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Cui Y, Ho M, Hu Y, Shi Y. Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4118-4137. [PMID: 38591323 PMCID: PMC11180427 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant inventions in human history and have revolutionized global health. Generally, a vaccine functions by triggering the innate immune response and stimulating antigen-presenting cells, leading to a defensive adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen's antigen. As a key element, adjuvants are chemical materials often employed as additives to increase a vaccine's efficacy and immunogenicity. For over 90 years, adjuvants have been essential components in many human vaccines, improving their efficacy by enhancing, modulating, and prolonging the immune response. Here, we provide a timely and comprehensive review of the historical development and the current status of adjuvants, covering their classification, mechanisms of action, and roles in different vaccines. Additionally, we perform systematic analysis of the current licensing processes and highlights notable examples from clinical trials involving vaccine adjuvants. Looking ahead, we anticipate future trends in the field, including the development of new adjuvant formulations, the creation of innovative adjuvants, and their integration into the broader scope of systems vaccinology and vaccine delivery. The article posits that a deeper understanding of biochemistry, materials science, and vaccine immunology is crucial for advancing vaccine technology. Such advancements are expected to lead to the future development of more effective vaccines, capable of combating emerging infectious diseases and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Le N, Kim K. Current Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dots: Promises and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12682. [PMID: 37628860 PMCID: PMC10454335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a type of nanoparticle with exceptional photobleaching-resistant fluorescence. They are highly sought after for their potential use in various optical-based biomedical applications. However, there are still concerns regarding the use of quantum dots. As such, much effort has been invested into understanding the mechanisms behind the behaviors of QDs, so as to develop safer and more biocompatible quantum dots. In this mini-review, we provide an update on the recent advancements regarding the use of QDs in various biomedical applications. In addition, we also discuss# the current challenges and limitations in the use of QDs and propose a few areas of interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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3
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Quantum Dots Mediated Imaging and Phototherapy in Cancer Spheroid Models: State of the Art and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102136. [PMID: 36297571 PMCID: PMC9611360 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles known for their exceptional optical properties, i.e., high fluorescence emission, photostability, narrow emission spectrum, and broad excitation wavelength. These properties make QDs an exciting choice for bioimaging applications, notably in cancer imaging. Challenges lie in their ability to specifically label targeted cells. Numerous studies have been carried out with QDs coupled to various ligands like peptides, antibodies, aptamers, etc., to achieve efficient targeting. Most studies were conducted in vitro with two-dimensional cell monolayers (n = 8902) before evolving towards more sophisticated models. Three-dimensional multicellular tumor models better recapitulate in vivo conditions by mimicking cell-to-cell and cell-matrix interactions. To date, only few studies (n = 34) were conducted in 3D in vitro models such as spheroids, whereas these models could better represent QDs behavior in tumors compared to monolayers. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present a state of the art on the studies conducted with Quantum Dots on spheroid models for imaging and phototherapy purposes.
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Liu Z, Xu N, Zhao L, Yu J, Zhang P. Bifunctional lipids in tumor vaccines: An outstanding delivery carrier and promising immune stimulator. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121078. [PMID: 34500059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major threat for human life, and the cancer immunotherapy can be more optimized to prolong life. However, the effect of immunotherapy is not encouraging. In order to achieve outstanding immune effect, it is necessary to strengthen antigens uptake of antigen presenting cells. Adjuvants were added to vaccines to achieve this purpose, which could be divided into two types: as an immunostimulatory molecule, the innate immunities of the body were triggered; or as a delivery carrier, and antigens were cross-delivery through the "cytoplasmic pathway" and released at a specific location. This paper reviewed the relevant research status of tumor vaccine immune adjuvants in recent years. Among the review, the function, combination strategies and derivatives of lipid A were discussed in detail. In addition, some suggestions on the existing problems and research direction of lipids as tumor vaccine adjuvants were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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An Overview of Nanocarrier-Based Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040455. [PMID: 33801614 PMCID: PMC8066039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines is one of the most significant medical accomplishments which has helped to eradicate a large number of diseases. It has undergone an evolutionary process from live attenuated pathogen vaccine to killed whole organisms or inactivated toxins (toxoids), each of them having its own advantages and disadvantages. The crucial parameters in vaccination are the generation of memory response and protection against infection, while an important aspect is the effective delivery of antigen in an intelligent manner to evoke a robust immune response. In this regard, nanotechnology is greatly contributing to developing efficient vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. These can protect the encapsulated antigen from the host’s in-vivo environment and releasing it in a sustained manner to induce a long-lasting immunostimulatory effect. In view of this, the present review article summarizes nanoscale-based adjuvants and delivery vehicles such as viral vectors, virus-like particles and virosomes; non-viral vectors namely nanoemulsions, lipid nanocarriers, biodegradable and non-degradable nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, colloidally stable nanoparticles, proteosomes; and pattern recognition receptors covering c-type lectin receptors and toll-like receptors.
