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Makris A, Pagkali A, Nikolousis E, Filippatos TD, Agouridis AP. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2023; 54:7-13. [PMID: 37780686 PMCID: PMC10539640 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims To systematically investigate all relevant evidence on the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and multiple myeloma (MM). Methods We searched PubMed and Cochrane library databases (up to 20 September 2022) for studies with evidence on HDL-C in patients with MM. A qualitative synthesis of published prospective and retrospective studies for the role of HDL-C and other lipid profile parameters in MM was performed. Additionally, a meta-analysis on HDL-C mean differences (MD) between MM cases and controls was performed. Results Fourteen studies (3 prospective, 11 retrospective) including 895 MM patients were eligible for this systematic review. Ten studies compared HDL-C levels in MM patients with healthy controls. In these 10 studies (n = 17,213), pooled analyses showed that MM patients had significantly lower HDL-C levels compared to healthy controls (MD: -13.07 mg/dl, 95% CI: -17.83, -8.32, p < 0.00001). Regarding secondary endpoints, total cholesterol (TC) (MD: -22.19 mg/dl, 95% CI: -39.08, -5.30) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) (-40.20 mg/dl, 95% CI: -55.00, -25.39) demonstrated significant decreases, while differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD: -11.33 mg/dl, 95% CI: -36.95, 14.30) and triglycerides (MD: 9.93 mg/dl, 95% CI: -3.40, 23.26) were not shown to be significant. Conclusions HDL-C, as well as TC and apoA-I, levels are significantly decreased in MM. Hence, lipid profile parameters should be taken into account when assessing such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Makris
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Pagkali
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Aris P. Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
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2
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Dong J, Rees DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000548. [PMID: 37859784 PMCID: PMC10583117 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterised by excessive levels of androgens and ovulatory dysfunction, and is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Polycystic ovary syndrome arises as a result of polygenic susceptibility in combination with environmental influences that might include epigenetic alterations and in utero programming. In addition to the well recognised clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes, pregnancy complications, and cardiometabolic disease. Unlicensed treatments have limited efficacy, mostly because drug development has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes. Advances in genetics, metabolomics, and adipocyte biology have improved our understanding of key changes in neuroendocrine, enteroendocrine, and steroidogenic pathways, including increased gonadotrophin releasing hormone pulsatility, androgen excess, insulin resistance, and changes in the gut microbiome. Many patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have high levels of 11-oxygenated androgens, with high androgenic potency, that might mediate metabolic risk. These advances have prompted the development of new treatments, including those that target the neurokinin-kisspeptin axis upstream of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, with the potential to lessen adverse clinical sequelae and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Dong
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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3
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Mishra SK, Millman SE, Zhang L. Metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia: mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets. Blood 2023; 141:1119-1135. [PMID: 36548959 PMCID: PMC10375271 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and cellular reprogramming are trademarks of neoplastic initiation and progression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Metabolic alteration in leukemic cells is often genotype specific, with associated changes in epigenetic and functional factors resulting in the downstream upregulation or facilitation of oncogenic pathways. Targeting abnormal or disease-sustaining metabolic activities in AML provides a wide range of therapeutic opportunities, ideally with enhanced therapeutic windows and robust clinical efficacy. This review highlights the dysregulation of amino acid, nucleotide, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in AML; explores the role of key vitamins and enzymes that regulate these processes; and provides an overview of metabolism-directed therapies currently in use or development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Millman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
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4
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Marinović MA, Bekić SS, Kugler M, Brynda J, Škerlová J, Škorić DĐ, Řezáčová P, Petri ET, Ćelić AS. X-ray structure of human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 in complex with a bile acid fused tetrazole inhibitor: experimental validation, molecular docking and structural analysis. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:341-355. [PMID: 36846371 PMCID: PMC9945864 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) catalyzes the reduction of androstenedione to testosterone and reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. AKR1C3 is a target for treatment of breast and prostate cancer and AKR1C3 inhibition could be an effective adjuvant therapy in the context of leukemia and other cancers. In the present study, steroidal bile acid fused tetrazoles were screened for their ability to inhibit AKR1C3. Four C24 bile acids with C-ring fused tetrazoles were moderate to strong AKR1C3 inhibitors (37-88% inhibition), while B-ring fused tetrazoles had no effect on AKR1C3 activity. Based on a fluorescence assay in yeast cells, these four compounds displayed no affinity for estrogen receptor-α, or the androgen receptor, suggesting a lack of estrogenic or androgenic effects. A top inhibitor showed specificity for AKR1C3 over AKR1C2, and inhibited AKR1C3 with an IC50 of ∼7 μM. The structure of AKR1C3·NADP+ in complex with this C-ring fused bile acid tetrazole was determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.4 Å resolution, revealing that the C24 carboxylate is anchored to the catalytic oxyanion site (H117, Y55); meanwhile the tetrazole interacts with a tryptophan (W227) important for steroid recognition. Molecular docking predicts that all four top AKR1C3 inhibitors bind with nearly identical geometry, suggesting that C-ring bile acid fused tetrazoles represent a new class of AKR1C3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A. Marinović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 221000 Novi SadSerbia
| | - Sofija S. Bekić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 321000 Novi SadSerbia
| | - Michael Kugler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 2Prague16610Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 2Prague16610Czech Republic
| | - Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 2Prague16610Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Đ. Škorić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 321000 Novi SadSerbia
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nám. 2Prague16610Czech Republic
| | - Edward T. Petri
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 221000 Novi SadSerbia
| | - Andjelka S. Ćelić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 221000 Novi SadSerbia
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5
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Reddi D, Seaton BW, Woolston D, Aicher L, Monroe LD, Mao ZJ, Harrell JC, Radich JP, Advani A, Papadantonakis N, Yeung CCS. AKR1C3 expression in T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma for clinical use as a biomarker. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5809. [PMID: 35388063 PMCID: PMC8986791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate aldo–keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) expression in T and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) patients. Three commercial antibodies were evaluated for AKR1C3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining performance: Polyclonal Thermofisher scientific (Clone#PA523667), rabbit monoclonal Abcam [EPR16726] (ab209899) and Sigma/Millipore anti-AKR1C3 antibody, mouse monoclonal, clone NP6.G6.A6, purified from hybridoma cell culture. Initial optimization was performed on cell line controls: HCT116 (negative control); genetically modified cell line HCT116 with AKR1C3 overexpression; Nalm and TF1 cell lines. Twenty normal bone marrows from archival B and T-ALL patient samples were subsequently examined. AKR1C3 expression levels in these samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Protein Wes and quantitative RT-PCR. Sigma/Millipore Anti-AKR1C3 antibody (mouse monoclonal, clone NP6.G6.A6) showed higher specificity compared to rabbit polyclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry. H-score was used to quantify percent of nuclear immunoreactivity for AKR1C3 with varying disease involvement. T-ALL samples had a higher H-score (172–190) compared to B-ALL cases (H-score, 30–160). The AKR1C3 expression in peripheral blood by Protein Wes and RT-qPCR showed concordance in relapsed/refractory and/or minimal residual T-ALL cases. Sigma/Millipore Anti-AKR1C3 antibody and mouse monoclonal, clone NP6.G6.A6 can be used to aid in AKR1C expression of T-ALL and in cases of relapsed/refractory and/or minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Reddi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | | | - David Woolston
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauri Aicher
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luke D Monroe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhengwei J Mao
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jill C Harrell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Anjali Advani
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Cecilia C S Yeung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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7
