1
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Joyner KJ, Patrick CJ, Morris DH, McCarthy DM, Bartholow BD. Variants of the P3 event-related potential operate as indicators of distinct mechanisms contributing to problematic alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01874-7. [PMID: 38734817 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Considerable research has linked relative reduction in the amplitude of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) during cognitive task performance (i.e., Target-P3) with increased risk of alcohol-related problems. A separate literature indicates that a relative increase in the amplitude of the P3 elicited by cues signaling alcohol availability (i.e., ACR-P3) also is associated with alcohol use and problems. To date, no research has integrated these seemingly discrepant findings. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that P3 amplitudes elicited in different task contexts reflect distinct domains of functioning relevant to problematic alcohol involvement (PAI), and therefore can inform heterogeneity in the etiology of PAI. 156 emerging adults (61% women; 88% White/Non-Hispanic) completed a mental rotation task and a picture-viewing task while ERPs were recorded. Participants also completed questionnaire measures of trait disinhibition, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. Findings from regression analyses indicated that (a) Target-P3 was negatively associated and ACR-P3 was positively associated with a PAI latent variable; (b) the two P3s accounted for unique variance in PAI, beyond that accounted for by recent drinking; and (c) the association between Target-P3 and PAI-but not ACR-P3 and PAI-was statistically mediated by trait disinhibition. The present findings highlight the unique contributions of distinct functional domains associated with disinhibition and incentive salience in the etiology of PAI. Moreover, findings are consistent with a nuanced understanding of the P3 ERP, whereby its specific meaning varies according to the task context in which it is elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keanan J Joyner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David H Morris
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denis M McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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2
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Riley E, Turker H, Wang D, Swallow KM, Anderson AK, De Rosa E. Nonlinear changes in pupillary attentional orienting responses across the lifespan. GeroScience 2024; 46:1017-1033. [PMID: 37318717 PMCID: PMC10828243 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive aging process is not necessarily linear. Central task-evoked pupillary responses, representing a brainstem-pupil relationship, may vary across the lifespan. Thus we examined, in 75 adults ranging in age from 19 to 86, whether task-evoked pupillary responses to an attention task may serve in as an index of cognitive aging. This is because the locus coeruleus (LC), located in the brainstem, is not only among the earliest sites of degeneration in pathological aging, but also supports both attentional and pupillary behaviors. We assessed brief, task-evoked phasic attentional orienting to behaviorally relevant and irrelevant auditory tones, stimuli known specifically to recruit the LC in the brainstem and evoke pupillary responses. Due to potential nonlinear changes across the lifespan, we used a novel data-driven analysis on 6 dynamic pupillary behaviors on 10% of the data to reveal cut off points that best characterized the three age bands: young (19-41 years old), middle aged (42-68 years old), and older adults (69 + years old). Follow-up analyses on independent data, the remaining 90%, revealed age-related changes such as monotonic decreases in tonic pupillary diameter and dynamic range, along with curvilinear phasic pupillary responses to the behaviorally relevant target events, increasing in the middle-aged group and then decreasing in the older group. Additionally, the older group showed decreased differentiation of pupillary responses between target and distractor events. This pattern is consistent with potential compensatory LC activity in midlife that is diminished in old age, resulting in decreased adaptive gain. Beyond regulating responses to light, pupillary dynamics reveal a nonlinear capacity for neurally mediated gain across the lifespan, thus providing evidence in support of the LC adaptive gain hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Riley
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Hamid Turker
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Khena M Swallow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eve De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Mathar D, Wiebe A, Tuzsus D, Knauth K, Peters J. Erotic cue exposure increases physiological arousal, biases choices toward immediate rewards, and attenuates model-based reinforcement learning. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14381. [PMID: 37435973 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Computational psychiatry focuses on identifying core cognitive processes that appear altered across distinct psychiatric disorders. Temporal discounting of future rewards and model-based control during reinforcement learning have proven as two promising candidates. Despite its trait-like stability, temporal discounting may be at least partly under contextual control. Highly arousing cues were shown to increase discounting, although evidence to date remains somewhat mixed. Whether model-based reinforcement learning is similarly affected by arousing cues remains unclear. Here, we tested cue-reactivity effects (erotic pictures) on subsequent temporal discounting and model-based reinforcement learning in a within-subjects design in n = 39 healthy heterosexual male participants. Self-reported and physiological arousal (cardiac activity and pupil dilation) were assessed before and during cue exposure. Arousal was increased during exposure of erotic versus neutral cues both on the subjective and autonomic level. Erotic cue exposure increased discounting as reflected by more impatient choices. Hierarchical drift diffusion modeling (DDM) linked increased discounting to a shift in the starting point bias of evidence accumulation toward immediate options. Model-based control during reinforcement learning was reduced following erotic cues according to model-agnostic analysis. Notably, DDM linked this effect to attenuated forgetting rates of unchosen options, leaving the model-based control parameter unchanged. Our findings replicate previous work on cue-reactivity effects in temporal discounting and for the first time show similar effects in model-based reinforcement learning in a heterosexual male sample. This highlights how environmental cues can impact core human decision processes and reveal that comprehensive modeling approaches can yield novel insights in reward-based decision processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mathar
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Wiebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deniz Tuzsus
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Knauth
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Yepez JE, Juárez J. Atomoxetine promotes incentive value of modafinil and sensitizes exploratory behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 230:173618. [PMID: 37595803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Substance dependence is a disorder that alters the functioning of the nervous system due to frequent abuse of drugs. The role of dopamine in the addictive effect of psychostimulants is well known; however, the involvement of the noradrenergic system is still unclear and poorly understood, though drugs like cocaine and amphetamines are known to exert significant activity on this system. The drug modafinil (MOD) has no proven addictive effect. It promotes wakefulness by acting mainly on the dopaminergic system and, to a lesser degree, the noradrenergic (NOR) system. Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non-stimulant drug that acts only on the NOR system, enhancing its activity. The aims of the present study were to analyze the effect of co-activating the DA and NOR systems (with MOD and ATX, respectively) on motor activity and exploratory behavior, and to examine the possible emergence of rewarding properties of MOD and an MOD+ATX mixture. Male Wistar rats at postnatal day 60 were treated chronically (16 days) with either monotherapy with 2ATX, 4ATX, or 60MOD mg/kg, two combinations of these substances -60MOD + 2ATX and 60MOD + 4ATX- or a vehicle. The rats co-administered with 60MOD + 4ATX reduced the rearing behavior frequency induced by MOD, but this behavior was sensitized by self-administration of the MOD+ATX mixture after chronic treatment. The rats pre-treated with 60MOD + 4ATX showed higher self-administration of MOD and greater activity on an operant task to obtain the MOD+ATX mixture. In addition, the 60MOD, 2ATX, and 60MOD + 2ATX groups showed sensitization of exploratory behavior after ingesting the mixture. Results suggest that the noradrenergic system enhances the incentive value of MOD and a MOD+ATX mixture, while also playing an important role in the sensitization of exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E Yepez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Juárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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5
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Ielpo D, Guzzo SM, Porcheddu GF, Viscomi MT, Catale C, Reverte I, Cabib S, Cifani C, Antonucci G, Ventura R, Lo Iacono L, Marchetti C, Andolina D. GABAergic miR-34a regulates Dorsal Raphè inhibitory transmission in response to aversive, but not rewarding, stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301730120. [PMID: 37523544 PMCID: PMC10410731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301730120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain employs distinct circuitries to encode positive and negative valence stimuli, and dysfunctions of these neuronal circuits have a key role in the etiopathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders. The Dorsal Raphè Nucleus (DRN) is involved in various behaviors and drives the emotional response to rewarding and aversive experiences. Whether specific subpopulations of neurons within the DRN encode these behaviors with different valence is still unknown. Notably, microRNA expression in the mammalian brain is characterized by tissue and neuronal specificity, suggesting that it might play a role in cell and circuit functionality. However, this specificity has not been fully exploited. Here, we demonstrate that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons of the ventrolateral DRN. Moreover, we report that acute exposure to both aversive (restraint stress) and rewarding (chocolate) stimuli reduces GABA release in the DRN, an effect prevented by the inactivation of DRN miR-34a or its genetic deletion in GABAergic neurons in aversive but not rewarding conditions. Finally, miR-34a inhibition selectively reduced passive coping with severe stressors. These data support a role of miR-34a in regulating GABAergic neurotransmitter activity and behavior in a context-dependent manner and suggest that microRNAs could represent a functional signature of specific neuronal subpopulations with valence-specific activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Ielpo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome00184, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