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6
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Cancer Immunoimaging with Smart Nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:388-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shields CW, Wang LLW, Evans MA, Mitragotri S. Materials for Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901633. [PMID: 31250498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved loading, targeting, and release of immunomodulatory agents. An overview of the materials that are used to enable or improve the success of immunotherapies in preclinical studies is presented, from immunosuppressive to proinflammatory strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies poised for clinical translation. The materials are organized based on their characteristic length scale, whereby the enabling feature of each technology is organized by the structure of that material. For example, the mechanisms by which i) nanoscale materials can improve targeting and infiltration of immunomodulatory payloads into tissues and cells, ii) microscale materials can facilitate cell-mediated transport and serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and iii) macroscale materials can form the basis of artificial microenvironments to promote cell infiltration and reprogramming are discussed. As a step toward establishing a set of design rules for future immunotherapies, materials that intrinsically activate or suppress the immune system are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the trajectory of these systems and how they may be improved to address unsolved challenges in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Pedro L, Harmer Q, Mayes E, Shields JD. Impact of Locally Administered Carboxydextran-Coated Super-Paramagnetic Iron Nanoparticles on Cellular Immune Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900224. [PMID: 30985079 PMCID: PMC6542677 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interstitially administered iron oxide particles are currently used for interoperative localization of sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) in cancer staging. Several studies have described concerns regarding the cellular accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles relating them to phenotype and function deregulation of macrophages, impairing their ability to mount an appropriate immune response once an insult is present. This study aims to address what phenotypic and functional changes occur during lymphatic transit and accumulation of these particles. Data show that 60 nm carboxydextran-coated iron nanoparticles use a noncellular mechanism to reach the draining LNs and that their accumulation in macrophages induces transient phenotypic and functional changes. Nevertheless, macrophages recover their baseline levels of response within 7 days, and are still able to mount an appropriate response to bacterially induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pedro
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Quentin Harmer
- Endomagnetics Ltd., The Jeffreys Building, St John's Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, UK
| | - Eric Mayes
- Endomagnetics Ltd., The Jeffreys Building, St John's Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, UK
| | - Jacqueline D Shields
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
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Li X, Wang X, Ito A. Tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4954-4980. [PMID: 29911725 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, one of the most effective and powerful public health measures, have saved countless lives over the past century and still have a tremendous global impact. As an indispensable component of modern vaccines, adjuvants play a critical role in strengthening and/or shaping a specific immune response against infectious diseases as well as malignancies. The application of nanotechnology provides the possibility of precisely tailoring the building blocks of nanoadjuvants towards modern vaccines with the desired immune response. The last decade has witnessed great academic progress in inorganic nanomaterials for vaccine adjuvants in terms of nanometer-scale synthesis, structure control, and functionalization design. Inorganic adjuvants generally facilitate the delivery of antigens, allowing them to be released in a sustained manner, enhance immunogenicity, deliver antigens efficiently to specific targets, and induce a specific immune response. In particular, the recent discovery of the intrinsic immunomodulatory function of inorganic nanomaterials further allows us to shape the immune response towards the desired type and increase the efficacy of vaccines. In this article, we comprehensively review state-of-the-art research on the use of inorganic nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Attention is focused on the physicochemical properties of versatile inorganic nanoadjuvants, such as composition, size, morphology, shape, hydrophobicity, and surface charge, to effectively stimulate cellular immunity, considering that the clinically used alum adjuvants can only induce strong humoral immunity. In addition, the efforts made to date to expand the application of inorganic nanoadjuvants in cancer vaccines are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future prospects and our outlook on tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Dong X, Sun Z, Liang J, Wang H, Zhu D, Leng X, Wang C, Kong D, Lv F. A visible fluorescent nanovaccine based on functional genipin crosslinked ovalbumin protein nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1087-1098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Sum CH, Shortall SM, Nicastro JA, Slavcev R. Specific Systems for Imaging. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 110:69-97. [PMID: 30536227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy allows for the characterization of small objects invisible to the naked eye, a technique that, since its conception, has played a key role in the development across nearly every field of science and technology. Given the nanometer size of the materials explored in the field of nanotechnology, the contributions of modern microscopes that can visualize these materials are indispensable, and the ever-improving technology is paramount to the future success of the field. This chapter will focus on four fundamental areas of microscopy used in the field of nanotechnology including fluorescence microscopy (Sect. 3.1), particle tracking and photoactivated localization microscopy (Sect. 3.2), quantum dots and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (Sect. 3.3), and cellular MRI and PET labeling (Sect. 3.4). The functionality, as well as the current and recommended usage of each given imaging system, will be discussed.
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12
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Claus S, Meinhardt K, Aumüller T, Puscalau-Girtu I, Linder J, Haupt C, Walther P, Syrovets T, Simmet T, Fändrich M. Cellular mechanism of fibril formation from serum amyloid A1 protein. EMBO Rep 2017. [PMID: 28637682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an apolipoprotein that binds to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of the serum and constitutes the fibril precursor protein in systemic AA amyloidosis. We here show that HDL binding blocks fibril formation from soluble SAA1 protein, whereas internalization into mononuclear phagocytes leads to the formation of amyloid. SAA1 aggregation in the cell model disturbs the integrity of vesicular membranes and leads to lysosomal leakage and apoptotic death. The formed amyloid becomes deposited outside the cell where it can seed the fibrillation of extracellular SAA1. Our data imply that cells are transiently required in the amyloidogenic cascade and promote the initial nucleation of the deposits. This mechanism reconciles previous evidence for the extracellular location of deposits and amyloid precursor protein with observations the cells are crucial for the formation of amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Claus
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Aumüller
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Julia Linder
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Haupt
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Chattopadhyay S, Chen JY, Chen HW, Hu CMJ. Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:244-260. [PMID: 29071191 PMCID: PMC5646730 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles play an increasingly significant role in vaccine design and development as many nanoparticle vaccines show improved safety and efficacy over conventional formulations. These nanoformulations are structurally similar to viruses, which are nanoscale pathogenic organisms that have served as a key selective pressure driving the evolution of our immune system. As a result, mechanisms behind the benefits of nanoparticle vaccines can often find analogue to the interaction dynamics between the immune system and viruses. This review covers the advances in vaccine nanotechnology with a perspective on the advantages of virus mimicry towards immune potentiation. It provides an overview to the different types of nanomaterials utilized for nanoparticle vaccine development, including functionalization strategies that bestow nanoparticles with virus-like features. As understanding of human immunity and vaccine mechanisms continue to evolve, recognizing the fundamental semblance between synthetic nanoparticles and viruses may offer an explanation for the superiority of nanoparticle vaccines over conventional vaccines and may spur new design rationales for future vaccine research. These nanoformulations are poised to provide solutions towards pressing and emerging human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fibered Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy for the Noninvasive Imaging of Langerhans Cells in Macaques. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:3127908. [PMID: 29097915 PMCID: PMC5612736 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3127908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We developed a new approach to visualize skin Langerhans cells by in vivo fluorescence imaging in nonhuman primates. Procedures Macaques were intradermally injected with a monoclonal, fluorescently labeled antibody against HLA-DR molecule and were imaged for up to 5 days by fibered confocal microscopy (FCFM). Results The network of skin Langerhans cells was visualized by in vivo fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of Langerhans cells revealed no changes to cell density with time. Ex vivo experiments confirmed that injected fluorescent HLA-DR antibody specifically targeted Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of single-cell, in vivo imaging as a noninvasive technique to track Langerhans cells in nontransgenic animals.
