1
|
Wang LT, Idris AH, Kisalu NK, Crompton PD, Seder RA. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins as an emerging tool for malaria prevention. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1530-1545. [PMID: 39198635 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite various public health strategies, malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites remains a major global health challenge that requires development of new interventions. Extended half-life human monoclonal antibodies targeting the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites, the infective form of malaria parasites, prevent malaria in rodents and humans and have been advanced into clinical development. The protective epitopes on the circumsporozoite protein targeted by monoclonal antibodies have been defined. Cryogenic electron and multiphoton microscopy have enabled mechanistic structural and functional investigations of how antibodies bind to the circumsporozoite protein and neutralize sporozoites. Moreover, innovations in bioinformatics and antibody engineering have facilitated enhancement of antibody potency and durability. Here, we summarize the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight existing clinical data and future plans for how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sagna AB, Gebre Y, Vera-Arias CA, Traoré DF, Tchekoi BN, Assi SB, Koffi AA, Rogier C, Remoue F, Koepfli C. High prevalence of asymptomatic and subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections but no histidine-rich protein 2 gene deletion in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19060. [PMID: 39154104 PMCID: PMC11330520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic and subpatent P. falciparum infections in the city of Bouaké, Central Côte d'Ivoire, to compare the performance of three tests, and to investigate potential P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) gene deletions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine neighborhoods in Bouaké in 2016. Matched light microscopy (LM), rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) data were used to determine the prevalence of P. falciparum infection and compare the performance of the three diagnostic tests. Pfhrp2/3 deletions were genotyped by digital PCR. Among 2313 individuals, 97.2% were asymptomatic and 2.8% were symptomatic. P. falciparum prevalence among symptomatic individuals was 25.8%, 30.3%, and 40.9% by LM, RDT, and varATS qPCR, respectively, and among asymptomatic individuals, it was 10.3%, 12.5%, and 34.9%. Asymptomatic infections comprised 96.4% of all malaria infections, with 58.2% detectable only by varATS qPCR. Although the prevalence of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections was higher in school-age children (5-14 years: 42.0%) compared to < 5 years (17.3%) and ≥ 15 years (35.9%), subpatent infections were more likely in ≥ 15 years (70.4%) than in < 5 years (39.7%) and school-age children (41.2%). LM and RDTs were reliable only at parasite densities > 10,000 parasites/µL. Individuals who were positive according to all three tests had significantly greater parasite density (856.8 parasites/µL; 95% CI 707.3-1,038) than did those who were positive by varATS qPCR only (13.7 parasites/µL; 95% CI 11.4-16.3) (p < 0.0001). No pfhrp2 deletions were observed. The high prevalence of asymptomatic and subpatent infections highlights the need for targeted strategies to reduce malaria in urban Côte d'Ivoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Barembaye Sagna
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre, Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Yilekal Gebre
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre, Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Abigail Vera-Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre, Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Dipomin François Traoré
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bertin N'cho Tchekoi
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Serge Brice Assi
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme en Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Christophe Rogier
- Primum Vitare, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre, Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kilpatrick KW, Lee C, Hudgens MG. G-formula for observational studies under stratified interference, with application to bed net use on malaria. Stat Med 2024; 43:2853-2868. [PMID: 38726590 PMCID: PMC11187673 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Assessing population-level effects of vaccines and other infectious disease prevention measures is important to the field of public health. In infectious disease studies, one person's treatment may affect another individual's outcome, that is, there may be interference between units. For example, the use of bed nets to prevent malaria by one individual may have an indirect effect on other individuals living in close proximity. In some settings, individuals may form groups or clusters where interference only occurs within groups, that is, there is partial interference. Inverse probability weighted estimators have previously been developed for observational studies with partial interference. Unfortunately, these estimators are not well suited for studies with large clusters. Therefore, in this paper, the parametric g-formula is extended to allow for partial interference. G-formula estimators are proposed for overall effects, effects when treated, and effects when untreated. The proposed estimators can accommodate large clusters and do not suffer from the g-null paradox that may occur in the absence of interference. The large sample properties of the proposed estimators are derived assuming no unmeasured confounders and that the partial interference takes a particular form (referred to as 'weak stratified interference'). Simulation studies are presented demonstrating the finite-sample performance of the proposed estimators. The Demographic and Health Survey from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is then analyzed using the proposed g-formula estimators to assess the effects of bed net use on malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla W. Kilpatrick
