1
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Kim MH, Thanuthanakhun N, Kino-oka M. Stable and efficient generation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes through regulation of collective cell-cell behavior. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1269108. [PMID: 38268936 PMCID: PMC10806250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1269108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the potential of stem cells to differentiate into several cell types has shown promise in regenerative medicine, low differentiation efficiency and poor reproducibility significantly limit their practical application. We developed an effective and robust differentiation strategy for the efficient and robust generation of neural progenitor cell rosettes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) incorporating botulinum hemagglutinin (HA). Treatment with HA suppressed the spontaneous differentiation of iPSCs cultured under undirected differentiation conditions, resulting in the preservation of their pluripotency. Moreover, treatment with HA during neural progenitor differentiation combined with dual SMAD inhibition generated a highly homogeneous population of PAX6-and SOX1-expressing neural progenitor cells with 8.4-fold higher yields of neural progenitor cells than untreated control cultures. These neural progenitor cells formed radially organized rosettes surrounding the central lumen. This differentiation method enhanced the generation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes throughout the culture vessel, suggesting that the regulation of collective cell-cell behavior using HA plays a morphogenetically important role in rosette formation and maturation. These findings show the significance of HA in the suppression of spontaneous differentiation through spatial homogeneity. The study proposes a novel methodology for the efficient derivation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Kino-oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Base for Cell Manufacturability, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Xu L, Zeng Q, Liang L, Yang Z, Qu M, Li H, Zhang B, Zhang J, Yuan X, Chen L, Fan Z, He L, Nan X, Yue W, Xie X, Pei X. Generation of Rh D-negative blood using CRISPR/Cas9. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13486. [PMID: 37096780 PMCID: PMC10623963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood supply shortages, especially the shortage of rare blood types, threaten the current medical system. Research on stem cells has shed light on in vitro blood cell manufacturing. The in vitro production of universal red blood cells (RBCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has become the focus of transfusion medicine. To obtain O-type Rh D-negative blood, we developed O-type Rh D-negative human (h)iPSCs using homology-directed repair (HDR)-based CRISPR/Cas9. HuAiPSCs derived from human umbilical arterial endothelial cells and showing haematopoietic differentiation preferences were selected for gene modification. Guide RNAs (gRNAs) were selected, and a donor template flanked by gRNA-directed homologous arms was set to introduce a premature stop code to RHD exon 2. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has resulted in the successful generation of an RHD knockout cell line. The HuAiPSC-A1-RHD-/- cell line was differentiated into haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and subsequently into erythrocytes in the oxygen concentration-optimized differentiation scheme. HuAiPSC-A1-RHD-/- derived erythrocytes remained positive for the RBC markers CD71 and CD235a. These erythrocytes did not express D antigen and did not agglutinate in the presence of anti-Rh D reagents. In conclusion, taking the priority of haematopoietic preference hiPSCs, the HDR-based CRISPR/Cas9 system and optimizing the erythroid-lineage differentiation protocol, we first generated O-type Rh D-negative universal erythrocytes from RHD knockout HuAiPSCs. Its production is highly efficient and shows great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Quan Zeng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Liqing Liang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhou Yang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Mingyi Qu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Huilin Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Yuan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Lin Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Zeng Fan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Lijuan He
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xue Nan
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine LabBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
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3
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Yoo DH, Im YS, Oh JY, Gil D, Kim YO. DUSP6 is a memory retention feedback regulator of ERK signaling for cellular resilience of human pluripotent stem cells in response to dissociation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5683. [PMID: 37029196 PMCID: PMC10082014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) grow as colonies that require breakdown into small clumps for further propagation. Although cell death mechanism by single-cell dissociation of hPSCs has been well defined, how hPSCs respond to the deadly stimulus and recover the original status remains unclear. Here we show that dissociation of hPSCs immediately activates ERK, which subsequently activates RSK and induces DUSP6, an ERK-specific phosphatase. Although the activation is transient, DUSP6 expression persists days after passaging. DUSP6 depletion using the CRISPR/Cas9 system reveals that DUSP6 suppresses the ERK activity over the long term. Elevated ERK activity by DUSP6 depletion increases both viability of hPSCs after single-cell dissociation and differentiation propensity towards mesoderm and endoderm lineages. These findings provide new insights into how hPSCs respond to dissociation in order to maintain pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hoon Yoo
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Im
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Oh
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Gil
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ou Kim
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea.
- Center for National Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine 202, Osongsaengmyung 2-Ro, Heundeok-Gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Wang T, Yu T, Tsai CY, Hong ZY, Chao WH, Su YS, Subbiah SK, Renuka RR, Hsu ST, Wu GJ, Higuchi A. Xeno-free culture and proliferation of hPSCs on 2D biomaterials. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:63-107. [PMID: 37678982 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)) have unlimited proliferative potential, whereas adult stem cells such as bone marrow-derived stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells have problems with aging. When hPSCs are intended to be cultured on feeder-free or xeno-free conditions without utilizing mouse embryonic fibroblasts or human fibroblasts, they cannot be cultured on conventional tissue culture polystyrene dishes, as adult stem cells can be cultured but should be cultivated on material surfaces grafted or coated with (a) natural or recombinant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, (b) ECM protein-derived peptides and specific synthetic polymer surfaces in xeno-free and/or chemically defined conditions. This review describes current developing cell culture biomaterials for the proliferation of hPSCs while maintaining the pluripotency and differentiation potential of the cells into 3 germ layers. Biomaterials for the cultivation of hPSCs without utilizing a feeder layer are essential to decrease the risk of xenogenic molecules, which contributes to the potential clinical usage of hPSCs. ECM proteins such as human recombinant vitronectin, laminin-511 and laminin-521 have been utilized instead of Matrigel for the feeder-free cultivation of hPSCs. The following biomaterials are also discussed for hPSC cultivation: (a) decellularized ECM, (b) peptide-grafted biomaterials derived from ECM proteins, (c) recombinant E-cadherin-coated surface, (d) polysaccharide-immobilized surface, (e) synthetic polymer surfaces with and without bioactive sites, (f) thermoresponsive polymer surfaces with and without bioactive sites, and (g) synthetic microfibrous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Yu Hong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Chao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuo Su
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Remya Rajan Renuka
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Landseed International Hospital, Pingjen City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Akon Higuchi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Tassinari R, Olivi E, Cavallini C, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Marcuzzi M, Fedchenko O, Ventura C. Mechanobiology: A landscape for reinterpreting stem cell heterogeneity and regenerative potential in diseased tissues. iScience 2022; 26:105875. [PMID: 36647385 PMCID: PMC9839966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a fundamental role in cellular dynamics from the molecular level to the establishment of complex heterogeneity in somatic and stem cells. Here, we highlight the role of cytoskeletal mechanics and extracellular matrix in generating mechanical forces merging into oscillatory synchronized patterns. We discuss how cellular mechanosensing/-transduction can be modulated by mechanical forces to control tissue metabolism and set the basis for nonpharmacologic tissue rescue. Control of bone anabolic activity and repair, as well as obesity prevention, through a fine-tuning of the stem cell morphodynamics are highlighted. We also discuss the use of mechanical forces in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and heart failure through the fine modulation of stem cell metabolic activity and regenerative potential. We finally focus on the new landscape of delivering specific mechanical stimuli to reprogram tissue-resident stem cells and enhance our self-healing potential, without the need for stem cell or tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Olivi
- ELDOR LAB, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Martina Marcuzzi
- NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oleksandra Fedchenko
- NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Ventura
- ELDOR LAB, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy,NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy,Corresponding author
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6
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Mittler F, Obeïd P, Haguet V, Allier C, Gerbaud S, Rulina AV, Gidrol X, Balakirev MY. Mechanical stress shapes the cancer cell response to neddylation inhibition. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:115. [PMID: 35354476 PMCID: PMC8966269 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibition of neddylation by the preclinical drug MLN4924 represents a new strategy to combat cancer. However, despite being effective against hematologic malignancies, its success in solid tumors, where cell–cell and cell-ECM interactions play essential roles, remains elusive. Methods Here, we studied the effects of MLN4924 on cell growth, migration and invasion in cultured prostate cancer cells and in disease-relevant prostate tumoroids. Using focused protein profiling, drug and RNAi screening, we analyzed cellular pathways activated by neddylation inhibition. Results We show that mechanical stress induced by MLN4924 in prostate cancer cells significantly affects the therapeutic outcome. The latter depends on the cell type and involves distinct Rho isoforms. In LNCaP and VCaP cells, the stimulation of RhoA and RhoB by MLN4924 markedly upregulates the level of tight junction proteins at cell–cell contacts, which augments the mechanical strain induced by Rho signaling. This “tight junction stress response” (TJSR) causes the collapse of cell monolayers and a characteristic rupture of cancer spheroids. Notably, TJSR is a major cause of drug-induced apoptosis in these cells. On the other hand, in PC3 cells that underwent partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the stimulation of RhoC induces an adverse effect by promoting amoeboid cell scattering and invasion. We identified complementary targets and drugs that allow for the induction of TJSR without stimulating RhoC. Conclusions Our finding that MLN4924 acts as a mechanotherapeutic opens new ways to improve the efficacy of neddylation inhibition as an anticancer approach. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02328-y.