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15
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Qin G, Cheng J, Zeng W, Liu S, Kong H, Wang X, Wang Q, Qu H. In vivo biodistribution and behavior of CdTe/ZnS quantum dots. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1927-1939. [PMID: 28331316 PMCID: PMC5352250 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s121075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique features of quantum dots (QDs) make them desirable fluorescent tags for cell and developmental biology applications that require long-term, multitarget, and highly sensitive imaging. In this work, we imaged fluorescent cadmium telluride/zinc sulfide (CdTe/ZnS) QDs in organs, tissues, and cells, and analyzed the mechanism of their lymphatic uptake and cellular distribution. We observed that the fluorescent CdTe/ZnS QDs were internalized by lymph nodes in four cell lines from different tissue sources. We obtained the fluorescence intensity–QD concentrations curve by quantitative analysis. Our results demonstrate that cells containing QDs can complete mitosis normally and that distribution of QDs was uniform across cell types and involved the vesicular transport system, including the endoplasmic reticulum. This capacity for CdTe/ZnS QD targeting provides insights into the applicability and limitations of fluorescent QDs for imaging biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Huihua Qu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kumar M, Kovalski L, Broyles D, Hunt EA, Daftarian P, Dikici E, Daunert S, Deo SK. Design and development of high bioluminescent resonance energy transfer efficiency hybrid-imaging constructs. Anal Biochem 2016; 498:1-7. [PMID: 26772160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the design and construction of an imaging construct with high bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) efficiency that is composed of multiple quantum dots (QDs; λem = 655 nm) self-assembled onto a bioluminescent protein, Renilla luciferase (Rluc). This is facilitated by the streptavidin-biotin interaction, allowing the facile formation of a hybrid-imaging construct (HIC) comprising up to six QDs (acceptor) grafted onto a light-emitting Rluc (donor) core. The resulting assembly of multiple acceptors surrounding a donor permits this construct to exhibit high resonance energy transfer efficiency (∼64.8%). The HIC was characterized using fluorescence excitation anisotropy measurements and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. To demonstrate the application of our construct, a generation-5 (G5) polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) nanocarrier was loaded with our HIC for in vitro and in vivo imaging. We envision that this design of multiple acceptors and bioluminescent donor will lead to the development of new BRET-based systems useful in sensing, imaging, and other bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Department of Chemical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Letícia Kovalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David Broyles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eric A Hunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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17
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Tsukasaki Y, Komatsuzaki A, Mori Y, Ma Q, Yoshioka Y, Jin T. A short-wavelength infrared emitting multimodal probe for non-invasive visualization of phagocyte cell migration in living mice. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:14356-9. [PMID: 25296382 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the non-invasive visualization of cell migration in deep tissues, we synthesized a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) emitting multimodal probe that contains PbS/CdS quantum dots, rhodamine 6G and iron oxide nanoparticles. This probe enables multimodal (SWIR fluorescence/magnetic resonance) imaging of phagocyte cell migration in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsukasaki
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
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18
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Lee JY, Kim JS, Park JC, Nam YS. Protein-quantum dot nanohybrids for bioanalytical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:178-90. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yu Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Jee Seon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chul Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC CNiT); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
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19
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Engman C, Wen Y, Meng WS, Bottino R, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo following administration of diabetes-reversing tolerogenic microspheres does not require provision of antigen in the formulation. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:103-23. [PMID: 25773782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the microspheres adopt a restrained co-stimulation ability and migrate to the pancreatic lymph nodes when injected into an abdominal region that is drained by those lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absolute numbers of antigen-specific Foxp3+ T regulatory cells are increased only in the lymph nodes draining the site of administration and that these T-cells proliferate independently of antigen supply in the microspheres. Taken together, our data add to the emerging model where antigen supply may not be a requirement in "vaccines" for autoimmune disease, but the site of administration - subserved by lymph nodes draining the target organ - is in fact critical to foster the generation of antigen-specific regulatory cells. The implications of these observations on "vaccine" design for autoimmunity are discussed and summarized.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microspheres
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Pancreas/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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20
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Matheu MP, Othy S, Greenberg ML, Dong TX, Schuijs M, Deswarte K, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Parker I, Cahalan MD. Imaging regulatory T cell dynamics and CTLA4-mediated suppression of T cell priming. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6219. [PMID: 25653051 PMCID: PMC4347855 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homoeostasis through mechanisms that remain incompletely defined. Here by two-photon (2P) imaging, we examine the cellular dynamics of endogenous Tregs. Tregs are identified as two non-overlapping populations in the T-zone and follicular regions of the lymph node (LN). In the T-zone, Tregs migrate more rapidly than conventional T cells (Tconv), extend longer processes and interact with resident dendritic cells (DC) and Tconv. Tregs intercept immigrant DCs and interact with antigen-induced DC:Tconv clusters, while continuing to form contacts with activated Tconv. During antigen-specific responses, blocking CTLA4-B7 interactions reduces Treg-Tconv interaction times, increases the volume of DC:Tconv clusters and enhances subsequent Tconv proliferation in vivo. Our results demonstrate a role for altered cellular choreography of Tregs through CTLA4-based interactions to limit T-cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P. Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Milton L. Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tobias X. Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martijn Schuijs
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Michael D. Cahalan ()
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21
