efficacy in human's healthcare including loss weight, the prevention of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is now realized as a promising producer for commercial Fx production due to its higher content of Fx than brown seaweeds with easily artificial cultivation and Fx extraction. In the present study, to improve Fx production in P. tricornutum, the mixotrophic cultures were applied to optimize initial cell density, light intensity, light regime and nitrogen supplementation. The results showed that the higher initial cell density (1 × 107 cells mL-1) and lower light intensity (20 μmol m-2 s-1) were favorable for biomass production and Fx accumulation. The maximal Fx content [16.28 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)] could be achieved under blue light (BL), but the highest biomass concentration (5.53 g L-1) could be attained under red: blue light (R: B, 6:1) in the batch culture. A novel two-phase culture approach was developed to increase the biomass concentration to the highest value (6.52 g L-1) with the maximal productivity of Fx (8.22 mg L-1 d-1) through light shift from R:B ratio (6:1) in phase 1 to R:B ratio (5:1) by enhancing BL and tryptone addition in phase 2. The content and intracellular amount of Fx were also increased 8% and 12% in phase 2 compared to phase 1. The expression levels analysis revealed that genes encoding phytoene synthase (PSY), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), and fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-protein b (FCPb) were upregulated significantly, with downregulation of the gene encoding violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), leading to the improvement of Fx in phase 2. The present study demonstrated the two-phase culture strategy could promote Fx productivity through enhancing biomass production and increasing Fx content, indicating that strengthening BL coupled with adding tryptone were effective to facilitate Fx production by mixotrophic cultivation of marine diatom P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Kuczynska P, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Nowicka B, Jakubowska A, Strzalka W, Burda K, Strzalka K. The xanthophyll cycle in diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to light stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:125-137. [PMID: 32416342 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chosen aspects of the functioning of diadinoxanthin cycle in a model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown under low light conditions (LL) and under high light conditions (HL), which cause activation of violaxanthin cycle, were examined. Heterogeneity of the kinetics of diadinoxanthin ↔ diatoxanthin conversions regulated by de-epoxidase/epoxidase enzymes was detected. Three different rates of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation (τ > 20 min, 5 min > τ > 1.5 min and τ ≤ 1 min) were observed. Appearance and contribution of these phases depended on the light conditions and xanthophylls subpopulations in membranes. Moreover, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation was postulated to occur in darkness and its rate was estimated to be almost two times faster (τ ≈ 14 min) than diatoxanthin-epoxidation in LL- and HL-grown diatoms collected after the dark phase of the photoperiod and exposed to very high light and subsequent darkness. The level of lipid hydroperoxides and the expression of genes encoding xanthophyll cycle enzymes was measured. Our observations suggest that isoforms of these enzymes may participate in carotenoid synthesis or be exclusively involved in xanthophyll conversions. Violaxanthin cycle pigments present in HL-acclimated diatoms change thermodynamic properties of thylakoid membranes. Zeaxanthin is known to localize preferentially in the inner part of the lipid bilayer and diatoxanthin in its outer part. The different localization of these pigments probably decide about their complementary action in protection of the membranes against reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kuczynska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Jakubowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzalka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Goss R, Latowski D. Lipid Dependence of Xanthophyll Cycling in Higher Plants and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:455. [PMID: 32425962 PMCID: PMC7212465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll cycles of higher plants and algae represent an important photoprotection mechanism. Two main xanthophyll cycles are known, the violaxanthin cycle of higher plants, green and brown algae and the diadinoxanthin cycle of Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. The forward reaction of the xanthophyll cycles consists of the enzymatic de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin or diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin during periods of high light illumination. It is catalyzed by the enzymes violaxanthin or diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase. During low light or darkness the back reaction of the cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzymes zeaxanthin or diatoxanthin epoxidase, restores the epoxidized xanthophylls by a re-introduction of the epoxy groups. The de-epoxidation reaction takes place in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane and thus, depends on the nature, three dimensional structure and function of the thylakoid lipids. As the xanthophyll cycle pigments are usually associated with the photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins, structural re-arrangements of the proteins and changes in the protein-lipid interactions play an additional role for the operation of the xanthophyll cycles. In the present review we give an introduction to the lipid and fatty acid composition of thylakoid membranes of higher plants and algae. We introduce the readers to the reaction sequences, enzymes and function of the different xanthophyll cycles. The main focus of the review lies on the lipid dependence of xanthophyll cycling. We summarize the current knowledge about the role of lipids in the solubilization of xanthophyll cycle pigments. We address the importance of the three-dimensional lipid structures for the enzymatic xanthophyll conversion, with a special focus on non-bilayer lipid phases which are formed by the main thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. We additionally describe how lipids and light-harvesting complexes interact in the thylakoid membrane and how these interactions can affect the structure of the thylakoids. In a dedicated chapter we offer a short overview of current membrane models, including the concept of membrane domains. We then use these concepts to present a model of the operative xanthophyll cycle as a transient thylakoid membrane domain which is formed during high light illumination of plants or algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimund Goss
