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Angom RS, Joshi A, Patowary A, Sivadas A, Ramasamy S, K. V. S, Kaushik K, Sabharwal A, Lalwani MK, K. S, Singh N, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S. Forward genetic screen using a gene-breaking trap approach identifies a novel role of grin2bb-associated RNA transcript ( grin2bbART) in zebrafish heart function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1339292. [PMID: 38533084 PMCID: PMC10964321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1339292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
LncRNA-based control affects cardiac pathophysiologies like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, hypertrophy, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. This study used a gene-break transposon (GBT) to screen zebrafish (Danio rerio) for insertional mutagenesis. We identified three insertional mutants where the GBT captured a cardiac gene. One of the adult viable GBT mutants had bradycardia (heart arrhythmia) and enlarged cardiac chambers or hypertrophy; we named it "bigheart." Bigheart mutant insertion maps to grin2bb or N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR2B) gene intron 2 in reverse orientation. Rapid amplification of adjacent cDNA ends analysis suggested a new insertion site transcript in the intron 2 of grin2bb. Analysis of the RNA sequencing of wild-type zebrafish heart chambers revealed a possible new transcript at the insertion site. As this putative lncRNA transcript satisfies the canonical signatures, we called this transcript grin2bb associated RNA transcript (grin2bbART). Using in situ hybridization, we confirmed localized grin2bbART expression in the heart, central nervous system, and muscles in the developing embryos and wild-type adult zebrafish atrium and bulbus arteriosus. The bigheart mutant had reduced Grin2bbART expression. We showed that bigheart gene trap insertion excision reversed cardiac-specific arrhythmia and atrial hypertrophy and restored grin2bbART expression. Morpholino-mediated antisense downregulation of grin2bbART in wild-type zebrafish embryos mimicked bigheart mutants; this suggests grin2bbART is linked to bigheart. Cardiovascular tissues use Grin2bb as a calcium-permeable ion channel. Calcium imaging experiments performed on bigheart mutants indicated calcium mishandling in the heart. The bigheart cardiac transcriptome showed differential expression of calcium homeostasis, cardiac remodeling, and contraction genes. Western blot analysis highlighted Camk2d1 and Hdac1 overexpression. We propose that altered calcium activity due to disruption of grin2bbART, a putative lncRNA in bigheart, altered the Camk2d-Hdac pathway, causing heart arrhythmia and hypertrophy in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Adita Joshi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Patowary
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Ambily Sivadas
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Soundhar Ramasamy
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Shamsudheen K. V.
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kriti Kaushik
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ankit Sabharwal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Lalwani
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Subburaj K.
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Zhang L, Zhou J. Zebrafish: A smart tool for heart disease research. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37824489 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of heart disease poses a significant threat to human survival and safety. However, the current treatments available for heart disease are quite limited. Therefore, it is of great importance to utilize suitable animal models that can accurately simulate the physiological characteristics of heart disease. This would help improve our understanding of this disease and aid in the development of new treatment methods and drugs. Zebrafish hearts not only exhibit similarities to mammalian hearts, but they also share ~70% of homologous genes with humans. Utilizing zebrafish as an alternative to costly and time-consuming mammalian models offers numerous advantages. Zebrafish models can be easily established and maintained, and compound screening and genetic methods allow for the creation of various economical and easily controlled zebrafish and zebrafish embryonic heart disease models in a short period of time. Consequently, zebrafish have become a powerful tool for exploring the pathological mechanisms of heart disease and identifying new effective genes. In this review, we summarize recent studies on different zebrafish models of heart disease. We also describe the techniques and protocols used to develop zebrafish models of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and congenital heart disease, including surgical procedures, forward and reverse genetics, as well as drug and combination screening. This review aims to promote the utilization of zebrafish models in investigating diverse pathological mechanisms of heart disease, enhancing our knowledge and comprehension of heart disease, and offering novel insights and objectives for exploring the prevention and treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lantian Zhang
- Education Branch, Chongqing Publishing Group, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinrun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Koslow M, Mondaca-Ruff D, Xu X. Transcriptome studies of inherited dilated cardiomyopathies. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:312-322. [PMID: 36749382 PMCID: PMC10426000 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a group of heart muscle diseases that often lead to heart failure, with more than 50 causative genes have being linked to DCM. The heterogenous nature of the inherited DCMs suggest the need of precision medicine. Consistent with this emerging concept, transcriptome studies in human patients with DCM indicated distinct molecular signature for DCMs of different genetic etiology. To facilitate this line of research, we reviewed the status of transcriptome studies of inherited DCMs by focusing on three predominant DCM causative genes, TTN, LMNA, and BAG3. Besides studies in human patients, we summarized transcriptomic analysis of these inherited DCMs in a variety of model systems ranging from iPSCs to rodents and zebrafish. We concluded that the RNA-seq technology is a powerful genomic tool that has already led to the discovery of new modifying genes, signaling pathways, and related therapeutic avenues. We also pointed out that both temporal (different pathological stages) and spatial (different cell types) information need to be considered for future transcriptome studies. While an important bottle neck is the low throughput in experimentally testing differentially expressed genes, new technologies in efficient animal models such as zebrafish starts to be developed. It is anticipated that the RNA-seq technology will continue to uncover both unique and common pathological events, aiding the development of precision medicine for inherited DCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Koslow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David Mondaca-Ruff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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4
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Nguyen PD, Gooijers I, Campostrini G, Verkerk AO, Honkoop H, Bouwman M, de Bakker DEM, Koopmans T, Vink A, Lamers GEM, Shakked A, Mars J, Mulder AA, Chocron S, Bartscherer K, Tzahor E, Mummery CL, de Boer TP, Bellin M, Bakkers J. Interplay between calcium and sarcomeres directs cardiomyocyte maturation during regeneration. Science 2023; 380:758-764. [PMID: 37200435 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish hearts can regenerate by replacing damaged tissue with new cardiomyocytes. Although the steps leading up to the proliferation of surviving cardiomyocytes have been extensively studied, little is known about the mechanisms that control proliferation and redifferentiation to a mature state. We found that the cardiac dyad, a structure that regulates calcium handling and excitation-contraction coupling, played a key role in the redifferentiation process. A component of the cardiac dyad called leucine-rich repeat-containing 10 (Lrrc10) acted as a negative regulator of proliferation, prevented cardiomegaly, and induced redifferentiation. We found that its function was conserved in mammalian cardiomyocytes. This study highlights the importance of the underlying mechanisms required for heart regeneration and their application to the generation of fully functional cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong D Nguyen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iris Gooijers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Campostrini
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hessel Honkoop
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara Bouwman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dennis E M de Bakker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Koopmans
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Animal Physiology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Aryan Vink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerda E M Lamers
- Core Facility Microscopy, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Avraham Shakked
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonas Mars
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Chocron
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Bartscherer
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Animal Physiology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Stavrakidis-Zachou O, Lika K, Pavlidis M, Asaad MH, Papandroulakis N. Metabolic scope, performance and tolerance of juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax upon acclimation to high temperatures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272510. [PMID: 35960751 PMCID: PMC9374223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
European sea bass is a species of great commercial value for fisheries and aquaculture. Rising temperatures may jeopardize the performance and survival of the species across its distribution and farming range, making the investigation of its thermal responses highly relevant. In this article, the metabolic scope, performance, and tolerance of juvenile E. sea bass reared under three high water temperatures (24, 28, 33°C), for a period of three months was evaluated via analysis of selected growth performance and physiological indicators. Effects on molecular, hormonal, and biochemical variables were analyzed along with effects of acclimation temperature on the metabolic rate and Critical Thermal maximum (CTmax). Despite signs of thermal stress at 28°C indicated by high plasma cortisol and lactate levels as well as the upregulation of genes coding for Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), E. sea bass can maintain high performance at that temperature which is encouraging for the species culture in the context of a warming ocean. Critical survivability thresholds appear sharply close to 33°C, where the aerobic capacity declines and the overall performance diminishes. European sea bass demonstrates appreciable capacity to cope with acute thermal stress exhibiting CTmax as high as 40°C for fish acclimated at high temperatures, which may indicate resilience to future heatwaves events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Konstadia Lika
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mohamed H. Asaad
- Beacon Development, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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6