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Conniot J, Silva JM, Fernandes JG, Silva LC, Gaspar R, Brocchini S, Florindo HF, Barata TS. Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking. Front Chem 2014; 2:105. [PMID: 25505783 PMCID: PMC4244808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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22
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Zhu M, Wang R, Nie G. Applications of nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2761-74. [PMID: 25483497 PMCID: PMC4977448 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are applied to amplify the recipient's specific immune responses against pathogen infection or malignancy. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to meet the demands for more potent antigen-specific responses, specific types of immune responses, and a high margin of safety. Nanotechnology provides a multifunctional stage for the integration of desired adjuvant activities performed by the building blocks of tailor-designed nanoparticles. Using nanomaterials for antigen delivery can provide high bioavailability, sustained and controlled release profiles, and targeting and imaging properties resulting from manipulation of the nanomaterials' physicochemical properties. Moreover, the inherent immune-regulating activity of particular nanomaterials can further promote and shape the cellular and humoral immune responses toward desired types. The combination of both the delivery function and immunomodulatory effect of nanomaterials as adjuvants is thought to largely benefit the immune outcomes of vaccination. In this review, we will address the current achievements of nanotechnology in the development of novel adjuvants. The potential mechanisms by which nanomaterials impact the immune responses to a vaccine and how physicochemical properties, including size, surface charge and surface modification, impact their resulting immunological outcomes will be discussed. This review aims to provide concentrated information to promote new insights for the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China; Beijing, PR China
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston, TX USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston, TX USA
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China; Beijing, PR China
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23
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Kadayakkara DK, Korrer MJ, Bulte JWM, Levitsky HI. Paradoxical decrease in the capture and lymph node delivery of cancer vaccine antigen induced by a TLR4 agonist as visualized by dual-mode imaging. Cancer Res 2014; 75:51-61. [PMID: 25388285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cell-mediated immune responses to vaccination in animal models are evaluated by invasive techniques such as biopsy and organ extraction. We show here that by combining two noninvasive imaging technologies, MRI and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we can visualize both the afferent and efferent arms of cellular events following vaccination longitudinally. To this end, we evaluated the immune response elicited by a novel Toll-like receptor 4 agonist vaccine adjuvant, glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), using a whole-cell tumor vaccine. After magnetovaccination, MRI was used to visualize antigen-presenting cell-mediated antigen capture and subsequent migration to draining lymph nodes (DLN). Paradoxically, we observed that the incorporation of GLA in the vaccine reduced these critical parameters of the afferent immune response. For the efferent arm, the magnitude of the ensuing antigen-specific T-cell response in DLN visualized using BLI correlated with antigen delivery to the DLN as measured by MRI. These findings were confirmed using flow cytometry. In spite of the GLA-associated reduction in antigen delivery to the DLN, however, the use of GLA as a vaccine adjuvant led to a massive proliferation of vaccine primed antigen-specific T cells in the spleen. This was accompanied by an enhanced tumor therapeutic effect of the vaccine. These findings suggest that GLA adjuvant changes the temporal and anatomical features of both the afferent and efferent arms of the vaccine response and illustrates the utility of quantitative noninvasive imaging as a tool for evaluating these parameters during vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Kadayakkara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Korrer
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hyam I Levitsky
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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24
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Natale D, Soriano SF, Coelho FM, Hons M, Stein JV. Comprehensive assessment of quantum dots for multispectral twophoton imaging of dynamic leukocyte migration in lymph nodes. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Lee JY, Heon Nam D, Oh MH, Kim Y, Choi HS, Jeon DY, Park CB, Nam YS. Serum-stable quantum dot-protein hybrid nanocapsules for optical bio-imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:175702. [PMID: 24722191 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/17/175702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduce shell cross-linked protein/quantum dot (QD) hybrid nanocapsules as a serum-stable systemic delivery nanocarrier for tumor-targeted in vivo bio-imaging applications. Highly luminescent, heavy-metal-free Cu0.3InS2/ZnS (CIS/ZnS) core-shell QDs are synthesized and mixed with amine-reactive six-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in dichloromethane. Emulsification in an aqueous solution containing human serum albumin (HSA) results in shell cross-linked nanocapsules incorporating CIS/ZnS QDs, exhibiting high luminescence and excellent dispersion stability in a serum-containing medium. Folic acid is introduced as a tumor-targeting ligand. The feasibility of tumor-targeted in vivo bio-imaging is demonstrated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of several major organs and tumor tissue after an intravenous tail vein injection of the nanocapsules into nude mice. The cytotoxicity of the QD-loaded HSA-PEG nanocapsules is also examined in several types of cells. Our results show that the cellular uptake of the QDs is critical for cytotoxicity. Moreover, a significantly lower level of cell death is observed in the CIS/ZnS QDs compared to nanocapsules loaded with cadmium-based QDs. This study suggests that the systemic tumor targeting of heavy-metal-free QDs using shell cross-linked HSA-PEG hybrid nanocapsules is a promising route for in vivo tumor diagnosis with reduced non-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Parra J, Abad-Somovilla A, Mercader JV, Taton TA, Abad-Fuentes A. Carbon nanotube-protein carriers enhance size-dependent self-adjuvant antibody response to haptens. J Control Release 2013; 170:242-51. [PMID: 23735572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials with interesting emerging applications. Their properties make CNTs excellent candidates for use as new nanovehicles in drug delivery, immunization and diagnostics. In the current study, we assessed the immune-response-amplifying properties of CNTs to haptens by using azoxystrobin, the first developed strobilurin fungicide, as a model analyte. An azoxystrobin derivative bearing a carboxylated spacer arm (hapten AZc6) was covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the resulting BSA-AZc6 conjugate was covalently linked to four functionalized CNTs of different shapes and sizes, varying in diameter and length. These four types of CNT-based constructs were obtained using efficient, fast, and easy functionalization procedures based on microwave-assisted chemistry. New Zealand rabbits and BALB/c mice were immunized with BSA-AZc6 alone and with the four CNT-BSA-AZc6 constructs, both with and without Freund's adjuvant. The IgG-type antibody responses were assessed in terms of the titer and affinity, paying special attention to the relationship between the immune response and the size and shape of the employed CNTs. Immunization with CNT-BSA-AZc6 resulted in enhanced titers and excellent affinities for azoxystrobin. More important, remarkable IgG responses were obtained even in the absence of an adjuvant, thus proving the self-adjuvanting capability of CNTs. Immunogens were able to produce strong anti-azoxystrobin immune responses in rabbits even when administered at a BSA-AZc6 conjugate dose as low as 0.05 μg. The short and thick CNT-BSA-AZc6 construct produced the best antibody response under all tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Parra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-IATA, Spanish National Research Council-CSIC, Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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27