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Garg K, Deora H, Umana GE, Palmisciano P, Scalia G, Lu B. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in stroke and cancer. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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8
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Jiang Y, Southam AD, Trova S, Beke F, Alhazmi B, Francis T, Radotra A, di Maio A, Drayson MT, Bunce CM, Khanim FL. Valproic acid disables the Nrf2 anti-oxidant response in acute myeloid leukaemia cells enhancing reactive oxygen species-mediated killing. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:275-286. [PMID: 34686779 PMCID: PMC8770569 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated the in vitro killing of AML cells by the combination of the lipid-lowering agent bezafibrate (BEZ) and the contraceptive hormone medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). A phase II trial demonstrated in vivo safety and efficacy of BEZ and MPA (BaP) in elderly, relapsed/refractory AML and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. However, we observed dose-limiting toxicities in a second trial that attempted to improve outcomes via escalation of BaP doses. Thus we sought to identify a third repurposed drug that potentiates activity of low dose BaP (BaP 0.1 mM). METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that addition of a commonly used anti-epileptic, valproic acid (VAL) to low dose BaP (BaP 0.1 mM)(VBaP) enhanced killing of AML cell lines/primary AML cells to levels similar to high dose BaP (BaP 0.5 mM). Similarly, addition of VAL to BaP 0.1 mM enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis. Overexpression of Nrf2 in K562 and KG1a completely inhibited ROS production and rescued cells from VAL/BaP 0.1 mM/VBaP killing. CONCLUSIONS Given the good safety data of low-dose BaP in elderly/relapsed/refractory AML patients, and that VAL alone is well-tolerated, we propose VBaP as a novel therapeutic combination for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew D. Southam
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandro Trova
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Flavio Beke
- grid.5335.00000000121885934CRUK Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bader Alhazmi
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Francis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anshul Radotra
- grid.412570.50000 0004 0400 5079University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry, UK
| | - Alessandro di Maio
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris M. Bunce
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farhat L. Khanim
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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9
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Qiao X, Gao YY, Zheng LX, Ding XJ, Xu LW, Hu JJ, Gao WZ, Xu JY. Targeting ROS-AMPK pathway by multiaction Platinum(IV) prodrugs containing hypolipidemic drug bezafibrate. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113730. [PMID: 34388483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism, commonly disregarded in the past, have been accepted as a hallmark for cancer. Exploring cancer therapeutics that interrupt the lipid metabolic pathways by monotherapy or combination with conventional chemotherapy or immunotherapy is of great importance. Here we modified cisplatin with an FDA-approved hypolipidemic drug, bezafibrate (BEZ), via the well-established Pt(IV) strategy, affording two multi-functional Pt(IV) anticancer agents cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(BEZ)(OH)] (CB) and cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(BEZ)2] (CP) (BEZ = bezafibrate). The Pt(IV) prodrug CB exhibited an enhanced anticancer activity up to 187-fold greater than the clinical anticancer drug cisplatin. Both CB and CP had less toxicity to normal cells, showing higher efficacies and superior therapeutic indexes than cisplatin. Mechanism studies revealed that the bezafibrate-conjugated Pt(IV) complex CB, as a representative, could massively accumulate in A549 cells and genomic DNA, induce DNA damage, elevate intracellular ROS levels, perturb mitochondrial transmembrane potentials, activate the cellular metabolic sensor AMPK, and result in profound proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Further cellular data also provided evidence that phosphorylation of AMPK, as a metabolic sensor, could suppress the downstream HMGB1, NF-κB, and VEGFA, which may contribute to the inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. Our study suggests that the antitumor action of CB and CP mechanistically distinct from the conventional platinum drugs and that functionalizing platinum-based agents with lipid-modulating agents may represent a novel practical strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yu-Yang Gao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Xia Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ding
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ling-Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Juan-Juan Hu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Gao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Penning TM, Jonnalagadda S, Trippier PC, Rižner TL. Aldo-Keto Reductases and Cancer Drug Resistance. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1150-1171. [PMID: 34312303 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyl groups to alcohols for conjugation reactions to proceed. They are implicated in resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agents either because they are directly involved in their metabolism or help eradicate the cellular stress created by these agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides). Furthermore, this cellular stress activates the Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathway. As many human AKR genes are upregulated by the NRF2 transcription factor, this leads to a feed-forward mechanism to enhance drug resistance. Resistance to major classes of chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, mitomycin, cis-platin, antitubulin agents, vinca alkaloids, and cyclophosphamide) occurs by this mechanism. Human AKRs also catalyze the synthesis of androgens and estrogens and the elimination of progestogens and are involved in hormonal-dependent malignancies. They are upregulated by antihormonal therapy providing a second mechanism for cancer drug resistance. Inhibitors of the NRF2 system or pan-AKR1C inhibitors offer promise to surmount cancer drug resistance and/or synergize the effects of existing drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are overexpressed in a large number of human tumors and mediate resistance to cancer chemotherapeutics and antihormonal therapies. Existing drugs and new agents in development may surmount this resistance by acting as specific AKR isoforms or AKR pan-inhibitors to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Sravan Jonnalagadda
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.M.P.); Department of Pharmaceutical Science (S.J., P.C.T.) and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (P.C.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, Nebraska; and Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T.L.R.)
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11
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Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cell Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050642. [PMID: 33922139 PMCID: PMC8143540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans including cancers. Several studies have been found to be marked with increased ROS production which activates pro-tumorigenic signaling, enhances cell survival and proliferation and drives DNA damage and genetic instability. However, higher ROS levels have been found to promote anti-tumorigenic signaling by initiating oxidative stress-induced tumor cell death. Tumor cells develop a mechanism where they adjust to the high ROS by expressing elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify them while maintaining pro-tumorigenic signaling and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, ROS manipulation can be a potential target for cancer therapies as cancer cells present an altered redox balance in comparison to their normal counterparts. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the generation and sources of ROS within tumor cells, ROS-associated signaling pathways, their regulation by antioxidant defense systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production in tumor progression. It will provide an insight into how pro- and anti-tumorigenic ROS signaling pathways could be manipulated during the treatment of cancer.
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12
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Combined bezafibrate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and valproic acid treatment inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth without adversely affecting normal mesenchymal stem cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227181. [PMID: 33289496 PMCID: PMC7786328 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a cost-effective means of targeting new therapies for cancer. We have examined the effects of the repurposed drugs, bezafibrate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and valproic acid on human osteosarcoma cells, i.e., SAOS2 and MG63 compared with their normal cell counterparts, i.e. mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Cell growth, viability and migration were measured by biochemical assay and live cell imaging, whilst levels of lipid-synthesising enzymes were measured by immunoblotting cell extracts. These drug treatments inhibited the growth and survival of SAOS2 and MG63 cells most effectively when used in combination (termed V-BAP). In contrast, V-BAP treated MSCs remained viable with only moderately reduced cell proliferation. V-BAP treatment also inhibited migratory cell phenotypes. MG63 and SAOS2 cells expressed much greater levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 than MSCs, but these elevated enzyme levels significantly decreased in the V-BAP treated osteosarcoma cells prior to cell death. Hence, we have identified a repurposed drug combination that selectively inhibits the growth and survival of human osteosarcoma cells in association with altered lipid metabolism without adversely affecting their non-transformed cell counterparts.