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Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, most heart pathologies have limited treatments, and often the only curative approach is heart transplantation. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating cardiac diseases. Animal models that reproduce the human pathophysiology are essential to uncovering the biology of diseases and discovering therapies. Traditionally, mammals have been used as models of cardiac disease, but the cost of generating and maintaining new models is exorbitant, and the studies have very low throughput. In the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as a tractable model for cardiac diseases, owing to several characteristics that made this animal popular among developmental biologists. Zebrafish fertilization and development are external; embryos can be obtained in high numbers, are cheap and easy to maintain, and can be manipulated to create new genetic models. Moreover, zebrafish exhibit an exceptional ability to regenerate their heart after injury. This review summarizes 25 years of research using the zebrafish to study the heart, from the classical forward screenings to the contemporary methods to model mutations found in patients with cardiac disease. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this model organism and introduce the experimental approaches exploited in zebrafish, including forward and reverse genetics and chemical screenings. Last, we review the models used to induce cardiac injury and essential ideas derived from studying natural regeneration. Studies using zebrafish have the potential to accelerate the discovery of new strategies to treat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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7
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Ding Y, Lang D, Yan J, Bu H, Li H, Jiao K, Yang J, Ni H, Morotti S, Le T, Clark KJ, Port J, Ekker SC, Cao H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Grandi E, Li Z, Shi Y, Li Y, Glukhov AV, Xu X. A phenotype-based forward genetic screen identifies Dnajb6 as a sick sinus syndrome gene. eLife 2022; 11:77327. [PMID: 36255053 PMCID: PMC9642998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed the generation of a protein trap library made with the gene-break transposon (GBT) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that could be used to facilitate novel functional genome annotation towards understanding molecular underpinnings of human diseases (Ichino et al, 2020). Here, we report a significant application of this library for discovering essential genes for heart rhythm disorders such as sick sinus syndrome (SSS). SSS is a group of heart rhythm disorders caused by malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. Partially owing to its aging-associated phenotypic manifestation and low expressivity, molecular mechanisms of SSS remain difficult to decipher. From 609 GBT lines screened, we generated a collection of 35 zebrafish insertional cardiac (ZIC) mutants in which each mutant traps a gene with cardiac expression. We further employed electrocardiographic measurements to screen these 35 ZIC lines and identified three GBT mutants with SSS-like phenotypes. More detailed functional studies on one of the arrhythmogenic mutants, GBT411, in both zebrafish and mouse models unveiled Dnajb6 as a novel SSS causative gene with a unique expression pattern within the subpopulation of sinus node pacemaker cells that partially overlaps with the expression of hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated channel 4 (HCN4), supporting heterogeneity of the cardiac pacemaker cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States,The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Di Lang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States,Division of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School Of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Haisong Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hongsong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Kunli Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States,Division of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School Of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Stefano Morotti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Tai Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Jenna Port
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yongyong Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yigang Li
- Division of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School Of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Alexey V Glukhov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
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8
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Ma X, Xu X. A Swimming-based Assay to Determine the Exercise Capacity of Adult Zebrafish Cardiomyopathy Models. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4114. [PMID: 34458408 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity, measured by treadmill in humans and other mammals, is an important diagnostic and prognostic index for patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The adult zebrafish is increasingly used as a vertebrate model to study human cardiomyopathy due to its conserved cardiovascular physiology, convenience for genetic manipulation, and amenability to high-throughput genetic and compound screening. Owing to the small size of its body and heart, new phenotyping assays are needed to unveil phenotypic traits of cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish. Here, we describe a swimming-based functional assay that measures exercise capacity in an adult zebrafish doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model. This protocol can be applied to any adult zebrafish model of acquired or inherited cardiomyopathy and potentially to other cardiovascular diseases. Graphic abstract: Clinical relevance of the swimming-based phenotyping assay in adult zebrafish cardiomyopathy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
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9
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Murphy LB, Santos-Ledo A, Dhanaseelan T, Eley L, Burns D, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Exercise, programmed cell death and exhaustion of cardiomyocyte proliferation in aging zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049013. [PMID: 34296752 PMCID: PMC8319546 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may ameliorate the eventual heart failure inherent in human aging. In this study, we use zebrafish to understand how aging and exercise affect cardiomyocyte turnover and myocardial remodelling. We show that cardiomyocyte proliferation remains constant throughout life but that onset of fibrosis is associated with a late increase in apoptosis. These findings correlate with decreases in voluntary swimming activity, critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and increases in biomarkers of cardiac insufficiency. The ability to respond to severe physiological stress is also impaired with age. Although young adult fish respond with robust cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to enforced swimming, this is dramatically impaired in older fish and served by a smaller proliferation-competent cardiomyocyte population. Finally, we show that these aging responses can be improved through increased activity throughout adulthood. However, despite improvement in Ucrit and the proliferative response to stress, the size of the proliferating cardiomyocyte population remained unchanged. The zebrafish heart models human aging and reveals the important trade-off between preserving cardiovascular fitness through exercise at the expense of accelerated fibrotic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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10
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Narumanchi S, Wang H, Perttunen S, Tikkanen I, Lakkisto P, Paavola J. Zebrafish Heart Failure Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662583. [PMID: 34095129 PMCID: PMC8173159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The understanding of heart failure pathomechanisms and options for treatment remain incomplete. Zebrafish has proven useful for modeling human heart diseases due to similarity of zebrafish and mammalian hearts, fast easily tractable development, and readily available genetic methods. Embryonic cardiac development is rapid and cardiac function is easy to observe and quantify. Reverse genetics, by using morpholinos and CRISPR-Cas9 to modulate gene function, make zebrafish a primary animal model for in vivo studies of candidate genes. Zebrafish are able to effectively regenerate their hearts following injury. However, less attention has been given to using zebrafish models to increase understanding of heart failure and cardiac remodeling, including cardiac hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Here we discuss using zebrafish to study heart failure and cardiac remodeling, and review zebrafish genetic, drug-induced and other heart failure models, discussing the advantages and weaknesses of using zebrafish to model human heart disease. Using zebrafish models will lead to insights on the pathomechanisms of heart failure, with the aim to ultimately provide novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneeta Narumanchi
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hong Wang
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Perttunen
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Tikkanen
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lakkisto
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Paavola
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Santiago CF, Huttner IG, Fatkin D. Mechanisms of TTNtv-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Insights from Zebrafish Models. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8020010. [PMID: 33504111 PMCID: PMC7912658 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common heart muscle disorder characterized by ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. New insights into disease mechanisms and strategies for treatment and prevention are urgently needed. Truncating variants in the TTN gene, which encodes the giant sarcomeric protein titin (TTNtv), are the most common genetic cause of DCM, but exactly how TTNtv promote cardiomyocyte dysfunction is not known. Although rodent models have been widely used to investigate titin biology, they have had limited utility for TTNtv-related DCM. In recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful alternative model system for studying titin function in the healthy and diseased heart. Optically transparent embryonic zebrafish models have demonstrated key roles of titin in sarcomere assembly and cardiac development. The increasing availability of sophisticated imaging tools for assessment of heart function in adult zebrafish has revolutionized the field and opened new opportunities for modelling human genetic disorders. Genetically modified zebrafish that carry a human A-band TTNtv have now been generated and shown to spontaneously develop DCM with age. This zebrafish model will be a valuable resource for elucidating the phenotype modifying effects of genetic and environmental factors, and for exploring new drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine F. Santiago
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (C.F.S.); (I.G.H.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Inken G. Huttner