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Li W, Liu R, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Gao X. Temporal techniques: dynamic tracking of nanomaterials in live cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1585-1594. [PMID: 23135828 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Temporal analytical techniques to track nanoparticles in live cell would provide rich information to well understand the biologic properties of nanoparticles in molecular level. Significant advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques with high temporal and spatial resolution allow single nanoparticles to label biomolecules, ions, and microstructures in live cells, which will address many fundamental questions in cell biology. This review highlights the real time tracking techniques for monitoring the movement of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), metal clusters, upconver-sional nanomaterials, and polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles etc. in live cells. The biological properties of nanoparticles in live cells are also briefly summarized according to fluorescence microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Probst CE, Zrazhevskiy P, Bagalkot V, Gao X. Quantum dots as a platform for nanoparticle drug delivery vehicle design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:703-18. [PMID: 23000745 PMCID: PMC3541463 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery (NDD) has emerged as a promising approach to improving upon the efficacy of existing drugs and enabling the development of new therapies. Proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the potential for NDD systems to simultaneously achieve reduced drug toxicity, improved bio-availability, increased circulation times, controlled drug release, and targeting. However, clinical translation of NDD vehicles with the goal of treating particularly challenging diseases, such as cancer, will require a thorough understanding of how nanoparticle properties influence their fate in biological systems, especially in vivo. Consequently, a model system for systematic evaluation of all stages of NDD with high sensitivity, high resolution, and low cost is highly desirable. In theory, this system should maintain the properties and behavior of the original NDD vehicle, while providing mechanisms for monitoring intracellular and systemic nanocarrier distribution, degradation, drug release, and clearance. For such a model system, quantum dots (QDots) offer great potential. QDots feature small size and versatile surface chemistry, allowing their incorporation within virtually any NDD vehicle with minimal effect on overall characteristics, and offer superb optical properties for real-time monitoring of NDD vehicle transport and drug release at both cellular and systemic levels. Though the direct use of QDots for drug delivery remains questionable due to their potential long-term toxicity, the QDot core can be easily replaced with other organic drug carriers or more biocompatible inorganic contrast agents (such as gold and magnetic nanoparticles) by their similar size and surface properties, facilitating translation of well characterized NDD vehicles to the clinic, maintaining NDD imaging capabilities, and potentially providing additional therapeutic functionalities such as photothermal therapy and magneto-transfection. In this review we outline unique features that make QDots an ideal platform for nanocarrier design and discuss how this model has been applied to study NDD vehicle behavior for diverse drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishali Bagalkot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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29
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Bonetto F, Srinivas M, Weigelin B, Cruz LJ, Heerschap A, Friedl P, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. A large-scale (19)F MRI-based cell migration assay to optimize cell therapy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1095-1103. [PMID: 22315137 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of cells for therapeutic purposes requires efficient and precise delivery to the target organ whilst preserving cell function. Therefore, therapeutically applied cells need to migrate and integrate within their target tissues after delivery, e.g. dendritic cells (DCs) need to migrate to lymph nodes to elicit an antigen-specific immune response. Previous studies have shown that inappropriate cell delivery can hinder DC migration and result in insufficient immune induction. As migration can be extremely difficult to study quantitatively in vivo, we propose an in vitro assay that reproduces key in vivo conditions to optimize cell delivery and migration in vivo. Using DC migration along a chemokine gradient, we describe here a novel (19)F MR-based, large-scale, quantitative assay to measure cell migration in a three-dimensional collagen scaffold. Unlike conventional migration assays, this set-up is amenable to both large and small cell numbers, as well as opaque tissue samples and the inclusion of chemokines or other factors. We labeled primary human DCs with a (19)F label suitable for clinical use; (0.5-15) × 10(6) cells in the scaffolds were imaged sequentially, and migration was assessed using two independent methods. We found no migration with larger numbers of cells, but up to 3% with less than one million cells. Hence, we show that the cell density in cell bolus injections has a decisive impact on migration, and this may explain the limited migration observed using large cell numbers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonetto