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7
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Thanuthanakhun N, Kim MH, Kino-oka M. Cell Behavioral Dynamics as a Cue in Optimizing Culture Stabilization in the Bioprocessing of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:669. [PMID: 36354580 PMCID: PMC9687444 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are important for future regenerative medicine therapies. However, in the production of PSCs and derivatives, the control of culture-induced fluctuations in the outcome of cell quality remains challenging. A detailed mechanistic understanding of how PSC behaviors are altered in response to biomechanical microenvironments within a culture is necessary for rational bioprocessing optimization. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the role of cell behavioral and mechanical homeostasis in modulating the states and functions of PSCs during culture processes. We delineate promising ways to manipulate the culture variability through regulating cell behaviors using currently developed tools. Furthermore, we anticipate their potential implementation for designing a culture strategy based on the concept of Waddington's epigenetic landscape that may provide a feasible solution for tuning the culture quality and stability in the bioprocessing space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruchit Thanuthanakhun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Research Base for Cell Manufacturability, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Alsobaie S, Alsobaie T, Mantalaris S. Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor and Hypoxia Synergistically Enhance the Self-Renewal, Survival Rate, and Proliferation of Human Stem Cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 15:43-52. [PMID: 35812359 PMCID: PMC9259205 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s365776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction High-efficacy single-cell cloning of human-induced pluripotent cells (IPSCs) remains a major challenge. The development of a culture method that supports single-cell passaging while maintaining reproducibility, homogeneity, scalability, and cell expansion to clinically relevant numbers is necessary for clinical application. Methods To address this issue, we combined the use of the rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 and hypoxic conditions in culture to produce a novel, efficient single-cell culture method for human IPSCs and embryonic stem cells. Results Through immunocytochemistry, alkaline phosphatase assays, and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that our method enabled high single-cell proliferation while maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency abilities. Discussion We showed the beneficial effect of the interaction between hypoxia and ROCK inhibition in regulating cell proliferation, pluripotency, and single-cell survival of pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Sarah Alsobaie, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Prince Turki Alawal Street, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 507191011, Fax +966 114677580, Email
| | - Tamador Alsobaie
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sakis Mantalaris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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9
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A chemically-defined plastic scaffold for the xeno-free production of human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2516. [PMID: 35169157 PMCID: PMC8847402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is hampered by the technical limitations of their expansion. Here, we developed a chemically synthetic culture substrate for human pluripotent stem cell attachment and maintenance. The substrate comprises a hydrophobic polyvinyl butyral-based polymer (PVB) and a short peptide that enables easy and uniform coating of various types of cell culture ware. The coated ware exhibited thermotolerance, underwater stability and could be stored at room temperature. The substrate supported hPSC expansion in combination with most commercial culture media with an efficiency similar to that of commercial substrates. It supported not only the long-term expansion of examined iPS and ES cell lines with normal karyotypes during their undifferentiated state but also directed differentiation of three germ layers. This substrate resolves major concerns associated with currently used recombinant protein substrates and could be applied in large-scale automated manufacturing; it is suitable for affordable and stable production of clinical-grade hPSCs and hPSC-derived products.
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10
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Ma HC, Zhu YJ, Zhou R, Yu YY, Xiao ZZ, Zhang HB. Lung cancer organoids, a promising model still with long way to go. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 171:103610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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11
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Zhang Z, Liu M, Zheng Y. Role of Rho GTPases in stem cell regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2941-2955. [PMID: 34854916 PMCID: PMC9008577 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The future of regenerative medicine relies on our understanding of stem cells which are essential for tissue/organ generation and regeneration to maintain and/or restore tissue homeostasis. Rho family GTPases are known regulators of a wide variety of cellular processes related to cytoskeletal dynamics, polarity and gene transcription. In the last decade, major new advances have been made in understanding the regulatory role and mechanism of Rho GTPases in self-renewal, differentiation, migration, and lineage specification in tissue-specific signaling mechanisms in various stem cell types to regulate embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and tissue regeneration upon stress or damage. Importantly, implication of Rho GTPases and their upstream regulators or downstream effectors in the transformation, migration, invasion and tumorigenesis of diverse cancer stem cells highlights the potential of Rho GTPase targeting in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of Rho GTPase signaling in the regulation of embryonic stem cells, multiple somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells. We propose promising areas where Rho GTPase pathways may serve as useful targets for stem cell manipulation and related future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
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12
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Hackethal J, Weihs AM, Karner L, Metzger M, Dungel P, Hennerbichler S, Redl H, Teuschl-Woller AH. Novel Human Placenta-Based Extract for Vascularization Strategies in Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:616-632. [PMID: 34714165 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is critical unmet need for new vascularized tissues to support or replace injured tissues and organs. Various synthetic and natural materials were already established for use of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro neovascularization assays, however, they still cannot mimic the complex functions of the sum of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in native intact tissue. Currently, this issue is only addressed by artificial products such as Matrigel™, which comprises a complex mixture of ECM proteins, extracted from animal tumor tissue. Despite its outstanding bioactivity, the isolation from tumor tissue hinders its translation into clinical applications. Since nonhuman ECM proteins may cause immune reactions, as are frequently observed in clinical trials, human ECM proteins represent the best option when aiming for clinical applications. Here, we describe an effective method of isolating a human placenta substrate (hpS) that induces the spontaneous formation of an interconnected network of green fluorescence-labeled human umbilical vein endothelial cells (gfpHUVECs) in vitro. The substrate was biochemically characterized by using a combination of bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, DNA, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content assays, sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and Western blot, angiogenesis arrays, chromatographic thrombin detection, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based amino acid quantification analysis, and assessment of antimicrobial properties. 2D in vitro cell culture experiments have been performed to determine the vasculogenic potential of hpS, which demonstrated that cell networks developed on hpS show a significantly higher degree of complexity (number of tubules/junctions; total/mean tube length) when compared with Matrigel. As 3D cell culture techniques represent a more accurate representation of the in vivo condition, the substrate was 3D solidified using various natural polymers. 3D in vitro vasculogenesis assays have been performed by seeding gfpHUVECs in an hpS-fibrinogen clot. In conclusion, hpS provides a potent human/material-based alternative to xenogenic-material-based biomaterials for vascularization strategies in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hackethal
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Weihs
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Karner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Metzger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dungel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Hennerbichler
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Herbert Teuschl-Woller