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Buschner G, Feuerecker B, Spinner S, Seidl C, Essler M. Differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with ATRA reduces 18F-FDG uptake and increases sensitivity towards ABT-737-induced apoptosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:630-639. [PMID: 33140666 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1839648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow, comprising various subtypes. We have investigated seven different AML cell lines that showed different sensitivities toward the inducer of apoptosis ABT-737, with IC50 concentrations ranging from 9.9 nM to 1.8 µM. Besides, the AML cell lines revealed distinct differences in 18F-FDG uptake ranging from 4.1 to 11.0%. Moreover, the Pearson coefficient (0.363) suggests a moderate correlation between 18F-FDG uptake and the IC50 values of ABT-737. Differentiation of the AML cell lines NB-4 and AML-193 with all-trans-retinoic-acid (ATRA) induced a significant increase in sensitivity towards ABT-737 along with a reduced uptake of 18F-FDG. Therefore, 18F-FDG uptake could be predictive on sensitivity to treatment with ABT-737. Furthermore, because differentiation treatment of AML cells using ATRA reduced 18F-FDG uptake and increased sensitivity towards ABT-737, a combined treatment regimen with ATRA and ABT-737 might be a promising therapeutic option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Buschner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Spinner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Stuani L, Sabatier M, Sarry JE. Exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities for personalized therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. BMC Biol 2019; 17:57. [PMID: 31319822 PMCID: PMC6637566 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell metabolism and metabolic adaptation are hallmark features of many cancers, including leukemia, that support biological processes involved into tumor initiation, growth, and response to therapeutics. The discovery of mutations in key metabolic enzymes has highlighted the importance of metabolism in cancer biology and how these changes might constitute an Achilles heel for cancer treatment. In this Review, we discuss the role of metabolic and mitochondrial pathways dysregulated in acute myeloid leukemia, and the potential of therapeutic intervention targeting these metabolic dependencies on the proliferation, differentiation, stem cell function and cell survival to improve patient stratification and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Stuani
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037, Inserm, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, F-31037, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie Sabatier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037, Inserm, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, F-31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037, Inserm, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, F-31037, Toulouse, France.
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Iakobishvili Z, Hasin T, Klempfner R, Shlomo N, Goldenberg I, Brenner R, Kornowski R, Gerber Y. Association of Bezafibrate Treatment With Reduced Risk of Cancer in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1171-1179. [PMID: 31272567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between bezafibrate, a drug used to treat hypertriglyceridemia, and long-term cancer incidence in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised 2980 patients with CAD (mean age, 60 years; 2729 [91.6%] men) who were free of cancer and were enrolled in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention study, a double-blind trial conducted between May 1, 1990, and January 31, 1993, in 18 cardiology departments in Israel. Patients randomized to receive 400 mg of bezafibrate (n=1486) or placebo (n=1494) daily for a median of 6.2 years (range, 4.7-7.6 years) were followed up for incidence of cancer through the Israeli National Cancer Registry and all-cause death through the Population Registry of the State of Israel until December 31, 2013. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray survival models were used to assess the bezafibrate-cancer association. RESULTS Clinical characteristics and laboratory values were well balanced between the 2 groups at the study entry. Over a median follow-up of 22.5 years (range, 21.2-23.9 years), cancer developed in 753 patients. With death considered a competing event, the cumulative incidence of cancer at the end of the follow-up was lower in the bezafibrate vs the placebo group (23.9%; 95 CI, 21.9%-26.1% vs 27.2%; 95 CI, 25.1%-29.4%; P=.04). The hazard ratio for cancer in the bezafibrate vs placebo groups was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74-0.99). In mediation analysis, the association between bezafibrate treatment and cancer incidence was not sensitive to adjustment for on-trial lipid levels but was attenuated on adjustment for on-trial fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSION Bezafibrate treatment is associated with reduced risk of cancer among patients with CAD. Fibrinogen, but not lipid lowering, is linked to this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaza Iakobishvili
- Department of Community Cardiology, Tel Aviv District, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tal Hasin
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert Klempfner
- Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Nir Shlomo
- Israel Association for Cardiovascular Trials, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldenberg
- Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Israel Association for Cardiovascular Trials, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Department of Oncology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ran Kornowski
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yariv Gerber
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Stanley Steyer Institute for Cancer Epidemiology and Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Murray J, Pratt G, Jacob A, Clark F, Blundred R, Fox S, Bishop R, Wheatley K, Khanim F, Bunce C, Drayson M. Single arm phase II trial assessing the safety, compliance with and activity of Bezafibrate and medroxyProgesterone acetate (BaP) therapy against myeloid and lymphoid cancers. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100361. [PMID: 31011660 PMCID: PMC6463739 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the safety and efficacy of low dose BaP [Bezafibrate (Bez) and Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)] in 20 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients for whom chemotherapy was not an option. This study provided evidence that BaP had anti-AML activity and improved haemopoiesis; absence of haematological toxicity allowed continuous daily administration. Similarly a previous trial in endemic Burkitt lymphoma demonstrated anti-B cell lymphoma activity of low and high dose BaP again in the absence of toxicity. We conducted a study to further evaluate the safety and activity of high dose BaP therapy in adults with AML (and high risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) or B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (BHNL). Eighteen patients were recruited to the study over 20 months, 16 AML/MDS, 1 CLL, and 1 BNHL. Although MPA was well tolerated throughout the study, only 2 patients were able to tolerate Bez treatment for their whole trial duration, indicating that Bez escalation is not feasible in the setting of adult AML/MDS. Thus there has been no obvious benefit in improved haemopoiesis or overt anti-leukaemia activity from the attempts to escalate BaP dose over previous published studies. Since current therapeutic options in MDS are restricted it may be now of value to continue to evaluate low dose BaP based approaches in low risk MDS rather than AML/high risk MDS. Furthermore, screening of low dose BaP against libraries of other already available dugs may identify an addition to BaP that augments the anti-neoplastic efficacy without significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Murray
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Guy Pratt
- Heartlands Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Abe Jacob
- New Cross Hospital, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals Trust, UK
| | - Fiona Clark
- Worcestershire Royal Hospital, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Sonia Fox
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Chris Bunce
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
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Penning TM. AKR1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase): Roles in malignancy and endocrine disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:82-91. [PMID: 30012349 PMCID: PMC6422768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-Keto-Reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)/prostaglandin (PG) F2α synthase) is the only 17β-HSD that is not a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase. By acting as a 17-ketosteroid reductase, AKR1C3 produces potent androgens in peripheral tissues which activate the androgen receptor (AR) or act as substrates for aromatase. AKR1C3 is implicated in the production of androgens in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and polycystic ovarian syndrome; and is implicated in the production of aromatase substrates in breast cancer. By acting as an 11-ketoprostaglandin reductase, AKR1C3 generates 11β-PGF2α to activate the FP receptor and deprives peroxisome proliferator activator receptorγ of its putative PGJ2 ligands. These growth stimulatory signals implicate AKR1C3 in non-hormonal dependent malignancies e.g. acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AKR1C3 moonlights by acting as a co-activator of the AR and stabilizes ubiquitin ligases. AKR1C3 inhibitors have been used clinically for CRPC and AML and can be used to probe its pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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18
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Lolli ML, Carnovale IM, Pippione AC, Wahlgren WY, Bonanni D, Marini E, Zonari D, Gallicchio M, Boscaro V, Goyal P, Friemann R, Rolando B, Bagnati R, Adinolfi S, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. Bioisosteres of Indomethacin as Inhibitors of Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:437-443. [PMID: 30996776 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is an attractive target in drug design for its role in resistance to anticancer therapy. Several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin are known to inhibit AKR1C3 in a nonselective manner because of COX-off target effects. Here we designed two indomethacin analogues by proposing a bioisosteric connection between the indomethacin carboxylic acid function and either hydroxyfurazan or hydroxy triazole rings. Both compounds were found to target AKR1C3 in a selective manner. In particular, hydroxyfurazan derivative is highly selective for AKR1C3 over the 1C2 isoform (up to 90-times more) and inactive on COX enzymes. High-resolution crystal structure of its complex with AKR1C3 shed light onto the binding mode of the new inhibitors. In cell-based assays (on colorectal and prostate cancer cells), the two indomethacin analogues showed higher potency than indomethacin. Therefore, these two AKR1C3 inhibitors can be used to provide further insight into the role of AKR1C3 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L. Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Irene M. Carnovale