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (C.F.S.); (I.G.H.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (C.F.S.); (I.G.H.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cardiology Department, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ding Y, Bu H, Xu X. Modeling Inherited Cardiomyopathies in Adult Zebrafish for Precision Medicine. Front Physiol 2020; 11:599244. [PMID: 33329049 PMCID: PMC7717946 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.599244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a highly heterogeneous group of heart muscle disorders. More than 100 causative genes have been linked to various cardiomyopathies, which explain about half of familial cardiomyopathy cases. More than a dozen candidate therapeutic signaling pathways have been identified; however, precision medicine is not being used to treat the various types of cardiomyopathy because knowledge is lacking for how to tailor treatment plans for different genetic causes. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) have a higher throughout than rodents and are an emerging vertebrate model for studying cardiomyopathy. Herein, we review progress in the past decade that has proven the feasibility of this simple vertebrate for modeling inherited cardiomyopathies of distinct etiology, identifying effective therapeutic strategies for a particular type of cardiomyopathy, and discovering new cardiomyopathy genes or new therapeutic strategies via a forward genetic approach. On the basis of this progress, we discuss future research that would benefit from integrating this emerging model, including discovery of remaining causative genes and development of genotype-based therapies. Studies using this efficient vertebrate model are anticipated to significantly accelerate the implementation of precision medicine for inherited cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Haisong Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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Ding Y, Yang J, Chen P, Lu T, Jiao K, Tester DJ, Giudicessi JR, Jiang K, Ackerman MJ, Li Y, Wang DW, Lee H, Wang DW, Xu X. Knockout of SORBS2 Protein Disrupts the Structural Integrity of Intercalated Disc and Manifests Features of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017055. [PMID: 32808564 PMCID: PMC7660791 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.017055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Sorbs2b (sorbin and SH3 domain-containing 2b) was recently identified as a cardiomyopathy gene from a zebrafish mutagenesis screen. However, cardiac functions of its mammalian ortholog remain elusive. Methods and Results We conducted a detailed expression and subcellular localization analysis of Sorbs2 ortholog in mice and a phenotypic characterization in Sorbs2 knockout mice. Sorbs2 is highly expressed in the mouse heart and encodes an adhesion junction/desmosome protein that is mainly localized to the intercalated disc. A mutation with near complete depletion of the Sorbs2 protein in mice results in phenotypes characteristic of human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), including right ventricular dilation, right ventricular dysfunction, spontaneous ventricular tachycardia, and premature death. Sorbs2 is required to maintain the structural integrity of intercalated disc. Its absence resulted in profound cardiac electrical remodeling with impaired impulse conduction and action potential derangements. Targeted sequencing of human patients with ACM identified 2 rare splicing variants classified as likely pathogenic were in 2 unrelated individuals with ACM from a cohort of 59 patients with ACM. Conclusions The Sorbs2 knockout mouse manifests several key features reminiscent of human ACM. Although the candidacy of SORBS2 as a new ACM-susceptibility gene is supported by preliminary human genetics study, future validation in larger cohorts with ACM is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Peng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic DisordersDivision of CardiologyDepartments of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis CenterTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Kunli Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Division of CardiologyXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | | | | | - Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Division of Heart Rhythm Services)Mayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (Division of Pediatric Cardiology)Mayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory)Mayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Yigang Li
- Division of CardiologyXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dao Wu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineClinical Center of Reproductive Medicine and Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - HoN‐chi Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic DisordersDivision of CardiologyDepartments of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis CenterTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
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14
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Fang Y, Sun Y, Luo C, Gu J, Shi Z, Lu G, Silvestre JS, Chen Z. Evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in adult zebrafish using high frequency echocardiography. Life Sci 2020; 253:117732. [PMID: 32360570 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently, the zebrafish has gained attention as an innovative experimental model to decipher molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular development and diseases. Nevertheless, the use of zebrafish models has been challenged because the transparency of these fish, which allows for accurate cardiac evaluation, disappears in adulthood. In this study, the epicardial outline method was performed to investigate the feasibility of echocardiography in assessing cardiac function in pathological adult zebrafish. MATERIALS AND METHODS We attempted to estimate heart failure in adult zebrafish treated with three distinct regulators of cardiac function: phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ), doxorubicin (DOX), and ethanol. B-mode and Doppler images were evaluated at frequencies of up to 50 MHz and 40 MHz, respectively. The correlation between alterations in cardiac function, haemoglobin concentration, and myocardial histopathology were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Cardiac output (CO) in PHZ-treated zebrafish was significantly higher than that in control zebrafish (151 ± 67 vs. 84 ± 37 μl/min, P = 0.004), whereas ejection fraction (EF) was lower (36.3 ± 10.9 vs. 50.9 ± 8.7%, P < 0.001), indicating typical high output heart failure derived from anaemia. Additionally, ventricular dysfunction in DOX-treated zebrafish was characterised by low CO (57 ± 38 μl/min) and EF (28.8 ± 10.4%), accompanied by an enlarged ventricle in diastole and systole, representing low output heart failure. For ethanol-treated zebrafish, EF was markedly reduced (39.6 ± 7.2%) indicating a dilated heart, while CO remained unchanged (90 ± 40 μl/min). SIGNIFICANCE The epicardial outline method is an effective way of using echocardiography to assess cardiac dysfunction in pathological adult zebrafish, unlocking a major bottleneck in this research field with limited cardiac functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhenyue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Chávez MN, Morales RA, López-Crisosto C, Roa JC, Allende ML, Lavandero S. Autophagy Activation in Zebrafish Heart Regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2191. [PMID: 32042056 PMCID: PMC7010704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a key role in the maintenance of overall cellular health. While it has been suggested that autophagy may elicit cardioprotective and pro-survival modulating functions, excessive activation of autophagy can also be detrimental. In this regard, the zebrafish is considered a hallmark model for vertebrate regeneration, since contrary to adult mammals, it is able to faithfully regenerate cardiac tissue. Interestingly, the role that autophagy may play in zebrafish heart regeneration has not been studied yet. In the present work, we hypothesize that, in the context of a well-established injury model of ventricular apex resection, autophagy plays a critical role during cardiac regeneration and its regulation can directly affect the zebrafish regenerative potential. We studied the autophagy events occurring upon injury using electron microscopy, in vivo tracking of autophagy markers, and protein analysis. Additionally, using pharmacological tools, we investigated how rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, affects regeneration relevant processes. Our results show that a tightly regulated autophagic response is triggered upon injury and during the early stages of the regeneration process. Furthermore, treatment with rapamycin caused an impairment in the cardiac regeneration outcome. These findings are reminiscent of the pathophysiological description of an injured human heart and hence put forward the zebrafish as a model to study the poorly understood double-sword effect that autophagy has in cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra N Chávez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila López-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L Allende
- Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
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16
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Gancz D, Raftrey BC, Perlmoter G, Marín-Juez R, Semo J, Matsuoka RL, Karra R, Raviv H, Moshe N, Addadi Y, Golani O, Poss KD, Red-Horse K, Stainier DY, Yaniv K. Distinct origins and molecular mechanisms contribute to lymphatic formation during cardiac growth and regeneration. eLife 2019; 8:44153. [PMID: 31702554 PMCID: PMC6881115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of lymphatics in organ repair and regeneration, due to their importance in immune surveillance and fluid homeostasis. Experimental approaches aimed at boosting lymphangiogenesis following myocardial infarction in mice, were shown to promote healing of the heart. Yet, the mechanisms governing cardiac lymphatic growth remain unclear. Here, we identify two distinct lymphatic populations in the hearts of zebrafish and mouse, one that forms through sprouting lymphangiogenesis, and the other by coalescence of isolated lymphatic cells. By tracing the development of each subset, we reveal diverse cellular origins and differential response to signaling cues. Finally, we show that lymphatic vessels are required for cardiac regeneration in zebrafish as mutants lacking lymphatics display severely impaired regeneration capabilities. Overall, our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying lymphatic formation during development and regeneration, opening new avenues for interventions targeting specific lymphatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gancz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian C Raftrey
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Gal Perlmoter
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Semo
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ravi Karra
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Hila Raviv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noga Moshe
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Dvornikov AV, Wang M, Yang J, Zhu P, Le T, Lin X, Cao H, Xu X. Phenotyping an adult zebrafish lamp2 cardiomyopathy model identifies mTOR inhibition as a candidate therapy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:199-208. [PMID: 31228518 PMCID: PMC6705397 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish is an emerging vertebrate model for studying genetic basis of cardiomyopathies; but whether the simple fish heart can model essential features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remained unknown. Here, we report a comprehensive phenotyping of a lamp2 knockout (KO) mutant. LAMP2 encodes a lysosomal protein and is a causative gene of Danon disease that is characterized by HCM and massive autophagic vacuoles accumulation in the tissues. There is no effective therapy yet to treat this most lethal cardiomyopathy in the young. First, we did find the autophagic vacuoles accumulation in cardiac tissues from lamp2 KO. Next, through employing a set of emerging phenotyping tools, we revealed heart failure phenotypes in the lamp2 KO mutants, including decreased ventricular ejection fraction, reduced physical exercise capacity, blunted β-adrenergic contractile response, and enlarged atrium. We also noted changes of the following indices suggesting cardiac hypertrophic remodeling in lamp2 KO: a rounded heart shape, increased end-systolic ventricular volume and density of ventricular myocardium, elevated actomyosin activation kinetics together with increased maximal isometric tension at the level of cardiac myofibrils. Lastly, we assessed the function of lysosomal-localized mTOR on the lamp2-associated Danon disease. We found that haploinsufficiency of mtor was able to normalize some characteristics of the lamp2 KO, including ejection fraction, β-adrenergic response, and the actomyosin activation kinetics. In summary, we demonstrate the feasibility of modeling the inherited HCM in the adult zebrafish, which can be used to develop potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mingmin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tai Le
