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Fromsa A, Willgert K, Srinivasan S, Mekonnen G, Bedada W, Gumi B, Lakew M, Tadesse B, Bayissa B, Sirak A, Girma Abdela M, Gebre S, Chibssa T, Veerasami M, Vordermeier HM, Bakker D, Berg S, Ameni G, Juleff N, de Jong MCM, Wood J, Conlan A, Kapur V. BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination. Science 2024; 383:eadl3962. [PMID: 38547287 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that comprises attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. BCG can also be used to protect livestock against M. bovis; however, its effectiveness has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected [74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98%] compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Fromsa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Katriina Willgert
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Berecha Bayissa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Musse Girma Abdela
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Rotejanaprasert C, Chuaicharoen P, Prada JM, Thantithaveewat T, Adisakwattana P, Pan-ngum W. Evaluation of Kato-Katz and multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction performance for clinical helminth infections in Thailand using a latent class analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220281. [PMID: 37598708 PMCID: PMC10440171 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an appropriate diagnostic tool is essential to soil-transmitted helminth control and elimination efforts. Kato-Katz (KK) is the most commonly used diagnostic, but recently other tools, such as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (multiplex qPCR), are starting to be employed more. Here, we evaluated the performance of these two diagnostic tools for five helminth species in Thailand. In the absence of a gold standard, diagnostic performance can be evaluated using latent class analysis. Our results suggest that in moderate to high prevalence settings above 2% multiplex qPCR could be more sensitive than KK, this was particularly apparent for Opisthorchis viverrini in the northeastern provinces. However, for low prevalence, both diagnostics suffered from low sensitivity. Specificity of both diagnostics was estimated to be high (above 70%) across all settings. For some specific helminth infection such as O. viverrini, multiplex qPCR is still a preferable choice of diagnostic test. KK performed equally well in detecting Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia solium when the prevalence is moderate to high (above 2%). Neither test performed well when the prevalence of infection is low (below 2%), and certainly in the case for hookworm and Trichuris trichiura. Combination of two or more diagnostic tests can improve the performance although the cost would be high. Development of new methods for helminth surveillance at the pre-elimination phase is therefore very important. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawarat Rotejanaprasert
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirichada Pan-ngum
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu Z, Wang M, Shi Q, Dong X, Gao L, Li Z. Original and introduced lineages co-driving the persistence of Brucella abortus circulating in West Africa. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1106361. [PMID: 37006545 PMCID: PMC10050740 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBrucellosis, a serious public health issue affecting animals and humans, is neglected in West Africa (WA).MethodsIn the present study, bio-typing, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and whole genome sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism (WGS-SNP) analysis were used to characterize the Brucella abortus (B. abortus) strains from WA.ResultsAll of the 309 strains analyzed in this study were extracted and downloaded from the international MLVA bank and were from 10 hosts (cattle, humans, ovine, buffalo, dromedaries, horse, sheep, zebu, dog, and cat) distributed in 17 countries in WA. Based on the bio-typing, three biovars, dominated by B. abortus bv.3, were observed and reported across seven decades (1958–2019). With MLST, 129 B. abortus strains from the present study were sorted into 14 STs, with ST34 as the predicted founder. These 14 STs clustered into the global MLST data into three clone complexes (C I–C III) with the majority of strains clustering in C I, while C II forms an independent branch, and C III harbors three STs shared by different continents. These data revealed that most cases were caused by strains from native lineages. According to the MLVA-11 comparison, 309 strains were divided into 22 MLVA-11 genotypes, 15 of which were unique to WA and the remaining seven had a global distribution. MLVA-16 analysis showed that there were no epidemiological links among these strains. Based on the MLVA data, B. abortus strains from WA have high genetic diversity, and predominated genotypes were descended from a native lineage. While the MLVA-16 globally highlights that the dominant native and few introduced lineages (from Brazil, the USA, South Korea, Argentina, India, Italy, Portugal, the UK, Costa Rica, and China) co-driving the B. abortus ongoing prevalence in WA. The high-resolution SNP analysis implied the existence of introduced B. abortus lineages, which may be reasonably explained by the movement and trade of dominant hosts (cattle) and/or their products.DiscussionOur results indicated that B. abortus strains in WA consist of native and introduced strains that necessitate control such as vaccination, testing, slaughtering, and movement control by the relevant country authorities to reduce brucellosis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Comprehensive Office, Ulanqab Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qi Shi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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The Status and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Smallholder Dairy Cattle in Selected Regions of Tanzania. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020155. [PMID: 36851460 PMCID: PMC9967296 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is a bacterial zoonoses caused by Brucella abortus. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine brucellosis seroprevalence and risk factors among smallholder dairy cattle across six regions in Tanzania. We sampled 2048 dairy cattle on 1374 farms between July 2019 and October 2020. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroprevalence was calculated at different administrative scales, and spatial tests were used to detect disease hotspots. A generalized mixed-effects regression model was built to explore the relationships among Brucella serostatus, animals, and farm management factors. Seroprevalence was 2.39% (49/2048 cattle, 95% CI 1.7-3.1) across the study area and the Njombe Region represented the highest percentage with 15.5% (95% CI 11.0-22.0). Moreover, hotspots were detected in the Njombe and Kilimanjaro Regions. Mixed-effects models showed that having goats (OR 3.02, 95% C 1.22-7.46) and abortion history (OR 4.91, 95% CI 1.43-16.9) were significant risk factors for brucellosis. Education of dairy farmers regarding the clinical signs, transmission routes, and control measures for brucellosis is advised. A One Health approach is required to study the role of small ruminants in cattle brucellosis and the status of brucellosis in dairy farmers in the Njombe and Kilimanjaro Regions.