| | - Serafina M. Guzzo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino62032, Italy
| | - Giovanni F. Porcheddu
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome00161, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome00168, Italy
| | - Clarissa Catale
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome00185, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome00184, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino62032, Italy
| | - Gabriella Antonucci
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome00184, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome00184, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
- San Raffaele Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome00166, Italy
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchetti
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome00161, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome00185, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome00184, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma00143, Italy
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6
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Kotler S, Mannino M, Kelso S, Huskey R. First few seconds for flow: A comprehensive proposal of the neurobiology and neurodynamics of state onset. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104956. [PMID: 36368525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flow is a cognitive state that manifests when there is complete attentional absorption while performing a task. Flow occurs when certain internal as well as external conditions are present, including intense concentration, a sense of control, feedback, and a balance between the challenge of the task and the relevant skillset. Phenomenologically, flow is accompanied by a loss of self-consciousness, seamless integration of action and awareness, and acute changes in time perception. Research has begun to uncover some of the neurophysiological correlates of flow, as well as some of the state's neuromodulatory processes. We comprehensively review this work and consider the neurodynamics of the onset of the state, considering large-scale brain networks, as well as dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and endocannabinoid systems. To accomplish this, we outline an evidence-based hypothetical situation, and consider the flow state in a broader context including other profound alterations in consciousness, such as the psychedelic state and the state of traumatic stress that can induce PTSD. We present a broad theoretical framework which may motivate future testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Kelso
- Human Brain & Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, United States; Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, Derry∼Londonderry, North Ireland
| | - Richard Huskey
- Cognitive Communication Science Lab, Department of Communication, University of California Davis, United States; Cognitive Science Program, University of California Davis, United States; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, United States.
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7
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Chowdhury A, Luchetti A, Fernandes G, Filho DA, Kastellakis G, Tzilivaki A, Ramirez EM, Tran MY, Poirazi P, Silva AJ. A locus coeruleus-dorsal CA1 dopaminergic circuit modulates memory linking. Neuron 2022; 110:3374-3388.e8. [PMID: 36041433 PMCID: PMC10508214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual memories are often linked so that the recall of one triggers the recall of another. For example, contextual memories acquired close in time can be linked, and this is known to depend on a temporary increase in excitability that drives the overlap between dorsal CA1 (dCA1) hippocampal ensembles that encode the linked memories. Here, we show that locus coeruleus (LC) cells projecting to dCA1 have a key permissive role in contextual memory linking, without affecting contextual memory formation, and that this effect is mediated by dopamine. Additionally, we found that LC-to-dCA1-projecting neurons modulate the excitability of dCA1 neurons and the extent of overlap between dCA1 memory ensembles as well as the stability of coactivity patterns within these ensembles. This discovery of a neuromodulatory system that specifically affects memory linking without affecting memory formation reveals a fundamental separation between the brain mechanisms modulating these two distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Chowdhury
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alessandro Luchetti
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Giselle Fernandes
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Daniel Almeida Filho
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - George Kastellakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), Vassilica Vouton, PO Box 1527, GR 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tzilivaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), Vassilica Vouton, PO Box 1527, GR 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erica M Ramirez
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mary Y Tran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), Vassilica Vouton, PO Box 1527, GR 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Lead contact
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8
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Knauth K, Peters J. Trial-wise exposure to visual emotional cues increases physiological arousal but not temporal discounting. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13996. [PMID: 35037293 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans and many animals devalue future rewards as a function of time (temporal discounting). Increased discounting has been linked to various psychiatric conditions, including substance-use-disorders, behavioral addictions, and obesity. Despite its high intra-individual stability, temporal discounting is partly under contextual control. One prominent manipulation that has been linked to increases in discounting is the exposure to highly arousing appetitive cues. However, results from trial-wise cue exposure studies appear highly mixed, and changes in physiological arousal were not adequately controlled. Here we tested the effects of appetitive (erotic), aversive, and neutral visual cues on temporal discounting in 35 healthy male participants. The contribution of single-trial physiological arousal was assessed using comprehensive monitoring of autonomic activity (pupil size, heart rate, electrodermal activity). Physiological arousal was elevated following aversive and in particular erotic cues. In contrast to our pre-registered hypothesis, steepness of temporal discounting was not significantly affected by emotional cues of either valence. Aversive cues tended to increase decision noise. Computational modeling revealed that trial-wise arousal only accounted for minor variance over and above aversive and erotic condition effects, arguing against a general effect of physiological arousal on temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Knauth
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Takarada Y, Nozaki D. The unconscious mental inhibiting process of human maximal voluntary contraction. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1458-1466. [PMID: 34398275 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is believed to be limited by neural inhibition. Motivational goal priming alters background states of the motor system, leading to enhanced MVC. However, the mechanisms that determine the constant inhibition of force exertion in the motor system remain unclear. The primary behavioural goal of MVC is maximal voluntary force exertion. The final expected or desired state of this behavioural goal is explicitly demonstrated with words related to physical exertion, such as 'maximal', irrespective of the possibility of demand-like properties in participants' minds, such as attainability and/or desirability of the goal. For the primed maximal goal state, most trial results fail to meet expectations, demonstrating negative affect that, without awareness, contributes to the mentioned inhibitory mechanism underlying MVC. We therefore speculated that the behavioural goal of MVC contributes to neural inhibitory mechanisms underlying MVC. In our study, we used a previously developed paradigm (Takarada and Nozaki in Scientific Reports 8: 10135, 2018) in which subliminal visual priming stimuli such as the physical exertion-related words "perform" and "exert" were presented to 12 healthy participants and were followed by supraliminal words that were the word "maximal" or neutral.We found that when combined with the term 'maximal' in the consciously visible form, the effect of this subliminal motor-goal priming in inducing pupil dilation and stronger action preparation/execution was abolished without conscious awareness. This is the first objective evidence of motor inhibitory effect-predicting patterns of pupil-linked noradrenergic activity as a signature of a type of mental inhibition underlying the MVC behavioural goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Takarada
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Daichi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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10
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Klune CB, Jin B, DeNardo LA. Linking mPFC circuit maturation to the developmental regulation of emotional memory and cognitive flexibility. eLife 2021; 10:e64567. [PMID: 33949949 PMCID: PMC8099425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and its abundant connections with other brain regions play key roles in memory, cognition, decision making, social behaviors, and mood. Dysfunction in mPFC is implicated in psychiatric disorders in which these behaviors go awry. The prolonged maturation of mPFC likely enables complex behaviors to emerge, but also increases their vulnerability to disruption. Many foundational studies have characterized either mPFC synaptic or behavioral development without establishing connections between them. Here, we review this rich body of literature, aligning major events in mPFC development with the maturation of complex behaviors. We focus on emotional memory and cognitive flexibility, and highlight new work linking mPFC circuit disruption to alterations of these behaviors in disease models. We advance new hypotheses about the causal connections between mPFC synaptic development and behavioral maturation and propose research strategies to establish an integrated understanding of neural architecture and behavioral repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra B Klune
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Benita Jin
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Laura A DeNardo
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
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11
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Cercignani M, Dipasquale O, Bogdan I, Carandini T, Scott J, Rashid W, Sabri O, Hesse S, Rullmann M, Lopiano L, Veronese M, Martins D, Bozzali M. Cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with alterations in the functional connectivity of monoamine circuits. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab023. [PMID: 33842886 PMCID: PMC8023545 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom in multiple sclerosis, but
currently the available treatment options have limited efficacy. The development
of innovative and efficacious targeted treatments for fatigue in multiple
sclerosis has been marred by the limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms.