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Riggs MJ, Sheridan SD, Rao RR. ARHGDIA Confers Selective Advantage to Dissociated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:705-713. [PMID: 34036793 PMCID: PMC8309423 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have generated significant interest in the scientific community based on their potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, numerous research groups have reported a propensity for genomic alterations during hPSC culture that poses concerns for basic research and clinical applications. Work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that amplification of chromosomal regions is correlated with increased gene expression. To date, the phenotypic association of common genomic alterations remains unclear and is a cause for concern during clinical use. In this study, we focus on trisomy 17 and a list of candidate genes with increased gene expression to hypothesize that overexpressing 17q25 located ARHGDIA will confer selective advantage to hPSCs. HPSC lines overexpressing ARHGDIA exhibited culture dominance in co-cultures of overexpression lines with nonoverexpression lines. Furthermore, during low-density seeding, we demonstrate increased clonality of our ARHGDIA lines against matched controls. A striking observation is that we could reduce this selective advantage by varying the hPSC culture conditions with the addition of ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi). This work is unique in (1) demonstrating a novel gene that confers selective advantage to hPSCs when overexpressed and may help explain a common trisomy dominance, (2) providing a selection model for studying culture conditions that reduce the appearance of genomically altered hPSCs, and (3) aiding in elucidation of a mechanism that may act as a molecular switch during culture adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Riggs
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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14
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Chu J, Lu M, Pfeifer CG, Alt V, Docheva D. Rebuilding Tendons: A Concise Review on the Potential of Dermal Fibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:E2047. [PMID: 32911760 PMCID: PMC7563185 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are vital to joint movement by connecting muscles to bones. Along with an increasing incidence of tendon injuries, tendon disorders can burden the quality of life of patients or the career of athletes. Current treatments involve surgical reconstruction and conservative therapy. Especially in the elderly population, tendon recovery requires lengthy periods and it may result in unsatisfactory outcome. Cell-mediated tendon engineering is a rapidly progressing experimental and pre-clinical field, which holds great potential for an alternative approach to established medical treatments. The selection of an appropriate cell source is critical and remains under investigation. Dermal fibroblasts exhibit multiple similarities to tendon cells, suggesting they may be a promising cell source for tendon engineering. Hence, the purpose of this review article was in brief, to compare tendon to dermis tissues, and summarize in vitro studies on tenogenic differentiation of dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, analysis of an open source Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data repository was carried out, revealing great overlap in the molecular profiles of both cell types. Lastly, a summary of in vivo studies employing dermal fibroblasts in tendon repair as well as pilot clinical studies in this area is included. Altogether, dermal fibroblasts hold therapeutic potential and are attractive cells for rebuilding injured tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.C.); (C.G.P.); (V.A.)
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Christian G. Pfeifer
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.C.); (C.G.P.); (V.A.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.C.); (C.G.P.); (V.A.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.C.); (C.G.P.); (V.A.)
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15
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Huang Y, Seitz D, Chevalier Y, Müller PE, Jansson V, Klar RM. Synergistic interaction of hTGF-β 3 with hBMP-6 promotes articular cartilage formation in chitosan scaffolds with hADSCs: implications for regenerative medicine. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:48. [PMID: 32854680 PMCID: PMC7457281 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human TGF-β3 has been used in many studies to induce genes coding for typical cartilage matrix components and accelerate chondrogenic differentiation, making it the standard constituent in most cultivation media used for the assessment of chondrogenesis associated with various stem cell types on carrier matrices. However, in vivo data suggests that TGF-β3 and its other isoforms also induce endochondral and intramembranous osteogenesis in non-primate species to other mammals. Based on previously demonstrated improved articular cartilage induction by a using hTGF-β3 and hBMP-6 together on hADSC cultures and the interaction of TGF- β with matrix in vivo, the present study investigates the interaction of a chitosan scaffold as polyanionic polysaccharide with both growth factors. The study analyzes the difference between chondrogenic differentiation that leads to stable hyaline cartilage and the endochondral ossification route that ends in hypertrophy by extending the usual panel of investigated gene expression and stringent employment of quantitative PCR. Results By assessing the viability, proliferation, matrix formation and gene expression patterns it is shown that hTGF-β3 + hBMP-6 promotes improved hyaline articular cartilage formation in a chitosan scaffold in which ACAN with Col2A1 and not Col1A1 nor Col10A1 where highly expressed both at a transcriptional and translational level. Inversely, hTGF-β3 alone tended towards endochondral bone formation showing according protein and gene expression patterns. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that clinical therapies should consider using hTGF-β3 + hBMP-6 in articular cartilage regeneration therapies as the synergistic interaction of these morphogens seems to ensure and maintain proper hyaline articular cartilage matrix formation counteracting degeneration to fibrous tissue or ossification. These effects are produced by interaction of the growth factors with the polysaccharide matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Seitz
- BioMed Center Innovation gGmbh, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yan Chevalier
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter E Müller
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Klar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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16
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So S, Lee Y, Choi J, Kang S, Lee JY, Hwang J, Shin J, Dutton JR, Seo EJ, Lee BH, Kim CJ, Mitalipov S, Oh SJ, Kang E. The Rho-associated kinase inhibitor fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in human pluripotent stem cell research. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233057. [PMID: 32396545 PMCID: PMC7217428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor survival of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) following freezing, thawing, or passaging hinders the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells. Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) play a crucial role in hPSC survival. To date, a typical ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, has been the primary agent used in hPSC research. Here, we report that another ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, can be used as an alternative and is cheaper than Y-27632. It increased hPSC growth following thawing and passaging, like Y-27632, and did not affect pluripotency, differentiation ability, and chromosome integrity. Furthermore, fasudil promoted retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiation and the survival of neural crest cells (NCCs) during differentiation. It was also useful for single-cell passaging of hPSCs and during aggregation. These findings suggest that fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in stem research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun So
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Choi
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoon Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Hwang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Shin
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Effects of Short-Term Inhibition of Rho Kinase on Dromedary Camel Oocyte In Vitro Maturation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050750. [PMID: 32344840 PMCID: PMC7277376 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our results revealed, for the first time, that short-term inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCK) for 4 h prior to in vitro maturation (IVM) in a biphasic IVM approach improved oocyte nuclear maturation, producing more MII oocyte, through modulating the expression of cytokinesis- and antiapoptosis-related mRNA transcripts. This positive result suggests ROCK inhibitor as a potential candidate molecule to exploit in the control of oocyte meiotic maturation. Abstract This is the first report on a biphasic in vitro maturation (IVM) approach with a meiotic inhibitor to improve dromedary camel IVM. Spontaneous meiotic resumption poses a major setback for in vitro matured oocytes. The overall objective of this study was to improve in vitro maturation of dromedary camel oocytes using ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) in a biphasic IVM to prevent spontaneous meiotic resumption. In the first experiment, we cultured immature cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs, n = 375) in a prematuration medium supplemented with ROCK inhibitor (RI) for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 24 h before submission to normal in vitro maturation to complete 28 h. The control was cultured for 28 h in the absence of RI. In the first phase of experiment two, we cultured COCs (n = 480) in the presence or absence (control) of RI for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 24 h, and conducted real-time relative quantitative PCR (qPCR) on selected mRNA transcripts. The same was done in the second phase, but qPCR was done after completion of normal IVM. Assessment of nuclear maturation showed that pre-IVM for 4 h yielded an increase in MII oocyte (54.67% vs. 26.6% of control; p < 0.05). As expected, the same group showed the highest degree (2) of cumulus expansion. In experiment 2, qPCR results showed significantly higher expression of ACTB and BCL2 in the RI group treated for 4 h when compared with the other groups. However, their relative quantification after biphasic IVM did not reveal any significant difference, except for the positive response of BCL2 and BAX/BCL2 ratio after 4 and 6 h biphasic IVM. In conclusion, RI prevents premature oocyte maturation and gave a significantly positive outcome during the 4 h treatment. This finding is a paradigm for future investigation on dromedary camel biphasic IVM and for improving the outcome of IVM in this species.