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Okafor SC, Ogugua AJ, Ihedioha JI, Onunkwo JI, Ezenduka EV, Okafor UC, Ezema WS. Seroprevalence, hematological and biochemical alterations in Brucella-seropositive Muturu cattle in Nigeria. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:517-526. [PMID: 35182360 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the prevalence, hematological and some biochemical alterations in Brucella seropositive Muturu breed of cattle which may change the narratives of multi-disease tolerance of the breed. Sera from 33 Muturu cattle herds chosen by snow ball sampling were screened for Brucella antibodies with modified Rose Bengal test (RBT) supported with the cELISA. Eighteen (18) seropositive samples matched to18 sero-negatives, with regard to age and sex of the animals and chosen by simple random sampling, were analyzed for hematological and biochemical changes, following standard procedures. Individual seroprevalence of 38% and 10% were recorded with the RBT and cELISA respectively, while herd seroprevalence of 52% was recorded with the RBT and none with the cELISA. Seropositivity to brucellosis was significantly associated with farm origin (OR = 16.67; 95%CI = 1.56-153.85; p = 0.019). There was significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) (p = 0.048) and absolute eosinophil count (p = 0.006), and significantly higher absolute lymphocyte count (p = 0.014) in the seropositive than the negative Muturu cattle. In addition, plasma fibrinogen (p < 0.001), serum albumin (p = 0.037), urea (p = 0.001) and cholesterol (p = 0.032) were significantly lower while serum globulin (p = 0.004), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (p = 0.012) and bilirubin (p = 0.012) were significantly higher in the seropositive than sero-negative Muturu cattle. No significant variations were observed in the rest of the parameters assayed. These findings suggest that Muturu cattle are apparently susceptible to brucellosis and experience active organism-host interactions with resultant clinicopathological effects and therefore could be passive harbingers of Brucella for other animals as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Chibuko Okafor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Akwoba Joseph Ogugua
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - John Ikechukwu Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Uju Catherine Okafor
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred Sunday Ezema
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Jain M, Singh AK, Kumar A, Gupta S, Polavarapu R, Sohal JS. Comparative performance of different antigens on the lateral flow assay (LFA) platform for the rapid serodiagnosis of paratuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 192:106367. [PMID: 34785270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a globally prevalent disease, that adversely affects the economy of livestock farming. Control is largely based on early detection followed by 'Test and Cull' or 'Test and Segregate' Policy. Implementation of paratuberculosis control is a special challenge due to the non-availability of point of care diagnostics (PoCD). Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize and evaluate a lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid serodiagnosis of paratuberculosis in ruminant species, especially in the view of the resource-limited areas. Performance of three different antigenic preparations including native purified protoplasmic antigen (nPPA-LFA), commercial purified protoplasmic antigen (cPPA-LFA), and a cocktail of recombinant secretory proteins (RP-LFA) was evaluated as detection reagents for coating LFA strips. Comparative performance of the optimized LFA was also evaluated with gold standard tissue culture, fecal PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and plate ELISA. In addition, the onsite testing of animals belonging to different farms (endemic), species, and regions using optimized LFA was also done to highlight the on-farm testing approach. Findings revealed recombinant secretory proteins based LFA (RP-LFA) had a higher sensitivity of detection compared to other antigens. RP-LFA had a sensitivity of 77.7%, 75.44%, and 75.16% in comparison to gold standard tissue culture, fecal PCR, and plate ELISA, respectively. The specificity of RP-LFA was 100% with all reference tests. In comparison to plate ELISA, RP-LFA had a detection limit of 100% when the S/P ratio of the serum sample is ≥1.0 and 80% when the S/P ratio range of 0.8-1.0. Using RP-LFA, on-farm testing of 608 animals was done and 283 (46.5%) were found positive. Kappa analysis of present RP-LFA revealed 'good strength of agreement' with gold standard tissue culture, fecal PCR, and plate ELISA. Optimized RP-LFA had no cross-reactivity with bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB). The RP-LFA was found reproducible, user-friendly and test results can be interpreted within five minutes. In conclusion, the findings of the present study advocate the huge potential of LFA-based PoCD in the rapid diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Jain
- Amity Center for Mycobacterial Disease Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant-Kalwar, Delhi-Jaipur Highway, NH11C, 303 002 Jaipur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Amity Center for Mycobacterial Disease Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant-Kalwar, Delhi-Jaipur Highway, NH11C, 303 002 Jaipur, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Immunology & Defense Mechanism, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology (SVPUAT), Modipurum, 250 110 Meerut, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, 17 Km Stone, NH-2, Post- Chaumuhan, Mathura, UP 281 406, India
| | - Rathnagiri Polavarapu
- Genomix Molecular Diagnostics (P) Ltd, 5-36/20.7 Prasanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 072, India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Amity Center for Mycobacterial Disease Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant-Kalwar, Delhi-Jaipur Highway, NH11C, 303 002 Jaipur, India.
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Bodenham RF, Mazeri S, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, Fasina FO, de Glanville WA, Haydon DT, Kazwala RR, Kibona TJ, Maro VP, Maze MJ, Mmbaga BT, Mtui-Malamsha NJ, Shirima GM, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Bronsvoort BMD, Halliday JEB. Latent class evaluation of the performance of serological tests for exposure to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009630. [PMID: 34428205 PMCID: PMC8384210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis endemic in many countries, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluated diagnostic tools for the detection of exposure to Brucella spp. are important for disease surveillance and guiding prevention and control activities. METHODS AND FINDINGS Bayesian latent class analysis was used to evaluate performance of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) in detecting Brucella spp. exposure at the individual animal-level for cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. Median posterior estimates of RBT sensitivity were: 0.779 (95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 0.570-0.894), 0.893 (0.636-0.989), and 0.807 (0.575-0.966), and for cELISA were: 0.623 (0.443-0.790), 0.409 (0.241-0.644), and 0.561 (0.376-0.713), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Sensitivity BCIs were wide, with the widest for cELISA in sheep. RBT and cELISA median posterior estimates of specificity were high across species models: RBT ranged between 0.989 (0.980-0.998) and 0.995 (0.985-0.999), and cELISA between 0.984 (0.974-0.995) and 0.996 (0.988-1). Each species model generated seroprevalence estimates for two livestock subpopulations, pastoralist and non-pastoralist. Pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were: 0.063 (0.045-0.090), 0.033 (0.018-0.049), and 0.051 (0.034-0.076), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Non-pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were below 0.01 for all species models. Series and parallel diagnostic approaches were evaluated. Parallel outperformed a series approach. Median posterior estimates for parallel testing were ≥0.920 (0.760-0.986) for sensitivity and ≥0.973 (0.955-0.992) for specificity, for all species models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Brucella spp. surveillance in Tanzania using RBT and cELISA in parallel at the animal-level would give high test performance. There is a need to evaluate strategies for implementing parallel testing at the herd- and flock-level. Our findings can assist in generating robust Brucella spp. exposure estimates for livestock in Tanzania and wider sub-Saharan Africa. The adoption of locally evaluated robust diagnostic tests in setting-specific surveillance is an important step towards brucellosis prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F. Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - William A. de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tito J. Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Niwael J. Mtui-Malamsha