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Agnese C. Pippione
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Weixiao Y. Wahlgren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Bonanni
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Zonari
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Gallicchio
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Boscaro
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Parveen Goyal
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosmarie Friemann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Buparlisib is a novel inhibitor of daunorubicin reduction mediated by aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Verma K, Zang T, Penning TM, Trippier PC. Potent and Highly Selective Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) Inhibitors Act as Chemotherapeutic Potentiators in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3590-3616. [PMID: 30836001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) catalyzes the synthesis of 9α,11β-prostaglandin (PG) F2α and PGF2α prostanoids that sustain the growth of myeloid precursors in the bone marrow. The enzyme is overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Moreover, AKR1C3 confers chemotherapeutic resistance to the anthracyclines: first-line agents for the treatment of leukemias. The highly homologous isoforms AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 inactivate 5α-dihydrotestosterone, and their inhibition would be undesirable. We report herein the identification of AKR1C3 inhibitors that demonstrate exquisite isoform selectivity for AKR1C3 over the other closely related isoforms to the order of >2800-fold. Biological evaluation of our isoform-selective inhibitors revealed a high degree of synergistic drug action in combination with the clinical leukemia therapeutics daunorubicin and cytarabine in in vitro cellular models of AML and primary patient-derived T-ALL cells. Our developed compounds exhibited >100-fold dose reduction index that results in complete resensitization of a daunorubicin-resistant AML cell line to the chemotherapeutic and >100-fold dose reduction of cytarabine in both AML cell lines and primary T-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy , Amarillo , Texas 79106 , United States
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy , Amarillo , Texas 79106 , United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
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Homologous ELISA for measurement of medroxyprogesterone acetate in serum. Anal Biochem 2018; 558:60-68. [PMID: 30025974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop ELISA for medroxyprogesterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate-3-carboxymethyloxime (MPA-3-CMO) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for immunogen preparation and to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for enzyme conjugate preparation by N-hydroxysuccinimide mediated carbodiimide reaction. The immunogen was used to raise the antiserum in New Zealand white rabbit. The immunoreactivity of MPA-3-CMO-BSA-antibody and MPA-3-CMO-HRP enzyme conjugate was checked by checkerboard assay. The MPA-3-CMO-HRP enzyme conjugate and MPA-3-CMO-BSA-antibody were used for further development, standardization and validation of the assay. Sensitivity, ED50 and affinity of the assay were found to be 0.114 ng/mL, 2.75 ng/mL and 9.9 × 10⁻⁸ L/mol respectively. The % cross-reaction of analogous steroids with MPA-3-CMO-BSA-antibody was less than 0.025%. The recovery of the exogenously spiked MPA serum pools were in the range of 96.83-105.47%. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation was less than 7.02%. The correlation coefficient of the serum level of MPA measured by the developed assay with the commercially available kit was found to be 0.95 (n = 37). This developed ELISA was further validated by measuring serum level of MPA in rat after administering them different doses of MPA intramuscularly.
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Novotná E, Büküm N, Hofman J, Flaxová M, Kouklíková E, Louvarová D, Wsól V. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): a missing piece of the puzzle in the dinaciclib interaction profile. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2845-2857. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Savić MP, Ajduković JJ, Plavša JJ, Bekić SS, Ćelić AS, Klisurić OR, Jakimov DS, Petri ET, Djurendić EA. Evaluation of A-ring fused pyridine d-modified androstane derivatives for antiproliferative and aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitory activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:969-981. [PMID: 30108986 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New A-ring pyridine fused androstanes in 17a-homo-17-oxa (d-homo lactone), 17α-picolyl or 17(E)-picolinylidene series were synthesized and validated by X-ray crystallography, HRMS, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Novel compounds 3, 5, 8 and 12 were prepared by treatment of 4-en-3-one or 4-ene-3,6-dione d-modified androstane derivatives with propargylamine catalyzed by Cu(ii), and evaluated for potential anticancer activity in vitro using human cancer cell lines and recombinant targets of steroidal anti-cancer drugs. Pyridine fusion to position 3,4 of the A-ring may dramatically enhance affinity of 17α-picolyl compounds for CYP17 while conferring selective antiproliferative activity against PC-3 cells. Similarly, pyridine fusion to the A-ring of steroidal d-homo lactones led to identification of new inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C3, an enzyme targeted in acute myeloid leukemia, breast and prostate cancers. One A-pyridine d-lactone steroid 5 also has selective submicromolar antiproliferative activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells. None of the new derivatives have affinity for estrogen or androgen receptors in a yeast screen, suggesting negligible estrogenicity and androgenicity. Combined, our results suggest that A-ring pyridine fusions have potential in modulating the anticancer activity of steroidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Savić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Jovana J Ajduković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Jovana J Plavša
- Department of Biology and Ecology , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Sofija S Bekić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Andjelka S Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Olivera R Klisurić
- Department of Physics , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Dimitar S Jakimov
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina , Faculty of Medicine , University of Novi Sad , Put Dr Goldmana 4 , 21204 Sremska Kamenica , Serbia
| | - Edward T Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
| | - Evgenija A Djurendić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 , 21000 Novi Sad , Serbia .
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Abstract
Background Despite chemotherapy intensification, a subgroup of high-risk paediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients still experience treatment failure. In this context, we hypothesised that therapy resistance in T-ALL might involve aldo-keto reductase 1C (AKR1C) enzymes as previously reported for solid tumors. Methods Expression of NRF2-AKR1C signaling components has been analysed in paediatric T-ALL samples endowed with different treatment outcomes as well as in patient-derived xenografts of T-ALL. The effects of AKR1C enzyme modulation has been investigated in T-ALL cell lines and primary cultures by combining AKR1C inhibition, overexpression, and gene silencing approaches. Results We show that T-ALL cells overexpress AKR1C1-3 enzymes in therapy-resistant patients. We report that AKR1C1-3 enzymes play a role in the response to vincristine (VCR) treatment, also ex vivo in patient-derived xenografts. Moreover, we demonstrate that the modulation of AKR1C1-3 levels is sufficient to sensitise T-ALL cells to VCR. Finally, we show that T-ALL chemotherapeutics induce overactivation of AKR1C enzymes independent of therapy resistance, thus establishing a potential resistance loop during T-ALL combination treatment. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate that expression and activity of AKR1C enzymes correlate with response to chemotherapeutics in T-ALL, posing AKR1C1-3 as potential targets for combination treatments during T-ALL therapy.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AKR1C3 is a drug target in hormonal and hormonal independent malignancies and acts as a major peripheral 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to yield the potent androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase to produce proliferative ligands for the PG FP receptor. AKR1C3 inhibitors may have distinct advantages over existing therapeutics for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer, breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. Area covered: This article reviews the patent literature on AKR1C3 inhibitors using SciFinder which identified inhibitors in the following chemical classes: N-phenylsulfonyl-indoles, N-(benzimidazoylylcarbonyl)- N-(indoylylcarbonyl)- and N-(pyridinepyrrolyl)- piperidines, N-benzimidazoles and N-benzindoles, repurposed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (indole acetic acids, N-phenylanthranilates and aryl propionic acids), isoquinolines, and nitrogen and sulfur substituted estrenes. The article evaluates inhibitor AKR potency, specificity, efficacy in cell-based and xenograft models and clinical utility. The advantage of bifunctional compounds that either competitively inhibit AKR1C3 and block its androgen receptor (AR) coactivator function or act as AKR1C3 inhibitors and direct acting AR antagonists are discussed. Expert opinion: A large number of potent and selective inhibitors of AKR1C3 have been described however, preclinical optimization, is required before their benefit in human disease can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- a Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology & Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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26