One of the hypotheses postulates that multiple sclerosis pathology might cause
reduced monoaminergic release in the central nervous system with consequences on
motivation, mood and attention. Here, we applied the recently developed
Receptor-Enriched Analysis of Functional Connectivity by Targets method to
investigate whether patients with high and low fatigue differ in the functional
connectivity (FC) of the monoamine circuits in the brain. We recruited 55
patients with multiple sclerosis, which were then classified as highly fatigued
or mildly fatigued based on their scores on the cognitive sub-scale of the
Modified Fatigue Impact scale. We acquired resting-state functional MRI scans
and derived individual maps of connectivity associated with the distribution of
the dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin transporters as measured by positron
emission tomography. We found that patients with high fatigue present decreased
noradrenaline transporter (NAT)-enriched connectivity in several frontal and
prefrontal areas when compared to those with lower fatigue. The NAT-enriched FC
predicted negatively individual cognitive fatigue scores. Our findings support
the idea that alterations in the catecholaminergic functional circuits underlie
fatigue in multiple sclerosis and identify the NAT as a putative therapeutic
target directed to pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cercignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK.,Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Iulia Bogdan
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Tiziana Carandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Center, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - James Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Waqar Rashid
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04102 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04102 Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04102 Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonardo Lopiano
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Daniel Martins
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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12
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Borderies N, Bornert P, Gilardeau S, Bouret S. Pharmacological evidence for the implication of noradrenaline in effort. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000793. [PMID: 33044952 PMCID: PMC7580990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The trade-off between effort and reward is one of the main determinants of behavior, and its alteration is at the heart of major disorders such as depression or Parkinson's disease. Monoaminergic neuromodulators are thought to play a key role in this trade-off, but their relative contribution remains unclear. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed a choice task requiring a trade-off between the volume of fluid reward and the amount of force to be exerted on a grip. In line with a causal role of noradrenaline in effort, decreasing noradrenaline levels with systemic clonidine injections (0.01 mg/kg) decreased exerted force and enhanced the weight of upcoming force on choices, without any effect on reward sensitivity. Using computational modeling, we showed that a single variable ("effort") could capture the amount of resources necessary for action and control both choices (as a variable for decision) and force production (as a driving force). Critically, the multiple effects of noradrenaline manipulation on behavior could be captured by a specific modulation of this single variable. Thus, our data strongly support noradrenaline's implication in effort processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Borderies
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Bornert
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gilardeau
- Phenoparc PRIM’R, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Bouret
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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13
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Jahn CI, Varazzani C, Sallet J, Walton ME, Bouret S. Noradrenergic But Not Dopaminergic Neurons Signal Task State Changes and Predict Reengagement After a Failure. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4979-4994. [PMID: 32390051 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two catecholamines, noradrenaline and dopamine, have been shown to play comparable roles in behavior. Both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons respond to cues predicting reward availability and novelty. However, even though both are thought to be involved in motivating actions, their roles in motivation have seldom been directly compared. We therefore examined the activity of putative noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and putative midbrain dopaminergic neurons in monkeys cued to perform effortful actions for rewards. The activity in both regions correlated with engagement with a presented option. By contrast, only noradrenaline neurons were also (i) predictive of engagement in a subsequent trial following a failure to engage and (ii) more strongly activated in nonrepeated trials, when cues indicated a new task condition. This suggests that while both catecholaminergic neurons are involved in promoting action, noradrenergic neurons are sensitive to task state changes, and their influence on behavior extends beyond the immediately rewarded action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Jahn
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité universités, Université Paris Descartes, Frontières du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK
| | - Chiara Varazzani
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité universités, Université Paris Descartes, Frontières du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK.,Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Mark E Walton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK
| | - Sébastien Bouret
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
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14
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Zhang T, Zhang W, Sun Y, Huo Q. [Fluoxetine enhances combined learning and memory abilities of mice by promoting neural cell functions in the barrel cortex]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:413-417. [PMID: 32376570 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the behavioral characteristics of memory maintenance and regression in a mouse model of combined learning and memory training with fluoxetine treatment and explore the neural basis for learning and memory in the barrel area of the brain. METHODS Twenty-six 16-day-old C57 mice were randomized into two equal groups and were given daily intraperitoneal injection of saline (control) or fluoxetine. The mice were subjected to stimulation of the right whiskers using a multi-sensory stimulation simulator and were given simultaneously olfactory stimulation with butyl acetate. In the initial 10 days of the experiment, the mice were given corresponding drug treatment followed by whisker and olfactory stimulations on a daily basis; from day 11 to day 17, only the drugs were administered without the stimulations; on day 18, both the drugs and stimulations were administered. The daily performance of the mice was recorded and analyzed. In the field potential experiment, the left barrel cortex of the mouse brain was selected to record the frequency of field potential signals in response to whisker stimulation. RESULTS In the behavioral test, the mice treated with fluoxetine showed greater increments of the frequency and angle of whisker deflection than the control mice (P < 0.01). Compared with the peak levels that occurred on the 10th day, the swing angle and frequency of the whisker deflection decreased on the 17th day decreased in both groups, and the reduction was more obvious in the control group (P < 0.05). During the training on the 18th day, the whisker movement of the mice increased rapidly to the peak level and showed significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). In the field potential experiment on the 10th and 17th day, the frequencies of field potential signal in response to whisker stimulation was significantly higher in fluoxetine group than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined training of the mice results in the formation of combined memory. Fluoxetine can enhance combined learning and memory abilities and prolong such memories in mice by promoting the function of the barrel cortex cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Qiang Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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15