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S. Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Laboratory evaluation of the rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 using diarrheal samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009521. [PMID: 34129602 PMCID: PMC8232436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera, an acute diarrheal disease is a major public health problem in many developing countries. Several rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are available for the detection of cholera, but their efficacies are not compared in an endemic setting. In this study, we have compared the specificity and sensitivity of three RDT kits for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and compared their efficiency with culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Methods Five hundred six diarrheal stool samples collected from patients from two different hospitals in Kolkata, India were tested using SD Bioline Cholera, SMART-II Cholera O1 and Crystal-VC RDT kits. All the stool samples were screened for the presence of V. cholerae by direct and enrichment culture methods. Stool DNA-based PCR assay was made to target the cholera toxin (ctxAB) and O1 somatic antigen (rfb) encoding genes. Statistical evaluation of the RDTs has been made using STATA software with stool culture and PCR results as the gold standards. The Bayesian latent class model (LCM) was used to evaluate the diagnostic tests in the absence of the gold standard. Results Involving culture technique as gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the cholera RDT kits in the direct testing of stools was highest with SAMRT-II (86.1%) and SD-Cholera (94.4%), respectively. The DNA based PCR assays gave very high sensitivity (98.4%) but the specificity was comparatively low (75.3%). After enrichment, the high sensitivity and specificity was detected with SAMRT-II (78.8%) and SD-Cholera (99.1%), respectively. Considering PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the RDTs remained between 52.3–58.2% and 92.3–96.8%, respectively. In the LCM, the sensitivity of direct and enrichment testing was high in SAMRT-II (88% and 92%, respectively), but the specificity was high in SD cholera for both the methods (97% and 100%, respectively). The sensitivity/specificity of RDTs and direct culture have also been analyzed considering the age, gender and diarrheal disease severity of the patients. Conclusion Overall, the performance of the RDT kits remained almost similar in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Performance of PCR was superior to the antibody-based RDTs. The RTDs are very useful in identifying cholera cases during outbreak/epidemic situations and for making them as a point-of-care (POC) testing tool needs more improvement. Cholera is caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, which induces massive fluid accumulation in the host’s gut and secretory diarrhea. Cholera deaths can be prevented by timely diagnosis and early treatment of the patients using rehydration therapy. Outbreaks of cholera are often reported in several countries due to poor quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation. Early diagnosis of cholera outbreaks is highly useful for the enforcement of control measures. In many cholera endemic countries, laboratory resources in detecting the cholera cases are limited. Even though the conventional culture methods of the isolation and identification V. cholerae are useful for cholera diagnosis, its sensitivity is not superior compared to antibody and DNA-based techniques. Several antibody-based cholera rapid diagnostic kits (RTDs) are designed for use as a point-of-care (POC) device or field conditions. Using the diarrheal stool samples, we compared the performance of three cholera RDTs with bacterial culture and PCR assays. Applying culture and PCR results as the gold standards and also in the absence of a gold standard, appropriate statistical analysis has been made for diagnostic test evaluations. We have also considered the presence of other pathogens in the stools and clinical characteristics of the patients in the analysis. Though the cholera RDT kits highly useful for the detection of V. cholerae O1, even in the presence of other pathogens in the stools, they cannot be considered as a POC tool due to lack of required specificity.
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Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Sensitive and rapid lateral-flow assay for early detection of subclinical mammary infection in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11161. [PMID: 32636460 PMCID: PMC7341798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in its initial stage can save great economic losses, improve milk quality and animal welfare. We have developed a semiquantitative lateral flow assay for the detection of SCM in dairy cows targeting myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme of milk neutrophils. A competitive immunoassay format was used, and colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNP) were prepared and used as a labelling agent. Monoclonal anti-MPO antibodies were used and assessed for its quality by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot blot. Conjugation method for GNP and anti-MPO antibodies was standardised, and the conjugate was placed over the conjugate pad. MPO coupled with a carrier protein (OVA) and the species-specific secondary antibodies were placed on test and control lines, respectively. The developed assay was verified with 75 milk samples collected from healthy, SCM and clinical mastitis cows. It displayed a high sensitivity as it could detect MPO as low as 1.5 ng/ml, an accuracy greater than 97% and showed no crossreactivity when crosschecked with other milk proteins. The developed assay can be used as an alternative for SCM diagnostic tests where lab structure are available for obtaining the lysate of milk SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Animal Production Division, Agricultural College, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
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10
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Pfukenyi DM, Meletis E, Modise B, Ndengu M, Kadzviti FW, Dipuo K, Moesi K, Kostoulas P, Matope G. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the lateral flow assay, Rose Bengal test and the complement fixation test for the diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle using Bayesian latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105075. [PMID: 32622242 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT), the serum lateral flow assay (LFAserum) and the blood lateral flow assay (LFAblood) for the detection of antibodies to Brucella spp. using Bayesian latent class models (BLCMs). Sera and whole blood were collected from naturally infected cattle reared in smallholder, small-scale commercial and large-scale commercial farms in Zimbabwe (n = 1022) and Botswana (n = 770). The BLCMs were fitted under the assumption that conditional dependences existed between the tests. Based on the conditional dependence model, the RBT had the highest Se of 0.897 (95 % Probability Intervals: 0.854; 0.932) compared to 0.827 (0.773; 0.872), 0.812 (0.76; 0.858) and 0.809 (0.785; 0.832) for the LFAserum, LFAblood and CFT, respectively. The CFT recorded a higher Sp of 0.999 (0.995; 1.000) than the LFAserum 0.996 (0.99; 1.000), the LFAblood 0.984 (0.976; 0.991) and the RBT 0.969 (0.959; 0.978). The data indicated that both the Se and Sp of RBT and CFT and the Sp of LFAserum and LFAblood were conditionally independent, while the Se appeared to be conditionally dependent. These results indicated that none of the evaluated tests had perfect Se and Sp and consequently could not be used alone for the diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle from the studied farming sectors. Thus, based on high Se and Sp, respectively, a brucellosis testing regimen using the RBT (screening) and the LFA (confirmatory) may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davies M Pfukenyi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, 224 Trikalon St., Greece
| | - Boitumelo Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Masimba Ndengu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Faith W Kadzviti
- Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kopano Dipuo
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kago Moesi
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, 224 Trikalon St., Greece
| | - Gift Matope
- Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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11