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Denbigh JL, Perez-Guaita D, Vernooij RR, Tobin MJ, Bambery KR, Xu Y, Southam AD, Khanim FL, Drayson MT, Lockyer NP, Goodacre R, Wood BR. Probing the action of a novel anti-leukaemic drug therapy at the single cell level using modern vibrational spectroscopy techniques. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2649. [PMID: 28572622 PMCID: PMC5453947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a life threatening cancer for which there is an urgent clinical need for novel therapeutic approaches. A redeployed drug combination of bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate (BaP) has shown anti-leukaemic activity in vitro and in vivo. Elucidation of the BaP mechanism of action is required in order to understand how to maximise the clinical benefit. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Synchrotron radiation FTIR (S-FTIR) and Raman microspectroscopy are powerful complementary techniques which were employed to probe the biochemical composition of two AML cell lines in the presence and absence of BaP. Analysis was performed on single living cells along with dehydrated and fixed cells to provide a large and detailed data set. A consideration of the main spectral differences in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis reveals a significant change to the cellular lipid composition with drug treatment; furthermore, this response is not caused by cell apoptosis. No change to the DNA of either cell line was observed suggesting this combination therapy primarily targets lipid biosynthesis or effects bioactive lipids that activate specific signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Denbigh
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Robbin R Vernooij
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Keith R Bambery
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Yun Xu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Lockyer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Penning TM. Aldo-Keto Reductase Regulation by the Nrf2 System: Implications for Stress Response, Chemotherapy Drug Resistance, and Carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:162-176. [PMID: 27806574 PMCID: PMC5241174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases that convert aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols for subsequent conjugation reactions and can be referred to as "phase 1" enzymes. Among all the human genes regulated by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, they are consistently the most overexpressed in response to Nrf2 activators. Although these enzymes play clear cytoprotective roles and deal effectively with carbonyl stress, their upregulation by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway also has a potential dark-side, which can lead to chemotherapeutic drug resistance and the metabolic activation of lung carcinogens (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). They also play determinant roles in 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolism to R- and S-4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. The overexpression of AKR genes as components of the "smoking gene" battery raises the issue as to whether this is part of a smoking stress response or acquired susceptibility to lung cancer. Human AKR genes also regulate retinoid, prostaglandin, and steroid hormone metabolism and can regulate the local concentrations of ligands available for nuclear receptors (NRs). The prospect exists that signaling through the Keap1/Nrf2 system can also effect NR signaling, but this has remained largely unexplored. We present the case that chemoprevention through the Keap1/Nrf2 system may be context dependent and that the Nrf2 "dose-response curve" for electrophilic and redox balance may not be monotonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Boddicker RL, Koltes JE, Fritz‐Waters ER, Koesterke L, Weeks N, Yin T, Mani V, Nettleton D, Reecy JM, Baumgard LH, Spencer JD, Gabler NK, Ross JW. Genome‐wide methylation profile following prenatal and postnatal dietary omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in pigs. Anim Genet 2016; 47:658-671. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Boddicker
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - J. E. Koltes
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | | | - L. Koesterke
- Texas Advanced Computing Center University of Texas Austin TX 78758‐4497 USA
| | - N. Weeks
- Department of Mathematics Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - T. Yin
- Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - V. Mani
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - D. Nettleton
- Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - J. M. Reecy
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - L. H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | | | - N. K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - J. W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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29
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Armitage EG, Southam AD. Monitoring cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment efficacy using metabolomics and lipidomics. Metabolomics 2016; 12:146. [PMID: 27616976 PMCID: PMC4987388 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular metabolism is altered during cancer initiation and progression, which allows cancer cells to increase anabolic synthesis, avoid apoptosis and adapt to low nutrient and oxygen availability. The metabolic nature of cancer enables patient cancer status to be monitored by metabolomics and lipidomics. Additionally, monitoring metabolic status of patients or biological models can be used to greater understand the action of anticancer therapeutics. OBJECTIVES Discuss how metabolomics and lipidomics can be used to (i) identify metabolic biomarkers of cancer and (ii) understand the mechanism-of-action of anticancer therapies. Discuss considerations that can maximize the clinical value of metabolic cancer biomarkers including case-control, prognostic and longitudinal study designs. METHODS A literature search of the current relevant primary research was performed. RESULTS Metabolomics and lipidomics can identify metabolic signatures that associate with cancer diagnosis, prognosis and disease progression. Discriminatory metabolites were most commonly linked to lipid or energy metabolism. Case-control studies outnumbered prognostic and longitudinal approaches. Prognostic studies were able to correlate metabolic features with future cancer risk, whereas longitudinal studies were most effective for studying cancer progression. Metabolomics and lipidomics can help to understand the mechanism-of-action of anticancer therapeutics and mechanisms of drug resistance. CONCLUSION Metabolomics and lipidomics can be used to identify biomarkers associated with cancer and to better understand anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Andrew D. Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Verma K, Zang T, Gupta N, Penning TM, Trippier PC. Selective AKR1C3 Inhibitors Potentiate Chemotherapeutic Activity in Multiple Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Cell Lines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:774-9. [PMID: 27563402 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), an important enzyme in the regulatory pathway controlling proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in myeloid cells. Combination treatment with the nontoxic AKR1C3 inhibitors and etoposide or daunorubicin in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, elicits a potent adjuvant effect, potentiating the cytotoxicity of etoposide by up to 6.25-fold and the cytotoxicity of daunorubicin by >10-fold. The results validate AKR1C3 inhibition as a common adjuvant target across multiple AML subtypes. These compounds in coadministration with chemotherapeutics in clinical use enhance therapeutic index and may avail chemotherapy as a treatment option to the pediatric and geriatric population currently unable to tolerate the side effects of cancer drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Verma
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Nehal Gupta
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Paul C. Trippier
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
- Center
for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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31
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Reed MAC, Ludwig C, Bunce CM, Khanim FL, Günther UL. Malonate as a ROS product is associated with pyruvate carboxylase activity in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 27493727 PMCID: PMC4972992 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of anaplerotic nutrient entry into the Krebs cycle via pyruvate carboxylase has been the subject of increased scrutiny and in particular whether this is dysregulated in cancer. Here, we use a tracer-based NMR analysis involving high-resolution (1)H-(13)C-HSQC spectra to assess site-specific label incorporation into a range of metabolite pools, including malate, aspartate and glutamate in the acute myeloid leukaemia cell line K562. We also determine how this is affected following treatment with the redeployed drug combination of the lipid-regulating drug bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone (BaP). RESULTS Using the tracer-based approach, we assessed the contribution of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the derivation of Krebs cycle intermediates. Our data show that PC activity is indeed high in K562 cells. We also demonstrate a branched entry to the Krebs cycle of K562 cells with one branch running counterclockwise using PC-derived oxaloacetate and the other clockwise from the PDH activity. Finally, we show that the PC activity of K562 cells exclusively fuels the ROS-induced decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to malonate in response to BaP treatment; resulting in further Krebs cycle disruption via depletion of oxaloacetate and malonate-mediated inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) resulting in a twofold reduction of fumarate. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the interest in the PC activity in solid cancers to include leukaemias and further demonstrates the value of tracer-based NMR approaches in generating a more accurate picture of the flow of carbons and metabolites within the increasingly inappropriately named Krebs cycle. Moreover, our studies indicate that the PC activity in cancer cells can be exploited as an Achilles heel by using treatments, such as BaP, that elevate ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. C. Reed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | | | - Farhat L. Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Ulrich L. Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Carrigan JB, Reed MAC, Ludwig C, Khanim FL, Bunce CM, Günther UL. Tracer-Based Metabolic NMR-Based Flux Analysis in a Leukaemia Cell Line. Chempluschem 2016; 81:453-459. [PMID: 27347458 PMCID: PMC4916734 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a profound impact on acute myeloid leukaemia cells and can be used to specifically target these cells with novel therapies. We have previously shown how the combination of two redeployed drugs, the contraceptive steroid medroxyprogesterone and the lipid-regulating drug bezafibrate exert anti-leukaemic effects by producing ROS. Here we report a 13C-tracer-based NMR metabolic study to understand how these drugs work in K562 leukaemia cells. Our study shows that [1,2-13C]glucose is incorporated into ribose sugars, indicating activity in oxidative and non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathways alongside lactate production. There is little label incorporation into the tricarboxylic acid cycle from glucose, but much greater incorporation arises from the use of [3-13C]glutamine. The combined medroxyprogesterone and bezafibrate treatment decreases label incorporation from both glucose and glutamine into α-ketoglutarate and increased that for succinate, which is consistent with ROS-mediated conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinate. Most interestingly, this combined treatment drastically reduced the production of several pyrimidine synthesis intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Carrigan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Michelle A. C. Reed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems BiologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Farhat L. Khanim