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, D'Addario SL, Babicola L, Ielpo D, Luchetti A, Pascucci T, Lo Iacono L, D'Amato FR, Ventura R. Sex-dependent effects of early unstable post-natal environment on response to positive and negative stimuli in adult mice. Neuroscience 2019; 413:1-10. [PMID: 31228589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in early environmental conditions that interfere with the creation of a stable mother-pup bond have been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of stress-related psychopathologies later in life. The long-lasting effects of early experiences are mediated by changes in various cerebral circuits, such as the corticolimbic system, which processes aversive and rewarding stimuli. However, it is evident that the early environment is not sufficient per se to induce psychiatric disorders; interindividual (eg, sex-based) differences in the response to environmental challenges exist. To examine the sex-related effects that are induced by an early experience on later events in adulthood, we determine the enduring effects of repeated cross-fostering (RCF) in female and male C57BL/6J mice. To this end, we assessed the behavioral phenotype of RCF and control (male and female) mice in the saccharine preference test and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference to evaluate the response to natural and pharmacological stimuli and in the elevated plus maze test and forced swimming test to measure their anxiety- and depression-like behavior. We also evaluated FST-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in various brain regions that are engaged in the response to acute stress exposure (FST). Notably, RCF has opposing effects on the adult response to these tests between sexes, directing male mice toward an "anhedonia-like" phenotype and increasing the sensitivity for rewarding stimuli in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Luca D'Addario
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Babicola
- Dept. of Applied and Biotechnological Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Donald Ielpo
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Contributions of medial prefrontal cortex to decision making involving risk of punishment. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:205-216. [PMID: 30009836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in several forms of cost-benefit decision making. Its contributions to decision making under risk of explicit punishment, however, are not well understood. A rat model was used to investigate the role of the medial PFC (mPFC) and its monoaminergic innervation in a Risky Decision-making Task (RDT), in which rats chose between a small, "safe" food reward and a large, "risky" food reward accompanied by varying probabilities of mild footshock punishment. Inactivation of mPFC increased choice of the large, risky reward when the punishment probability increased across the session ("ascending RDT"), but decreased choice of the large, risky reward when the punishment probability decreased across the session ("descending RDT"). In contrast, enhancement of monoamine availability via intra-mPFC amphetamine reduced choice of the large, risky reward only in the descending RDT. Systemic administration of amphetamine reduced choice of the large, risky reward in both the ascending and descending RDT; however, this reduction was not attenuated by concurrent mPFC inactivation, indicating that mPFC is not a critical locus of amphetamine's effects on risk taking. These findings suggest that mPFC plays an important role in adapting choice behavior in response to shifting risk contingencies, but not necessarily in risk-taking behavior per se.
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17
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Clonidine Increases the Likelihood That Abstinence Can Withstand Unstructured Time in Buprenorphine-maintained Outpatients. J Addict Med 2018; 11:454-460. [PMID: 28759482 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a clinical trial examining daily clonidine as an adjunct to buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence, we found that clonidine increased opioid abstinence and decoupled stress from craving. From a personalized-medicine perspective, the next step is to identify people for whom clonidine would be beneficial. To that end, using data from the same clinical trial, we examined the associations of daily-life activities with treatment success. METHODS Outpatients (N = 118) received clonidine (0.3 mg/d) or placebo during 18 weeks of buprenorphine treatment. Participants carried a smartphone that randomly prompted them 4 times per day to report their moods and activities. Using generalized linear mixed models, we assessed the likelihoods of different types of daily activity as a function of clonidine versus placebo, days of longest continuous opioid abstinence, and their interaction. RESULTS Participants in the buprenorphine-only (buprenorphine plus placebo) control group who engaged in more responsibilities (work and child/elder care) had longer streaks of abstinence, whereas those who engaged in more unstructured-time activities had shorter streaks of abstinence. Conversely, for participants in the buprenorphine-plus-clonidine group, longer streaks of abstinence were associated with higher frequencies of activities associated with "unstructured" time. CONCLUSIONS The study replicates findings that engaging in responsibilities is related to positive treatment outcomes in standard opioid agonist therapy. The pattern of results also suggests that clonidine helped participants engage in unstructured-time activities with less risk of craving or use than they might otherwise have had.
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18
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, Ventura R. Long-term effects of early environment on the brain: Lesson from rodent models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 77:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Giustino TF, Maren S. Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:43. [PMID: 29593511 PMCID: PMC5859179 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both direct and indirect manipulations of the LC-NE system affect cued and contextual aversive learning and memory. We propose that NE dynamically modulates Pavlovian conditioning and extinction, either promoting or impairing learning aversive processes under different levels of behavioral arousal. We suggest that under high levels of stress (e.g., during/soon after fear conditioning) the locus coeruleus (LC) promotes cued fear learning by enhancing amygdala function while simultaneously blunting prefrontal function. Under low levels of arousal, the LC promotes PFC function to promote downstream inhibition of the amygdala and foster the extinction of cued fear. Thus, LC-NE action on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) might be described by an inverted-U function such that it can either enhance or hinder learning depending on arousal states. In addition, LC-NE seems to be particularly important for the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of contextual fear memories. This may be due to dense adrenoceptor expression in the hippocampus (HPC) which encodes contextual information, and the ability of NE to regulate long-term potentiation (LTP). Moreover, recent work reveals that the diversity of LC-NE functions in aversive learning and memory are mediated by functionally heterogeneous populations of LC neurons that are defined by their projection targets. Hence, LC-NE function in learning and memory is determined by projection-specific neuromodulation that accompanies various states of behavioral arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Giustino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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20
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The role of dopaminergic midbrain in Alzheimer's disease: Translating basic science into clinical practice. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:414-419. [PMID: 29391234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian brain cortical functions, from executive and motor functioning to memory and emotional regulation, are strictly regulated by subcortical projections. These projections terminate in cortical areas that are continuously influenced by released neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Among the subcortical structures, the dopaminergic midbrain plays a pivotal role in tuning cortical functions that commonly result altered in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Incidentally, extensive neuropathological observations support a strong link between structural alterations of the dopaminergic midbrain and significant behavioural symptomatology observed in patients suffering from Alzheimer 's disease(AD). Here, we will review recent progress on the involvement of the dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of AD as well as the current therapeutic strategies targeting this system.