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Elsohaby I, Mahmmod YS, Mweu MM, Ahmed HA, El-Diasty MM, Elgedawy AA, Mahrous E, El Hofy FI. Accuracy of PCR, mycobacterial culture and interferon-γ assays for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in blood and milk samples from Egyptian dairy cows using Bayesian modelling. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105054. [PMID: 32554290 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The number of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infected dairy herds in Egypt is growing and this calls for accurate and reliable diagnostic methods at cow level for cost-effective bTB eradication as culling of the whole herd is not economically sustainable. The present study aimed to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of PCR, mycobacterial culture and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assays for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) detection in blood and milk samples from dairy cows in Egyptian dairy herds within a Bayesian framework. As a secondary objective, the distribution of true within-herd prevalence of M. bovis infection was estimated. Blood and milk samples were collected from 245 Holstein dairy cows in 11 Egyptian dairy herds and subjected to PCR, mycobacterial culture and IFN-γ testing. With respect to the detection of M. bovis in blood, IFN-γ recorded higher Se [0.97 (95% Posterior Credible Interval (PCI): 0.87-1.00)] than PCR [0.68 (95% PCI: 0.53-0.95)] and culture [0.22 (95% PCI: 0.13-0.37)]. However, Sp estimates of PCR [0.98 (95% PCI: 0.95-1.00)], culture [0.99 (95% PCI: 0.98-1.00)] and IFN-γ [0.97 (95% PCI: 0.88-1.00)] were comparable. As for milk samples, Se estimate of PCR [0.29 (95% PCI: 0.01-0.60)] was higher than that of culture [0.08 (95% PCI: 0.001-0.23)]. However, the Sp estimates of both tests were statistically similar. The estimated true within-herd prevalences of M. bovis varied across the tested bovine subpopulations and ranged between 0.06 and 0.66. In conclusion, IFN-γ registered a similar overall performance to PCR but was superior to mycobacterial culture. With its good accuracy and wide applicability, IFN-γ lends itself to use in the Egyptian bTB eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Section of Veterinary Sciences, Health Sciences Division, Al Ain Men's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marshal M Mweu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eman Mahrous
- Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma I El Hofy
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
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12
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Madut NA, Muleme J, Kankya C, Nasinyama GW, Muma JB, Godfroid J, Jubara AS, Muwonge A. The Epidemiology of Zoonotic Brucellosis in Bahr el Ghazal Region of South Sudan. Front Public Health 2019; 7:156. [PMID: 31297365 PMCID: PMC6607442 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we focused on three zoonotic brucellosis risk groups; abattoir workers, febrile cases at Wau hospital and cattle herders, in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. Competitive c-ELISA was used to detect anti-Brucella antibodies in 725 individuals between December 2015 and May 2016. In addition, questionnaire metadata, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to characterize the epidemiology of zoonotic brucellosis in this region. Results: Overall, we estimate 27.2 % (95% CI = 23.9-30.6) brucellosis sero-prevalence; 32.1% (95% CI = 26.2-38.4), 23.0% (95% CI = 19.1-27.4) and 34.6% (95% CI = 24.4-46.3) among abattoir workers, febrile cases, and herders, respectively. Marital status (Single, OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.36-0.91, P = 0.02) and ethnicity (Kerash OR = 6.01, 95%CI: 1.97-21.10, P = 0.003 and Balanda, OR = 3.78, 95%CI: 1.42-12.02, P = 0.01) were associated with brucellosis. While gender and ethnicity were important factors for general awareness of zoonotic diseases. Highly ranked occupations at risk included veterinarian, butchers and milk handlers. We also identified covariate patterns for clinical diagnostics and public health interventions. Conclusion: We report the highest sero-prevalence of zoonotic brucellosis in three risk groups in the East African region. All this is not only occurring in a population with limited awareness that brucellosis is a zoonotic disease but also where one in nine health workers tested was sero-positive. We identified social demographic associations with brucellosis, however, the qualitative analysis suggests these are more complex and nuanced. Therefore, future studies could benefit from the use of the mixed methods approach to add extensiveness and depth to our understanding of zoonotic disease drivers, in order to implement mitigating measures such as cattle vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuol Aywel Madut
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr el Ghazal, Wau, South Sudan.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems & Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Muleme
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems & Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems & Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - George William Nasinyama
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems & Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ambrose Samuel Jubara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr el Ghazal, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Gusi AM, Bertu WJ, Jesús de Miguel M, Dieste-Pérez L, Smits HL, Ocholi RA, Blasco JM, Moriyón I, Muñoz PM. Comparative performance of lateral flow immunochromatography, iELISA and Rose Bengal tests for the diagnosis of cattle, sheep, goat and swine brucellosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007509. [PMID: 31216271 PMCID: PMC6602290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a world-wide extended zoonosis that causes a grave problem in developing economies. Animal vaccination and diagnosis are essential to control brucellosis, and the need for accurate but also simple and low-cost tests that can be implemented in low-infrastructure laboratories has been emphasized. METHODOLOGY We evaluated bovine, sheep, goat and swine lateral flow immunochromatography assay kits (LFA), the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and a well-validated protein G indirect ELISA (iELISA) using sera of Brucella culture-positive and unvaccinated brucellosis free livestock. Sera from cattle vaccinated with S19 and RB51 brucellosis vaccines were also tested. Finally, we compared RBT and LFA using sera of white Fulani cattle of unknown bacteriological status from a brucellosis endemic area of Nigeria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although differences were not statistically significant, RBT showed the highest values for diagnostic sensitivity/specificity in cattle (LFA, 96.6/98.8; RBT, 98.9/100; and iELISA, 96.6/100) and the iELISA yielded highest values in sheep (LFA, 94.0/100; RBT, 92.0/100; iELISA, 100/100), goats (LFA, 95.7/96.2; RBT, 97.8/100; iELISA, 100/100) and pigs (LFA, 92.3/100; RBT, 92.3/100; iELISA, 100/100). Vaccine S19 administered subcutaneously interfered in all tests but conjunctival application minimized the problem. Although designed not to interfere in serodiagnosis, vaccine RB51 interfered in LFA and iELISA but not in the RBT. We found closely similar apparent prevalence results when testing the Nigerian Fulani cattle by RBT and LFA. Although both RBT and LFA (showing similar diagnostic performance) are suitable for small laboratories in resource-limited areas, RBT has the advantage that a single reagent is useful in all animal species. Considering these advantages, its low cost and that it is also useful for human brucellosis diagnosis, RBT might be a good choice for resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amahyel M. Gusi
- Brucellosis Research Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Wilson J. Bertu
- Brucellosis Research Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - M. Jesús de Miguel
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Dieste-Pérez
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Henk L. Smits
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute / Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reuben A. Ocholi
- Brucellosis Research Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - José M. Blasco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar M. Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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14
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Manasa M, Revathi P, Chand MP, Maroudam V, Navaneetha P, Raj GD, Kishor PK, De B, Rathnagiri P. Protein-G-based lateral flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of brucellosis in domesticated animals. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 40:149-158. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1541803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Manasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - P. Revathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - M. Prudhvi Chand