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18
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Gao L, Nath SC, Jiao X, Zhou R, Nishikawa S, Krawetz R, Li X, Rancourt DE. Post-Passage rock inhibition induces cytoskeletal aberrations and apoptosis in Human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 41:101641. [PMID: 31710913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are prone to anoikis after single cell dissociation. The small molecule, Y-27632 is known to increase survival of hESCs and hiPSCs by inhibiting the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we thoroughly screened small molecules to investigate the adhesion and survival of hESCs in adherent culture. Y-27632 provided higher adhesion and survival of hESCs by increased cell migration and preventing cell blebbing in single dissociated cells. The combination of Matrigel with poly-d-lysine increased the attachment and survival of dissociated cells via actin filament and microtubule spreading in Y-27632-treated cells. Although Y-27632 prevented apoptosis by suppressing actin filament contraction, microtubule bundling, and blebbing, prolonged Y-27632 treatment presented a different morphology in the attached growing hESC colony. It induced apoptosis of cells by promoting cytoplasmic spread, E-cadherin structural change, and increased detachment. It also induced actin cytoskeleton disruption, combined with microtubule and intermediate filament elongation. For optimal hPSC culture, our research suggests that Y-27632 should be removed shortly after passaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Suman C Nath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiyao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rongyan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sandra Nishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiangyun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada.
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19
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Induction of Articular Chondrogenesis by Chitosan/Hyaluronic-Acid-Based Biomimetic Matrices Using Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184487. [PMID: 31514329 PMCID: PMC6770472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage repair using tissue engineering is the most advanced clinical application in regenerative medicine, yet available solutions remain unsuccessful in reconstructing native cartilage in its proprietary form and function. Previous investigations have suggested that the combination of specific bioactive elements combined with a natural polymer could generate carrier matrices that enhance activities of seeded stem cells and possibly induce the desired matrix formation. The present study sought to clarify this by assessing whether a chitosan-hyaluronic-acid-based biomimetic matrix in conjunction with adipose-derived stem cells could support articular hyaline cartilage formation in relation to a standard chitosan-based construct. By assessing cellular development, matrix formation, and key gene/protein expressions during in vitro cultivation utilizing quantitative gene and immunofluorescent assays, results showed that chitosan with hyaluronic acid provides a suitable environment that supports stem cell differentiation towards cartilage matrix producing chondrocytes. However, on the molecular gene expression level, it has become apparent that, without combinations of morphogens, in the chondrogenic medium, hyaluronic acid with chitosan has a very limited capacity to stimulate and maintain stem cells in an articular chondrogenic state, suggesting that cocktails of various growth factors are one of the key features to regenerate articular cartilage, clinically.
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20
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Han U, Kim YJ, Kim W, Park JH, Hong J. Construction of nano-scale cellular environments by coating a multilayer nanofilm on the surface of human induced pluripotent stem cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13541-13551. [PMID: 31290516 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with peripheral environments, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) and other cells, and their balance play a crucial role in the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we focused on a nano-sized artificial cellular environment that is directly attached to the cytoplasmic membrane as a facile method that can effect intercellular interactions at the single-cell level. We designed multilayered nanofilms that are self-assembled on the surface of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), by repetitive adsorption of fibronectin and heparin or chondroitin sulfate. However, the surface modification process could also lead to the loss of cell-cell adhesion, which may result in apoptotic cell death. We investigated the proliferation and pluripotency of the iPSCs coated with the nanofilm in order to establish the suitable nanofilm structure and coating conditions. As a result, the cell viability reduced with the increase in the duration of the coating process, but the undifferentiated state and proliferation of the cells were maintained until 2 bilayers were coated. To suppress the dissociation-induced apoptosis, Y-27632, the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCKi), was added to the coating solution; this allowed the coating of up to 4 bilayers of the nanofilm onto the iPSCs. These results are expected to accelerate the pace of iPSC studies on 3-dimensional cultures and naïve pluripotency, in which the regulation of cellular interactions plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uiyoung Han
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wijin Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Neganova I, Cotts L, Banks P, Gassner K, Shukurov A, Armstrong L, Ladds G, Lako M. Endothelial Differentiation G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Plays an Important Role in Induction and Maintenance of Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019; 37:318-331. [PMID: 30512203 PMCID: PMC6446721 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of human somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for regenerative medicine and basic biology. We used a high-throughput small interfering RNA screening assay in the initiation phase of reprogramming for 784 genes belonging to kinase and phosphatase families and identified 68 repressors and 22 effectors. Six new candidates belonging to the family of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were identified, suggesting an important role for this key signaling pathway during somatic cell-induced reprogramming. Downregulation of one of the key GPCR effectors, endothelial differentiation GPCR5 (EDG5), impacted the maintenance of pluripotency, actin cytoskeleton organization, colony integrity, and focal adhesions in human embryonic stem cells, which were associated with the alteration in the RhoA-ROCK-Cofilin-PAXILLIN-actin signaling pathway. Similarly, downregulation of EDG5 during the initiation stage of somatic cell-induced reprogramming resulted in alteration of cytoskeleton, loss of human-induced pluripotent stem cell colony integrity, and a significant reduction in partially and fully reprogrammed cells as well as the number of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies at the end of the reprogramming process. Together, these data point to an important role of EDG5 in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019;37:318-331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Cotts
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Banks
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Medical School, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gassner
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Anvar Shukurov
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Weng NJH, Cheung C, Talbot P. Dynamic blebbing: A bottleneck to human embryonic stem cell culture that can be overcome by Laminin-Integrin signaling. Stem Cell Res 2018; 33:233-246. [PMID: 30458343 PMCID: PMC6414319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes dynamic and apoptotic blebbing in human embryonic stem cells (hESC), identifies dynamic blebbing as a bottleneck to successful cell attachment during passaging, and demonstrates that dynamic blebbing can be rapidly stopped by plating cells on recombinant human laminin. In freshly plated hESC, dynamic and apoptotic blebbing differed in time of occurrence, bleb retraction rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase 3&7 activation. While dynamic blebbing can be controlled with drugs that inhibit myosin II, these methods have off-target effects and are not suitable for clinical applications. Recombinant human laminin-521 or addition of laminin-111 to Matrigel provided a safe method to drastically decrease dynamic blebbing and improve cell attachment with proteins normally found in the inner cell mass. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, which is activated by binding of integrins to laminin, prolonged dynamic blebbing and inhibited attachment. These data show that hESC bind rapidly to laminins through an integrin, which activates focal adhesion kinase that in turn downregulates dynamic blebbing. Laminins enabled hESC to rapidly attach during passaging, improved plating efficiency, enabled passaging of single pluripotent stem cells, and avoided use of inhibitors that have non-specific off-target effects. These data provide a strategy for improving hESC culture using biologically safe recombinant human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Jo-Hao Weng
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Cindy Cheung
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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23