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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18
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Sarantis P, Gaitanaki C, Beis D. Ventricular remodeling of single-chambered myh6 -/- adult zebrafish hearts occurs via a hyperplastic response and is accompanied by elastin deposition in the atrium. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:279-288. [PMID: 31129720 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is widely used as an animal model to understand the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we present the adult cardiac phenotype of weak atrium, myh6-/-, which carry mutations in the zebrafish atrial myosin heavy chain. Homozygous mutants survive to adulthood and are fertile despite their initial weak atrial beat. In adult mutants, the atrium remains hypoplastic and shows elastin deposition while mutant ventricles exhibit increased size. In mammals, hypertrophy is the most common mechanism resulting in cardiomegaly. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to measure cardiomyocyte cell size, density and proliferation, we show that the enlargement of the myh6-/- ventricle is predominantly due to hyperplasia. However, we identified similar transcriptional profiles to the mammalian hypertrophy response via RT-PCR of the hyperplastic ventricles. Furthermore, we show activation of the ER-stress pathway by western blot analysis. In conclusion, we can assume, based on our model, that molecular signaling pathways associated with hypertrophy in mammals, in combination with ER-stress activation, result in hyperplasia in zebrafish. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first time to report elastin deposition in the atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sarantis
- Zebrafish Disease Models lab, Center for Clinical Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine Gaitanaki
- Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Zebrafish Disease Models lab, Center for Clinical Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Yang Y, Li B, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Lou X. The zinc finger protein Zfpm1 modulates ventricular trabeculation through Neuregulin-ErbB signalling. Dev Biol 2019; 446:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Dvornikov AV, de Tombe PP, Xu X. Phenotyping cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:116-125. [PMID: 29884423 PMCID: PMC6269218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is usually manifested by increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, excessive contractility, and impaired relaxation. In contrast, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) originates from insufficient sarcomere contractility and reduced cardiac pump function, subsequently resulting in heart failure. The zebrafish has emerged as a new model of human cardiomyopathy with high-throughput screening, which will facilitate the discovery of novel genetic factors and the development of new therapies. Given the small hearts of zebrafish, better phenotyping tools are needed to discern different types of cardiomyopathy, such as HCM and DCM. This article reviews the existing models of cardiomyopathy, available morphologic and functional methods, and current understanding of the different types of cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Pieter P de Tombe
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, USA; Magdi Yacoub Institute, Cardiac Biophysics Division, Harefield, UK; Imperial College, Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK; Freiburg University, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Germany
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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21
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Zhang H, Dvornikov AV, Huttner IG, Ma X, Santiago CF, Fatkin D, Xu X. A Langendorff-like system to quantify cardiac pump function in adult zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034819. [PMID: 30012855 PMCID: PMC6177000 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly used as a vertebrate model to study human cardiovascular disorders. Although heart structure and function are readily visualized in zebrafish embryos because of their optical transparency, the lack of effective tools for evaluating the hearts of older, nontransparent fish has been a major limiting factor. The recent development of high-frequency echocardiography has been an important advance for in vivo cardiac assessment, but it necessitates anesthesia and has limited ability to study acute interventions. We report the development of an alternative experimental ex vivo technique for quantifying heart size and function that resembles the Langendorff heart preparations that have been widely used in mammalian models. Dissected adult zebrafish hearts were perfused with a calcium-containing buffer, and a beat frequency was maintained with electrical stimulation. The impact of pacing frequency, flow rate and perfusate calcium concentration on ventricular performance (including end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, ejection fraction, radial strain, and maximal velocities of shortening and relaxation) were evaluated and optimal conditions defined. We determined the effects of age on heart function in wild-type male and female zebrafish, and successfully detected hypercontractile and hypocontractile responses after adrenergic stimulation or doxorubicin treatment, respectively. Good correlations were found between indices of cardiac contractility obtained with high-frequency echocardiography and with the ex vivo technique in a subset of fish studied with both methods. The ex vivo beating heart preparation is a valuable addition to the cardiac function tool kit that will expand the use of adult zebrafish for cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Cardiovascular Surgery Department, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Inken G Huttner
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Clinical and Translational Sciences Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55092, USA
| | - Celine F Santiago
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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22
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Restoration of cardiac function after anaemia-induced heart failure in zebrafish. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 121:223-232. [PMID: 30009777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS New therapeutic approaches are needed to fight against the growing epidemic of heart failure. Unlike mammals, zebrafish possess the incredible ability to regenerate cardiac tissue after acute trauma such as apical resection. Yet, the ability of zebrafish to recover after a chronic stress leading to heart failure has not been reported. The aim of this study was to test whether zebrafish can recover a normal cardiac function after anaemia-induced heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight- to ten-month-old zebrafish were treated with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, an anaemia inducer, to generate heart failure. Treatment was stopped after 5 weeks and fish were followed-up for 3 weeks. Assessment of ventricular function by ultrasound at the end of the treatment revealed an increase in ventricle diameter (+47%) and a decrease in heart rate (-36%) and fractional shortening (-30%). A decrease in swim capacity was also observed (-31%). Tissue staining showed a thickening of the ventricular wall (5-fold), cell apoptosis and proliferation but no fibrosis. Expression of foetal genes, angiogenic factor and inflammation markers was increased, and β-adrenergic receptor-1 was decreased. Three weeks after phenylhydrazine hydrochloride withdrawal, all parameters returned to baseline and the fish recovered a normal cardiac function, tissue morphology and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish are able to completely recover from anaemia-induced heart failure. This model represents a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of cardiac repair and may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets of heart failure.
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23
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Ma X, Ding Y, Wang Y, Xu X. A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29939187 DOI: 10.3791/57567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic
| | - Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic; Institute of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic;
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24
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Fang Y, Wu C, Lu G, Chen Z. Activation of the Nkx2.5-Calr-p53 signaling pathway by hyperglycemia induces cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in adult zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1217-1227. [PMID: 28801532 PMCID: PMC5665450 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetic cardiomyopathy in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used in this study as a novel vertebrate model to explore the signaling pathways of human adult cardiomyopathy. Hyperglycemia was induced by alternately immersing adult zebrafish in a glucose solution or water. The hyperglycemic fish gradually exhibited some hallmarks of cardiomyopathy such as myocardial hypertrophy and apoptosis, myofibril loss, fetal gene reactivation, and severe arrhythmia. Echocardiography of the glucose-treated fish demonstrated diastolic dysfunction at an early stage and systolic dysfunction at a later stage, consistent with what is observed in diabetic patients. Enlarged hearts with decreased myocardial density, accompanied by decompensated cardiac function, indicated that apoptosis was critical in the pathological process. Significant upregulation of the expression of Nkx2.5 and its downstream targets calreticulin (Calr) and p53 was noted in the glucose-treated fish. High-glucose stimulation in vitro evoked marked apoptosis of primary cardiomyocytes, which was rescued by the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-μ. In vitro experiments were performed using compound treatment and genetically via cell infection. Genetically, knockout of Nkx2.5 induced decreased expression of Nkx2.5, Calr and p53 Upregulation of Calr resulted in increased p53 expression, whereas the level of Nkx2.5 remained unchanged. An adult zebrafish model of hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyopathy was successfully established. Hyperglycemia-induced myocardial apoptosis was mediated, at least in part, by activation of the Nkx2.5-Calr-p53 pathway in vivo, resulting in cardiac dysfunction and hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiuyun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuehua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chunfang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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25
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Gut P, Reischauer S, Stainier DYR, Arnaout R. LITTLE FISH, BIG DATA: ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:889-938. [PMID: 28468832 PMCID: PMC5817164 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases worldwide is staggering. The emergence of systems approaches in biology promises new therapies, faster and cheaper diagnostics, and personalized medicine. However, a profound understanding of pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels remains a fundamental requirement for discovery and therapeutics. Animal models of human disease are cornerstones of drug discovery as they allow identification of novel pharmacological targets by linking gene function with pathogenesis. The zebrafish model has been used for decades to study development and pathophysiology. More than ever, the specific strengths of the zebrafish model make it a prime partner in an age of discovery transformed by big-data approaches to genomics and disease. Zebrafish share a largely conserved physiology and anatomy with mammals. They allow a wide range of genetic manipulations, including the latest genome engineering approaches. They can be bred and studied with remarkable speed, enabling a range of large-scale phenotypic screens. Finally, zebrafish demonstrate an impressive regenerative capacity scientists hope to unlock in humans. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide on applications of zebrafish to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We delineate advantages and limitations of zebrafish models of human disease and summarize their most significant contributions to understanding disease progression to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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26