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21
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Latagliata EC, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R, Cabib S. Norepinephrine in the Medial Pre-frontal Cortex Supports Accumbens Shell Responses to a Novel Palatable Food in Food-Restricted Mice Only. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:7. [PMID: 29434542 PMCID: PMC5790961 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings from this laboratory demonstrate: (1) that different classes of addictive drugs require intact norepinephrine (NE) transmission in the medial pre Frontal Cortex (mpFC) to promote conditioned place preference and to increase dopamine (DA) tone in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc Shell); (2) that only food-restricted mice require intact NE transmission in the mpFC to develop conditioned preference for a context associated with milk chocolate; and (3) that food-restricted mice show a significantly larger increase of mpFC NE outflow then free fed mice when experiencing the palatable food for the first time. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that only the high levels of frontal cortical NE elicited by the natural reward in food restricted mice stimulate mesoaccumbens DA transmission. To this aim we investigated the ability of a first experience with milk chocolate to increase DA outflow in the accumbens Shell and c-fos expression in striatal and limbic areas of food–restricted and ad-libitum fed mice. Moreover, we tested the effects of a selective depletion of frontal cortical NE on both responses in either feeding group. Only in food-restricted mice milk chocolate induced an increase of DA outflow beyond baseline in the accumbens Shell and a c-fos expression larger than that promoted by a novel inedible object in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, depletion of frontal cortical NE selectively prevented both the increase of DA outflow and the large expression of c-fos promoted by milk chocolate in the NAc Shell of food-restricted mice. These findings support the conclusion that in food-restricted mice a novel palatable food activates the motivational circuit engaged by addictive drugs and support the development of noradrenergic pharmacology of motivational disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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22
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, Luchetti A, Babicola L, D'Apolito LI, Pascucci T, Conversi D, Accoto A, D'Amato FR, Ventura R. Unstable Maternal Environment Affects Stress Response in Adult Mice in a Genotype-Dependent Manner. Cereb Cortex 2018; 26:4370-4380. [PMID: 26400917 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early postnatal events exert powerful effects on development, inducing persistent functional alterations in different brain network, such as the catecholamine prefrontal-accumbal system, and increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life. However, a vast body of literature shows that the interaction between genetic factors and early environmental conditions is crucial for expression of psychopathologies in adulthood. We evaluated the long-lasting effects of a repeated cross-fostering (RCF) procedure in 2 inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, DBA/2), known to show a different susceptibility to the development and expression of stress-induced psychopathologies. Coping behavior (forced swimming test) and preference for a natural reinforcing stimulus (saccharine preference test) were assessed in adult female mice of both genotypes. Moreover, c-Fos stress-induced activity was assessed in different brain regions involved in stress response. In addition, we evaluated the enduring effects of RCF on catecholamine prefrontal-accumbal response to acute stress (restraint) using, for the first time, a new "dual probes" in vivo microdialysis procedure in mouse. RCF experience affects behavioral and neurochemical responses to acute stress in adulthood in opposite direction in the 2 genotypes, leading DBA mice toward an "anhedonic-like" phenotype and C57 mice toward an increased sensitivity for a natural reinforcing stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - Diego Andolina
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Science and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Babicola
- Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - Lina Ilaras D'Apolito
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin,""La Sapienza" University, 00181 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - David Conversi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | | | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
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23
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Bast N, Poustka L, Freitag CM. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system as pacemaker of attention - a developmental mechanism of derailed attentional function in autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:115-125. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Göttingen; Medical University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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24
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Dual contributions of noradrenaline to behavioural flexibility and motivation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2687-2702. [PMID: 29998349 PMCID: PMC6182595 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While several theories have highlighted the importance of the noradrenergic system for behavioral flexibility, a number of recent studies have also shown a role for noradrenaline in motivation, particularly in effort processing. Here, we designed a novel sequential cost/benefit decision task to test the causal influence of noradrenaline on these two functions in rhesus monkeys. METHODS We manipulated noradrenaline using clonidine, an alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor agonist, which reduces central noradrenaline levels and examined how this manipulation influenced performance on the task. RESULTS Clonidine had two specific and distinct effects: first, it decreased choice variability, without affecting the cost/benefit trade-off; and second, it reduced force production, without modulating the willingness to work. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results support an overarching role for noradrenaline in facing challenging situations in two complementary ways: by modulating behavioral volatility, which would facilitate adaptation depending on the lability of the environment, and by modulating the mobilization of resources to face immediate challenges.
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25
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Adrenergic manipulation inhibits pavlovian conditioned approach behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:278-285. [PMID: 29128392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental rewards and Pavlovian reward cues can acquire incentive salience, thereby eliciting incentive motivational states and instigate reward-seeking. In rats, the incentive salience of food cues can be measured during a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm, in which rats engage in cue-directed approach ("sign-tracking") or approach the food delivery location ("goal-tracking"). While it has been shown that dopamine signaling is necessary for sign-tracking, some studies have suggested that norepinephrine is involved in learning to sign-track as well. Thus, in order to investigate the influence of norepinephrine in Pavlovian conditioned approach, we administered three adrenergic drugs while rats learned that a food cue (an illuminated, retractable lever) preceded the delivery of banana-flavored food pellets into a food-cup. We found that pre-session injections of disulfiram (a dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor) inhibited the development of sign-tracking, but goal-tracking was only affected at the high dose. In one experiment, post-session injections of disulfiram blocked the development of sign-tracking, although this effect was not replicated in a separate set of rats. Post-session injections of prazosin (an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) and propranolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) also blocked the development of sign-tracking but not goal-tracking. Taken together, these results suggest that adrenergic transmission mediates the acquisition of sign-tracking but not goal-tracking, and thus plays a selective role in the attribution of incentive salience food cues.
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Interplay of prefrontal cortex and amygdala during extinction of drug seeking. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1071-1089. [PMID: 29081007 PMCID: PMC5869906 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of Pavlovian conditioning is a complex process that involves brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the amygdala and the locus coeruleus. In particular, noradrenaline (NA) coming from the locus coeruleus has been recently shown to play a different role in two subregions of the mPFC, the prelimbic (PL) and the infralimbic (IL) regions. How these regions interact in conditioning and subsequent extinction is an open issue. We studied these processes using two approaches: computational modelling and NA manipulation in a conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP) in mice. In the computational model, NA in PL and IL causes inputs arriving to these regions to be amplified, thus allowing them to modulate learning processes in amygdala. The model reproduces results from studies involving depletion of NA from PL, IL, or both in CPP. In addition, we simulated new experiments of NA manipulations in mPFC, making predictions on the possible results. We searched the parameters of the model and tested the robustness of the predictions by performing a sensitivity analysis. We also present an empirical experiment where, in accord with the model, a double depletion of NA from both PL and IL in CPP with amphetamine impairs extinction. Overall the proposed model, supported by anatomical, physiological, and behavioural data, explains the differential role of NA in PL and IL and opens up the possibility to understand extinction mechanisms more in depth and hence to aid the development of treatments for disorders such as addiction.