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Dautermann O, Lyska D, Andersen-Ranberg J, Becker M, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Gartmann H, Krämer LC, Mayr K, Pieper D, Rij LM, Wipf HML, Niyogi KK, Lohr M. An algal enzyme required for biosynthesis of the most abundant marine carotenoids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw9183. [PMID: 32181334 PMCID: PMC7056318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin and its derivatives are the main light-harvesting pigments in the photosynthetic apparatus of many chromalveolate algae and represent the most abundant carotenoids in the world's oceans, thus being major facilitators of marine primary production. A central step in fucoxanthin biosynthesis that has been elusive so far is the conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Here, we show that in chromalveolates, this reaction is catalyzed by violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like (VDL) proteins and that VDL is also involved in the formation of other light-harvesting carotenoids such as peridinin or vaucheriaxanthin. VDL is closely related to the photoprotective enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase that operates in plants and most algae, revealing that in major phyla of marine algae, an ancient gene duplication triggered the evolution of carotenoid functions beyond photoprotection toward light harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Dautermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Lyska
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. Andersen-Ranberg
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Becker
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Gartmann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L. C. Krämer
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Mayr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Pieper
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L. M. Rij
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. M.-L. Wipf
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K. K. Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Nègre D, Aite M, Belcour A, Frioux C, Brillet-Guéguen L, Liu X, Bordron P, Godfroy O, Lipinska AP, Leblanc C, Siegel A, Dittami SM, Corre E, Markov GV. Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks Shed Light on the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Brown Algae Saccharina japonica and Cladosiphon okamuranus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E564. [PMID: 31744163 PMCID: PMC6912245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding growth mechanisms in brown algae is a current scientific and economic challenge that can benefit from the modeling of their metabolic networks. The sequencing of the genomes of Saccharina japonica and Cladosiphon okamuranus has provided the necessary data for the reconstruction of Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks (GSMNs). The same in silico method deployed for the GSMN reconstruction of Ectocarpus siliculosus to investigate the metabolic capabilities of these two algae, was used. Integrating metabolic profiling data from the literature, we provided functional GSMNs composed of an average of 2230 metabolites and 3370 reactions. Based on these GSMNs and previously published work, we propose a model for the biosynthetic pathways of the main carotenoids in these two algae. We highlight, on the one hand, the reactions and enzymes that have been preserved through evolution and, on the other hand, the specificities related to brown algae. Our data further indicate that, if abscisic acid is produced by Saccharina japonica, its biosynthesis pathway seems to be different in its final steps from that described in land plants. Thus, our work illustrates the potential of GSMNs reconstructions for formalizing hypotheses that can be further tested using targeted biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Nègre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, 9, Rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Méziane Aite
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Belcour
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Clémence Frioux
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
- Quadram Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Loraine Brillet-Guéguen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Xi Liu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Philippe Bordron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Godfroy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Agnieszka P. Lipinska
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Anne Siegel
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Simon M. Dittami
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Gabriel V. Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
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Shikata T, Takahashi F, Nishide H, Shigenobu S, Kamei Y, Sakamoto S, Yuasa K, Nishiyama Y, Yamasaki Y, Uchiyama I. RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Photoreception, Nutrient Uptake, and Toxicity in a Noxious Red-Tide Raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1764. [PMID: 31417538 PMCID: PMC6685483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture industries are under threat from noxious red tides, but harm can be mitigated by precautions such as early harvesting and restricting fish feeding to just before the outbreak of a red tide. Therefore, accurate techniques for forecasting red-tide outbreaks are strongly needed. Omics analyses have the potential to expand our understanding of the eco-physiology of these organisms at the molecular level, and to facilitate identification of molecular markers for forecasting their population dynamics and occurrence of damages to fisheries. Red tides of marine raphidophytes, especially Chattonella species, often extensively harm aquaculture industries in regions with a temperate climate around the world. A red tide of Chattonella tends to develop just after an input of nutrients along the coast. Chattonella displays diurnal vertical migration regulated by a weak