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Kaindl J, Meiser I, Majer J, Sommer A, Krach F, Katsen-Globa A, Winkler J, Zimmermann H, Neubauer JC, Winner B. Zooming in on Cryopreservation of hiPSCs and Neural Derivatives: A Dual-Center Study Using Adherent Vitrification. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:247-259. [PMID: 30456912 PMCID: PMC6392398 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are an important tool for research and regenerative medicine, but their efficient cryopreservation remains a major challenge. The current gold standard is slow‐rate freezing of dissociated colonies in suspension, but low recovery rates limit immediate post‐thawing applicability. We tested whether ultrafast cooling by adherent vitrification improves post‐thawing survival in a selection of hiPSCs and small molecule neural precursor cells (smNPCs) from Parkinson's disease and controls. In a dual‐center study, we compared the results by immunocytochemistry (ICC), fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis, and RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq). Adherent vitrification was achieved in the so‐called TWIST substrate, a device combining cultivation, vitrification, storage, and post‐thawing cultivation. Adherent vitrification resulted in preserved confluency and significantly higher cell numbers, and viability at day 1 after thawing, while results were not significantly different at day 4 after thawing. RNA‐seq and ICC of hiPSCs revealed no change in gene expression and pluripotency markers, indicating that physical damage of slow‐rate freezing disrupts cellular membranes. Scanning electron microscopy showed preserved colony integrity by adherent vitrification. Experiments using smNPCs demonstrated that adherent vitrification is also applicable to neural derivatives of hiPSCs. Our data suggest that, compared to the state‐of‐the‐art slow‐rate freezing in suspension, adherent vitrification is an improved cryopreservation technique for hiPSCs and derivatives. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:247&259
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kaindl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Meiser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Julia Majer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Annika Sommer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Krach
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alisa Katsen-Globa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany.,Chair for Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology/Nanotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.,Faculty of Marine Science, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany.,Fraunhofer Project Centre for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Long-Term Maintenance of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells on cRGDfK-Presenting Synthetic Surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:701. [PMID: 29335618 PMCID: PMC5768753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture surfaces with defined physical and chemical properties will facilitate improved research and therapeutic applications of hPSCs. In this study, synthetic surfaces for hPSC culture in E8 medium were produced for screening by modifying two polymer brush coatings [poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAAA) and poly(acrylamide-co-propargyl acrylamide) (PAPA)] to present single peptides. Adhesion of hPSC colonies was more consistently observed on surfaces modified with cRGDfK compared to surfaces modified with other peptide sequences tested. PAPA-coated polystyrene flasks with coupled cRGDfK (cRGDfK-PAPA) were then used for long-term studies of three hPSC lines (H9, hiPS-NHF1.3, Genea-02). Cell lines maintained for ten passages on cRGDfK-PAPA were assessed for colony morphology, proliferation rate, maintenance of OCT4 expression, cell viability at harvest, teratoma formation potential, and global gene expression as assessed by the PluriTest™ assay. cRGDfK-PAPA and control cultures maintained on Geltrex™ produced comparable results in most assays. No karyotypic abnormalities were detected in cultures maintained on cRGDfK-PAPA, while abnormalities were detected in cultures maintained on Geltrex™, StemAdhere™ or Synthemax™. This is the first report of long term maintenance of hPSC cultures on the scalable, stable, and cost-effective cRGDfK-PAPA coating.
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Ning G, Liu Y, Xu H, Li Y, Wu H, Wang X, Feng S. Gene silencing NMII promotes axonal regeneration against contusive spinal cord injury in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:11345-11352. [PMID: 31966489 PMCID: PMC6965883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are drastic changes that occur in the impaired regions after spinal cord injury (SCI), however, improvement of the detrimental pathological process after injury is limited in the mammalian adult, which is due a large part to the failure of local axons to grow. Non-muscle myosin II (NMII) has been proved having essential role in the regulation of cytoskeletal structure and genetic silencing NMII markedly accelerates axon growth in vitro. Our purpose is to explore the association between phosphorylated NMII expression and axonal regeneration after SCI in rats and determine whether gene silencing NMII can improve the locomotor function in rats with SCI. The results showed that phosphorylated NMII level was up regulated after SCI and may even play important role in inhibiting neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. After silencing NMII, the viability of neurons, proliferation of axons, synaptic connection and locomotor functional recovery were promoted significantly after SCI. Our study provides an effective way by direct regulation of neuron viability, the proliferation of axons and synaptic connection for treating SCI, which may be a novel method for repairing SCI. However, the specific signaling pathway mechanisms about the recovery require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjing, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin CityTianjin, China
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Weng NJH, Talbot P. The P2X7 receptor is an upstream regulator of dynamic blebbing and a pluripotency marker in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:39-49. [PMID: 28672157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods are needed to reduce dynamic blebbing which inhibits cell attachment and survival during passaging of pluripotent stem cells. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular ATP during passaging initiates dynamic blebbing. The P2X7 receptor was present in human embryonic stem cells (hESC), but not in differentiating cells. Extracellular ATP concentrations were 14× higher in medium during passaging. Addition of ATP to culture medium prolonged dynamic blebbing and inhibited attachment. Inhibition of P2X7 by specific drugs or by siRNA significantly reduced dynamic blebbing and improved cell attachment. When cells were incubated in calcium chelators (EGTA or BAPTA), blebbing decreased and attachment improved. Calcium influx was observed using Fura-4 when ATP was added to culture medium and inhibited in the presence of the P2X7 inhibitor. Over-expressing activated Rac in hESC reduced blebbing and promoted cell attachment, while a Rac inhibitor prolonged blebbing and reduced attachment. These data identify a pathway involving P2X7 that initiates and prolongs dynamic blebbing during hESC passaging. This pathway provides new insight into factors that increase dynamic blebbing and identifies new targets, such as P2X7, that can be used to improve the culture of cells with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Jo-Hao Weng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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27
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Närvä E, Stubb A, Guzmán C, Blomqvist M, Balboa D, Lerche M, Saari M, Otonkoski T, Ivaska J. A Strong Contractile Actin Fence and Large Adhesions Direct Human Pluripotent Colony Morphology and Adhesion. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28625538 PMCID: PMC5511101 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific functions and identity are tightly regulated by interactions between the cell cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have ultimate differentiation capacity and exceptionally low-strength ECM contact, yet the organization and function of adhesion sites and associated actin cytoskeleton remain poorly defined. We imaged hPSCs at the cell-ECM interface with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and discovered that adhesions at the colony edge were exceptionally large and connected by thick ventral stress fibers. The actin fence encircling the colony was found to exert extensive Rho-ROCK-myosin-dependent mechanical stress to enforce colony morphology, compaction, and pluripotency and to define mitotic spindle orientation. Remarkably, differentiation altered adhesion organization and signaling characterized by a switch from ventral to dorsal stress fibers, reduced mechanical stress, and increased integrin activity and cell-ECM adhesion strength. Thus, pluripotency appears to be linked to unique colony organization and adhesion structure. Human pluripotent colonies have exceptional actin structure and focal adhesions Contraction-dependent tight colony compaction enforces pluripotency Colony morphology is maintained by edge-oriented cell divisions Differentiation alters actin orientation, integrin activity, and adhesion strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Aki Stubb
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Matias Blomqvist
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
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28
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Biological Effects of Culture Substrates on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5380560. [PMID: 27656216 PMCID: PMC5021488 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5380560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been commonly cultured in feeder-free conditions, a number of cell culture substrates have been applied or developed. However, the functional roles of these substrates in maintaining hPSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here in this review, we summarize the types of these substrates and their effect on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression has been shown to be crucial in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. These ECM molecules interact with integrin cell-surface receptors and transmit their cellular signaling. We discuss the possible effect of integrin-mediated signaling pathways on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Activation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which transmits ECM-integrin signaling to AKT (also known as protein kinase B), has been shown to be critical in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Also, since naïve pluripotency has been widely recognized as an alternative pluripotent state of hPSCs, we discuss the possible effects of culture substrates and integrin signaling on naïve hPSCs based on the studies of mouse embryonic stem cells. Understanding the role of culture substrates in hPSC self-renewal and differentiation enables us to control hPSC behavior precisely and to establish scalable or microfabricated culture technologies for regenerative medicine and drug development.