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Wang LW, Huttner IG, Santiago CF, Kesteven SH, Yu ZY, Feneley MP, Fatkin D. Standardized echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in normal adult zebrafish and heart disease models. Dis Model Mech 2016; 10:63-76. [PMID: 28067629 PMCID: PMC5278526 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly popular model organism in cardiovascular research. Major insights into cardiac developmental processes have been gained by studies of embryonic zebrafish. However, the utility of zebrafish for modeling adult-onset heart disease has been limited by a lack of robust methods for in vivo evaluation of cardiac function. We established a physiological protocol for underwater zebrafish echocardiography using high frequency ultrasound, and evaluated its reliability in detecting altered cardiac function in two disease models. Serial assessment of cardiac function was performed in wild-type zebrafish aged 3 to 12 months and the effects of anesthetic agents, age, sex and background strain were evaluated. There was a varying extent of bradycardia and ventricular contractile impairment with different anesthetic drugs and doses, with tricaine 0.75 mmol l−1 having a relatively more favorable profile. When compared with males, female fish were larger and had more measurement variability. Although age-related increments in ventricular chamber size were greater in females than males, there were no sex differences when data were normalized to body size. Systolic ventricular function was similar in both sexes at all time points, but differences in diastolic function were evident from 6 months onwards. Wild-type fish of both sexes showed a reliance on atrial contraction for ventricular diastolic filling. Echocardiographic evaluation of adult zebrafish with diphtheria toxin-induced myocarditis or anemia-induced volume overload accurately identified ventricular dilation and altered contraction, with suites of B-mode, ventricular strain, pulsed-wave Doppler and tissue Doppler indices showing concordant changes indicative of myocardial hypocontractility or hypercontractility, respectively. Repeatability, intra-observer and inter-observer correlations for echocardiographic measurements were high. We demonstrate that high frequency echocardiography allows reliable in vivo cardiac assessment in adult zebrafish and make recommendations for optimizing data acquisition and analysis. This enabling technology reveals new insights into zebrafish cardiac physiology and provides an imaging platform for zebrafish-based translational research. Summary: Standardization of zebrafish echocardiography provides insights into cardiac physiology in normal and diseased states, with application for functional studies in zebrafish models of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis W Wang
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Inken G Huttner
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Celine F Santiago
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Scott H Kesteven
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ze-Yan Yu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia .,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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27
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Keen AN, Klaiman JM, Shiels HA, Gillis TE. Temperature-induced cardiac remodelling in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:147-160. [PMID: 27852752 PMCID: PMC5278617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation causes the heart of some fish species to undergo significant remodelling. This includes changes in electrical activity, energy utilization and structural properties at the gross and molecular level of organization. The purpose of this Review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of temperature-induced structural remodelling in the fish ventricle across different levels of biological organization, and to examine how such changes result in the modification of the functional properties of the heart. The structural remodelling response is thought to be responsible for changes in cardiac stiffness, the Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation and the rate of force generation by the heart. Such changes to both active and passive properties help to compensate for the loss of cardiac function caused by a decrease in physiological temperature. Hence, temperature-induced cardiac remodelling is common in fish that remain active following seasonal decreases in temperature. This Review is organized around the ventricular phases of the cardiac cycle – specifically diastolic filling, isovolumic pressure generation and ejection – so that the consequences of remodelling can be fully described. We also compare the thermal acclimation-associated modifications of the fish ventricle with those seen in the mammalian ventricle in response to cardiac pathologies and exercise. Finally, we consider how the plasticity of the fish heart may be relevant to survival in a climate change context, where seasonal temperature changes could become more extreme and variable. Summary: Thermal acclimation of some temperate fishes causes extensive remodelling of the heart. The resultant changes to the active and passive properties of the heart represent a highly integrated phenotypic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Keen
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Jordan M Klaiman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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28
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Wang LW, Huttner IG, Santiago CF, Fatkin D. Bradycardia in Zebrafish Heart Failure: A True Physiological Response or Anesthetic-Induced Red Herring? Zebrafish 2016; 13:475-476. [PMID: 27676282 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis W Wang
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,2 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales, Australia .,3 Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Inken G Huttner
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,2 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine F Santiago
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,2 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales, Australia .,3 Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Ding Y, Long PA, Bos JM, Shih YH, Ma X, Sundsbak RS, Chen J, Jiang Y, Zhao L, Hu X, Wang J, Shi Y, Ackerman MJ, Lin X, Ekker SC, Redfield MM, Olson TM, Xu X. A modifier screen identifies DNAJB6 as a cardiomyopathy susceptibility gene. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27642634 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis screening is a powerful forward genetic approach that has been successfully applied in lower-model organisms to discover genetic factors for biological processes. This phenotype-based approach has yet to be established in vertebrates for probing major human diseases, largely because of the complexity of colony management. Herein, we report a rapid strategy for identifying genetic modifiers of cardiomyopathy (CM). Based on the application of doxorubicin stress to zebrafish insertional cardiac (ZIC) mutants, we identified 4 candidate CM-modifying genes, of which 3 have been linked previously to CM. The long isoform of DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6b (dnajb6b(L)) was identified as a CM susceptibility gene, supported by identification of rare variants in its human ortholog DNAJB6 from CM patients. Mechanistic studies indicated that the deleterious, loss-of-function modifying effects of dnajb6b(L) can be ameliorated by inhibition of ER stress. In contrast, overexpression of dnajb6(L) exerts cardioprotective effects on both fish and mouse CM models. Together, our findings establish a mutagenesis screening strategy that is scalable for systematic identification of genetic modifiers of CM, feasible to suggest therapeutic targets, and expandable to other major human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamela A Long
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Martijn Bos
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yu-Huan Shih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rhianna S Sundsbak
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Olson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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30
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Ernens I, Lumley AI, Devaux Y, Wagner DR. Use of Coronary Ultrasound Imaging to Evaluate Ventricular Function in Adult Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2016; 13:477-480. [PMID: 27326768 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, imaging of the adult zebrafish heart and assessment of heart failure in adult zebrafish have been very limited. Here, we describe a new method for in vivo imaging of the hypertrabeculated heart of the adult zebrafish using miniaturized cardiac ultrasound catheters obtained from the cardiac catheterization laboratory. This method allows the observation of the ventricle of zebrafish and the assessment of ventricular diameters during diastole and systole, as well as heart rate and fractional shortening. Significant changes in these parameters were detected through the use of an adult zebrafish heart failure model induced by chronic anemia. This imaging technique opens the door to detailed in vivo analysis of the adult heart failure phenotype in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ernens
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health , Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew I Lumley
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health , Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Yvan Devaux
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health , Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel R Wagner
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health , Strassen, Luxembourg .,2 Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg , Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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31
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Brown DR, Samsa LA, Qian L, Liu J. Advances in the Study of Heart Development and Disease Using Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 27335817 PMCID: PMC4913704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of cardiovascular disease are key players in the translational medicine pipeline used to define the conserved genetic and molecular basis of disease. Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common type of human birth defect and feature structural abnormalities that arise during cardiac development and maturation. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a valuable vertebrate model organism, offering advantages over traditional mammalian models. These advantages include the rapid, stereotyped and external development of transparent embryos produced in large numbers from inexpensively housed adults, vast capacity for genetic manipulation, and amenability to high-throughput screening. With the help of modern genetics and a sequenced genome, zebrafish have led to insights in cardiovascular diseases ranging from CHDs to arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. Here, we discuss the utility of zebrafish as a model system and summarize zebrafish cardiac morphogenesis with emphasis on parallels to human heart diseases. Additionally, we discuss the specific tools and experimental platforms utilized in the zebrafish model including forward screens, functional characterization of candidate genes, and high throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (D.R.B.); (L.Q.)