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - V. Maroudam
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, TANUVAS, Chennai, India
| | - P. Navaneetha
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - G. Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, TANUVAS, Chennai, India
| | - P.B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - B. De
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Biotech Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P. Rathnagiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Biotech Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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A systematic review of current immunological tests for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. Prev Vet Med 2018; 151:57-72. [PMID: 29496108 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide extended zoonosis with a heavy economic and public health impact. Cattle, sheep and goats are infected by smooth Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, and represent a common source of the human disease. Brucellosis diagnosis in these animals is largely based on detection of a specific immunoresponse. We review here the immunological tests used for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. First, we discuss how the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp), balance should be adjusted for brucellosis diagnosis, and the difficulties that brucellosis tests specifically present for the estimation of DSe/DSp in frequentistic (gold standard) and Bayesian analyses. Then, we present a systematic review (PubMed, GoogleScholar and CABdirect) of works (154 out of 991; years 1960-August 2017) identified (by title and Abstract content) as DSe and DSp studies of smooth lipopolysaccharide, O-polysaccharide-core, native hapten and protein diagnostic tests. We summarize data of gold standard studies (n = 23) complying with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria with regards to test methodology and definition of the animals studied (infected and S19 or RB51 vaccinated cattle, and Brucella-free cattle affected or not by false positive serological reactions). We also discuss some studies (smooth lipopolysaccharide tests, protein antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity [skin] tests) that do not meet the criteria and yet fill some of the gaps in information. We review Bayesian studies (n = 5) and report that in most cases priors and assumptions on conditional dependence/independence are not coherent with the variable serological picture of the disease in different epidemiological scenarios and the bases (antigen, isotype and immunoglobulin properties involved) of brucellosis tests, practical experience and the results of gold standard studies. We conclude that very useful lipopolysaccharide (buffered plate antigen and indirect ELISA) and native hapten polysaccharide and soluble protein tests exist, provided they are applied taking into account the means available and the epidemiological contexts of this disease: i) mass vaccination; ii) elimination based on vaccination combined with test-and-slaughter; and iii) surveillance and existence of false positive serological reactions. We also conclude that the insistence in recent literature on the lack of usefulness of all smooth lipopolysaccharide or native hapten polysaccharide tests in areas where S19 vaccination is implemented is a misinterpretation that overlooks scientific and practical evidence.
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16
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Gafirita J, Kiiza G, Murekatete A, Ndahayo LL, Tuyisenge J, Mashengesho V, Ruhirwa R, Nyandwi T, Asiimwe-Kateera B, Ndahindwa V, Njunwa KJ. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among Patients Attending a District Hospital in Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:831-835. [PMID: 28749771 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on human brucellosis in Rwanda are scarce, and the incidence is likely to be higher than official estimates. In a recent study using Rose Bengal Test (RBT) on women who had aborted or had still births in Huye district, 25% were Brucella seroprevalent. Thus, purpose of the present study was to investigate the Brucella seroprevalence in patients presenting with the key signs and symptoms of brucellosis. Cross-sectional study was done in Nyagatare District in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. A total of 198 patients were recruited from Nyagatare District Hospital, blood samples were collected, and sera analyzed with RBT. A questionnaire was used to explore the risk factors. A total of 12 patients (6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.662-7.820) were Brucella seropositive. Infection was significantly associated with drinking unboiled milk (odds ratio [OR] = 8.3; 95% CI = 2.4-29.2) and having had recurrent fever (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 1.5-21.3). Drinking unboiled milk is a risk factor for Brucella infection. Provision of adequate resources and trainings to staff in brucellosis diagnosis is needed to reduce recurrence of fevers probably because of misdiagnosis. Public awareness creation on transmission routes of brucellosis is to be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gafirita
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - George Kiiza
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Leonard L Ndahayo
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - John Tuyisenge
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Theogene Nyandwi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Vedaste Ndahindwa
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kato J Njunwa
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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17
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Sanogo M, Fretin D, Thys E, Saegerman C. Exploring the Diversity of Field Strains of Brucella abortus Biovar 3 Isolated in West Africa. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1232. [PMID: 28713359 PMCID: PMC5491933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonotic diseases in the world, affecting both humans and domestic and wild animals. Identification and biotyping of field strains of Brucella are of key importance for a better knowledge of the epidemiology of brucellosis, for identifying appropriate antigens, for managing disease outbreaks and for setting up efficient preventive and control programmes. Such data are required both at national and regional level to assess potential threats for public health. Highly discriminative genotyping methods such as the multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) allow the comparison and assessment of genetic relatedness between field strains of Brucella within the same geographical area. In this study, MLVA biotyping data retrieved from the literature using a systematic review were compared using a clustering analysis and the Hunter-Gaston diversity index (HGDI). Thus, the analysis of the 42 MLVA genotyping results found in the literature on West Africa [i.e., from Ivory Coast (1), Niger (1), Nigeria (34), The Gambia (3), and Togo (3)] did not allow a complete assessment of the actual diversity among field strains of Brucella. However, it provided some preliminary indications on the co-existence of 25 distinct genotypes of Brucella abortus biovar 3 in this region with 19 genotypes from Nigeria, three from Togo and one from Ivory Coast, The Gambia, and Niger. The strong and urgent need for more sustainable molecular data on prevailing strains of Brucella in this sub-region of Africa and also on all susceptible species including humans is therefore highlighted. This remains a necessary stage to allow a comprehensive understanding of the relatedness between field strains of Brucella and the epidemiology of brucellosis within West Africa countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Sanogo
- Central Veterinary Laboratory of Bingerville, LANADABingerville, Ivory Coast
| | - David Fretin
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agro-chemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health Center, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
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18