blue light, so it photosynthesizes in the surface layer during the daytime and takes up nutrients in the bottom layer during the nighttime. Superoxide produced by Chattonella cells is a strong candidate for the cause of its toxicity to bacteria and fishes. Here we conducted mRNA-seq of Chattonella antiqua to identify genes with functions closely related to the dynamics of the noxious red tide, such as photosynthesis, photoreception, nutrient uptake, and superoxide production. The genes related to photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and nutrient uptake had high similarity with those of model organisms of plants and algae and other red-tide microalgae. We identified orthologous genes of photoreceptors such as aureochrome (newly five genes), the cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PHR) family (6-4PHR, plant CRY or cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer [CPD] Class III, CPD Class II, and CRY-DASH), and phytochrome (four genes), which regulate various physiological processes such as flagellar motion and cell cycle in model organisms. Six orthologous genes of NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide on the cell membrane, were found and divided into two types: one with 5–6 transmembrane domains and another with 11 transmembrane domains. The present study should open the way for analyzing the eco-physiological features of marine raphidophytes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Shikata
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaiti, Japan
| | - Fumio Takahashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Nishide
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaiti, Japan
| | - Kouki Yuasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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Metabolic Innovations Underpinning the Origin and Diversification of the Diatom Chloroplast. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080322. [PMID: 31366180 PMCID: PMC6723447 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the eukaryotic algal groups, diatoms make the most substantial contributions to photosynthesis in the contemporary ocean. Understanding the biological innovations that have occurred in the diatom chloroplast may provide us with explanations to the ecological success of this lineage and clues as to how best to exploit the biology of these organisms for biotechnology. In this paper, we use multi-species transcriptome datasets to compare chloroplast metabolism pathways in diatoms to other algal lineages. We identify possible diatom-specific innovations in chloroplast metabolism, including the completion of tocopherol synthesis via a chloroplast-targeted tocopherol cyclase, a complete chloroplast ornithine cycle, and chloroplast-targeted proteins involved in iron acquisition and CO2 concentration not shared between diatoms and their closest relatives in the stramenopiles. We additionally present a detailed investigation of the chloroplast metabolism of the oil-producing diatom Fistulifera solaris, which is of industrial interest for biofuel production. These include modified amino acid and pyruvate hub metabolism that might enhance acetyl-coA production for chloroplast lipid biosynthesis and the presence of a chloroplast-localised squalene synthesis pathway unknown in other diatoms. Our data provides valuable insights into the biological adaptations underpinning an ecologically critical lineage, and how chloroplast metabolism can change even at a species level in extant algae.
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Athanasakoglou A, Kampranis SC. Diatom isoprenoids: Advances and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107417. [PMID: 31326522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the most productive and ecologically important groups of microalgae in contemporary oceans. Due to their distinctive metabolic and physiological features, they offer exciting opportunities for a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. One such feature is their ability to synthesize a wide diversity of isoprenoid compounds. However, limited understanding of how these molecules are synthesized have until recently hindered their exploitation. Following comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of various diatom species, the biosynthetic mechanisms and regulation of the different branches of the pathway are now beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent advances in understanding diatom isoprenoid synthesis and discuss the exploitation potential of diatoms as chassis for high-value isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Cloning, identification and functional characterization of two cytochrome P450 carotenoids hydroxylases from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:755-765. [PMID: 31277909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The diatom microalgal Phaeodactylum tricornutum accumulates a large amount of fucoxanthin. Carotenoids hydroxylases (CHYs) play key roles in fucoxanthin biosynthesis in diatoms. However, not any type of CHYs had been identified in P. tricornutum. In this study, two genes (designated Ptrcyp97b1 and Ptrcyp97b2) were cloned, identified and functionally characterized. They shared high sequence identity (50-94 %) with lutein deficient 1-like proteins from other eukaryotes. The typical catalytic active motifs of cytochrome P450s (CYP) were detected in the amino acid sequences of PtrCYP97B1 and PtrCYP97B2. The two genes were probably due to gene duplication. Ptrcyp97b1 and Ptrcyp97b2 transcriptional expression was up-regulated with distinct patterns under high light conditions. The metabolic profiles of the major carotenoids (β-carotene, zeaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and fucoxanthin) were determined based on the high performance liquid chromatography method. The fucoxanthin and diatoxanthin contents were increased, while the β-carotene content was decreased. By truncation of the N-terminal trans-membrane anchor or chloroplast transit peptide and addition of a 6 × His-tag, PtrCYP97B1 and PtrCYP97B2 were separately heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Functional analysis showed that PrtCYP97B2 was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene to produce zeaxanthin in β-carotene-accumulating E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. PtrCYP97B1 might have the ability to catalyze the hydroxylation of other substrates other than β-carotene. These results contribute to the further elucidation of xanthophyll biosynthesis in diatoms.