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-962-0326; Fax: +1-919- 843-2063
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32
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Yousaf MN, Koppang EO, Zou J, Secombes CJ, Powell MD. Immunolocalization of immune cells and cell cycle proteins in the bulbus arteriosus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:64-69. [PMID: 26873875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bulbus arteriosus is the most anterior chamber of the teleost heart. The present study aimed to establish the presence, and to provide semi-quantitative information on the abundance, of several immune and cell-cycle proteins in the bulbus arteriosus of healthy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Using immunohistochemistry, lymphocyte-like cells were identified in the bulbus arteriosus using antibodies to CD3ε and MHC class IIβ. Few PCNA positive cells were identified in post-smolt fish as compared to moderate levels of staining in fresh water fry. Interestingly no staining was evident in adult fish (1-3 kg), thus there was a loss of cells expressing cell-cycle regulatory proteins with ontogeny/progressive life-history stages. Eosinophilic granulocytes (EGCs) were identified in the bulbus arteriosus using TNFα and HIF1α antibodies. Anti-caspase 3 immune-reaction identified a strong endothelial cytoplasmic staining in the bulbus arteriosus. Taken together, the immunolocalization of immune-related molecules (CD3, MHC class II and TNFα), cell-cycle regulatory proteins (PCNA and HIF1α) and apoptosis markers (TUNEL, caspase 3) suggest that the bulbus arteriosus may have an immune component within its functional repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark D Powell
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway
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33
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Yang J, Shah S, Olson TM, Xu X. Modeling GATAD1-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Adult Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 28955713 PMCID: PMC5611887 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have played a critical role in validating human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) genes, particularly those that implicate novel mechanisms for heart failure. However, the disease phenotype may be delayed due to age-dependent penetrance. For this reason, we generated an adult zebrafish model, which is a simpler vertebrate model with higher throughput than rodents. Specifically, we studied the zebrafish homologue of GATAD1, a recently identified gene for adult-onset autosomal recessive DCM. We showed cardiac expression of gatad1 transcripts, by whole mount in situ hybridization in zebrafish embryos, and demonstrated nuclear and sarcomeric I-band subcellular localization of Gatad1 protein in cardiomyocytes, by injecting a Tol2 plasmid encoding fluorescently-tagged Gatad1. We next generated gatad1 knock-out fish lines by TALEN technology and a transgenic fish line that expresses the human DCM GATAD1-S102P mutation in cardiomyocytes. Under stress conditions, longitudinal studies uncovered heart failure (HF)-like phenotypes in stable KO mutants and a tendency toward HF phenotypes in transgenic lines. Based on these efforts of studying a gene-based inherited cardiomyopathy model, we discuss the strengths and bottlenecks of adult zebrafish as a new vertebrate model for assessing candidate cardiomyopathy genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (J.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sahrish Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (J.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Timothy M. Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (J.Y.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-0685; Fax: +1-507-538-6418
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Keen AN, Fenna AJ, McConnell JC, Sherratt MJ, Gardner P, Shiels HA. The Dynamic Nature of Hypertrophic and Fibrotic Remodeling of the Fish Ventricle. Front Physiol 2016; 6:427. [PMID: 26834645 PMCID: PMC4720793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pressure or volume overload can cause the vertebrate heart to remodel. The hearts of fish remodel in response to seasonal temperature change. Here we focus on the passive properties of the fish heart. Building upon our previous work on thermal-remodeling of the rainbow trout ventricle, we hypothesized that chronic cooling would initiate fibrotic cardiac remodeling, with increased myocardial stiffness, similar to that seen with pathological hypertrophy in mammals. We hypothesized that, in contrast to pathological hypertrophy in mammals, the remodeling response in fish would be plastic and the opposite response would occur following chronic warming. Rainbow trout held at 10°C (control group) were chronically (>8 weeks) exposed to cooling (5°C) or warming (18°C). Chronic cold induced hypertrophy in the highly trabeculated inner layer of the fish heart, with a 41% increase in myocyte bundle cross-sectional area, and an up-regulation of hypertrophic marker genes. Cold acclimation also increased collagen deposition by 1.7-fold and caused an up-regulation of collagen promoting genes. In contrast, chronic warming reduced myocyte bundle cross-sectional area, expression of hypertrophic markers and collagen deposition. Functionally, the cold-induced fibrosis and hypertrophy were associated with increased passive stiffness of the whole ventricle and with increased micromechanical stiffness of tissue sections. The opposite occurred with chronic warming. These findings suggest chronic cooling in the trout heart invokes a hypertrophic phenotype with increased cardiac stiffness and fibrosis that are associated with pathological hypertrophy in the mammalian heart. The loss of collagen and increased compliance following warming is particularly interesting as it suggests fibrosis may oscillate seasonally in the fish heart, revealing a more dynamic nature than the fibrosis associated with dysfunction in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Keen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J Fenna
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - James C McConnell
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Matrone G, Wilson KS, Maqsood S, Mullins JJ, Tucker CS, Denvir MA. CDK9 and its repressor LARP7 modulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and response to injury in the zebrafish heart. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4560-71. [PMID: 26542022 PMCID: PMC4696495 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk)9 acts through the positive transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) complex to activate and expand transcription through RNA polymerase II. It has also been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, with recent evidence linking it to cardiomyocyte proliferation. We hypothesised that modification of CDK9 activity could both impair and enhance the cardiac response to injury by modifying cardiomyocyte proliferation. Cdk9 expression and activity were inhibited in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. We show that dephosphorylation of residue Ser2 on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is associated with impaired cardiac structure and function, and cardiomyocyte proliferation and also results in impaired functional recovery following cardiac laser injury. In contrast, de-repression of Cdk9 activity, through knockdown of La-related protein (Larp7) increases phosphorylation of Ser2 in RNA polymerase II and increases cardiomyocyte proliferation. Larp7 knockdown rescued the structural and functional phenotype associated with knockdown of Cdk9. The balance of Cdk9 and Larp7 plays a key role in cardiomyocyte proliferation and response to injury. Larp7 represents a potentially novel therapeutic target to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and recovery from injury. Summary: The balance of CDK9 and LARP7 plays a key role in cardiomyocyte proliferation and response to injury. LARP7 represents a potentially novel therapeutic target in promoting recovery from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kathryn S Wilson
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sana Maqsood
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Carl S Tucker
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Martin A Denvir
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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36
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Gold DK, Loirat T, Farrell AP. Cardiorespiratory responses to haemolytic anaemia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:848-859. [PMID: 26282915 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To quantify cardiorespiratory response to experimental anaemia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, a 24 h phenylhydrazine treatment was used to reduce haematocrit to almost one third of its initial value over 4-5 days. In response, relative blood velocity in the ventral aorta (an index of cardiac output) progressively increased to more than double to its normocythaemic value and there was no significant change in routine oxygen uptake. Thus, the primary compensatory response to anaemia was an increase in cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gold
- Department of Zoology and The Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T Loirat
- Department of Zoology and The Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and The Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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37
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Salla RF, Gamero FU, Ribeiro LR, Rizzi GM, Medico SED, Rissoli RZ, Vieira CA, Silva-zacarin ECM, Leite DS, Abdalla FC, Toledo LF, Costa MJ. Cardiac adaptations of bullfrog tadpoles in response to chytrid infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:487-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernanda Salla
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology; Department of Biology; Federal University of S; ã; o Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Urban Gamero
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology; Department of Biology; Federal University of S; ã; o Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology; Department of Biology; Federal University of S; ã; o Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gisele Miglioranza Rizzi
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology; Department of Biology; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Samuel Espinosa Dal Medico
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology; Department of Biology; Federal University of S; ã; o Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafael Zanelli Rissoli
- Laboratory Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry (LZBC); Department of Physiological Sciences. Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Conrado Augusto Vieira
- Laboratory of Natural History of Brazilian Amphibians (LaHNAB); Department of Animal Biology; Institute of Biology; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Domingos Silva Leite
- Laboratory of Bacterial Antigens II; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents; Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology Museum “Prof. Adão José Cardoso“; State University of Campinas; Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil
| | - Fábio Camargo Abdalla
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology; Department of Biology; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Toledo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Antigens II; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents; Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology Museum “Prof. Adão José Cardoso“; State University of Campinas; Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil
| | - Monica Jones Costa
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology; Department of Biology; Federal University of S; ã; o Carlos (UFSCar); Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
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38