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | | | - Ulrich L. Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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Doig CL, Battaglia S, Khanim FL, Bunce CM, Campbell MJ. Knockdown of AKR1C3 exposes a potential epigenetic susceptibility in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:47-55. [PMID: 26429394 PMCID: PMC5391256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) has been heavily implicated in the propagation of prostate malignancy. AKR1C3 protein is elevated within prostate cancer tissue, it contributes to the formation of androgens and downstream stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR). Elevated expression of AKR1C3 is also reported in acute myeloid leukemia but the target nuclear receptors have been identified as members of the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPARs) subfamily. Thus, AKR1C3 cancer biology is likely to be tissue dependent and hormonally linked to the availability of ligands for both the steroidogenic and non-steroidogenic nuclear receptors. METHODS In the current study we investigated the potential for AKR1C3 to regulate the availability of prostaglandin-derived ligands for PPARg mainly, prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). Using prostate cancer cell lines with stably reduced AKR1C3 levels we examined the impact of AKR1C3 upon proliferation mediated by PPAR ligands. RESULTS These studies revealed knockdown of AKR1C3 had no effect upon the sensitivity of androgen receptor independent prostate cancer cells towards PPAR ligands. However, the reduction of levels of AKR1C3 was accompanied by a significantly reduced mRNA expression of a range of HDACs, transcriptional co-regulators, and increased sensitivity towards SAHA, a clinically approved histone deacetylase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a hitherto unidentified link between AKR1C3 levels and the epigenetic status in prostate cancer cells. This raises an interesting possibility of a novel rational to target AKR1C3, the utilization of AKRIC3 selective inhibitors in combination with HDAC inhibition as part of novel epigenetic therapies in androgen deprivation therapy recurrent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Doig
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Liu X, Yang X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Pan X, Wang G, Ye Y. Expression Profiling Identifies Bezafibrate as Potential Therapeutic Drug for Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2015; 6:1214-21. [PMID: 26535062 PMCID: PMC4622851 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced gene expression patterns that invert disease profiles have recently been illustrated to be a new strategy for drug-repositioning. In the present study, we validated this approach and focused on prediction of novel drugs for lung adenocarcinoma (AC), for which there is a pressing need to find novel therapeutic compounds. Firstly, connectivity map (CMap) analysis computationally predicted bezafibrate as a putative compound against lung AC. Then this hypothesis was verified by in vitro assays of anti-proliferation and cell cycle arrest. In silico docking evidence indicated that bezafibrate could target cyclin dependent kinase 2(CDK2), which regulates progression through the cell cycle. Furthermore, we found that bezafibrate can significantly down-regulate the expression of CDK2 mRNA and p-CDK2. Using a nude mice xenograft model, we also found that bezafibrate could inhibit tumor growth of lung AC in vivo. In conclusion, this study proposed bezafibrate as a potential therapeutic option for lung AC patients, illustrating the potential of in silico drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liu
- 1. Magazine office, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- 3. Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Chen
- 4. Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yantao Zhang
- 2. Department of Pharmacy, College of Health sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Pan
- 2. Department of Pharmacy, College of Health sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Guiping Wang
- 2. Department of Pharmacy, College of Health sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yun Ye
- 5. College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
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Penning TM. The aldo-keto reductases (AKRs): Overview. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:236-46. [PMID: 25304492 PMCID: PMC4388799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily contains >190 members that fall into 16 families and are found in all phyla. These enzymes reduce carbonyl substrates such as: sugar aldehydes; keto-steroids, keto-prostaglandins, retinals, quinones, and lipid peroxidation by-products. Exceptions include the reduction of steroid double bonds catalyzed by AKR1D enzymes (5β-reductases); and the oxidation of proximate carcinogen trans-dihydrodiol polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; while the β-subunits of potassium gated ion channels (AKR6 family) control Kv channel opening. AKRs are usually 37kDa monomers, have an (α/β)8-barrel motif, display large loops at the back of the barrel which govern substrate specificity, and have a conserved cofactor binding domain. AKRs catalyze an ordered bi bi kinetic mechanism in which NAD(P)H cofactor binds first and leaves last. In enzymes that favor NADPH, the rate of release of NADP(+) is governed by a slow isomerization step which places an upper limit on kcat. AKRs retain a conserved catalytic tetrad consisting of Tyr55, Asp50, Lys84, and His117 (AKR1C9 numbering). There is conservation of the catalytic mechanism with short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) even though they show different protein folds. There are 15 human AKRs of these AKR1B1, AKR1C1-1C3, AKR1D1, and AKR1B10 have been implicated in diabetic complications, steroid hormone dependent malignancies, bile acid deficiency and defects in retinoic acid signaling, respectively. Inhibitor programs exist world-wide to target each of these enzymes to treat the aforementioned disorders. Inherited mutations in AKR1C and AKR1D1 enzymes are implicated in defects in the development of male genitalia and bile acid deficiency, respectively, and occur in evolutionarily conserved amino acids. The human AKRs have a large number of nsSNPs and splice variants, but in many instances functional genomics is lacking. AKRs and their variants are now poised to be interrogated using modern genomic and informatics approaches to determine their association with human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Southam AD, Khanim FL, Hayden RE, Constantinou JK, Koczula KM, Michell RH, Viant MR, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Drug Redeployment to Kill Leukemia and Lymphoma Cells by Disrupting SCD1-Mediated Synthesis of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2530-40. [PMID: 25943877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The redeployed drug combination of bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate (designated BaP) has potent in vivo anticancer activity in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) patients; however, its mechanism-of-action is unclear. Given that elevated fatty acid biosynthesis is a hallmark of many cancers and that these drugs can affect lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that BaP exerts anticancer effects by disrupting lipogenesis. We applied mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and gene and protein expression measurements of key lipogenic enzymes [acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1)] to AML and eBL cell lines treated with BaP. BaP treatment decreased fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis from (13)C D-glucose. The proportion of phospholipid species with saturated and monounsaturated acyl chains was also decreased after treatment, whereas those with polyunsaturated chains increased. BaP decreased SCD1 protein levels in each cell line (0.46- to 0.62-fold; P < 0.023) and decreased FASN protein levels across all cell lines (0.87-fold decrease; P = 1.7 × 10(-4)). Changes to ACC1 protein levels were mostly insignificant. Supplementation with the SCD1 enzymatic product, oleate, rescued AML and e-BL cells from BaP cell killing and decreased levels of BaP-induced reactive oxygen species, whereas supplementation with the SCD1 substrate (and FASN product), palmitate, did not rescue cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that the critical anticancer actions of BaP are decreases in SCD1 levels and monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that clinically available antileukemic and antilymphoma drugs targeting SCD1 have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Hayden
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katarzyna M Koczula
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Michell
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Drayson
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M Bunce
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Johnson DE, Redner RL. An ATRActive future for differentiation therapy in AML. Blood Rev 2015; 29:263-8. [PMID: 25631637 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The success of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy in acute promeylocytic leukemia (APL) has spawned numerous attempts to translate the paradigm of differentiation therapy to non-APL acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). However, the results of clinical trials have been overall disappointing. In this review we discuss the mechanism of retinoic acid signaling and the results of major clinical trials that have attempted to incorporate ATRA into AML regimens. We discuss recent evidence that indicate that the retinoic acid signaling pathway may be dysfunctional in AML. Preliminary studies suggest that targeting the pathways that modify retinoic acid receptor activity may reactivate the dormant retinoic acid-signaling pathway. Such strategies may revive the ability of ATRA to induce myeloid differentiation and apoptosis in non-APL AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Robert L Redner
- Department of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA.