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Overexpression of the ChVDE gene, encoding a violaxanthin de-epoxidase, improves tolerance to drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:197. [PMID: 31065497 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the protective mechanism of violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) zeaxanthin in Cerasus humilis under drought and salt-stress conditions, we cloned the entire cDNA sequence of ChVDE from C. humilis and generated ChVDE-overexpression (OE) and ChVDE-complementation (CE) Arabidopsis plants. The open reading frame of ChVDE contained 1,446 bp nucleotides and encoded 481 amino acids. The ChVDE showed the highest similarity with those of Camellia sinensis and Citrus sinensis. Subcellular localization analysis showed that ChVDE was located in the chloroplasts. OE plants showed stronger root growth and higher levels of total chlorophyll as compared to WT and VDE mutant (npq1-2) plants. Moreover, the relative de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments (A + Z)/(V + A+Z) was higher in OE plants than in the controls. OE plants had enhanced photosynthetic rates, respiration rates, and transpiration rates compared with the WT or npq1-2 plants after drought or salt treatment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ChVDE plays a positive role in both drought and salt tolerance.
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Athanasakoglou A, Grypioti E, Michailidou S, Ignea C, Makris AM, Kalantidis K, Massé G, Argiriou A, Verret F, Kampranis SC. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatom Haslea ostrearia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:230-243. [PMID: 30394540 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae that are responsible for c. 20% of the Earth's primary production. Their dominance and success in contemporary oceans have prompted investigations on their distinctive metabolism and physiology. One metabolic pathway that remains largely unexplored in diatoms is isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is responsible for the production of numerous molecules with unique features. We selected the diatom species Haslea ostrearia because of its characteristic isoprenoid content and carried out a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and functional characterization of the genes identified. We functionally characterized one farnesyl diphosphate synthase, two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, one short-chain polyprenyl synthase, one bifunctional isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase - squalene synthase, and one phytoene synthase. We inferred the phylogenetic origin of these genes and used a combination of functional analysis and subcellular localization predictions to propose their physiological roles. Our results provide insight into isoprenoid biosynthesis in H. ostrearia and propose a model of the central steps of the pathway. This model will facilitate the study of metabolic pathways of important isoprenoids in diatoms, including carotenoids, sterols and highly branched isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Emilia Grypioti
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, Crete, GR-70013, Greece
| | - Guillaume Massé
- UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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Photosynthetic Accumulation of Lutein in Auxenochlorella protothecoides after Heterotrophic Growth. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080283. [PMID: 30115823 PMCID: PMC6117718 DOI: 10.3390/md16080283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance lutein accumulation and to explain the reasons for the difference in lutein accumulation under photoautotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, different culture modes and the associated transcriptome profiles were investigated in Auxenochlorella protothecoides. The heterotrophic-photoautotrophic transition culture mode was investigated for lutein accumulation, changing from organic carbon to increase biomass in dark fermentation to irradiation under nitrogen rich conditions. This strategy increased the lutein content 10 times along with chloroplast regeneration and little biomass loss in 48 h. The highest lutein productivity and production in the heterotrophic-photoautotrophic transition culture reached 12.36 mg/L/day and 34.13 mg/L respectively within seven days. Furthermore, compared to the photoautotrophic conditions, most genes involved in lutein biosynthesis and photosystem generation were down-regulated during heterotrophic growth. By contrast, two β-ring hydroxylases were transiently upregulated, while violaxanthin de-epoxidase and zeaxanthin epoxidase were mostly downregulated, which explained the extremely low lutein content of heterotrophic cells. Nevertheless, the lutein proportion in total carotenoids reached nearly 100%. This study is the first to our knowledge to report on a comparative transcriptome analysis of lutein biosynthesis, and it provides a promising strategy to boost lutein production in A. protothecoides.