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Mazeri S, Sargison N, Kelly RF, Bronsvoort BMD, Handel I. Evaluation of the Performance of Five Diagnostic Tests for Fasciola hepatica Infection in Naturally Infected Cattle Using a Bayesian No Gold Standard Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161621. [PMID: 27564546 PMCID: PMC5001639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and economic importance of fasciolosis has been recognised for centuries, yet diagnostic tests available for cattle are far from perfect. Test evaluation has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In this study, a Bayesian no gold standard approach was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five tests for fasciolosis in cattle. These included detailed liver necropsy including gall bladder egg count, faecal egg counting, a commercially available copro-antigen ELISA, an in-house serum excretory/secretory antibody ELISA and routine abattoir liver inspection. In total 619 cattle slaughtered at one of Scotland's biggest abattoirs were sampled, during three sampling periods spanning summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. Test sensitivities and specificities were estimated using an extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model, where estimates were allowed to vary between seasons if tests were a priori believed to perform differently for any reason. The results of this analysis provide novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population and at different times of the year where different levels of acute or chronic infection are expected. Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Furthermore, the results provide evidence to suggest that the copro-antigen ELISA does not cross-react with Calicophoron daubneyi rumen fluke parasites, while the serum antibody ELISA does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F. Kelly
- Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abakar MF, Naré NB, Schelling E, Hattendorf J, Alfaroukh IO, Zinsstag J. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever, Q fever, and brucellosis in ruminants on the southeastern shore of Lake Chad. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 14:757-62. [PMID: 25325320 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis, and Q fever among domestic ruminants on the southeastern shore of Lake Chad was studied. The study area consisted of two parts, including mainland and islands. On the mainland, the study was conducted in nine randomly selected villages and camps. On the islands, samples were collected from all four available sites. A total of 985 serum samples were collected and 924 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for RVF. A total of 561 samples collected from islands were analyzed using ELISA for Q fever and both ELISA and Rose Bengal tests (RBT) for brucellosis. The apparent RVF seroprevalence by species was 37.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.2-41.3) in cattle, 18.8% (95% CI 12.3-25.2) in goats, and 10.8% (95% CI 3.0-18.5) in sheep. For brucellosis and Q fever, only cattle samples from islands were analyzed. For Q fever, the apparent seroprevalence was 7.8% (95% CI 5.6-10.1). For brucellosis, the RBT showed a prevalence of 5.7% (95% CI 3.8-7.6), and ELISA showed 11.9% (95% CI 9.3-14.6) with a kappa value of 0.53 showing a moderate agreement between the two tests. This study confirms the presence of the three diseases in the study area. More research is required to assess the importance for public health and conservation of the Kouri cattle breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamat Fayiz Abakar
- 1 Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED) , N'Djamena, Chad
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20
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Ducrotoy MJ, Conde-Álvarez R, Blasco JM, Moriyón I. A review of the basis of the immunological diagnosis of ruminant brucellosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:81-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Sotnikov DV, Byzova NA, Zherdev AV, Eskendirova SZ, Baltin KK, Mukanov KK, Ramankulov EM, Sadykhov EG, Dzantiev BB. Express immunochromatographic detection of antibodies against Brucella abortus in cattle sera based on quantitative photometric registration and modulated cut-off level. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 36:80-90. [PMID: 24579979 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.896266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An immunochromatographic test system was developed for rapid detection of the levels of specific IgG antibodies to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide, as a tool for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle. The pilot test strips were examined using blood sera from sick (78 samples) and healthy (35 samples) cows. The results obtained by immunochromatographic assay, using a portable optical densitometer for digital video detection, correlate well with the results obtained by immunoenzyme assay and are in agreement with the results of the disease diagnosis. The new test system allows detection of antibodies within 10 min and can be proposed as an alternative to the methods available for serodiagnosis of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Sotnikov
- a A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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22
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Bermingham ML, Handel IG, Glass EJ, Woolliams JA, de Clare Bronsvoort BM, McBride SH, Skuce RA, Allen AR, McDowell SWJ, Bishop SC. Hui and Walter's latent-class model extended to estimate diagnostic test properties from surveillance data: a latent model for latent data. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11861. [PMID: 26148538 PMCID: PMC4493568 DOI: 10.1038/srep11861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity are probabilistic estimates with far reaching implications for disease control, management and genetic studies. In the absence of ‘gold standard’ tests, traditional Bayesian latent class models may be used to assess diagnostic test accuracies through the comparison of two or more tests performed on the same groups of individuals. The aim of this study was to extend such models to estimate diagnostic test parameters and true cohort-specific prevalence, using disease surveillance data. The traditional Hui-Walter latent class methodology was extended to allow for features seen in such data, including (i) unrecorded data (i.e. data for a second test available only on a subset of the sampled population) and (ii) cohort-specific sensitivities and specificities. The model was applied with and without the modelling of conditional dependence between tests. The utility of the extended model was demonstrated through application to bovine tuberculosis surveillance data from Northern and the Republic of Ireland. Simulation coupled with re-sampling techniques, demonstrated that the extended model has good predictive power to estimate the diagnostic parameters and true herd-level prevalence from surveillance data. Our methodology can aid in the interpretation of disease surveillance data, and the results can potentially refine disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead L Bermingham
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - John A Woolliams
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - B Mark de Clare Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - Stewart H McBride
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Robin A Skuce
- 1] Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK [2] The Queen's University of Belfast, Department of Veterinary Science, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Adrian R Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | | | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
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23
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Shome R, Filia G, Padmashree BS, Krithiga N, Sahay S, Triveni K, Shome BR, Mahajan V, Singh A, Rahman H. Evaluation of lateral flow assay as a field test for investigation of brucellosis outbreak in an organized buffalo farm: A pilot study. Vet World 2015; 8:492-6. [PMID: 27047121 PMCID: PMC4774798 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.492-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to evaluate lateral flow assay (LFA) as a field test for investigation of brucellosis outbreak in organized buffalo farm. Materials and Methods: A total of 153 serum samples were tested to detect the presence of brucella antibodies by LFA and three other serological tests i.e. rose bengal plate test (RBPT), protein G based indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (iELISA), and competitive ELISA (cELISA). The performances of LFA and other serological tests were evaluated using OIE complaint cELISA as the gold standard. Results: Serological tests revealed 50% of the animals were seropositive for Brucella antibodies and correlated with clinical history of abortions, infertility, and productive failures. The newly developed assay showed 87.1% and 92.6% sensitivity and specificity, which was even higher than the specificity of RBPT. Conclusions: The investigation proved the potential usefulness of LFA for field diagnosis of brucellosis in the regions where laboratory facilities are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shome
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - G Filia
- Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - B S Padmashree
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - N Krithiga
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K Triveni
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - V Mahajan
- Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjit Singh
- Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - H Rahman
- Bacteriology Lab-1, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (Formerly PD_ADMAS), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Nannyonga B, Mwanga GG, Luboobi LS. An optimal control problem for ovine brucellosis with culling. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2015; 9:198-214. [PMID: 26105034 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2015.1056845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model is used to study the dynamics of ovine brucellosis when transmitted directly from infected individual, through contact with a contaminated environment or vertically through mother to child. The model developed by Aïnseba et al. [A model for ovine brucellosis incorporating direct and indirect transmission, J. Biol. Dyn. 4 (2010), pp. 2-11. Available at http://www.math.u-bordeaux1.fr/∼pmagal100p/papers/BBM-JBD09.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2012] was modified to include culling and then used to determine important parameters in the spread of human brucellosis using sensitivity analysis. An optimal control analysis was performed on the model to determine the best way to control such as a disease in the population. Three time-dependent controls to prevent exposure, cull the infected and reduce environmental transmission were used to set up to minimize infection at a minimum cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nannyonga
- a Department of Mathematics , Makerere University , PO Box 7062 , Kampala , Uganda
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Collins J, Huynh M. Estimation of diagnostic test accuracy without full verification: a review of latent class methods. Stat Med 2014; 33:4141-69. [PMID: 24910172 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a diagnostic test is best evaluated against a reference test that is without error. For many diseases, this is not possible, and an imperfect reference test must be used. However, diagnostic accuracy estimates may be biased if inaccurately verified status is used as the truth. Statistical models have been developed to handle this situation by treating disease as a latent variable. In this paper, we conduct a systematized review of statistical methods using latent class models for estimating test accuracy and disease prevalence in the absence of complete verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Collins
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, U.S.A
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El-Eragi AM, Salih MH, Alawad MFEM, Mohammed KB. Evaluation of immunochromatographic assay for serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Gezira State, Sudan. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.395-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Dürr S, Bonfoh B, Schelling E, Kasymbekov J, Doherr MG, Toktobaev N, Schueth T, Zinsstag J. Bayesian estimation of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and livestock in Kyrgyzstan. REV SCI TECH OIE 2014; 32:801-15. [PMID: 24761732 DOI: 10.20506/rst.32.2.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kyrgyzstan reported 77.5 new cases of human brucellosis per 100,000 inhabitants in 2007, which is one of the highest incidences in the world. However, because this number is based on official records, it is very likely that the incidence is underreported. The diagnostic tests most commonly used in Kyrgyzstan are the Rose Bengal test in ruminants and the Huddleson test in humans. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests have never been evaluated under field conditions in Kyrgyzstan, where the strains circulating in livestock and humans are unknown. Therefore, a representative national cross-sectional serological study was undertaken in humans, cattle, sheep and goats to assess the true seroprevalence and to compare different serologicaltests. In the year of study (2006), few animals were vaccinated against brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan. A total of 5,229 livestock sera and 1,777 human sera from three administrative regions were collected during spring 2006 and submitted to a range of serological tests. The true seroprevalence of brucellosis, estimated using Bayesian methodology, was 7% (95% credibility interval 4%-9%) in humans, 3% (1%-5%) in cattle, 12% (7%-23%) in sheep and 15% (7%-30%) in goats. The Rose Bengal test was confirmed as a useful screening test in livestock and humans, although its sensitivity was lower than that of other tests. The estimates of specificity of all tests were significantly higher than those for sensitivity. The high seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans, cattle and small ruminants in Kyrgyzstan was confirmed. Bayesian statistical approaches were demonstrated to be useful for simultaneously deriving test characteristics and true prevalence estimates in the absence of a gold standard.
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Muflihanah H, Hatta M, Rood E, Scheelbeek P, Abdoel TH, Smits HL. Brucellosis seroprevalence in Bali cattle with reproductive failure in South Sulawesi and Brucella abortus biovar 1 genotypes in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:233. [PMID: 24279343 PMCID: PMC4222555 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a major cause of infertility and reproductive failure in livestock. While cattle in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago suffers from reproductive problems information on bovine brucellosis in the region is fragmentary. The control of brucellosis requires a major and prolonged effort and confirmation of the infection by isolation with detailed knowledge of the spread of the infection is essential when planning a control program. Results Serological investigation of Brucella infection in beef cattle tended under extensive farming conditions revealed a high seroprevalence (19.3%; 95% CI, 17–22) in the compliment fixation tests. The results of a rapid and simple field test correlated well with the Rose Bengal test (kappa, 0.917) and indicated an acceptable sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (98.1%) compared with the complement fixation test. Reproductive failure was reported for 39.0% of the cows with a loss of calves due to abortion or early death amounting to 19.3%. Past reproductive failure did not, however, correlate with seropositivity in the complement fixation test (RP = 1.21; P = 0.847). B. abortus biovar 1 was freshly isolated from the hygromas of two cows and together with thirty banked isolates collected since 1990 from different parts of Sulawesi and Timor eight related genotypes could be distinguished with one genotype being identical to that of an isolate (BfR91) from Switzerland. The Indonesian genotypes formed together with BfR91 and one African and one North American isolate a distinct branch on the B. abortus biovar 1 dendogram. Conclusions Bovine brucellosis appears to be widespread in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago and calls for urgent intervention. The fresh isolation of the pathogen together with the observed high seroprevalence demonstrates the presence and frequent exposure of cattle in the area to the pathogen. The application of a rapid and simple field test for brucellosis could be very useful for the quick screening of cattle at the pen side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah Muflihanah
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute/Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Importance of identification and typing of Brucellae from West African cattle: A review. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bertu WJ, Gusi AM, Hassan M, Mwankon E, Ocholi RA, Ior DD, Husseini BA, Ibrahim G, Abdoel TH, Smits HL. Serological evidence for brucellosis in Bos indicus in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:253-8. [PMID: 22086409 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nigeria is the largest cattle-rearing nation in Africa with most animals kept under traditional husbandry practices. While bovine brucellosis does not receive much attention, a relatively high seroprevalence is found in samples submitted for laboratory testing. The aim of the study was to provide serological evidence of brucellosis in cattle from some of the main cattle-rearing states of the country and to validate a simple and rapid field test for the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. METHOD Serum samples collected in various states of Nigeria from cattle because of suspicion of brucellosis were investigated in the Rose Bengal plate test, and results were compared with a newly developed rapid field test for the detection of Brucella-specific antibodies. RESULTS Serological evidence for the presence of brucellosis in cattle was obtained for all states included in the study and a high herd prevalence was observed. The seroprevalence was also high among trade and slaughter animals. Results of a rapid field test for the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis correlated well with the Rose Bengal plate test (agreement, 95.7%; kappa value, 0.80). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that bovine brucellosis is an important veterinarian problem in Nigeria. The easy-to-use and robust field test is most promising for field-based surveillance as it provides an immediate result allowing the prompt instigation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson J Bertu