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29
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Yang J, Wu C, Stefanescu I, Jakobsson L, Chervoneva I, Horowitz A. RhoA inhibits neural differentiation in murine stem cells through multiple mechanisms. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra76. [PMID: 27460990 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by Noggin-mediated inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling. RhoA is a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression, both of which control stem cell fate. We found that disruption of Syx, a gene encoding a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, accelerated retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation in murine embryonic stem cells aggregated into embryoid bodies. Cells from Syx(+/+) and Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies had different abundances of proteins implicated in stem cell pluripotency. The differentiation-promoting proteins Noggin and RARγ (a retinoic acid receptor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, whereas the differentiation-suppressing proteins SIRT1 (a protein deacetylase) and the phosphorylated form of SMAD1 (the active form of this transcription factor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(+/+) embryoid bodies. These differences were blocked by the overexpression of constitutively active RhoA, indicating that the abundance of these proteins was maintained, at least in part, by RhoA activity. The peripheral stress fibers in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies were thinner than those in Syx(+/+) cells. Furthermore, less Noggin and fewer vesicles containing Rab3d, a GTPase that mediates Noggin trafficking, were detected in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, which could result from increased Noggin exocytosis. These results suggested that, in addition to inhibiting Noggin transcription, RhoA activity in wild-type murine embryonic stem cells also prevented neural differentiation by limiting Noggin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Yang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chuanshen Wu
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ioana Stefanescu
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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30
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Schenkelaars Q, Quintero O, Hall C, Fierro-Constain L, Renard E, Borchiellini C, Hill AL. ROCK inhibition abolishes the establishment of the aquiferous system in Ephydatia muelleri (Porifera, Demospongiae). Dev Biol 2016; 412:298-310. [PMID: 26944094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Rho associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) plays crucial roles in development across bilaterian animals. The fact that the Rho/Rock pathway is required to initiate epithelial morphogenesis and thus to establish body plans in bilaterians makes this conserved signaling pathway key for studying the molecular mechanisms that may control early development of basally branching metazoans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not the main components of this signaling pathway exist in sponges, and if present, to investigate the possible role of the regulatory network in an early branching non-bilaterian species by evaluating ROCK function during Ephydatia muelleri development. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and protein domain predictions revealed the existence of Rho/Rock components in all studied poriferan lineages. Binding assays revealed that both Y-27632 and GSK429286A are capable of inhibiting Em-ROCK activity in vitro. Treatment with both drugs leads to impairment of growth and formation of the basal pinacoderm layer in the developing sponge. Furthermore, inhibition of Em-Rock prevents the establishment of a functional aquiferous system, including the absence of an osculum. In contrast, no effect of ROCK inhibition was observed in juvenile sponges that already possess a fully developed and functional aquiferous system. Thus, the Rho/Rock pathway appears to be essential for the proper development of the freshwater sponge, and may play a role in various cell behaviors (e.g. cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell motility). Taken together, these data are consistent with an ancestral function of Rho/Rock signaling in playing roles in early developmental processes and may provide a new framework to study the interaction between Wnt signaling and the Rho/Rock pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Schenkelaars
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - UMR CNRS 7263- IRD 237 - UAPV, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Omar Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Chelsea Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Laura Fierro-Constain
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - UMR CNRS 7263- IRD 237 - UAPV, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - UMR CNRS 7263- IRD 237 - UAPV, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - UMR CNRS 7263- IRD 237 - UAPV, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - April L Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA.
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31
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Sahare M, Kim SM, Otomo A, Komatsu K, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Factors supporting long-term culture of bovine male germ cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:2039-2050. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are unipotent in nature, but mouse SSCs acquire pluripotency under the appropriate culture conditions. Although culture systems are available for rodent and human germ-cell lines, no proven culture system is yet available for livestock species. Here, we examined growth factors, matrix substrates and serum-free supplements to develop a defined system for culturing primitive germ cells (gonocytes) from neonatal bovine testis. Poly-L-lysine was a suitable substrate for selective inhibition of the growth of somatic cells and made it possible to maintain a higher gonocyte : somatic cell ratio than those maintained with gelatin, collagen or Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) substrates. Among the serum-free supplements tested in our culture medium, knockout serum replacement (KSR) supported the proliferation and survival of gonocytes better than the supplements B-27 and StemPro-SFM after sequential passages of colonies. Under our optimised culture conditions consisting of 15% KSR supplement on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes, the stem-cell and germ-cell potentials of the cultured gonocytes were maintained with normal karyotype for more than 2 months (over 13 passages). The proposed culture system, which can maintain a population of proliferating bovine germ stem cells, could be useful for studying SSC biology and germline modifications in livestock animals.