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Molecular insight into the metabolic activities of a protein-rich micro alga, Arthrospira platensis by de novo transcriptome analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:829-838. [PMID: 29978380 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ambati RR, Gogisetty D, Aswathanarayana RG, Ravi S, Bikkina PN, Bo L, Yuepeng S. Industrial potential of carotenoid pigments from microalgae: Current trends and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1880-1902. [PMID: 29370540 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1432561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are rich source of various bioactive molecules such as carotenoids, lipids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, etc. and in recent Years carotenoids from algae gained commercial recognition in the global market for food and cosmeceutical applications. However, the production of carotenoids from algae is not yet fully cost effective to compete with synthetic ones. In this context the present review examines the technologies/methods in relation to mass production of algae, cell harvesting for extraction of carotenoids, optimizing extraction methods etc. Research studies from different microalgal species such as Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella sps., Nannochloropsis sps., Scenedesmus sps., Chlorococcum sps., Botryococcus braunii and Diatoms in relation to carotenoid content, chemical structure, extraction and processing of carotenoids are discussed. Further these carotenoid pigments, are useful in various health applications and their use in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries was briefly touched upon. The commercial value of algal carotenoids has also been discussed in this review. Possible recommendations for future research studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Rao Ambati
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,c Department of Biotechnology , Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) , Vadlamudi, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Deepika Gogisetty
- d Department of Chemistry , Sri Chaitanya Junior College , Tenali, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | | | - Sarada Ravi
- f Plant Cell Biotechnology Department , Central Food Technological Research Institute, (Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) , Mysore , Karnataka , India
| | | | - Lei Bo
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
| | - Su Yuepeng
- b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
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42
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Dautermann O, Lohr M. A functional zeaxanthin epoxidase from red algae shedding light on the evolution of light-harvesting carotenoids and the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthetic eukaryotes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:879-891. [PMID: 28949044 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The epoxy-xanthophylls antheraxanthin and violaxanthin are key precursors of light-harvesting carotenoids and participate in the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle. Thus, the invention of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) catalyzing their formation from zeaxanthin has been a fundamental step in the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. ZEP genes have only been found in Viridiplantae and chromalveolate algae with secondary plastids of red algal ancestry, suggesting that ZEP evolved in the Viridiplantae and spread to chromalveolates by lateral gene transfer. By searching publicly available sequence data from 11 red algae covering all currently recognized red algal classes we identified ZEP candidates in three species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the red algal ZEP is most closely related to ZEP proteins from photosynthetic chromalveolates possessing secondary plastids of red algal origin. Its enzymatic activity was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of red algal pigment extracts and by cloning and functional expression of the ZEP gene from Madagascaria erythrocladioides in leaves of the ZEP-deficient aba2 mutant of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Unlike other ZEP enzymes examined so far, the red algal ZEP introduces only a single epoxy group into zeaxanthin, yielding antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin. The results indicate that ZEP evolved before the split of Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae and that chromalveolates acquired ZEP from the red algal endosymbiont and not by lateral gene transfer. Moreover, the red algal ZEP enables engineering of transgenic plants incorporating antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin in their photosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dautermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Moejes FW, Matuszynska A, Adhikari K, Bassi R, Cariti F, Cogne G, Dikaios I, Falciatore A, Finazzi G, Flori S, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Magni S, Maguire J, Le Monnier A, Müller K, Poolman M, Singh D, Spelberg S, Stella GR, Succurro A, Taddei L, Urbain B, Villanova V, Zabke C, Ebenhöh O. A systems-wide understanding of photosynthetic acclimation in algae and higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2667-2681. [PMID: 28830099 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of phototrophs to colonise different environments relies on robust protection against oxidative stress, a critical requirement for the successful evolutionary transition from water to land. Photosynthetic organisms have developed numerous strategies to adapt their photosynthetic apparatus to changing light conditions in order to optimise their photosynthetic yield, which is crucial for life on Earth to exist. Photosynthetic acclimation is an excellent example of the complexity of biological systems, where highly diverse processes, ranging from electron excitation