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Iversen TG, Frerker N, Sandvig K. Uptake of ricinB-quantum dot nanoparticles by a macropinocytosis-like mechanism. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:33. [PMID: 22849338 PMCID: PMC3466139 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a huge effort in developing ligand-mediated targeting of nanoparticles to diseased cells and tissue. The plant toxin ricin has been shown to enter cells by utilizing both dynamin-dependent and -independent endocytic pathways. Thus, it is a representative ligand for addressing the important issue of whether even a relatively small ligand-nanoparticle conjugate can gain access to the same endocytic pathways as the free ligand. Results Here we present a systematic study concerning the internalization mechanism of ricinB:Quantum dot (QD) nanoparticle conjugates in HeLa cells. Contrary to uptake of ricin itself, we found that internalization of ricinB:QDs was inhibited in HeLa cells expressing dominant-negative dynamin. Both clathrin-, Rho-dependent uptake as well as a specific form of macropinocytosis involve dynamin. However, the ricinB:QD uptake was not affected by siRNA-mediated knockdown of clathrin or inhibition of Rho-dependent uptake caused by treating cells with the Clostridium C3 transferase. RicinB:QD uptake was significantly reduced by cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin and by inhibitors of actin polymerization such as cytochalasin D. Finally, we found that uptake of ricinB:QDs was blocked by the amiloride analog EIPA, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis. Upon entry, the ricinB:QDs co-localized with dextran, a marker for fluid-phase uptake. Thus, internalization of ricinB:QDs in HeLa cells critically relies on a dynamin-dependent macropinocytosis-like mechanism. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that internalization of a ligand-nanoparticle conjugate can be dependent on other endocytic mechanisms than those used by the free ligand, highlighting the challenges of using ligand-mediated targeting of nanoparticles-based drug delivery vehicles to cells of diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Geir Iversen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Germain RN, Robey EA, Cahalan MD. A decade of imaging cellular motility and interaction dynamics in the immune system. Science 2012; 336:1676-81. [PMID: 22745423 PMCID: PMC3405774 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To mount an immune response, lymphocytes must recirculate between the blood and lymph nodes, recognize antigens upon contact with specialized presenting cells, proliferate to expand a small number of clonally relevant lymphocytes, differentiate to antibody-producing plasma cells or effector T cells, exit from lymph nodes, migrate to tissues, and engage in host-protective activities. All of these processes involve motility and cellular interactions--events that were hidden from view until recently. Introduced to immunology by three papers in this journal in 2002, in vivo live-cell imaging studies are revealing the behavior of cells mediating adaptive and innate immunity in diverse tissue environments, providing quantitative measurement of cellular motility, interactions, and response dynamics. Here, we review themes emerging from such studies and speculate on the future of immunoimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Awaad A, Nakamura M, Ishimura K. Histochemical and biochemical analysis of the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse in mouse Peyer's patches using fluorescent organosilica particles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1423-39. [PMID: 22619503 PMCID: PMC3356209 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective The size-dependent mucosal immunoresponse against nanomaterials (nanoimmunoresponse) is an important approach for mucosal vaccination. In the present work, the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse of mouse Peyer’s patches (PPs) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was investigated using fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles. Methods Various sizes of fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, 365, 745, and 925 nm in diameter) were administered orally. PPs were analyzed histochemically, and IgA levels in PP homogenates, intestinal secretions around PPs, and bile were analyzed biochemically. Results When compared with the larger particles (745 and 925 nm), oral administration of smaller thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, and 365 nm) increased the number of CD11b+ macrophages and IgA+ cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. Additionally, administration of larger particles induced the expression of alpha-L-fucose and mucosal IgA on the surface of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelia of PPs and increased the number of 33D1+ dendritic cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. IgA contents in the bile and PP homogenates were high after the administration of the 100 nm particles, but IgA levels in the intestinal secretions were high after the administration of the 925 nm particles. Two size-dependent routes of IgA secretions into the intestinal lumen, the enterohepatic route for smaller particles and the mucosal route for larger particles were proposed. Conclusion Thiol-organosilica particles demonstrated size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse after oral administration. The size of the particles may control the mucosal immunity in PPs and were useful in mucosal vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Awaad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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Moros M, Hernáez B, Garet E, Dias JT, Sáez B, Grazú V, González-Fernández A, Alonso C, de la Fuente JM. Monosaccharides versus PEG-functionalized NPs: influence in the cellular uptake. ACS NANO 2012; 6:1565-77. [PMID: 22214244 DOI: 10.1021/nn204543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for biomedical applications. The core composition and small size of these particles produce superparamagnetic behavior, thus facilitating their use in magnetic resonance imaging and magnetically induced therapeutic hyperthermia. However, the development and control of safe in vivo applications for NPs call for the study of cell-NP interactions and cell viability. Furthermore, as for most biotechnological applications, it is desirable to prevent unspecific cell internalization of these particles. It is also crucial to understand how the surface composition of the NPs affects their internalization capacity. Here, through accurate control over unspecific protein adsorption, size distribution, grafting density, and an extensive physicochemical characterization, we correlated the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanism of 6 nm magnetic NPs coated with several types and various densities of biomolecules, such as glucose, galactose, and poly(ethylene glycol). We found that the density of the grafted molecule was crucial to prevent unspecific uptake of NPs by Vero cells. Surprisingly, the glucose-coated NPs described here showed cellular uptake as a result of lipid raft instead of clathrin-mediated cellular internalization. Moreover, these glucose-functionalized NPs could be one of the first examples of NPs being endocytosed by caveolae that finally end up in the lysosomes. These results reinforce the use of simple carbohydrates as an alternative to PEG molecules for NPs functionalization when cellular uptake is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moros
- Biofunctionalization of Nanoparticles and Surfaces (BioNanoSurf), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Pierobon P, Cappello G. Quantum dots to tail single bio-molecules inside living cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:167-78. [PMID: 21729726 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the single particle and single molecule approach became more and more popular to investigate the activity and the mechano-chemical properties of biological molecules. The inherent limit of these assays was that the molecules of interest were observed in vitro, out of their natural environment, the cell. Several recent works have shown the possibility to overcome this limit, to extend this approach to living cells and to observe the details of many cellular processes at the molecular level. In this review we discuss the use of semiconductor quantum dots to perform single particle and single molecule tracking in the cell. We refer to other articles for the technical aspects of this method. Here, after an introduction on the advantages provided by these nanoparticles, we restrict ourselves to some examples, mainly related to intracellular transport and molecular motor activity. These will illustrate the important role played by semiconductor quantum dots as fluorescent nano-reporters in in cell single molecule approach in modern biology and biophysics.