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Chanhwa Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marques-da-Silva C, Schmidt-Silva C, Kurup SP. Hepatocytes and the art of killing Plasmodium softly. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:466-476. [PMID: 38714463 PMCID: PMC11156546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria undergo asymptomatic development in the parenchymal cells of the liver, the hepatocytes, prior to infecting erythrocytes and causing clinical disease. Traditionally, hepatocytes have been perceived as passive bystanders that allow hepatotropic pathogens such as Plasmodium to develop relatively unchallenged. However, now there is emerging evidence suggesting that hepatocytes can mount robust cell-autonomous immune responses that target Plasmodium, limiting its progression to the blood and reducing the incidence and severity of clinical malaria. Here we discuss our current understanding of hepatocyte cell-intrinsic immune responses that target Plasmodium and how these pathways impact malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Clyde Schmidt-Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhan Q, Tiedje KE, Day KP, Pascual M. From multiplicity of infection to force of infection for sparsely sampled Plasmodium falciparum populations at high transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.12.24302148. [PMID: 38853963 PMCID: PMC11160831 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.24302148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
High multiplicity of infection or MOI, the number of genetically distinct parasite strains co-infecting a single human host, characterizes infectious diseases including falciparum malaria at high transmission. It accompanies high asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum prevalence despite high exposure, creating a large transmission reservoir challenging intervention. High MOI and asymptomatic prevalence are enabled by immune evasion of the parasite achieved via vast antigenic diversity. Force of infection or FOI, the number of new infections acquired by an individual host over a given time interval, is the dynamic sister quantity of MOI, and a key epidemiological parameter for monitoring the impact of antimalarial interventions and assessing vaccine or drug efficacy in clinical trials. FOI remains difficult, expensive, and labor-intensive to accurately measure, especially in high-transmission regions, whether directly via cohort studies or indirectly via the fitting of epidemiological models to repeated cross-sectional surveys. We propose here the application of queuing theory to obtain FOI on the basis of MOI, in the form of either a two-moment approximation method or Little's law. We illustrate these methods with MOI estimates obtained under sparse sampling schemes with the recently proposed " v a r coding" method, based on sequences of the v a r multigene family encoding for the major variant surface antigen of the blood stage of malaria infection. The methods are evaluated with simulation output from a stochastic agent-based model, and are applied to an interrupted time-series study from Bongo District in northern Ghana before and immediately after a three-round transient indoor residual spraying (IRS) intervention. We incorporate into the sampling of the simulation output, limitations representative of those encountered in the collection of field data, including under-sampling of v a r genes, missing data, and usage of antimalarial drug treatment. We address these limitations in MOI estimates with a Bayesian framework and an imputation bootstrap approach. We demonstrate that both proposed methods give good and consistent FOI estimates across various simulated scenarios. Their application to the field surveys shows a pronounced reduction in annual FOI during intervention, of more than 70%. The proposed approach should be applicable to the many geographical locations where cohort or cross-sectional studies with regular and frequent sampling are lacking but single-time-point surveys under sparse sampling schemes are available, and for MOI estimates obtained in different ways. They should also be relevant to other pathogens of humans, wildlife and livestock whose immune evasion strategies are based on large antigenic variation resulting in high multiplicity of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhan
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meredith HR, Wesolowski A, Okoth D, Maraga L, Ambani G, Chepkwony T, Abel L, Kipkoech J, Lokoel G, Esimit D, Lokemer S, Maragia J, Prudhomme O’Meara W, Obala AA. Characterizing mobility patterns and malaria risk factors in semi-nomadic populations of Northern Kenya. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002750. [PMID: 38478562 PMCID: PMC10936864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