over protein protonation to enzymatic processes coupling ion gradients with biosynthetic activity, interact on drastically different timescales from picoseconds to hours. Efficient functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus and its protection is paramount for efficient downstream processes, including metabolism and growth. Modern experimental techniques can be successfully integrated with theoretical and mathematical models to promote our understanding of underlying mechanisms and principles. This review aims to provide a retrospective analysis of multidisciplinary photosynthetic acclimation research carried out by members of the Marie Curie Initial Training Project, AccliPhot, placing the results in a wider context. The review also highlights the applicability of photosynthetic organisms for industry, particularly with regards to the cultivation of microalgae. It intends to demonstrate how theoretical concepts can successfully complement experimental studies broadening our knowledge of common principles in acclimation processes in photosynthetic organisms, as well as in the field of applied microalgal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wanjiku Moejes
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, Co. Cork, Ireland P75 AX07
| | - Anna Matuszynska
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kailash Adhikari
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Bassi
- University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology, Italy
| | - Federica Cariti
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Angela Falciatore
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Grenoble 38100, France
| | - Serena Flori
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologie de Grenoble (BIG), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Grenoble 38100, France
| | | | - Stefano Magni
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julie Maguire
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, Co. Cork, Ireland P75 AX07
| | | | - Kathrin Müller
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark Poolman
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, Co. Cork, Ireland P75 AX07
| | - Dipali Singh
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, Co. Cork, Ireland P75 AX07
| | - Stephanie Spelberg
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giulio Rocco Stella
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Antonella Succurro
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucilla Taddei
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Brieuc Urbain
- LUNAM, University of Nantes, GEPEA, UMR-CNRS 6144, France
| | | | | | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dorrell RG, Gile G, McCallum G, Méheust R, Bapteste EP, Klinger CM, Brillet-Guéguen L, Freeman KD, Richter DJ, Bowler C. Chimeric origins of ochrophytes and haptophytes revealed through an ancient plastid proteome. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28498102 PMCID: PMC5462543 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids are supported by a wide range of proteins encoded within the nucleus and imported from the cytoplasm. These plastid-targeted proteins may originate from the endosymbiont, the host, or other sources entirely. Here, we identify and characterise 770 plastid-targeted proteins that are conserved across the ochrophytes, a major group of algae including diatoms, pelagophytes and kelps, that possess plastids derived from red algae. We show that the ancestral ochrophyte plastid proteome was an evolutionary chimera, with 25% of its phylogenetically tractable nucleus-encoded proteins deriving from green algae. We additionally show that functional mixing of host and plastid proteomes, such as through dual-targeting, is an ancestral feature of plastid evolution. Finally, we detect a clear phylogenetic signal from one ochrophyte subgroup, the lineage containing pelagophytes and dictyochophytes, in plastid-targeted proteins from another major algal lineage, the haptophytes. This may represent a possible serial endosymbiosis event deep in eukaryotic evolutionary history. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23717.001 The cells of most plants and algae contain compartments called chloroplasts that enable them to capture energy from sunlight in a process known as photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the remnants of photosynthetic bacteria that used to live freely in the environment until they were consumed by a larger cell. “Complex” chloroplasts can form if a cell that already has a chloroplast is swallowed by another cell. The most abundant algae in the oceans are known as diatoms. These algae belong to a group called the stramenopiles, which also includes giant seaweeds such as kelp. The stramenopiles have a complex chloroplast that they acquired from a red alga (a relative of the seaweed used in sushi). However, some of the proteins in their chloroplasts are from other sources, such as the green algal relatives of plants, and it was not clear how these chloroplast proteins have contributed to the evolution of this group. Many of the proteins that chloroplasts need to work properly are produced by the host cell and are then transported into the chloroplasts. Dorrell et al. studied the genetic material of many stramenopile species and identified 770 chloroplast-targeted proteins that are predicted to underpin the origins of this group. Experiments in a diatom called Phaeodactylum confirmed these predictions and show that many of these chloroplast-targeted proteins have been recruited from green algae, bacteria, and other compartments within the host cell to support the chloroplast. Further experiments suggest that another major group of algae called the haptophytes once had a stramenopile chloroplast. The current haptophyte chloroplast does not come from the stramenopiles so the haptophytes appear to have replaced their chloroplasts at least once in their evolutionary history. The findings show that algal chloroplasts are mosaics, supported by proteins from many different species. This helps us understand why certain species succeed in the wild and how they may respond to environmental changes in the oceans. In the future, these findings may help researchers to engineer new species of algae and plants for food and fuel production. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23717.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Dorrell