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Hein SJ, Lehmann LH, Kossack M, Juergensen L, Fuchs D, Katus HA, Hassel D. Advanced echocardiography in adult zebrafish reveals delayed recovery of heart function after myocardial cryoinjury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122665. [PMID: 25853735 PMCID: PMC4390243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translucent zebrafish larvae represent an established model to analyze genetics of cardiac development and human cardiac disease. More recently adult zebrafish are utilized to evaluate mechanisms of cardiac regeneration and by benefiting from recent genome editing technologies, including TALEN and CRISPR, adult zebrafish are emerging as a valuable in vivo model to evaluate novel disease genes and specifically validate disease causing mutations and their underlying pathomechanisms. However, methods to sensitively and non-invasively assess cardiac morphology and performance in adult zebrafish are still limited. We here present a standardized examination protocol to broadly assess cardiac performance in adult zebrafish by advancing conventional echocardiography with modern speckle-tracking analyses. This allows accurate detection of changes in cardiac performance and further enables highly sensitive assessment of regional myocardial motion and deformation in high spatio-temporal resolution. Combining conventional echocardiography measurements with radial and longitudinal velocity, displacement, strain, strain rate and myocardial wall delay rates after myocardial cryoinjury permitted to non-invasively determine injury dimensions and to longitudinally follow functional recovery during cardiac regeneration. We show that functional recovery of cryoinjured hearts occurs in three distinct phases. Importantly, the regeneration process after cryoinjury extends far beyond the proposed 45 days described for ventricular resection with reconstitution of myocardial performance up to 180 days post-injury (dpi). The imaging modalities evaluated here allow sensitive cardiac phenotyping and contribute to further establish adult zebrafish as valuable cardiac disease model beyond the larval developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina J. Hein
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz H. Lehmann
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mandy Kossack
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lonny Juergensen
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Fuchs
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo A. Katus
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Hassel
- Department of Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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39
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Shih YH, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Ross CA, Li H, Olson TM, Xu X. Cardiac transcriptome and dilated cardiomyopathy genes in zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:261-9. [PMID: 25583992 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies of cardiomyopathy and heart failure have limited throughput in mammalian models. Adult zebrafish have been recently pursued as a vertebrate model with higher throughput, but genetic conservation must be tested. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted transcriptome analysis of zebrafish heart and searched for fish homologues of 51 known human dilated cardiomyopathy-associated genes. We also identified genes with high cardiac expression and genes with differential expression between embryonic and adult stages. Among tested genes, 30 had a single zebrafish orthologue, 14 had 2 homologues, and 5 had ≥3 homologues. By analyzing the expression data on the basis of cardiac abundance and enrichment hypotheses, we identified a single zebrafish gene for 14 of 19 multiple-homologue genes and 2 zebrafish homologues of high priority for ACTC1. Of note, our data suggested vmhc and vmhcl as functional zebrafish orthologues for human genes MYH6 and MYH7, respectively, which are established molecular markers for cardiac remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Most known genes for human dilated cardiomyopathy have a corresponding zebrafish orthologue, which supports the use of zebrafish as a conserved vertebrate model. Definition of the cardiac transcriptome and fetal gene program will facilitate systems biology studies of dilated cardiomyopathy in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Shih
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuji Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Yonghe Ding
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Christian A Ross
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Hu Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Timothy M Olson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.S., Y.D., X.X.), Information Technology (C.A.R.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (H.L.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (T.M.O.), and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (T.M.O., X.X.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore (Y.Z.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.).
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40
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Wang T, Lefevre S, Iversen NK, Findorf I, Buchanan R, McKenzie DJ. Anaemia only causes a small reduction in the upper critical temperature of sea bass: is oxygen delivery the limiting factor for tolerance of acute warming in fishes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:4275-8. [PMID: 25394629 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To address how the capacity for oxygen transport influences tolerance of acute warming in fishes, we investigated whether a reduction in haematocrit, by means of intra-peritoneal injection of the haemolytic agent phenylhydrazine, lowered the upper critical temperature of sea bass. A reduction in haematocrit from 42±2% to 20±3% (mean ± s.e.m.) caused a significant but minor reduction in upper critical temperature, from 35.8±0.1 to 35.1±0.2°C, with no correlation between individual values for haematocrit and upper thermal limit. Anaemia did not influence the rise in oxygen uptake between 25 and 33°C, because the anaemic fish were able to compensate for reduced blood oxygen carrying capacity with a significant increase in cardiac output. Therefore, in sea bass the upper critical temperature, at which they lost equilibrium, was not determined by an inability of the cardio-respiratory system to meet the thermal acceleration of metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wang
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France. Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Sjannie Lefevre
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France. Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nina K Iversen
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France. Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Inge Findorf
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France. Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Buchanan
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France. Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David J McKenzie
- UMR5119 ECOSYM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34090 Montpellier, France
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41
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González-Solá M, Al-Khayat HA, Behra M, Kensler RW. Zebrafish cardiac muscle thick filaments: isolation technique and three-dimensional structure. Biophys J 2014; 106:1671-80. [PMID: 24739166 PMCID: PMC4008832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how mutations in thick filament proteins such as cardiac myosin binding protein-C or titin, cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, it is important to determine the structure of the cardiac thick filament. Techniques for the genetic manipulation of the zebrafish are well established and it has become a major model for the study of the cardiovascular system. Our goal is to develop zebrafish as an alternative system to the mammalian heart model for the study of the structure of the cardiac thick filaments and the proteins that form it. We have successfully isolated thick filaments from zebrafish cardiac muscle, using a procedure similar to those for mammalian heart, and analyzed their structure by negative-staining and electron microscopy. The isolated filaments appear well ordered with the characteristic 42.9 nm quasi-helical repeat of the myosin heads expected from x-ray diffraction. We have performed single particle image analysis on the collected electron microscopy images for the C-zone region of these filaments and obtained a three-dimensional reconstruction at 3.5 nm resolution. This reconstruction reveals structure similar to the mammalian thick filament, and demonstrates that zebrafish may provide a useful model for the study of the changes in the cardiac thick filament associated with disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryví González-Solá
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Hind A Al-Khayat
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Behra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical School, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Robert W Kensler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical School, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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42
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Wilkinson RN, Jopling C, van Eeden FJM. Zebrafish as a model of cardiac disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 124:65-91. [PMID: 24751427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has been rapidly adopted as a model for cardiac development and disease. The transparency of the embryo, its limited requirement for active oxygen delivery, and ease of use in genetic manipulations and chemical exposure have made it a powerful alternative to rodents. Novel technologies like TALEN/CRISPR-mediated genome engineering and advanced imaging methods will only accelerate its use. Here, we give an overview of heart development and function in the fish and highlight a number of areas where it is most actively contributing to the understanding of cardiac development and disease. We also review the current state of research on a feature that we only could wish to be conserved between fish and human; cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Wilkinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jopling
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Département de Physiologie, Labex Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France; Universités de Montpellier 1&2, UMR-5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Fredericus J M van Eeden
- MRC Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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43
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Yang J, Hartjes KA, Nelson TJ, Xu X. Cessation of contraction induces cardiomyocyte remodeling during zebrafish cardiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H382-95. [PMID: 24322613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contraction regulates heart development via a complex mechanotransduction process controlled by various mechanical forces. Here, we exploit zebrafish embryos as an in vivo animal model to discern the contribution from different mechanical forces and identify the underlying mechanotransductive signaling pathways of cardiogenesis. We treated 2 days postfertilization zebrafish embryos with Blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, to stop cardiac contraction, which induces a response termed cessation of contraction-induced cardiomyocyte (CM) enlargement (CCE). Accompanying the CCE, lateral fusion of myofibrils was attenuated within CMs. The CCE can be blunted by loss of blood in tail-docked zebrafish but not in cloche mutant fish, suggesting that transmural pressure rather than shear stress is accountable for the chamber enlargement. By screening a panel of small molecule inhibitors, our data suggested essential functions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling and protein synthesis in CCE, which are independent of the sarcomere integrity. In summary, we defined a unique CCE response in genetically tractable zebrafish embryos. A panel of assays was established to verify the contribution from extrinsic forces and interrogate underlying signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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44
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Abstract