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Sensitivity to cocaine in adult mice is due to interplay between genetic makeup, early environment and later experience. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Latagliata EC, Lo Iacono L, Chiacchierini G, Sancandi M, Rava A, Oliva V, Puglisi-Allegra S. Single Prazosin Infusion in Prelimbic Cortex Fosters Extinction of Amphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28848444 PMCID: PMC5554357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drug-associated cues to induce extinction is a useful strategy to contrast cue-induced drug seeking. Norepinephrine (NE) transmission in medial prefrontal cortex has a role in the acquisition and extinction of conditioned place preference induced by amphetamine. We have reported recently that NE in prelimbic cortex delays extinction of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). A potential involvement of α1-adrenergic receptors in the extinction of appetitive conditioned response has been also suggested, although their role in prelimbic cortex has not been yet fully investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin infusion in the prelimbic cortex of C57BL/6J mice on expression and extinction of amphetamine-induced CPP. Acute prelimbic prazosin did not affect expression of amphetamine-induced CPP on the day of infusion, while in subsequent days it produced a clear-cut advance of extinction of preference for the compartment previously paired with amphetamine (Conditioned stimulus, CS). Moreover, prazosin-treated mice that had extinguished CS preference showed increased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in the nucleus accumbens shell or core, respectively, thus suggesting that prelimbic α1-adrenergic receptor blockade triggers neural adaptations in subcortical areas that could contribute to the extinction of cue-induced drug-seeking behavior. These results show that the pharmacological blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors in prelimbic cortex by a single infusion is able to induce extinction of amphetamine-induced CPP long before control (vehicle) animals, an effect depending on contingent exposure to retrieval, since if infused far from or after reactivation it did not affect preference. Moreover, they suggest strongly that the behavioral effects depend on post-treatment neuroplasticity changes in corticolimbic network, triggered by a possible "priming" effect of prazosin, and point to a potential therapeutic power of the antagonist for maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sancandi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rava
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Valeria Oliva
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
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Takarada Y, Nozaki D. Pupil dilations induced by barely conscious reward goal-priming. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Age differences in gain- and loss-motivated attention. Brain Cogn 2017; 111:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Latagliata EC, Saccoccio P, Milia C, Puglisi-Allegra S. Norepinephrine in prelimbic cortex delays extinction of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:973-82. [PMID: 26660648 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug-associated cues exposure to induce extinction is a useful strategy to contrast cue-induced drug seeking. Treatments aimed at reducing motivational properties of cues are considered highly promising since they could decrease their ability to induce drug-conditioned behaviors. Norepinephrine (NE) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for attribution of motivational salience to highly salient stimuli, suggesting a major role in prelimbic (PL) mpFC to modulate the motivational properties of drug-related cues, invigorating them, and consequently, delaying extinction. OBJECTIVES To investigate if NE in PL fosters the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior, we assessed its role on amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Moreover, to affirm the specificity of NE in PL, we also assessed the role of NE in the infralimbic (IL) mPFC. METHODS The effects of selective NE depletion in the PL or in the IL of C57BL/6J mice were assessed on the expression of amphetamine-induced CPP before and after extinction procedure. RESULTS NE-depleted mice in PL extinguished preference for Amph-paired chamber long before sham animals. By contrast, IL-depleted animals maintained place preference for more than 4 weeks after the procedure of extinction, having at that moment interrupted the test. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of NE in PL cortex blunts amphetamine-induced CPP, thus fostering extinction and showing to be critical for the maintenance of conditioned Amph-seeking behavior. Opposite effects of NE depletion in IL, seemingly in agreement with literature on extinction, are discussed in terms of balance of activity between PL and IL in extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Saccoccio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Milia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
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Achterberg EJM, van Kerkhof LWM, Servadio M, van Swieten MMH, Houwing DJ, Aalderink M, Driel NV, Trezza V, Vanderschuren LJMJ. Contrasting Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Motivational Properties of Social Play Behavior in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:858-68. [PMID: 26174597 PMCID: PMC4707831 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Social play behavior, abundant in the young of most mammalian species, is thought to be important for social and cognitive development. Social play is highly rewarding, and as such, the expression of social play depends on its pleasurable and motivational properties. Since the motivational properties of social play have only sporadically been investigated, we developed a setup in which rats responded for social play under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a key role in incentive motivational processes, and both dopamine and noradrenaline have been implicated in the modulation of social play behavior. Therefore, we investigated the role of dopamine and noradrenaline in the motivation for social play. Treatment with the psychostimulant drugs methylphenidate and cocaine increased responding for social play, but suppressed its expression during reinforced play periods. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR-12909 increased responding for social play, but did not affect its expression, whereas the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine decreased responding for social play as well as its expression. The effects of methylphenidate and cocaine on responding for social play, but not their play-suppressant effects, were blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist α-flupenthixol. In contrast, pretreatment with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist RX821002 prevented the play-suppressant effect of methylphenidate, but left its effect on responding for social play unaltered. In sum, the present study introduces a novel method to study the incentive motivational properties of social play behavior in rats. Using this paradigm, we demonstrate dissociable roles for dopamine and noradrenaline in social play behavior: dopamine stimulates the motivation for social play, whereas noradrenaline negatively modulates the motivation for social play behavior and its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Marijke Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michela Servadio
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike M H van Swieten
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Houwing
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Aalderink
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina V Driel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University ‘Roma Tre', Rome, Italy
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 30 2535239, Fax: +31 30 2537997, E-mail:
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Noradrenaline and dopamine neurons in the reward/effort trade-off: a direct electrophysiological comparison in behaving monkeys. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7866-77. [PMID: 25995472 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0454-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation determines multiple aspects of behavior, including action selection and energization of behavior. Several components of the underlying neural systems have been examined closely, but the specific role of the different neuromodulatory systems in motivation remains unclear. Here, we compare directly the activity of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta and noradrenergic neurons from the locus coeruleus in monkeys performing a task manipulating the reward/effort trade-off. Consistent with previous reports, dopaminergic neurons encoded the expected reward, but we found that they also anticipated the upcoming effort cost in connection with its negative influence on action selection. Conversely, the firing of noradrenergic neurons increased with both pupil dilation and effort production in relation to the energization of behavior. Therefore, this work underlines the contribution of dopamine to effort-based decision making and uncovers a specific role of noradrenaline in energizing behavior to face challenges.
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Torkaman-Boutorabi A, Sheidadoust H, Hashemi-Hezaveh SM, Zarrindast MR. Influence of morphine on medial prefrontal cortex alpha2 adrenergic system in passive avoidance learning in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 133:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
The noradrenergic nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) is associated classically with arousal and attention. Recent data suggest that it might also play a role in motivation. To study how LC neuronal responses are related to motivational intensity, we recorded 121 single neurons from two monkeys while reward size (one, two, or four drops) and the manner of obtaining reward (passive vs active) were both manipulated. The monkeys received reward under three conditions: (1) releasing a bar when a visual target changed color; (2) passively holding a bar; or (3) touching and releasing a bar. In the first two conditions, a visual cue indicated the size of the upcoming reward, and, in the third, the reward was constant through each block of 25 trials. Performance levels and lipping intensity (an appetitive behavior) both showed that the monkeys' motivation in the task was related to the predicted reward size. In conditions 1 and 2, LC neurons were activated phasically in relation to cue onset, and this activation strengthened with increasing expected reward size. In conditions 1 and 3, LC neurons were activated before the bar-release action, and the activation weakened with increasing expected reward size but only in task 1. These effects evolved as monkeys progressed through behavioral sessions, because increasing fatigue and satiety presumably progressively decreased the value of the upcoming reward. These data indicate that LC neurons integrate motivationally relevant information: both external cues and internal drives. The LC might provide the impetus to act when the predicted outcome value is low.