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Hayden RE, Kussaibati R, Cronin LM, Pratt G, Roberts C, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate target resting and CD40L-stimulated primary marginal zone lymphoma and show promise in indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1079-87. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.939962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Anthracycline resistance mediated by reductive metabolism in cancer cells: The role of aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:238-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Selective AKR1C3 inhibitors do not recapitulate the anti-leukaemic activities of the pan-AKR1C inhibitor medroxyprogesterone acetate. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1506-16. [PMID: 24569460 PMCID: PMC3960632 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We and others have identified the aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3 as a potential drug target in prostate cancer, breast cancer and leukaemia. As a consequence, significant effort is being invested in the development of AKR1C3-selective inhibitors. Methods: We report the screening of an in-house drug library to identify known drugs that selectively inhibit AKR1C3 over the closely related isoforms AKR1C1, 1C2 and 1C4. This screen initially identified tetracycline as a potential AKR1C3-selective inhibitor. However, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance studies identified that the active agent was a novel breakdown product (4-methyl(de-dimethylamine)-tetracycline (4-MDDT)). Results: We demonstrate that, although 4-MDDT enters AML cells and inhibits their AKR1C3 activity, it does not recapitulate the anti-leukaemic actions of the pan-AKR1C inhibitor medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Screens of the NCI diversity set and an independently curated small-molecule library identified several additional AKR1C3-selective inhibitors, none of which had the expected anti-leukaemic activity. However, a pan AKR1C, also identified in the NCI diversity set faithfully recapitulated the actions of MPA. Conclusions: In summary, we have identified a novel tetracycline-derived product that provides an excellent lead structure with proven drug-like qualities for the development of AKR1C3 inhibitors. However, our findings suggest that, at least in leukaemia, selective inhibition of AKR1C3 is insufficient to elicit an anticancer effect and that multiple AKR1C inhibition may be required.
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Calvo KL, Ronco MT, Noguera NI, García F. Benznidazole modulates cell proliferation in acute leukemia cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 35:478-86. [PMID: 23855487 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.811597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT We have previously reported that benznidazole (BZL), known for its trypanocidal action, has anti-proliferative activity against different cell lines like HeLa and Raw 264.7 among others. At the moment, it has not been reported if the anti-proliferative effect of BZL is similar for non-adherent hematopoietic cells like was reported for adherent cancer cell lines. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the efficacy of BZL on the growth of the leukemic cell lines THP-1 and OCI/AML3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated cell proliferation by [³H]-thymidine incorporation and MTT reduction as well as cell death by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. We assessed apoptosis by flow cytometry for detection of annexin V-positive and propidium iodide-negative cells, along with nuclear morphology by diamidino-2-phenolindole (DAPI) staining. Western blot studies were performed to evaluate changes in cell cycle proteins in BZL-treated cells. RESULTS BZL significantly reduced proliferation of both cell lines without inducing cell death. Likewise it produced no significant differences in apoptosis between treated cells and controls. In addition, flow cytometry analysis indicated that BZL caused a larger number of THP-1 cells in G0/G1 phase and a smaller number of cells in S phase than controls. This was accompanied with an increase in the expression of the CDK inhibitor p27 and of cyclin D1, with no significant differences in the protein levels of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, cyclins E, A and B as compared to controls. CONCLUSION BZL inhibits the proliferation of leukemic non-adherent cells by controlling cell cycle at G0/G1 cell phase through up-regulation of p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lucrecia Calvo
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Zhao J, Xiang Y, Xiao C, Guo P, Wang D, Liu Y, Shen Y. AKR1C3 overexpression mediates methotrexate resistance in choriocarcinoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1089-97. [PMID: 25170291 PMCID: PMC4147634 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is typically used to treat choriocarcinoma, but a small proportion of tumors develop resistance to chemotherapy. Similarly, methotrexate (MTX) is a first-line chemotherapy used to treat choriocarcinoma; although ~30% of patients are drug-resistant for MTX mono-therapy. Thus, we sought to elucidate the mechanism of chemotherapeutic-resistance of MTX. METHODS RNA interference technology, colony formation, and MTT assays were used to investigate the role of aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3 (AKR1C3) in MTX resistance in choriocarcinoma cells. RESULTS AKR1C3 expression was higher in JeG-3R cells compared to JeG-3 cells and targeted inhibition of AKR1C3 expression with shRNA suppresses growth of choriocarcinoma cells as measured by colony formation and MTT assays. Overexpression of AKR1C3 increased chemotherapeutic resistance in JeG-3 cells. Furthermore, AKR1C3 silencing increases sensitivity to MTX in JeG-3R choriocarcinoma cells. Increasing MTX sensitivity spears to be related to DNA damage induction by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS Data show that AKR1C3 is critical to the development of methotrexate resistance in choriocarcinoma and suggest that AKR1C3 may potentially serve as a therapeutic marker for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiang
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changji Xiao
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- 1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Shen
- 2. Reproductive Health Centre, National Science Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Molyneux E, Merrick B, Khanim FL, Banda K, Dunn JA, Iqbal G, Bunce CM, Drayson MT. Bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate in resistant and relapsed endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Malawi; an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study (ISRCTN34303497). Br J Haematol 2013; 164:888-90. [PMID: 24266453 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Molyneux
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
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Porté S, Xavier Ruiz F, Giménez J, Molist I, Alvarez S, Domínguez M, Alvarez R, de Lera AR, Parés X, Farrés J. Aldo-keto reductases in retinoid metabolism: search for substrate specificity and inhibitor selectivity. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 202:186-94. [PMID: 23220004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity of natural retinoids requires the oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid (RA) and its binding to specific nuclear receptors in target tissues. The first step of this pathway, the reversible oxidoreduction of retinol to retinaldehyde, is essential to control RA levels. The enzymes of retinol oxidation are NAD-dependent dehydrogenases of the cytosolic medium-chain (MDR) and the membrane-bound short-chain (SDR) dehydrogenases/reductases. Retinaldehyde reduction can be performed by SDR and aldo-keto reductases (AKR), while its oxidation to RA is carried out by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH). In contrast to SDR, AKR and ALDH are cytosolic. A common property of these enzymes is that they only use free retinoid, but not retinoid bound to cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP). The relative contribution of each enzyme type in retinoid metabolism is discussed in terms of the different subcellular localization, topology of membrane-bound enzymes, kinetic constants, binding affinity of CRBP for retinol and retinaldehyde, and partition of retinoid pools between membranes and cytoplasm. The development of selective inhibitors for AKR enzymes 1B1 and 1B10, of clinical relevance in diabetes and cancer, granted the investigation of some structure-activity relationships. Kinetics with the 4-methyl derivatives of retinaldehyde isomers was performed to identify structural features for substrate specificity. Hydrophilic derivatives were better substrates than the more hydrophobic compounds. We also explored the inhibitory properties of some synthetic retinoids, known for binding to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). Consistent with its substrate specificity towards retinaldehyde, AKR1B10 was more effectively inhibited by synthetic retinoids than AKR1B1. A RARβ/γ agonist (UVI2008) inhibited AKR1B10 with the highest potency and selectivity, and docking simulations predicted that its carboxyl group binds to the anion-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Porté
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Barrera G. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products in cancer progression and therapy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:137289. [PMID: 23119185 PMCID: PMC3483701 DOI: 10.5402/2012/137289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an altered redox status are common biochemical aspects in cancer cells. ROS can react with the polyunsaturated fatty acids of lipid membranes and induce lipid peroxidation. The end products of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), have been considered to be a second messenger of oxidative stress.