Recent advances in the burgeoning field of genome engineering are accelerating the realization of personalized therapeutics for cardiovascular disease. In the postgenomic era, sequence-specific gene-editing tools enable the functional analysis of genetic alterations implicated in disease. In partnership with high-throughput model systems, efficient gene manipulation provides an increasingly powerful toolkit to study phenotypes associated with patient-specific genetic defects. Herein, this review emphasizes the latest developments in genome engineering and how applications within the field are transforming our understanding of personalized medicine with an emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarryd M Campbell
- Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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45
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Poon KL, Brand T. The zebrafish model system in cardiovascular research: A tiny fish with mighty prospects. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:9-28. [PMID: 24688998 PMCID: PMC3963735 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kar Lai Poon
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hill End Road, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Brand
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hill End Road, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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46
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Jean MJ, Deverteuil P, Lopez NH, Tapia JD, Schoffstall B. Adult zebrafish hearts efficiently compensate for excessive forced overload cardiac stress with hyperplastic cardiomegaly. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:88-91. [PMID: 23515072 PMCID: PMC3559224 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human cardiomyocytes (CMs) are capable of some cell division, this response is neither sufficient to repair damaged cardiac tissue nor efficient to compensate for pathological stress. Danio rerio (zebrafish) CMs have been shown to have high proliferative capability to completely repair hearts after injury; however, no reports have focused on their physiological and cellular response to cardiac overload stress. We hypothesized that forced excessive long-term cardiac overload stress would elicit a proliferative response similar to regenerative cardiac repair in zebrafish. We completed a 10-week forced fast-speed swimming exercise regimen, comparing exercised hearts to nonexercised controls for physiological function and histological evidence of cell proliferation. Our results indicate that exercised heart ventricles are 33% larger, yet exhibit no significant changes in cardiac physiological function as evaluated by the heart rate and the percent shortening fraction. We found 8% more CM nuclei per cross-sectional area within exercised ventricular tissue, indicating that cardiomegaly was not due to individual cell hypertrophy, but due to hyperplasia. This novel zebrafish cardiac stress model may be used to identify genes or proteins with therapeutic potential for treating cardiac stress pathologies, as well as molecules that could be used as initiators of cardiac cell proliferation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J Jean
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Barry University , Miami Shores, Florida
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Ding Y, Liu W, Deng Y, Jomok B, Yang J, Huang W, Clark KJ, Zhong TP, Lin X, Ekker SC, Xu X. Trapping cardiac recessive mutants via expression-based insertional mutagenesis screening. Circ Res 2013; 112:606-17. [PMID: 23283723 PMCID: PMC3603352 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutagenesis screening is a powerful genetic tool for probing biological mechanisms underlying vertebrate development and human diseases. However, the increased colony management efforts in vertebrates impose a significant challenge for identifying genes affecting a particular organ, such as the heart, especially those exhibiting adult phenotypes on depletion. OBJECTIVE We aim to develop a facile approach that streamlines colony management efforts via enriching cardiac mutants, which enables us to screen for adult phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS The transparency of the zebrafish embryos enabled us to score 67 stable transgenic lines generated from an insertional mutagenesis screen using a transposon-based protein trapping vector. Fifteen lines with cardiac monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter expression were identified. We defined the molecular nature for 10 lines and bred them to homozygosity, which led to the identification of 1 embryonic lethal, 1 larval lethal, and 1 adult recessive mutant exhibiting cardiac hypertrophy at 1 year of age. Further characterization of these mutants uncovered an essential function of methionine adenosyltransferase II, α a (mat2aa) in cardiogenesis, an essential function of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B (mrps18b) in cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis, as well as a function of DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6b (dnajb6b) in adult cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that transposon-based gene trapping is an efficient approach for identifying both embryonic and adult recessive mutants with cardiac expression. The generation of a zebrafish insertional cardiac mutant collection shall facilitate the annotation of a vertebrate cardiac genome, as well as enable heart-based adult screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Genetics and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, P.R. China
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Beninio Jomok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tao P. Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
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Cardiac molecular-acclimation mechanisms in response to swimming-induced exercise in Atlantic salmon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55056. [PMID: 23372811 PMCID: PMC3555865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle is a principal target organ for exercise-induced acclimation mechanisms in fish and mammals, given that sustained aerobic exercise training improves cardiac output. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying such cardiac acclimation have been scarcely investigated in teleosts. Consequently, we studied mechanisms related to cardiac growth, contractility, vascularization, energy metabolism and myokine production in Atlantic salmon pre-smolts resulting from 10 weeks exercise-training at three different swimming intensities: 0.32 (control), 0.65 (medium intensity) and 1.31 (high intensity) body lengths s−1. Cardiac responses were characterized using growth, immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis of a large number of target genes encoding proteins with significant and well-characterized function. The overall stimulatory effect of exercise on cardiac muscle was dependent on training intensity, with changes elicited by high intensity training being of greater magnitude than either medium intensity or control. Higher protein levels of PCNA were indicative of cardiac growth being driven by cardiomyocyte hyperplasia, while elevated cardiac mRNA levels of MEF2C, GATA4 and ACTA1 suggested cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, up-regulation of EC coupling-related genes suggested that exercised hearts may have improved contractile function, while higher mRNA levels of EPO and VEGF were suggestive of a more efficient oxygen supply network. Furthermore, higher mRNA levels of PPARα, PGC1α and CPT1 all suggested a higher capacity for lipid oxidation, which along with a significant enlargement of mitochondrial size in cardiac myocytes of the compact layer of fish exercised at high intensity, suggested an enhanced energetic support system. Training also elevated transcription of a set of myokines and other gene products related to the inflammatory process, such as TNFα, NFκB, COX2, IL1RA and TNF decoy receptor. This study provides the first characterization of the underlying molecular acclimation mechanisms in the heart of exercise-trained fish, which resemble those reported for mammalian physiological cardiac growth.
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Slay C, Enok S, Hicks J, Wang T. Reduction of blood oxygen levels enhances postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in Burmese python (Python molurus). J Exp Biol 2013; 217:1784-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Physiological cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by reversible enlargement of cardiomyocytes and changes in chamber architecture, which increase stroke volume and VO2 max via augmented convective oxygen transport. Cardiac hypertrophy is known to occur in response to repeated elevations of O2 demand and/or reduced O2 supply in several species of vertebrate ectotherms, including postprandial Burmese pythons (Python molurus). Recent data suggest postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in P. molurus is a facultative rather than obligatory response to digestion, though the triggers of this response are unknown. Here we hypothesize that an O2 supply-demand mismatch stimulates postprandial cardiac enlargement in Burmese pythons. To test this hypothesis, we rendered animals anemic prior to feeding, essentially halving blood oxygen content during the postprandial period. Fed anemic animals had heart rates 126% higher than fasted controls, which, coupled with a 71% increase in mean arterial pressure suggests fed anemic animals were experiencing significantly elevated cardiac work. We found significant cardiac hypertrophy in fed anemic animals, which exhibited ventricles 39% larger than fasted controls and 28% larger than fed controls. These findings support our hypothesis that those animals with a greater magnitude of O2 supply-demand mismatch exhibit the largest hearts. The "low O2 signal" stimulating postprandial cardiac hypertrophy is likely mediated by elevated ventricular wall stress associated with postprandial hemodynamics.
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Stoyanova E, Cloutier G, Felfly H, Lemsaddek W, Ah-Son N, Trudel M. Evidence for a novel mechanism independent of myocardial iron in β-thalassemia cardiac pathogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52128. [PMID: 23284899 PMCID: PMC3524169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-thalassemia major is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases characterized by decrease/absence of β-globin chain production with reduction of erythrocyte number. The main cause of death of treated β-thalassemia major patients with chronic blood transfusion is early cardiac complications that have been attributed to secondary iron overload despite optimal chelation. Herein, we investigated pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular dysfunction in a severe murine model of β-thalassemia from 6 to 15-months of age in the absence of confounding effects related to transfusion. Our longitudinal echocardiography analysis showed that β-thalassemic mice first display a significant increase of cardiac output in response to limited oxygen-carrying erythrocytes that progressed rapidly to left ventricular hypertrophy and structural remodeling. Following this compensated hypertrophy, β-thalassemic mice developed age-dependent deterioration of left ventricular contractility and dysfunction that led toward decompensated heart failure. Consistently, murine β-thalassemic hearts histopathology revealed cardiac remodeling with increased interstitial fibrosis but virtual absence of myocardial iron deposits. Importantly, development of thalassemic cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction independently of iron overload has uncoupled these cardiopathogenic processes. Altogether our study on β-thalassemia major hemoglobinopathy points to two successive phases resulting from severe chronic anemia and from secondarily induced mechanisms as pathophysiologic contributors to thalassemic cardiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekatherina Stoyanova
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Cloutier
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hady Felfly
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wafaa Lemsaddek
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Ah-Son
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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