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Patrono E, Di Segni M, Patella L, Andolina D, Valzania A, Latagliata EC, Felsani A, Pompili A, Gasbarri A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R. When chocolate seeking becomes compulsion: gene-environment interplay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120191. [PMID: 25781028 PMCID: PMC4363151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders appear to be caused by a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors, and compulsive eating in response to adverse circumstances characterizes many eating disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared compulsion-like eating in the form of conditioned suppression of palatable food-seeking in adverse situations in stressed C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, two well-characterized inbred strains, to determine the influence of gene-environment interplay on this behavioral phenotype. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that low accumbal D2 receptor (R) availability is a genetic risk factor of food compulsion-like behavior and that environmental conditions that induce compulsive eating alter D2R expression in the striatum. To this end, we measured D1R and D2R expression in the striatum and D1R, D2R and α1R levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, respectively, by western blot. RESULTS Exposure to environmental conditions induces compulsion-like eating behavior, depending on genetic background. This behavioral pattern is linked to decreased availability of accumbal D2R. Moreover, exposure to certain environmental conditions upregulates D2R and downregulates α1R in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, respectively, of compulsive animals. These findings confirm the function of gene-environment interplay in the manifestation of compulsive eating and support the hypothesis that low accumbal D2R availability is a "constitutive" genetic risk factor for compulsion-like eating behavior. Finally, D2R upregulation and α1R downregulation in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, respectively, are potential neuroadaptive responses that parallel the shift from motivated to compulsive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Segni
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Patella
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valzania
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Claudio Latagliata
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Felsani
- CNR, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Pompili
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Antonella Gasbarri
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Andolina D, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R. Strain-dependent differences in corticolimbic processing of aversive or rewarding stimuli. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 8:207. [PMID: 25698940 PMCID: PMC4316691 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in the elaboration of both aversive and rewarding stimuli characterize several psychopathologies including anxiety, depression and addiction. Several studies suggest that different neurotrasmitters, within the corticolimbic system, are critically involved in the processing of positive and negative stimuli. Individual differences in this system, depending on genotype, have been shown to act as a liability factor for different psychopathologies. Inbred mouse strains are commonly used in preclinical studies of normal and pathological behaviors. In particular, C57BL/6J (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) strains have permitted to disclose the impact of different genetic backgrounds over the corticolimbic system functions. Here, we summarize the main findings collected over the years in our laboratory, showing how the genetic background plays a critical role in modulating amminergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal-accumbal-amygdala system response to different rewarding and aversive experiences, as well as to stress response. Finally, we propose a top-down model for the response to rewarding and aversive stimuli in which amminergic transmission in prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls accumbal and amygdala neurotransmitter response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andolina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy ; Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
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High versus low fat/sugar food affects the behavioral, but not the cortisol response of marmoset monkeys in a conditioned-place-preference task. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Di Segni M, Patrono E, Patella L, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R. Animal models of compulsive eating behavior. Nutrients 2014; 6:4591-609. [PMID: 25340369 PMCID: PMC4210935 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are multifactorial conditions that can involve a combination of genetic, metabolic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Studies in humans and laboratory animals show that eating can also be regulated by factors unrelated to metabolic control. Several studies suggest a link between stress, access to highly palatable food, and eating disorders. Eating "comfort foods" in response to a negative emotional state, for example, suggests that some individuals overeat to self-medicate. Clinical data suggest that some individuals may develop addiction-like behaviors from consuming palatable foods. Based on this observation, "food addiction" has emerged as an area of intense scientific research. A growing body of evidence suggests that some aspects of food addiction, such as compulsive eating behavior, can be modeled in animals. Moreover, several areas of the brain, including various neurotransmitter systems, are involved in the reinforcement effects of both food and drugs, suggesting that natural and pharmacological stimuli activate similar neural systems. In addition, several recent studies have identified a putative connection between neural circuits activated in the seeking and intake of both palatable food and drugs. The development of well-characterized animal models will increase our understanding of the etiological factors of food addiction and will help identify the neural substrates involved in eating disorders such as compulsive overeating. Such models will facilitate the development and validation of targeted pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00181 Roma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Patrono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito 2) Coppito, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Loris Patella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito 2) Coppito, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00181 Roma, Italy.
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00181 Roma, Italy.
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Consumption of a highly palatable food induces a lasting place-conditioning memory in marmoset monkeys. Behav Processes 2014; 107:163-6. [PMID: 25175712 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatible foods may induce addiction-related behaviors. However, this has yet to be established in non-human primates. Therefore, we evaluated whether marmoset monkeys (Calllithrix penicillata) acquire a conditioned-place-preference (CPP) for chocolate and if this response is detectable after a 24-h and 15-day period. Subjects were first habituated to a two-compartment CPP box and then randomly assigned to a chocolate or control group. Thereafter, they were given access to only one compartment during daily 15-min conditionings, held on six consecutive days. On each trial, the chocolate group received pieces of chocolate (50g) in this context, whereas controls were not given a food reward. Marmosets were subsequently tested for preferring this (food) paired context after a 24-h and 15-day interval. During conditioning, individual foraging and the amount of chocolate ingested by each pair of the chocolate group remained constant. However, compared to pre-CPP levels, the time spent inside/in contact with the conditioned compartment increased significantly, while the latency to first entry decreased on both post-CPP intervals. For controls, the parameters remained unaltered. Thus, chocolate induced a persistent CPP response-an aspect usually associated with drug-related rewards.
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Hayes DJ, Duncan NW, Xu J, Northoff G. A comparison of neural responses to appetitive and aversive stimuli in humans and other mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:350-68. [PMID: 25010558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing potentially harmful or beneficial stimuli is necessary for the self-preservation and well-being of all organisms. This assessment requires the ongoing valuation of environmental stimuli. Despite much work on the processing of aversive- and appetitive-related brain signals, it is not clear to what degree these two processes interact across the brain. To help clarify this issue, this report used a cross-species comparative approach in humans (i.e. meta-analysis of imaging data) and other mammals (i.e. targeted review of functional neuroanatomy in rodents and non-human primates). Human meta-analysis results suggest network components that appear selective for appetitive (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area) or aversive (e.g. cingulate/supplementary motor cortex, periaqueductal grey) processing, or that reflect overlapping (e.g. anterior insula, amygdala) or asymmetrical, i.e. apparently lateralized, activity (e.g. orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum). However, a closer look at the known value-related mechanisms from the animal literature suggests that all of these macroanatomical regions are involved in the processing of both appetitive and aversive stimuli. Differential spatiotemporal network dynamics may help explain similarities and differences in appetitive- and aversion-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Division of Neurosurgery, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Niall W Duncan
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Carleton, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, 276 Lishui Lu, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiameng Xu
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, 276 Lishui Lu, Hangzhou, China; Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Chengchi University, Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, Taipei, Taiwan
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Schoenberg PL, Hepark S, Kan CC, Barendregt HP, Buitelaar JK, Speckens AE. Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1407-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Amemiya S, Noji T, Kubota N, Nishijima T, Kita I. Noradrenergic modulation of vicarious trial-and-error behavior during a spatial decision-making task in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 265:291-301. [PMID: 24480363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deliberation between possible options before making a decision is crucial to responding with an optimal choice. However, the neural mechanisms regulating this deliberative decision-making process are still unclear. Recent studies have proposed that the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system plays a role in attention, behavioral flexibility, and exploration, which contribute to the search for an optimal choice under uncertain situations. In the present study, we examined whether the LC-NA system relates to the deliberative process in a T-maze spatial decision-making task in rats. To quantify deliberation in rats, we recorded vicarious trial-and-error behavior (VTE), which is considered to reflect a deliberative process exploring optimal choices. In experiment 1, we manipulated the difficulty of choice by varying the amount of reward pellets between the two maze arms (0 vs. 4, 1 vs. 3, 2 vs. 2). A difficulty-dependent increase in VTE was accompanied by a reduction of choice bias toward the high reward arm and an increase in time required to select one of the two arms in the more difficult manipulation. In addition, the increase of c-Fos-positive NA neurons in the LC depended on the task difficulty and the amount of c-Fos expression in LC-NA neurons positively correlated with the occurrence of VTE. In experiment 2, we inhibited LC-NA activity by injection of clonidine, an agonist of the alpha2 autoreceptor, during a decision-making task (1 vs. 3). The clonidine injection suppressed occurrence of VTE in the early phase of the task and subsequently impaired a valuable choice later in the task. These results suggest that the LC-NA system regulates the deliberative process during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amemiya