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Kim K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by inhibition of the ROCK/Myosin II pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:674-85. [PMID: 25346532 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest is a population of multipotent progenitor cells that form at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm in vertebrate embryos, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration. According to the traditional view, the neural crest is specified in early embryos by signaling molecules including BMP, FGF, and Wnt proteins. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway leading to neural crest specification, which involves Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and its downstream target nonmuscle Myosin II. We show that ROCK inhibitors promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neural crest-like progenitors (NCPs) that are characterized by specific molecular markers and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, inhibition of Myosin II was sufficient for generating NCPs at high efficiency. Whereas Myosin II has been previously implicated in the self-renewal and survival of hESCs, we demonstrate its role in neural crest development during ESC differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway in Xenopus embryos expanded neural crest in vivo, further indicating that neural crest specification is controlled by ROCK-dependent Myosin II activity. We propose that changes in cell morphology in response to ROCK and Myosin II inhibition initiate mechanical signaling leading to neural crest fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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33
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Newell-Litwa KA, Horwitz R, Lamers ML. Non-muscle myosin II in disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1495-515. [PMID: 26542704 PMCID: PMC4728321 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin motor protein non-muscle myosin II (NMII) acts as a master regulator of cell morphology, with a role in several essential cellular processes, including cell migration and post-synaptic dendritic spine plasticity in neurons. NMII also generates forces that alter biochemical signaling, by driving changes in interactions between actin-associated proteins that can ultimately regulate gene transcription. In addition to its roles in normal cellular physiology, NMII has recently emerged as a critical regulator of diverse, genetically complex diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancers and vascular disease. In the context of these disorders, NMII regulatory pathways can be directly mutated or indirectly altered by disease-causing mutations. NMII regulatory pathway genes are also increasingly found in disease-associated copy-number variants, particularly in neuronal disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Furthermore, manipulation of NMII-mediated contractility regulates stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, thus highlighting the key role of NMII-based pharmaceuticals in the clinical success of stem cell therapies. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of NMII activity and its regulation by kinases and microRNAs in the pathogenesis and prognosis of a diverse range of diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancer and vascular disease. We also address promising clinical applications and limitations of NMII-based inhibitors in the treatment of these diseases and the development of stem-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Newell-Litwa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-010, Brazil
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ROCK inhibitor Y27632 promotes proliferation and diminishes apoptosis of marmoset induced pluripotent stem cells by suppressing expression and activity of caspase 3. Theriogenology 2015; 85:302-14. [PMID: 26476594 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y27632 markedly diminishes human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) dissociation-induced apoptosis and increases cloning efficiency in a feeder-free culture system. However, the mechanisms by which Y27632 protects pluripotent stem cells from apoptosis remain unknown. In the present study, we tested the effects of Y27632 on single dissociated marmoset iPSCs in a feeder-free culture. The results showed that Y27632 promoted the number of cells proliferating after passage by single-cell dissociation in a dose-dependent manner. The Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y27632 markedly increased the cloning efficiency of marmoset iPSCs without affecting their karyotype and the expression of pluripotency markers. Meanwhile, Y27632 markedly diminished apoptosis of the marmoset iPSCs under even more severe conditions by suppressing the expression and activity of caspase 3. Taken together, the present results suggest that this reagent is effective in improving the cultural system of primate iPSCs.
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35
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Ireland RG, Simmons CA. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Mechanobiology: Manipulating the Biophysical Microenvironment for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Applications. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Ireland
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Craig A. Simmons
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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36
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Zandi M, Muzaffar M, Shah SM, Kumar Singh M, Palta P, Kumar Singla S, Manik R, Chauhan MS. Optimization of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryonic Stem Cell Culture System. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199905 PMCID: PMC4503840 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to retain an undifferentiated pluripotent state, embryonic stem (ES) cells have to be cultured on feeder cell layers. However, use of feeder layers limits stem cell research, since experimental data may result from a combined ES cell and feeder cell response to various stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, a buffalo ES cell line was established from in vitro derived blastocysts and characterized by the Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and immunoflourescence staining of various pluripotency markers. We examined the effect of various factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Y-27632 to support the growth and maintenance of bubaline ES cells on gelatin coated dishes, in order to establish feeder free culture systems. We also analyzed the effect of feeder-conditioned media on stem cell growth in gelatin based cultures both in the presence as well as in the absence of the growth factors. RESULTS The results showed that Y-27632, in the presence of FGF-2 and LIF, resulted in higher colony growth and increased expression of Nanog gene. Feeder-Conditioned Medium resulted in a significant increase in growth of buffalo ES cells on gelatin coated plates, however, feeder layer based cultures produced better results than gelatin based cultures. Feeder layers from buffalo fetal fibroblast cells can support buffalo ES cells for more than two years. CONCLUSION We developed a feeder free culture system that can maintain buffalo ES cells in the short term, as well as feeder layer based culture that can support the long term maintenance of buffalo ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zandi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science and Fisheries, Agricultural Institute, Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Musharifa Muzaffar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Syed Mohmad Shah
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Radheysham Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
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Toh YC, Xing J, Yu H. Modulation of integrin and E-cadherin-mediated adhesions to spatially control heterogeneity in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2015; 50:87-97. [PMID: 25736499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) fates is partially caused by mechanical asymmetry arising from spatial polarization of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Independent studies have shown that integrin and E-cadherin adhesions promote opposing differentiation and pluripotent fates respectively although their crosstalk mechanism in modulating cell fate heterogeneity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that spatial polarization of integrin and E-cadherin adhesions in a human PSC colony compete to recruit Rho-ROCK activated myosin II to different localities to pattern pluripotent-differentiation decisions, resulting in spatially heterogeneous colonies. Cell micropatterning was used to modulate the spatial polarization of cell adhesions, which enabled us to prospectively determine localization patterns of activated myosin II and mesoendoderm differentiation. Direct inhibition of Rho-ROCK-myosin II activation phenocopied E-cadherin rather than integrin inhibition to form uniformly differentiated colonies. This indicated that E-cadherin was the primary gatekeeper to differentiation progression. This insight allows for biomaterials to be tailored for human PSC maintenance or differentiation with minimal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #10-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #10-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9 #04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing; #B-10, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Microarray Approach to Identify the Signaling Network Responsible for Self-Renewal of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1307:71-88. [PMID: 25990842 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we introduce the representative method to culture HESCs under the feeder and feeder-free conditions, the former of which is used to maintain or expand undifferentiated HESCs, and the latter can be used for the preparation of pure HESCs RNA samples, or for screening factors influential on self-renewal of HESCs. We also describe a protocol and tips for conducting gene chip analysis focusing on widely used Affymetrix Microarrays. These techniques will provide us unprecedented scale of biological information that would illuminate a key to decipher complex signaling networks controlling pluripotency.
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Wang J, Wei R, Bou G, Liu Z. Tbx3 and Nr5α2 improve the viability of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells after dissociation into single cells by inhibiting RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:743-9. [PMID: 25514039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) had been reported during the past 5years, but there were few reports on how the cell signaling works in piPSCs. In order to clarify the signaling work that dominated the characteristic difference of two types of piPSCs which were derived from Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (termed 4F piPSCs) and Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Tbx3 and Nr5α2 (termed 6F piPSCs) respectively, we performed this study. 4F piPSCs and 6F piPSCs were cultured in medium with or without the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 after dissociating into single cells, the efficiency of a single cell colony and the number of AP positive colonies were assessed. The total RhoA and GTP-bind RhoA were detected in 4F piPSCs and 6F piPSCs before and after digestion into single cells. To explore the relationship between RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway and the two factors Tbx3 and Nr5α2, the 4F piPSCs were infected with lenti-virus Tbx3 and Nr5α2 (termed 4F+TND). Results showed that the viability of cells could be enhanced by Y27632 and the RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway was activated after dissociation into single cells in 4F piPSCs but not in 6F piPSCs. And, the 4F+TND piPSCs could be passaged and keep in high viability after dissociation into single cells, though the morphology of colonies did not change. These results indicated that the Tbx3 and Nr5α2 can improve the viability of piPSCs after dissociation into single cells by inhibiting the RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway. And this provides useful information for establishing porcine pluripotent cells in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chong Qing Medical University, Chong Qing 400016, China.