While many studies have characterized mobility patterns and disease dynamics of settled populations, few have focused on more mobile populations. Highly mobile groups are often at higher disease risk due to their regular movement that may increase the variability of their environments, reduce their access to health care, and limit the number of intervention strategies suitable for their lifestyles. Quantifying the movements and their associated disease risks will be key to developing interventions more suitable for mobile populations. Turkana, Kenya is an ideal setting to characterize these relationships. While the vast, semi-arid county has a large mobile population (>60%) and was recently shown to have endemic malaria, the relationship between mobility and malaria risk in this region has not yet been defined. Here, we worked with 250 semi-nomadic households from four communities in Central Turkana to 1) characterize mobility patterns of travelers and 2) test the hypothesis that semi-nomadic individuals are at greater risk of malaria exposure when migrating with their herds than when staying at their semi-permanent settlements. Participants provided medical and travel histories, demographics, and a dried blood spot for malaria testing before and after the travel period. Further, a subset of travelers was given GPS loggers to document their routes. Four travel patterns emerged from the logger data, Long Term, Transient, Day trip, and Static, with only Long Term and Transient trips being associated with malaria cases detected in individuals who carried GPS devices. After completing their trips, travelers had a higher prevalence of malaria than those who remained at the household (9.2% vs 4.4%), regardless of gender and age. These findings highlight the need to develop intervention strategies amenable to mobile lifestyles that can ultimately help prevent the transmission of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Meredith
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis Okoth
- Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Lodwar, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Linda Maraga
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - George Ambani
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Lucy Abel
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kipkoech
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Gilchrist Lokoel
- Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Lodwar, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Daniel Esimit
- Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Lodwar, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Samuel Lokemer
- Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Lodwar, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - James Maragia
- Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Lodwar, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Wendy Prudhomme O’Meara
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Obala
- School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kane F, Toure M, Sogoba N, Traore B, Keita M, Konate D, Diawara SI, Sanogo D, Keita S, Sanogo I, Doumbia CO, Keïta B, Traoré AS, Sissoko I, Coulibaly H, Thiam SM, Barry A, Shaffer JG, Diakite M, Doumbia S. Modeling clinical malaria episodes in different ecological settings in Mali, 2018-2022. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:24-30. [PMID: 38076024 PMCID: PMC10698665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Following the scaling-up of malaria control strategies in Mali, understanding the changes in age-specific prevalence of infection and risk factors associated with remains necessary to determine new priorities to progress toward disease elimination. This study aimed to estimate the risk of clinical malaria using longitudinal data across three different transmission settings in Mali. Methods Cohort-based longitudinal studies were performed from April 2018 to December 2022. Incidence of malaria was measured through community health center-based passive case detection. Generalized estimation equation model was used to assess risk factors for clinical malaria. Results A total of 21,453 clinical presentations were reported from 4500 participants, mainly from July to November. Data shows a significant association between malaria episodes, sex, age group, season, and year. Women had lower risk, the risk of clinical episode increased with age up to 14 years then declined, and in both sites, the dry-season risk of clinical episode was significantly lower compared to the rainy season. Conclusion Determining factors associated with the occurrence of clinical malaria across different ecological settings across the country could help in the development of new strategies aiming to accelerate malaria elimination in an area where malaria transmission remains intense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fousseyni Kane
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamoudou Toure
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourama Traore
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konate
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sory Ibrahim Diawara
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Daouda Sanogo
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Soumba Keita
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ibrahim Sanogo
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick Oumar Doumbia
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourama Keïta
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Sekou Traoré
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ibrahim Sissoko
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Hamady Coulibaly
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sidibé M'Baye Thiam
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alyssa Barry
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jeffey G. Shaffer
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nalwoga A, Sabourin KR, Miley W, Jackson C, Maktabi M, Labo N, Mugisha J, Whitby D, Rochford R, Newton R. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Is Associated With Increased Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Seropositivity and Higher KSHV Antibody Breadth and Magnitude: Results of a Case-Control Study From Rural Uganda. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:432-442. [PMID: 37536670 PMCID: PMC10873168 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we showed that children with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria infection had higher Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) viral load, increased risk of KSHV seropositivity, and higher KSHV antibody levels. We hypothesize that clinical malaria has an even larger association with KSHV seropositivity. In the current study, we investigated the association between clinical malaria and KSHV seropositivity and antibody levels. METHODS Between December 2020 and March 2022, sick children (aged 5-10 years) presenting at a clinic in Uganda were enrolled in a case-control study. Pf was detected using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and subsequently with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Children with malaria were categorized into 2 groups: RDT+/PfPCR+ and RDT-/PfPCR+. RESULTS The seropositivity of KSHV was 60% (47/78) among Pf-uninfected children, 79% (61/77) among children who were RDT-/PfPCR+ (odds ratio [OR], 2.41 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.15-5.02]), and 95% (141/149) in children who were RDT+/PfPCR+ (OR, 10.52 [95% CI, 4.17-26.58]; Ptrend < .001). Furthermore, RDT+/PfPCR+ children followed by RDT-/PfPCR+ children had higher KSHV IgG and IgM antibody levels and reacted to more KSHV antigens compared to uninfected children. CONCLUSIONS Clinical malaria is associated with both increased KSHV seropositivity and antibody magnitude, suggesting that Pf is affecting KSHV immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nalwoga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Cancer Epidemiology Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Katherine R Sabourin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Conner Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mahdi Maktabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joseph Mugisha
- Cancer Epidemiology Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert Newton
- Cancer Epidemiology Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toure M, Shaffer JG, Sanogo D, Keita S, Keita M, Kane F, Traore B, Dabitao D, Kone A, Doumbia CO, Keating J, Yukich J, Hansson HH, Barry AE, Diakité M, Alifrangis M, Doumbia S. Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention Therapy in Children Up To 9 Years of Age: Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Trial Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e51660. [PMID: 38252481 PMCID: PMC10845024 DOI: 10.2196/51660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is recommended by the World Health Organization for the sub-Sahel region in sub-Saharan Africa for preventing malaria in children 3 months old to younger than 5 years. Since 2016, the Malian National Malaria Control Program has deployed SMC countrywide during its high malaria transmission season at a rate of 4 monthly cycles annually. The standard SMC regimen includes sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine (AQ). Resistance against SP is suspected to be rising across West Africa; therefore, assessing the effectiveness of an alternative antimalarial drug for SMC is needed to provide a second-line regimen when it is ultimately needed. It is not well understood whether SMC effectively prevents malaria in children aged 5 years or older. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of the study is to compare 2 SMC regimens (SP-AQ and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine [DHA-PQ]) in preventing uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children 3 months to 9 years old. Secondly, we will assess the possible use of DHA-PQ as an alternative SMC drug in areas where resistance to SP or AQ may increase following intensive use. METHODS The study design is a 3-arm cluster-randomized design comparing the SP-AQ and DHA-PQ arms in 2 age groups (younger than 5 years and 5-9 years) and a control group for children aged 5-9 years. Standard SMC (SP-AQ) for children younger than 5 years was provided to the control arm, while SMC with SP-AQ was delivered to children aged 3 months to 9 years (arm 2), and SMC with DHA-PQ will be implemented in study arm 3 for children up to 9 years of age. The study was performed in Mali's Koulikoro District, a rural area in southwest Mali with historically high malaria transmission rates. The study's primary outcome is P falciparum incidence for 2 SMC regimens in children up to 9 years of age. Should DHA-PQ provide an acceptable alternative to SP-AQ, a plausible second-line prevention option would be available in the event of SP resistance or drug supply shortages. A significant byproduct of this effort included bolstering district health information systems for rapid identification of severe malaria cases. RESULTS The study began on July 1, 2019. Through November 2022, a total of 4556 children 3 months old to younger than 5 years were enrolled. Data collection ended in spring 2023, and the findings are expected to be published later in early 2024. CONCLUSIONS Routine evaluation of antimalarial drugs is needed to establish appropriate SMC age targets. The study goals here may impact public health policy and provide alternative therapies in the event of drug shortages or resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04149106, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04149106. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/51660.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahamoudou Toure
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Daouda Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Soumba Keita
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fousseyni Kane
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourama Traore
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Djeneba Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Kone
- Mali National Malaria Control Program, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick Oumar Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Joseph Keating
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Joshua Yukich
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Helle H Hansson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alyssa E Barry