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - T Noji
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - N Kubota
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - T Nishijima
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - I Kita
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Lijffijt M, Hu K, Swann AC. Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: a translational review. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:83. [PMID: 25101007 PMCID: PMC4101973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma and post-childhood chronic/repeated stress could increase the risk of a substance use disorder by affecting five stages of addiction illness-course: (a) initial experimentation with substances; (b) shifting from experimental to regular use; (c) escalation from regular use to abuse or dependence; (d) motivation to quit; and (e) risk of (re-)lapse. We reviewed the human literature on relationships between stress and addiction illness-course. We explored per illness-course stage: (i) whether childhood trauma and post-childhood chronic/repeated stress have comparable effects and (ii) whether effects cut across classes of substances of abuse. We further discuss potential underlying mechanisms by which stressors may affect illness-course stages for which we relied on evidence from studies in animals and humans. Stress and substances of abuse both activate stress and dopaminergic motivation systems, and childhood trauma and post-childhood stressful events are more chronic and occur more frequently in people who use substances. Stressors increase risk to initiate early use potentially by affecting trait-like factors of risk-taking, decision making, and behavioral control. Stressors also accelerate transition to regular use potentially due to prior effects of stress on sensitization of dopaminergic motivation systems, cross-sensitizing with substances of abuse, especially in people with high trait impulsivity who are more prone to sensitization. Finally, stressors increase risk for abuse and dependence, attenuate motivation to quit, and increase relapse risk potentially by intensified sensitization of motivational systems, by a shift from positive to negative reinforcement due to sensitization of the amygdala by corticotropin releasing factor, and by increased sensitization of noradrenergic systems. Stress generally affects addiction illness-course across stressor types and across classes of substances of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Kesong Hu
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Department of Human Development, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston, TX , USA
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Coura RS, Cressant A, Xia J, de Chaumont F, Olivo-Marin JC, Pelloux Y, Dalley JW, Granon S. Nonaggressive and adapted social cognition is controlled by the interplay between noradrenergic and nicotinic receptor mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex. FASEB J 2013; 27:4343-54. [PMID: 23882123 PMCID: PMC3977319 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Social animals establish flexible behaviors and integrated decision-making processes to adapt to social environments. Such behaviors are impaired in all major neuropsychiatric disorders and depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We previously showed that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and norepinephrine (NE) in the PFC are necessary for mice to show adapted social cognition. Here, we investigated how the cholinergic and NE systems converge within the PFC to modulate social behavior. We used a social interaction task (SIT) in C57BL/6 mice and mice lacking β2*nAChRs (β2(-/-) mice), making use of dedicated software to analyze >20 social sequences and pinpoint social decisions. We performed specific PFC NE depletions before SIT and measured monoamines and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in limbic corticostriatal circuitry. After PFC-NE depletion, C57BL/6 mice exhibited impoverished and more rigid social behavior and were 6-fold more aggressive than sham-lesioned animals, whereas β2(-/-) mice showed unimpaired social behavior. Our biochemical measures suggest a critical involvement of DA in SIT. In addition, we show that the balance between basal levels of monoamines and of ACh modulates aggressiveness and this modulation requires functional β2*nAChRs. These findings demonstrate the critical interplay between prefrontal NE and nAChRs for the development of adapted and nonaggressive social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Coura
- 3Centre de Neuroscience Paris Sud, UMR 8195, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405.
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Bayer J, Bandurski P, Sommer T. Differential modulation of activity related to the anticipation of monetary gains and losses across the menstrual cycle. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3519-26. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bayer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistr. 52 Hamburg 20246 Germany
| | - Pia Bandurski
- Department of Systems Neuroscience; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistr. 52 Hamburg 20246 Germany
| | - Tobias Sommer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistr. 52 Hamburg 20246 Germany
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJ. Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1254-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Maney DL. The incentive salience of courtship vocalizations: hormone-mediated 'wanting' in the auditory system. Hear Res 2013; 305:19-30. [PMID: 23665125 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific vocalizations differ from many other sounds in that they have natural incentive salience. Our thinking about auditory responses to vocalizations may therefore benefit from models originally developed to understand reward. According to those models, the brain attributes incentive salience to rewarding stimuli via the activity of monoaminergic neuromodulators. These neuromodulators, in turn, mediate the effects of experience and internal state. Songbirds lend themselves well to this discussion because the natural incentive salience of song is clearly modulated by both factors. Their auditory responses have been well-studied, particularly the song-induced expression of plasticity-associated genes such as ZENK. Here I review evidence that ZENK responses to song are regulated by monoamine neuromodulators, and I interpret this evidence in the context of incentive salience. First, hearing conspecific song engages monoaminergic activity in the auditory system and elsewhere. Second, in females this activity may be regulated by the same hormones that regulate behavioral preferences for song. Finally, much of the evidence thought to implicate neuromodulators in song discrimination and memory suggests that they may affect incentive salience. Expanding the study of incentive salience beyond the mesolimbic reward system may reveal some new ways of thinking about its underlying neural basis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives".
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Dennis TS, Beck KD, Bobzean SAM, Dougall AL, Perrotti LI. Assessing learned associations between conditioned cocaine reward and environmental stimuli in the Wistar Kyoto rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:76-82. [PMID: 22922075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies demonstrate that anxiety disorders increase the risk of substance use disorder. However, few studies have directly assessed anxiety as a vulnerability factor in processing of rewarding stimuli. The Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat has been proposed as a model of anxiety vulnerability because it exhibits extreme behavioral inhibition in novel and social environments; yet, it displays paradoxical rapid active avoidance learning that is resistant to extinction. The present study was designed to characterize the acquisition and persistence of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in WKY rats. In the first of a series of three experiments, adult male WKY and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were given six pairings of cocaine (3, 5, 10, 15 mg/kg) or saline on alternating days. SD rats developed cocaine-induced CPP to each of the four doses of cocaine tested. In contrast, WKY rats demonstrated CPP when conditioned with 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, but displayed no preference to the 15 mg/kg dose. Next, separate groups of rats were subject to an extended CPP paradigm, which included acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phases. Rats were conditioned with cocaine and saline on alternating days using either a 6/6 (as above) or 4/4 conditioning regimen. Both SD and WKY rats acquired a lasting CPP with the 6/6 conditioning regimen. Results from the 4/4 conditioning regimen show that SD, but not WKY, rats acquired CPP. Preference scores for SD rats during the cocaine primed reinstatement test were significantly different from pretest scores indicating reinstatement of CPP in this group. Paradoxically, WKY rats demonstrated a latent sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine during the drug-primed reinstatement test. Taken together, WKY rats appear to be more sensitive to high doses of cocaine and need more experience with the drug to acquire a preference than SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torry S Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Torres-Vega A, Pliego-Rivero BF, Otero-Ojeda GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, Vieyra-Reyes P. Limbic system pathologies associated with deficiencies and excesses of the trace elements iron, zinc, copper, and selenium. Nutr Rev 2012. [PMID: 23206282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies of nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, lipids, and trace elements during gestation and early infanthood have strong deleterious effects on the development of the limbic system; these effects may be irreversible, even when adequate supplementation is provided at later developmental stages. Recent advances in the neurochemistry of biometals are increasingly establishing the roles of the trace elements iron, copper, zinc, and selenium in a variety of cell functions and are providing insight into the repercussions of deficiencies and excesses of these elements on the development of the central nervous system, especially the limbic system. The limbic system comprises diverse areas with high metabolic demands and differential storage of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. This review summarizes available evidence suggesting the involvement of these trace elements in pathological disorders of the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres-Vega
- Neurofisiología de la Conducta, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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