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Xu C, Mu L, Roes I, Miranda-Nieves D, Nahrendorf M, Ankrum JA, Zhao W, Karp JM. Nanoparticle-based monitoring of cell therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:494001. [PMID: 22101191 PMCID: PMC3334527 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous cell therapy aims to replace/repair diseased or dysfunctional cells and promises to revolutionize medicine by restoring tissue and organ function. To develop effective cell therapy, the location, distribution and long-term persistence of transplanted cells must be evaluated. Nanoparticle (NP) based imaging technologies have the potential to track transplanted cells non-invasively. Here we summarize the most recent advances in NP-based cell tracking with emphasis on (1) the design criteria for cell tracking NPs, (2) protocols for cell labeling, (3) a comparison of available imaging modalities and their corresponding contrast agents, (4) a summary of preclinical studies on NP-based cell tracking and finally (5) perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luye Mu
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isaac Roes
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Miranda-Nieves
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Algar WR, Susumu K, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Bioanalysis: Crossing the Valley of Death. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8826-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201331r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Russ Algar
- College of Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
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Lunov O, Syrovets T, Loos C, Beil J, Delacher M, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Musyanovych A, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Simmet T. Differential uptake of functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles by human macrophages and a monocytic cell line. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1657-69. [PMID: 21344890 DOI: 10.1021/nn2000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell lines are often used as models for the study of nanoparticle-cell interactions. Here we demonstrate that carboxy (PS-COOH) and amino functionalized (PS-NH2) polystyrene nanoparticles of ∼100 nm in diameter are internalized by human macrophages, by undifferentiated and by PMA-differentiated monocytic THP-1 cells via diverse mechanisms. The uptake mechanisms also differed for all cell types and particles when analyzed either in buffer or in medium containing human serum. Macrophages internalized ∼4 times more PS-COOH than THP-1 cells, when analyzed in serum-containing medium. By contrast, in either medium, THP-1 cells internalized PS-NH2 more rapidly than macrophages. Using pharmacological and antisense in vitro knockdown approaches, we showed that, in the presence of serum, the specific interaction between the CD64 receptor and the particles determines the macrophage uptake of particles by phagocytosis, whereas particle internalization in THP-1 cells occurred via dynamin II-dependent endocytosis. PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells differed in their uptake mechanism from macrophages and undifferentiated THP-1 cells by internalizing the particles via macropinocytosis. In line with our in vitro data, more intravenously applied PS-COOH particles accumulated in the liver, where macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system reside. By contrast, PS-NH2 particles were preferentially targeted to tumor xenografts grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chicken eggs. Our data show that the amount of internalized nanoparticles, the uptake kinetics, and its mechanism may differ considerably between primary cells and a related tumor cell line, whether differentiated or not, and that particle uptake by these cells is critically dependent on particle opsonization by serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Liu G, Swierczewska M, Niu G, Zhang X, Chen X. Molecular imaging of cell-based cancer immunotherapy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:993-1003. [PMID: 21308113 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based cancer immunotherapy represents a new and powerful weapon in the arsenal of anticancer treatments. Non-invasive monitoring of the disposition, migration and destination of therapeutic cells will facilitate the development of cell based therapy. The therapeutic cells can be modified intrinsically by a reporter gene or labeled extrinsically by introducing imaging probes into the cells or on the cell surface before transplant. Various advanced non-invasive molecular imaging techniques are playing important roles in optimizing cellular therapy by tracking cells and monitoring the therapeutic effects of transplanted cells in vivo. This review will summarize the application of multiple molecular imaging modalities in cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, China
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Kalchenko V, Neeman M, Harmelin A. Whole-Body Imaging of Hematopoietic and Cancer Cells Using Near-Infrared Probes. ADVANCED FLUORESCENCE REPORTERS IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY III 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18035-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Amornphimoltham P, Masedunskas A, Weigert R. Intravital microscopy as a tool to study drug delivery in preclinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:119-28. [PMID: 20933026 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The technical developments in the field of non-linear microscopy have made intravital microscopy one of the most successful techniques for studying physiological and pathological processes in live animals. Intravital microscopy has been utilized to address many biological questions in basic research and is now a fundamental tool for preclinical studies, with an enormous potential for clinical applications. The ability to dynamically image cellular and subcellular structures combined with the possibility to perform longitudinal studies have empowered investigators to use this discipline to study the mechanisms of action of therapeutic agents and assess the efficacy on their targets in vivo. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the recent advances in intravital microscopy and to discuss some of its applications in preclinical studies.
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Diagaradjane P, Deorukhkar A, Gelovani JG, Maru DM, Krishnan S. Gadolinium chloride augments tumor-specific imaging of targeted quantum dots in vivo. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4131-41. [PMID: 20586481 PMCID: PMC3090730 DOI: 10.1021/nn901919w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific sequestration of nanoparticles by the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) results in the degradation of image quality of nanoparticle-based imaging. We demonstrate that gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) pretreatment inactivates RES macrophages, thereby increasing circulatory time and amplifying the tumor-specific signal of conjugated nanoparticles in vivo. The experimental results were validated using compartmental modeling, and the rate parameters for the observed kinetics pattern were estimated. This pretreatment strategy could have broad applicability across biomedical applications utilizing theranostic nanoparticles that are sequestered by the RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeswaran Diagaradjane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Amit Deorukhkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Juri G. Gelovani
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dipen M. Maru
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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42
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Hugues S. Dynamics of dendritic cell-T cell interactions: a role in T cell outcome. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:227-38. [PMID: 20607241 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific dendritic cells (DC)-T cell encounters occur in lymph nodes (LNs) and are essential for the induction of both priming and tolerance. In both cases, T cells are rapidly activated and proliferate. However, the subsequent outcome of T cell activation depends on the modulation of different DC- and T cell-intrinsic signals. Recent advances in two-photon (2P) microscopy have furthered our understanding regarding the complex choreography of DCs and T cells in intact LNs, and established differences in the dynamics of DC-T cell contacts during priming and tolerance induction. The mechanisms that favour DC-T cell encounters, as well as the contribution of the frequency and the duration of such encounters in dictating the T cell response, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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43
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Kosaka N, McCann TE, Mitsunaga M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Real-time optical imaging using quantum dot and related nanocrystals. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:765-76. [PMID: 20662647 PMCID: PMC3420008 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical optical imaging is rapidly evolving because of its desirable features of rapid frame rates, high sensitivity, low cost, portability and lack of radiation. Quantum dots are attractive as imaging agents owing to their high brightness, and photo- and bio-stability. Here, the current status of in vitro and in vivo real-time optical imaging with quantum dots is reviewed. In addition, we consider related nanocrystals based on solid-state semiconductors, including upconverting nanoparticles and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer quantum dots. These particles can improve the signal-to-background ratio for real-time imaging largely by suppressing background signal. Although toxicity and biodistribution of quantum dots and their close relatives remain prime concerns for translation to human imaging, these agents have many desirable features that should be explored for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kosaka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center, for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892–1088, USA
| | - Thomas E McCann
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center, for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892–1088, USA
| | - Makoto Mitsunaga
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center, for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892–1088, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center, for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892–1088, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center, for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892–1088, USA
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44
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Selective and site-specific mobilization of dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells by Th1- and Th2-polarizing adjuvants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8334-9. [PMID: 20404167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912817107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and polarize adaptive immune responses toward varying functional outcomes. By means of intravital two-photon microscopy, we report that dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) are differentially mobilized during contact sensitization and by adjuvants such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotide (CpG) and LPS that induce T helper type 1 (Th1) responses, or papain that induces T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. In ear pinna, contact sensitization, CpG, LPS, and papain all mobilized DDCs in three distinct phases: increased motility and dendritic probing, directed migration, and entry into lymphatic vessels. During the same treatments, the adjacent LCs in ear pinna remained immotile over a 48-hr period of observation. In contrast, footpads lacked DDCs and Th1-polarizing adjuvants selectively induced a delayed mobilization of LCs after 48 hr. Th1 polarization of CD4(+) T cells was independent of the immunization site, whereas ear immunization favored Th2 polarization, correlating with site-specific DC distribution and dynamics. Our results provide an initial description of peripheral DC dynamics in response to adjuvants and imply that LC mobilization enhances a Th1 response and is not sufficient to trigger a Th2 response, whereas mobilization of DDCs alone is sufficient to trigger T-cell proliferation and to polarize initial T-cell activation toward a Th2 response.