Beyond ROS involvement in carcinogenesis, increased ROS level can inhibit tumor cell growth. Indeed, in tumors in advanced stages, a further increase of oxidative stress, such as that occurs when using several anticancer drugs and radiation therapy, can overcome the antioxidant defenses of cancer cells and drive them to apoptosis. High concentrations of HNE can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, some cells escape the apoptosis induced by chemical or radiation therapy through the adaptation to intrinsic oxidative stress which confers drug resistance. This paper is focused on recent advances in the studies of the relation between oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation products, and cancer progression with particular attention to the pro-oxidant anticancer agents and the drug-resistant mechanisms, which could be modulated to obtain a better response to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
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46
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Penna F, Pin F, Costamagna D, Reffo P, Baccino FM, Bonelli G, Costelli P. Caspase 2 activation and ER stress drive rapid Jurkat cell apoptosis by clofibrate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45327. [PMID: 23028936 PMCID: PMC3445471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differently from the antiapoptotic action most commonly assigned to peroxisome proliferators (PPs), we demonstrated that some of them, clofibrate (CF) in particular, display clearcut apoptogenic properties on rat hepatoma cell lines. We and others could confirm that CF as well as various other PPs can induce apoptosis in a variety of cells, including human liver, breast and lung cancer cell lines. The present study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxic action of CF on a neoplastic line of different origin, the human T leukemia Jurkat cells. We observed that CF rapidly triggers an extensive and morphologically typical apoptotic process on Jurkat cells, though not in primary T cells, which is completely prevented by the polycaspase inhibitor zVADfmk. Gene silencing studies demonstrated that CF-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells is partially dependent on activation of caspase 2. Looking for a possible trigger of caspase 2 activation, we observed increased levels of phosphorylated eIF2α and JNK in CF-treated cells. Moreover, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was perturbed. Together, these findings are suggestive for the occurrence of ER stress, an event that is known to have the potential to activate caspase 2. The present observations demonstrate that CF induces in Jurkat cells a very fast and extensive apoptosis, that involves induction of ER stress and activation of caspases 2 and 3. Since apoptosis in Jurkat cells occurs at pharmacologically relevant concentrations of CF, the present findings encourage further in depth analysis in order to work out the potential implications of CF cytotoxcity on leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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47
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Flanagan JU, Yosaatmadja Y, Teague RM, Chai MZL, Turnbull AP, Squire CJ. Crystal structures of three classes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in complex with aldo-keto reductase 1C3. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43965. [PMID: 22937138 PMCID: PMC3429426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) catalyses the NADPH dependent reduction of carbonyl groups in a number of important steroid and prostanoid molecules. The enzyme is also over-expressed in prostate and breast cancer and its expression is correlated with the aggressiveness of the disease. The steroid products of AKR1C3 catalysis are important in proliferative signalling of hormone-responsive cells, while the prostanoid products promote prostaglandin-dependent proliferative pathways. In these ways, AKR1C3 contributes to tumour development and maintenance, and suggest that inhibition of AKR1C3 activity is an attractive target for the development of new anti-cancer therapies. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one well-known class of compounds that inhibits AKR1C3, yet crystal structures have only been determined for this enzyme with flufenamic acid, indomethacin, and closely related analogues bound. While the flufenamic acid and indomethacin structures have been used to design novel inhibitors, they provide only limited coverage of the NSAIDs that inhibit AKR1C3 and that may be used for the development of new AKR1C3 targeted drugs. To understand how other NSAIDs bind to AKR1C3, we have determined ten crystal structures of AKR1C3 complexes that cover three different classes of NSAID, N-phenylanthranilic acids (meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid), arylpropionic acids (flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen), and indomethacin analogues (indomethacin, sulindac, zomepirac). The N-phenylanthranilic and arylpropionic acids bind to common sites including the enzyme catalytic centre and a constitutive active site pocket, with the arylpropionic acids probing the constitutive pocket more effectively. By contrast, indomethacin and the indomethacin analogues sulindac and zomepirac, display three distinctly different binding modes that explain their relative inhibition of the AKR1C family members. This new data from ten crystal structures greatly broadens the base of structures available for future structure-guided drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack U. Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuliana Yosaatmadja
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M. Teague
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matilda Z. L. Chai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Turnbull
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Squire
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Retinoid differentiation therapy for common types of acute myeloid leukemia. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:939021. [PMID: 23213553 PMCID: PMC3504222 DOI: 10.1155/2012/939021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers arise in a tissue stem cell, and cell differentiation is impaired resulting in an accumulation of immature cells. The introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in 1987 to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), pioneered a new approach to obtain remission in malignancies by restoring the terminal maturation of leukemia cells resulting in these cells having a limited lifespan. Differentiation therapy also offers the prospect of a less aggressive treatment by virtue of attenuated growth of leukemia cells coupled to limited damage to normal cells. The success of ATRA in differentiation therapy of APL is well known. However, ATRA does not work in non-APL AML. Here we examine some of the molecular pathways towards new retinoid-based differentiation therapy of non-APL AML. Prospects include modulation of the epigenetic status of ATRA-insensitive AML cells, agents that influence intracellular signalling events that are provoked by ATRA, and the use of novel synthetic retinoids.
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Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:181-95. [PMID: 22318237 PMCID: PMC3322353 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation and differentiation. Although all of these functions might contribute to the influence of PPARs in carcinogenesis, there is a distinct need for a review of the literature and additional experimentation to determine the potential for targeting PPARs for cancer therapy and cancer chemoprevention. As PPAR agonists include drugs that are used for the treatment of metabolic diseases, a more complete understanding of the roles of PPARs in cancer will aid in determining any increased cancer risk for patients undergoing therapy with PPAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Human AKR (aldo-keto reductase) 1C proteins (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) exhibit relevant activity with steroids, regulating hormone signalling at the pre-receptor level. In the present study, investigate the activity of the four human AKR1C enzymes with retinol and retinaldehyde. All of the enzymes except AKR1C2 showed retinaldehyde reductase activity with low Km values (~1 μM). The kcat values were also low (0.18-0.6 min-1), except for AKR1C3 reduction of 9-cis-retinaldehyde whose kcat was remarkably higher (13 min-1). Structural modelling of the AKR1C complexes with 9-cis-retinaldehyde indicated a distinct conformation of Trp227, caused by changes in residue 226 that may contribute to the activity differences observed. This was partially supported by the kinetics of the AKR1C3 R226P mutant. Retinol/retinaldehyde conversion, combined with the use of the inhibitor flufenamic acid, indicated a relevant role for endogenous AKR1Cs in retinaldehyde reduction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Overexpression of AKR1C proteins depleted RA (retinoic acid) transactivation in HeLa cells treated with retinol. Thus AKR1Cs may decrease RA levels in vivo. Finally, by using lithocholic acid as an AKR1C3 inhibitor and UVI2024 as an RA receptor antagonist, we provide evidence that the pro-proliferative action of AKR1C3 in HL-60 cells involves the RA signalling pathway and that this is in part due to the retinaldehyde reductase activity of AKR1C3.
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