- Bacterial Research Department, Brucellosis Research Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Makita K, Fèvre EM, Waiswa C, Kaboyo W, Eisler MC, Welburn SC. Spatial epidemiology of hospital-diagnosed brucellosis in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Health Geogr 2011; 10:52. [PMID: 21962176 PMCID: PMC3196682 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective case-control study was undertaken to examine the spatial risk factors for human brucellosis in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS Information on age, sex and month of diagnosis was derived from records from plate agglutination tests undertaken at Mulago Hospital, Kampala. Information on Parishes (LC2s) where patients reside was sourced from the outpatient registration book. In-patient fracture cases were selected for use as controls using 1:1 matching based on the age, sex and month of diagnosis. The locations of cases and controls were obtained by calculating Cartesian coordinates of the centroids of Parish level (LC2) polygons and a spatial scan statistic was applied to test for disease clustering. Parishes were classified according to the level of urbanization as urban, peri-urban or rural. RESULTS Significantly more females than males were found to show sero-positivity for brucellosis when compared with the sex ratio of total outpatients, in addition female brucellosis patients were found to be significantly older than the male patients. Spatial clustering of brucellosis cases was observed including around Mulago Hospital (radius = 6.8 km, p = 0.001). The influence of proximity to the hospital that was observed for brucellosis cases was not significantly different from that observed in the controls. The disease cluster was confounded by the different catchment areas between cases and controls. The level of urbanization was not associated with the incidence of brucellosis but living in a slum area was a significant risk factor among urban dwellers (odds ratio 1.97, 95% CI: 1.10-3.61). CONCLUSIONS Being female was observed to be a risk factor for brucellosis sero-positvity and among urban dwellers, living in slum areas was also a risk factor although the overall risk was not different among urban, peri-urban and rural areas of the Kampala economic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Makita
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Division of Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4SB, UK.
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Wells B, Burgess STG, McNeilly TN, Huntley JF, Nisbet AJ. Recent developments in the diagnosis of ectoparasite infections and disease through a better understanding of parasite biology and host responses. Mol Cell Probes 2011; 26:47-53. [PMID: 21982815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some conventional methods of diagnosis of ectoparasite infections can have low sensitivity and/or specificity. In addition, early infestations, sub-clinical and carrier hosts often go un-diagnosed, allowing infestations to spread. This review focuses on the important ectoparasites of human, livestock and companion animals for which improved diagnostic tools are either already in use, or in development. These advances in diagnostic technologies have resulted in improved treatment, control and preventative strategies for many ectoparasitic diseases. Immunodiagnostic methods have had a large impact, with the emergence of highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for sarcoptic and psoroptic mange, with further improved tests in development. In the present review, the advantages and limitations of such tests are discussed and the potential for future development explored. The increasing use of molecular tools, for example, PCR and other molecular methods, has improved our understanding of the epidemiology of ectoparasitic diseases, with practical consequences for community-based control programmes. Recently, the identification of specific signalling pathways during the host response to ectoparasites has led to the identification of disease biomarkers which, along with new technologies, such as multiplexed assays and microfluidic platforms, could lead to more cost-effective, rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Serological patterns of brucellosis, leptospirosis and Q fever in Bos indicus cattle in Cameroon. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8623. [PMID: 20098670 PMCID: PMC2809085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, leptospirosis and Q fever are important infections of livestock causing a range of clinical conditions including abortions and reduced fertility. In addition, they are all important zoonotic infections infecting those who work with livestock and those who consume livestock related products such as milk, producing non-specific symptoms including fever, that are often misdiagnosed and that can lead to severe chronic disease. This study used banked sera from the Adamawa Region of Cameroon to investigate the seroprevalences and distributions of seropositive animals and herds. A classical statistical and a multi-level prevalence modelling approach were compared. The unbiased estimates were 20% of herds were seropositive for Brucella spp. compared to 95% for Leptospira spp. and 68% for Q fever. The within-herd seroprevalences were 16%, 35% and 39% respectively. There was statistical evidence of clustering of seropositive brucellosis and Q fever herds. The modelling approach has the major advantage that estimates of seroprevalence can be adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test used and the multi-level structure of the sampling. The study found a low seroprevalence of brucellosis in the Adamawa Region compared to a high proportion of leptospirosis and Q fever seropositive herds. This represents a high risk to the human population as well as potentially having a major impact on animal health and productivity in the region.
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de Clare Bronsvoort BM, von Wissmann B, Fèvre EM, Handel IG, Picozzi K, Welburn SC. No gold standard estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of two molecular diagnostic protocols for Trypanosoma brucei spp. in Western Kenya. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8628. [PMID: 20062795 PMCID: PMC2798749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis is caused by a range of tsetse transmitted protozoan parasites includingTrypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypansoma brucei. In Western Kenya and other parts of East Africa two subspecies of T. brucei, T.b. brucei and the zoonoticT.b. rhodesiense, co-circulate in livestock. A range of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) have been developed as important molecular diagnostic tools for epidemiological investigations of T. brucei s.l. in the animal reservoir and of its zoonotic potential. Quantification of the relative performance of different diagnostic PCRs is essential to ensure comparability of studies. This paper describes an evaluation of two diagnostic test systems for T. brucei using a T. brucei s.l. specific PCR [1] and a single nested PCR targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of trypanosome ribosomal DNA [2]. A Bayesian formulation of the Hui-Walter latent class model was employed to estimate their test performance in the absence of a gold standard test for detecting T.brucei s.l. infections in ear-vein blood samples from cattle, pig, sheep and goat populations in Western Kenya, stored on Whatman FTA cards. The results indicate that the system employing the T. brucei s.l. specific PCR (Se1=0.760) had a higher sensitivity than the ITS-PCR (Se2=0.640); both have high specificity (Sp1=0.998; Sp2=0.997). The true prevalences for livestock populations were estimated (pcattle=0.091, ppigs=0.066, pgoats=0.005, psheep=0.006), taking into account the uncertainties in the specificity and sensitivity of the two test systems. Implications of test performance include the required survey sample size; due to its higher sensitivity and specificity, the T. brucei s.l. specific PCR requires a consistently smaller sample size than the ITS-PCR for the detection of T. brucei s.l. However the ITS-PCR is able to simultaneously screen samples for other pathogenic trypanosomes and may thus be, overall, a better choice of test in multi-organism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Mark de Clare Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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