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45
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Weigert R, Sramkova M, Parente L, Amornphimoltham P, Masedunskas A. Intravital microscopy: a novel tool to study cell biology in living animals. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:481-91. [PMID: 20372919 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy encompasses various optical microscopy techniques aimed at visualizing biological processes in live animals. In the last decade, the development of non-linear optical microscopy resulted in an enormous increase of in vivo studies, which have addressed key biological questions in fields such as neurobiology, immunology and tumor biology. Recently, few studies have shown that subcellular processes can be imaged dynamically in the live animal at a resolution comparable to that achieved in cell cultures, providing new opportunities to study cell biology under physiological conditions. The overall aim of this review is to give the reader a general idea of the potential applications of intravital microscopy with a particular emphasis on subcellular imaging. An overview of some of the most exciting studies in this field will be presented using resolution as a main organizing criterion. Indeed, first we will focus on those studies in which organs were imaged at the tissue level, then on those focusing on single cells imaging, and finally on those imaging subcellular organelles and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive Room 303A, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA.
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Aswathy RG, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Near-infrared quantum dots for deep tissue imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1417-35. [PMID: 20349348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Developments in nanotechnology have paved the way for the early detection, treatment, and prevention of several tumors which affect mankind. In the past few years, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging techniques have emerged that enable the in vivo imaging of physiological, metabolic, and molecular function. The NIR window, also known as the diagnostic window (700-900 nm), can be explored for sensitive detection techniques. Nanoparticles, particularly semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), can be utilized for the purpose of optical imaging. These semiconductor QDs possess novel electronic, optical, magnetic, and structural properties which are quite different from those of bulk materials. NIR QDs with these unique properties can be utilized as contrast agents for optical imaging, particularly for deep tissue imaging. Deep tissue imaging provides more information about the pathological status of the disease, which makes the treatment more effective and efficient. In this review we highlight the importance of NIR QDs as probes for optical imaging. We describe the different types of NIR QDs, their synthesis, and their application for deep tissue imaging along with recently developed self-illuminating NIR QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Girija Aswathy
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Center, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
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47
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Lehmann AD, Parak WJ, Zhang F, Ali Z, Röcker C, Nienhaus GU, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Fluorescent-magnetic hybrid nanoparticles induce a dose-dependent increase in proinflammatory response in lung cells in vitro correlated with intracellular localization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:753-62. [PMID: 20205203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron-platinum nanoparticles embedded in a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) polymer shell and fluorescently labeled with the dye ATTO 590 (FePt-PMA-ATTO-2%) are investigated in terms of their intracellular localization in lung cells and potential to induce a proinflammatory response dependent on concentration and incubation time. A gold core coated with the same polymer shell (Au-PMA-ATTO-2%) is also included. Using laser scanning and electron microscopy techniques, it is shown that the FePt-PMA-ATTO-2% particles penetrate all three types of cell investigated but to a higher extent in macrophages and dendritic cells than epithelial cells. In both cell types of the defense system but not in epithelial cells, a particle-dose-dependent increase of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is found. By comparing the different nanoparticles and the mere polymer shell, it is shown that the cores combined with the shells are responsible for the induction of proinflammatory effects and not the shells alone. It is concluded that the uptake behavior and the proinflammatory response upon particle exposure are dependent on the time, cell type, and cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Lehmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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48
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49
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Garrod KR, Liu FC, Forrest LE, Parker I, Kang SM, Cahalan MD. NK cell patrolling and elimination of donor-derived dendritic cells favor indirect alloreactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2329-36. [PMID: 20139277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct presentation of foreign MHC molecules expressed by donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) has generally been considered the dominant pathway of allorecognition in acute transplant rejection. However, recent studies implicate preferential activation of the indirect pathway by host DCs. The respective importance of each pathway and the mechanisms that determine their relative contributions remain to be clearly established. In this study, using two-photon microscopy, we visualized host NK cell interactions with syngeneic and allogeneic DCs within intact lymph nodes of mice. Upon contact with allogeneic DCs, NK cells formed prolonged interactions that led directly to target cell lysis. This rapid elimination limited the ability of allogeneic DCs to stimulate primary and recall T cell responses. To discriminate whether donor or host DCs are principally involved in presenting Ag derived from allografts, we used CD11c-diphtheria toxoid receptor mice to conditionally ablate CD11c(+) DCs and to show that direct presentation by donor DCs is alone insufficient to elicit acute allograft rejection. We thus propose that rapid elimination of allogeneic DCs limits direct Ag presentation and thereby favors the indirect pathway of alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym R Garrod
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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50
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Delehanty JB, Boeneman K, Bradburne CE, Robertson K, Medintz IL. Quantum dots: a powerful tool for understanding the intricacies of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1091-112. [PMID: 19691443 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903167934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery (NMDD) is an emerging research area that seeks to address many of the pharmacokinetic issues encountered with traditional systemically administered drug therapies. Although the field is still in its infancy, recent research has already highlighted the potential for improved drug delivery and targeted therapeutics; however, the real promise lies in combining drug therapy with diagnostic imaging, nucleic acid delivery/gene therapy and/or biosensing applications all in one engineered nanoparticle vector. In this review, the authors discuss the unique contributions that luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) offer for NMDD, how they can function as a powerful nanoscale platform to understand this process at its most basic level, and even provide drug-related properties in certain circumstances. Selected examples from the current literature are utilized to describe both their potential and the contributions they have already made towards the design and implementation of NMDD vectors. Important related issues such as QD biofunctionalization and toxicity are also discussed. The paper concludes with a perspective of how this field can be expected to develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, SW Washington, DC 20375, USA
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