- IBENS, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Giselle McCallum
- IBENS, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Méheust
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eric P Bapteste
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Richter
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7144.,Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Équipe EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- IBENS, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Cao TJ, Huang XQ, Qu YY, Zhuang Z, Deng YY, Lu S. Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-Cyclase from Macrophytic Red Alga Bangia fuscopurpurea. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E116. [PMID: 28398223 PMCID: PMC5408262 DOI: 10.3390/md15040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene cyclases cyclize the open ends of acyclic lycopene (ψ,ψ-carotene) into β- or ε-ionone rings in the crucial bifurcation step of carotenoid biosynthesis. Among all carotenoid constituents, β-carotene (β,β-carotene) is found in all photosynthetic organisms, except for purple bacteria and heliobacteria, suggesting a ubiquitous distribution of lycopene β-cyclase activity in these organisms. In this work, we isolated a gene (BfLCYB) encoding a lycopene β-cyclase from Bangia fuscopurpurea, a red alga that is considered to be one of the primitive multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and accumulates carotenoid constituents with both β- and ε-rings, including β-carotene, zeaxanthin, α-carotene (β,ε-carotene) and lutein. Functional complementation in Escherichia coli demonstrated that BfLCYB is able to catalyze cyclization of lycopene into monocyclic γ-carotene (β,ψ-carotene) and bicyclic β-carotene, and cyclization of the open end of monocyclic δ-carotene (ε,ψ-carotene) to produce α-carotene. No ε-cyclization activity was identified for BfLCYB. Sequence comparison showed that BfLCYB shares conserved domains with other functionally characterized lycopene cyclases from different organisms and belongs to a group of ancient lycopene cyclases. Although B. fuscopurpurea also synthesizes α-carotene and lutein, its enzyme-catalyzing ε-cyclization is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin-Yin Deng
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong 226007, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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46
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Cui Y, Zhang H, Lin S. Enhancement of Non-photochemical Quenching as an Adaptive Strategy under Phosphorus Deprivation in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:404. [PMID: 28360892 PMCID: PMC5350143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensified water column stratification due to global warming has the potential to decrease nutrient availability while increasing excess light for the photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the euphotic zone, which together will increase the need for photoprotective strategies such as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). We investigated whether NPQ is enhanced and how it is regulated molecularly under phosphorus (P) deprivation in the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum. We grew K. veneficum under P-replete and P-depleted conditions, monitored their growth rates and chlorophyll fluorescence, and conducted gene expression and comparative proteomic analyses. The results were used to characterize NPQ modulation and associated gene expression dynamics under P deprivation. We found that NPQ in K. veneficum was elevated significantly under P deprivation. Accordingly, the abundances of three light-harvesting complex stress-related proteins increased under P-depleted condition. Besides, many proteins related to genetic information flow were down-regulated while many proteins related to energy production and conversion were up-regulated under P deprivation. Taken together, our results indicate that K. veneficum cells respond to P deprivation by reconfiguring the metabolic landscape and up-tuning NPQ to increase the capacity to dissipate excess light energy and maintain the fluency of energy flow, which provides a new perspective about what adaptive strategy dinoflagellates have evolved to cope with P deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Marine Biodiversity and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton CT, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Marine Biodiversity and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, GrotonCT, USA
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47
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Fu W, Chaiboonchoe A, Khraiwesh B, Nelson DR, Al-Khairy D, Mystikou A, Alzahmi A, Salehi-Ashtiani K. Algal Cell Factories: Approaches, Applications, and Potentials. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14120225. [PMID: 27983586 PMCID: PMC5192462 DOI: 10.3390/md14120225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of modern biotechnology, microorganisms from diverse lineages have been used to produce bio-based feedstocks and bioactive compounds. Many of these compounds are currently commodities of interest, in a variety of markets and their utility warrants investigation into improving their production through strain development. In this review, we address the issue of strain improvement in a group of organisms with strong potential to be productive “cell factories”: the photosynthetic microalgae. Microalgae are a diverse group of phytoplankton, involving polyphyletic lineage such as green algae and diatoms that are commonly used in the industry. The photosynthetic microalgae have been under intense investigation recently for their ability to produce commercial compounds using only light, CO2, and basic nutrients. However, their strain improvement is still a relatively recent area of work that is under development. Importantly, it is only through appropriate engineering methods that we may see the full biotechnological potential of microalgae come to fruition. Thus, in this review, we address past and present endeavors towards the aim of creating productive algal cell factories and describe possible advantageous future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Fu