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
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Chang MY, Rhee YH, Yi SH, Lee SJ, Kim RK, Kim H, Park CH, Lee SH. Doxycycline enhances survival and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:353-64. [PMID: 25254347 PMCID: PMC4175555 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report that doxycycline, an antibacterial agent, exerts dramatic effects on human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/iPSCs) survival and self-renewal. The survival-promoting effect was also manifest in cultures of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from hESC/iPSCs. These doxycycline effects are not associated with its antibacterial action, but mediated by direct activation of a PI3K-AKT intracellular signal. These findings indicate doxycycline as a useful supplement for stem cell cultures, facilitating their growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Hyongbum Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
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41
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Munusamy M, Alarfajj AA, Umezawa A, Wu GJ. Design of polymeric materials for culturing human pluripotent stem cells: Progress toward feeder-free and xeno-free culturing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Moon SH, Kim JM, Hong KS, Shin JM, Kim J, Chung HM. Differentiation of hESCs into Mesodermal Subtypes: Vascular-, Hematopoietic- and Mesenchymal-lineage Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 4:24-34. [PMID: 24298331 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, studies on the application of mesodermally derived mesenchymal-, hematopoietic- and vascular-lineage cells for cell therapy have provided either poor or insufficient data. The results are equivocal with regard to therapeutic efficiency and yield. Since the establishment of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998, the capacity of hESCs to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages has sparked considerable interest in the regenerative medicine community, a group interested in generating specialized cells to treat patients suffering from degenerative diseases. Even though hESCs are sensitive, effective methods for guiding the differentiation of hESCs into specific mesodermal cell types are still being developed. In addition, to understand the functional properties of hESC derivatives, numerous animal model studies have been performed by many research groups over the last decade. In this review, we describe and summarize the protocols currently used for differentiation of hESCs into multiple mesodermal lineages and their therapeutic efficiency in different animal models. Furthermore, we discuss the technical hurdles associated with each protocol and the safety of hESC derivatives for therapeutic applications. Technical improvement of the methods used to produce hESC derivatives for therapeutic use in patients with degenerative diseases should remain an objective of future studies, as should the development of effective and stable induction systems.
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Delalat B, Goreham RV, Vasilev K, Harding FJ, Voelcker NH. Subtle Changes in Surface Chemistry Affect Embryoid Body Cell Differentiation: Lessons Learnt from Surface-Bound Amine Density Gradients. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1715-25. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Delalat
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Renee V. Goreham
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Frances J. Harding
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
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44
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Celiz AD, Smith JGW, Langer R, Anderson DG, Winkler DA, Barrett DA, Davies MC, Young LE, Denning C, Alexander MR. Materials for stem cell factories of the future. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:570-9. [PMID: 24845996 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric substrates are being identified that could permit translation of human pluripotent stem cells from laboratory-based research to industrial-scale biomedicine. Well-defined materials are required to allow cell banking and to provide the raw material for reproducible differentiation into lineages for large-scale drug-screening programs and clinical use. Yet more than 1 billion cells for each patient are needed to replace losses during heart attack, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Producing this number of cells is challenging, and a rethink of the current predominant cell-derived substrates is needed to provide technology that can be scaled to meet the needs of millions of patients a year. In this Review, we consider the role of materials discovery, an emerging area of materials chemistry that is in large part driven by the challenges posed by biologists to materials scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Celiz
- 1] Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - James G W Smith
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David A Winkler
- 1] CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia [2] Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - David A Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Martyn C Davies
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lorraine E Young
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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45
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Chen X, Prowse ABJ, Jia Z, Tellier H, Munro TP, Gray PP, Monteiro MJ. Thermoresponsive Worms for Expansion and Release of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:844-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401702h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew B. J. Prowse
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Helena Tellier
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Trent P. Munro
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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46
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Mellott AJ, Godsey ME, Shinogle HE, Moore DS, Forrest ML, Detamore MS. Improving viability and transfection efficiency with human umbilical cord wharton's jelly cells through use of a ROCK inhibitor. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:91-7. [PMID: 24552552 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating stem cells using gene delivery is a key strategy in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Nonviral gene delivery bypasses several safety concerns associated with viral gene delivery; however, leading nonviral techniques, such as electroporation, subject cells to high stress and can result in poor cell viabilities. Inhibition of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) has been shown to mitigate apoptotic mechanisms associated with detachment and freezing of induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells; however, inhibiting ROCK in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for improving gene delivery applications has not been reported previously. In this study, we hypothesized that ROCK Inhibitor (RI) would improve cell viability and gene expression in primary human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (hUCMSCs) when transfected via Nucleofection™. As hypothesized, the pre-treatment and post-treatment of hUCMSCs transfected via nucleofection with Y-27632-RI significantly improved survival rates of hUCMSCs and gene expression as measured by green fluorescent protein intensity. This study provides the first comparative look at the effect of Y-27632-RI on hUCMSCs that underwent transfection via nucleofection and shows that using Y-27632-RI in concert with nucleofection could greatly enhance the utility of differentiating and reprogramming hUCMSCs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mellott
- 1 Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, 66045
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47
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Izumikawa T, Sato B, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate is indispensable for pluripotency and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3701. [PMID: 24424429 PMCID: PMC3892716 DOI: 10.1038/srep03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans are present on the surfaces of virtually all cells and in the extracellular matrix and are required for cytokinesis at early developmental stages. Studies have shown that heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for maintaining mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are primed for differentiation, whereas the function of CS has not yet been elucidated. To clarify the role of CS, we generated glucuronyltransferase-I-knockout ESCs lacking CS. We found that CS was required to maintain the pluripotency of ESCs and promoted initial ESC commitment to differentiation compared with HS. In addition, CS-A and CS-E polysaccharides, but not CS-C polysaccharides, bound to E-cadherin and enhanced ESC differentiation. Multiple-lineage differentiation was inhibited in chondroitinase ABC-digested wild-type ESCs. Collectively, these results suggest that CS is a novel determinant in controlling the functional integrity of ESCs via binding to E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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48
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Bae D, Moon SH, Park BG, Park SJ, Jung T, Kim JS, Lee KB, Chung HM. Nanotopographical control for maintaining undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell colonies in feeder free conditions. Biomaterials 2014; 35:916-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yen J, Yin L, Cheng J. Enhanced Non-Viral Gene Delivery to Human Embryonic Stem Cells via Small Molecule-Mediated Transient Alteration of Cell Structure. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8098-8105. [PMID: 26005572 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)is an important tool for controlling cell fate. However, the delivery efficiency remains low due in part to the tight colony structure of the cells which prevents effective exposure towards delivery vectors. We herein report a novel approach to enhance non-viral gene delivery to hESCs by transiently altering the cell and colony structure. (R)-(+)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Y-27632), a small molecule that inhibits the rho-associated protein kinase pathway, is utilized to induce transient colony spreading which leads to increased transfection efficiency by 1.5 to 2 folds in a spectrum of non-viral transfection reagents including Lipofectamine 2000 and Fugene HD. After removal of Y-27632 post-transfection, cells can revert back to its normal state and do not show alteration of pluripotency. This approach provides a simple, effective tool to enhance non-viral gene delivery into adherent hESCs for genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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50
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Figueiredo-Larsen M, Gobaa S, Ranga A, Semb H, Lutolf M, Grapin-Botton A. Artificial three-dimensional niches deconstruct pancreas development in vitro. Development 2013; 140:4452-62. [PMID: 24130330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the context of a cellular therapy for diabetes, methods for pancreatic progenitor expansion and subsequent differentiation into insulin-producing beta cells would be extremely valuable. Here we establish three-dimensional culture conditions in Matrigel that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the medium composition we generate either hollow spheres, which are mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors, or complex organoids that spontaneously undergo pancreatic morphogenesis and differentiation. The in vitro maintenance and expansion of pancreatic progenitors require active Notch and FGF signaling, thus recapitulating in vivo niche signaling interactions. Our experiments reveal new aspects of pancreas development, such as a community effect by which small groups of cells better maintain progenitor properties and expand more efficiently than isolated cells, as well as the requirement for three-dimensionality. Finally, growth conditions in chemically defined biomaterials pave the way for testing the biophysical and biochemical properties of the niche that sustains pancreatic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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