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Amphun Chaiboonchoe
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Basel Khraiwesh
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - David R Nelson
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Dina Al-Khairy
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Alexandra Mystikou
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Amnah Alzahmi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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48
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Smerilli A, Orefice I, Corato F, Gavalás Olea A, Ruban AV, Brunet C. Photoprotective and antioxidant responses to light spectrum and intensity variations in the coastal diatomSkeletonema marinoi. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:611-627. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Smerilli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Villa Comunale Napoli 80121 Italy
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Villa Comunale Napoli 80121 Italy
| | - Federico Corato
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Villa Comunale Napoli 80121 Italy
| | - Antonio Gavalás Olea
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas CSIC; Av. Eduardo Cabello 6 Vigo 36208 Spain
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS United Kingdom
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Leonelli L, Erickson E, Lyska D, Niyogi KK. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for rapid functional analysis of genes involved in non-photochemical quenching and carotenoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:375-386. [PMID: 27407008 PMCID: PMC5516181 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants must switch rapidly between light harvesting and photoprotection in response to environmental fluctuations in light intensity. This switch can lead to losses in absorbed energy usage, as photoprotective energy dissipation mechanisms can take minutes to hours to fully relax. One possible way to improve photosynthesis is to engineer these energy dissipation mechanisms (measured as non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence, NPQ) to induce and relax more quickly, resulting in smaller losses under dynamic light conditions. Previous studies aimed at understanding the enzymes involved in the regulation of NPQ have relied primarily on labor-intensive and time-consuming generation of stable transgenic lines and mutant populations - approaches limited to organisms amenable to genetic manipulation and mapping. To enable rapid functional testing of NPQ-related genes from diverse organisms, we performed Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana to test if NPQ kinetics could be modified in fully expanded leaves. By expressing Arabidopsis thaliana genes known to be involved in NPQ, we confirmed the viability of this method for studying dynamic photosynthetic processes. Subsequently, we used naturally occurring variation in photosystem II subunit S, a modulator of NPQ in plants, to explore how differences in amino acid sequence affect NPQ capacity and kinetics. Finally, we functionally characterized four predicted carotenoid biosynthesis genes from the marine algae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Thalassiosira pseudonana and examined the effect of their expression on NPQ in N. benthamiana. This method offers a powerful alternative to traditional gene characterization methods by providing a fast and easy platform for assessing gene function in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
| | - Erika Erickson
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Dagmar Lyska
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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50
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Meneghesso A, Simionato D, Gerotto C, La Rocca N, Finazzi G, Morosinotto T. Photoacclimation of photosynthesis in the Eustigmatophycean Nannochloropsis gaditana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:291-305. [PMID: 27448115 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis is an eukaryotic alga of the phylum Heterokonta, originating from a secondary endosymbiotic event. In this work, we investigated how the photosynthetic apparatus responds to growth in different light regimes in Nannochloropsis gaditana. We found that intense illumination induces the decrease of both photosystem I and II contents and their respective antenna sizes. Cells grown in high light showed a larger capacity for electron transport, with enhanced cyclic electron transport around photosystem I, contributing to photoprotection from excess illumination. Even when exposed to excess light intensities for several days, N. gaditana cells did not activate constitutive responses such as nonphotochemical quenching and the xanthophyll cycle. These photoprotection mechanisms in N. gaditana thus play a role in acclimation to fast changes in illumination within a time range of minutes, while regulation of the electron flow capacity represents a long-term response to prolonged exposure to excess light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Meneghesso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Simionato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Gerotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padua, Italy.
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