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center, Universite des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chiziba C, Mercer LD, Diallo O, Bertozzi-Villa A, Weiss DJ, Gerardin J, Ozodiegwu ID. Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Factors May Inform Malaria Intervention Prioritization in Urban Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:78. [PMID: 38248543 PMCID: PMC10815685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Urban population growth in Nigeria may exceed the availability of affordable housing and basic services, resulting in living conditions conducive to vector breeding and heterogeneous malaria transmission. Understanding the link between community-level factors and urban malaria transmission informs targeted interventions. We analyzed Demographic and Health Survey Program cluster-level data, alongside geospatial covariates, to describe variations in malaria prevalence in children under 5 years of age. Univariate and multivariable models explored the relationship between malaria test positivity rates at the cluster level and community-level factors. Generally, malaria test positivity rates in urban areas are low and declining. The factors that best predicted malaria test positivity rates within a multivariable model were post-primary education, wealth quintiles, population density, access to improved housing, child fever treatment-seeking, precipitation, and enhanced vegetation index. Malaria transmission in urban areas will likely be reduced by addressing socioeconomic and environmental factors that promote exposure to disease vectors. Enhanced regional surveillance systems in Nigeria can provide detailed data to further refine our understanding of these factors in relation to malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chilochibi Chiziba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Ousmane Diallo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bently, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jaline Gerardin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ifeoma D. Ozodiegwu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Health Informatics and Data Science, Loyola University, Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Afrane AKA, Alhassan Y, Amoah LE, Nyarko MY, Addo-Lartey A, Paintsil E, Torpey K. Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and virological non-suppression among children living with HIV in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3823525. [PMID: 38260260 PMCID: PMC10802699 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3823525/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and malaria are two major diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, with coinfections having an impact on the outcomes of both. We assessed the association between asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and virological non-suppression among children living with HIV attending a clinic at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and the Princess Marie Louis Hospital (PML) in the city of Accra, Ghana. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic malaria in children receiving care at paediatric HIV clinics at KBTH and PML conducted from September to November 2022. Patients who had been on ART for at least 6 months were eligible to participate. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic, malaria prevention behaviors, and ART-related data using in-person interviews. Microscopy and PCR were used to screen for malaria and GeneXpert to determine viral load. To examine the determinants of malaria PCR positivity and virological non-suppression, Chi-square tests and logistic regression were utilized. Results The participants' median age was 9 years with a range of 6 to 12 years. Males made up 57% of the population. We detected 3.6% (10 of 277) and 7.6% (21 of 277) cases of malaria using microscopy and PCR, respectively. Virological non-suppression (VL > 1000 copies/ml) was seen in 82 (29.6%) of the 277 participants. Among the suppressed individuals, 62 (22.4%) exhibited low-level viraemia (VL level 40-1000 copies/ml) and 133 (48%) had non-detectable viral load levels. There were no factors associated with malaria PCR positivity carriage. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy was associated with a fivefold increase in the risk of viral load non-suppression (AOR = 4.89 [CI = 2.00-11.98], p = 0.001). Conclusion The study showed that the proportion of children living with HIV with asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia was low, with about one third of the study population having virological non suppression. The interaction between malaria parasitemia and viral replication may not be the main culprit for virological non suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yakubu Alhassan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana
| | | | - Adolphina Addo-Lartey
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Legon
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trape JF, Diagne N, Diene-Sarr F, Faye J, Dieye-Ba F, Bassène H, Badiane A, Bouganali C, Tall A, Ndiaye R, Doucouré S, Wotodjo AN, Vigan-Womas I, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Talla C, Niang M, Touré-Baldé A, Perraut R, Roussilhon C, Druilhe P, Rogier C, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Loucoubar C, Sokhna C. One hundred malaria attacks since birth. A longitudinal study of African children and young adults exposed to high malaria transmission. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102379. [PMID: 38188691 PMCID: PMC10770423 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant progress in malaria control over the past twenty years, malaria remains a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in Tropical Africa. As most patients do not consult any health facility much uncertainty persists about the true burden of the disease and the range of individual differences in susceptibility to malaria. Methods Over a 25-years period, from 1990 to 2015, the inhabitants of Dielmo village, Senegal, an area of intense malaria transmission, have been monitored daily for their presence in the village and the occurrence of diseases. In case of fever thick blood films were systematically examined through microscopy for malaria parasites and patients received prompt diagnosis and treatment. Findings We analysed data collected in 111 children and young adults monitored for at least 10 years (mean 17.3 years, maximum 25 years) enrolled either at birth (95 persons) or during the two first years of life. A total of 11,599 episodes of fever were documented, including 5268 malaria attacks. The maximum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 112. Three other persons suffered one hundred or more malaria attacks during follow-up. The minimum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 11. The mean numbers of malaria attacks in children reaching their 4th, 7th, and 10th birthdays were 23.0, 37.7, and 43.6 attacks since birth, respectively. Sixteen children (14.4%) suffered ten or more malaria attacks each year at ages 1-3 years, and six children (5.4%) each year at age 4-6 years. Interpretation Long-term close monitoring shows that in highly endemic areas the malaria burden is higher than expected. Susceptibility to the disease may vary up to 10-fold, and for most children childhood is an endless history of malaria fever episodes. No other parasitic, bacterial or viral infection in human populations has such an impact on health. Funding The Pasteur Institutes of Dakar and Paris, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, and the French Ministry of Cooperation provided funding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Joseph Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fambaye Dieye-Ba
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hubert Bassène
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Charles Bouganali
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Tall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | | | - Cheikh Talla
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Makhtar Niang
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ronald Perraut
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Christian Roussilhon
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Bio-medical Parasitology, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Druilhe
- Institut Pasteur, Bio-medical Parasitology, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Primum Vitare, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Engeda EH, Aldersey HM, Davison CM, Gelaye KA, Abebe AB, Chala MB, Fayed N. Severe malaria-related disability in African children: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:31-39. [PMID: 36533299 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2157053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disability is a consequence of severe malaria for a significant proportion of African children. This scoping review aims to describe the impact of severe malaria on African children according to current literature using an international biopsychical classification and framework of disability and functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, and CINHAL databases were searched for original research conducted on African children aged 0-18 using terms related to severe malaria and components of disability. Independent and dependent variables were extracted and classified using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Children and Youth version (ICF-CY) using standardized coding methods. RESULTS Seventy-two percent of the measured variables in the 34 included studies were coded as "body functions," (i.e., impairments), such as mental, neuromusculoskeletal, movement, and sensory functions, and 23.3% of variables were coded as "activities and participation" (i.e., activity limitations/participation restrictions), such as difficulties with general tasks and demands, communication, mobility, interpersonal interactions, and relationships. "Environment" variables such as family support, health access, education, or societal attitudes were not found in the included studies. CONCLUSIONS Existing peer-reviewed quantitative research of severe malaria-related disability is focused on neurological sequelae, with less research about activity limitations and participation restrictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshetu Haileselassie Engeda
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather M Aldersey
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen M Davison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abey Bekele Abebe
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Gondar University Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Bayisa Chala
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Gondar University Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nora Fayed
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ojurongbe TA, Afolabi HA, Bashiru KA, Sule WF, Akinde SB, Ojurongbe O, Adegoke NA. Prediction of malaria positivity using patients' demographic and environmental features and clinical symptoms to complement parasitological confirmation before treatment. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 38098124 PMCID: PMC10722830 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current malaria diagnosis methods that rely on microscopy and Histidine Rich Protein-2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) have drawbacks that necessitate the development of improved and complementary malaria diagnostic methods to overcome some or all these limitations. Consequently, the addition of automated detection and classification of malaria using laboratory methods can provide patients with more accurate and faster diagnosis. Therefore, this study used a machine-learning model to predict Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigen positivity (presence of malaria) based on sociodemographic behaviour, environment, and clinical features. METHOD Data from 200 Nigerian patients were used to develop predictive models using nested cross-validation and sequential backward feature selection (SBFS), with 80% of the dataset randomly selected for training and optimisation and the remaining 20% for testing the models. Outcomes were classified as Pf-positive or Pf-negative, corresponding to the presence or absence of malaria, respectively. RESULTS Among the three machine learning models examined, the penalised logistic regression model had the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the training set (AUC = 84%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75-93%) and test set (AUC = 83%; 95% CI: 63-100%). Increased odds of malaria were associated with higher body weight (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.50, 95% CI: 2.27 to 8.01, p < 0.0001). Even though the association between the odds of having malaria and body temperature was not significant, patients with high body temperature had higher odds of testing positive for the Pf antigen than those who did not have high body temperature (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.91, p = 0.068). In addition, patients who had bushes in their surroundings (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.30 to 4.66, p = 0.006) or experienced fever (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 0.88 to 4.24, p = 0.099), headache (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 0.95 to 3.95, p = 0.068), muscle pain (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 0.66 to 3.39, p = 0.333), and vomiting (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 0.85 to 6.82, p = 0.097) were more likely to experience malaria. In contrast, decreased odds of malaria were associated with age (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.90, p = 0.012) and BMI (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.80, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION Newly developed routinely collected baseline sociodemographic, environmental, and clinical features to predict Pf antigen positivity may be a valuable tool for clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Nurudeen A Adegoke
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Doumbia M, Coulibaly JT, Silué DK, Cissé G, N’Dione JA, Koné B. Effects of Climate Variability on Malaria Transmission in Southern Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7102. [PMID: 38063532 PMCID: PMC10706663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20237102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major public health concern with a substantial burden in Africa. Even though it has been widely demonstrated that malaria transmission is climate-driven, there have been very few studies assessing the relationship between climate variables and malaria transmission in Côte d'Ivoire. We used the VECTRI model to predict malaria transmission in southern Côte d'Ivoire. First, we tested the suitability of VECTRI in modeling malaria transmission using ERA5 temperature data and ARC2 rainfall data. We then used the projected climatic data pertaining to 2030, 2050, and 2080 from a set of 14 simulations from the CORDEX-Africa database to compute VECTRI outputs. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) from the VECTRI model was well correlated with the observed malaria cases from 2010 to 2019, including the peaks of malaria cases and the EIR. However, the correlation between the two parameters was not statistically significant. The VECTRI model predicted an increase in malaria transmissions in both scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) for the time period 2030 to 2080. The monthly EIR for RCP8.5 was very high (1.74 to 1131.71 bites/person) compared to RCP4.5 (0.48 to 908 bites/person). These findings call for greater efforts to control malaria that take into account the impact of climatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madina Doumbia
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Biologiques, Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo BP 1328, Côte d’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan 01 BP 1303, Côte d’Ivoire; (J.T.C.); (D.K.S.)
| | - Jean Tenena Coulibaly
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan 01 BP 1303, Côte d’Ivoire; (J.T.C.); (D.K.S.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Dieudonné Kigbafori Silué
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan 01 BP 1303, Côte d’Ivoire; (J.T.C.); (D.K.S.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Brama Koné
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Biologiques, Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo BP 1328, Côte d’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan 01 BP 1303, Côte d’Ivoire; (J.T.C.); (D.K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ocen E, Opito R, Tegu C, Oula A, Olupot-Olupot P. Severe malaria burden, clinical spectrum and outcomes at Apac district hospital, Uganda: a retrospective study of routine health facility-based data. Malar J 2023; 22:325. [PMID: 37880694 PMCID: PMC10601152 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most data describing severe malaria (SM) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are from research settings outside disease endemic areas. Using routinely collected data from Apac District Hospital, this study aimed at determining the burden and clinical spectrum of severe malaria. METHODS This was a retrospective study that reviewed all paediatric admission records for malaria in the 24 months period from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020 at Apac District Hospital. Data on children aged 60 days to 12 years who at admission tested positive for malaria and fulfilled the World Health Organization clinical criteria for surveillance of severe malaria were abstracted using a customized proforma designed to capture variables on social demographic, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. In addition, the tool included laboratory variables for complete blood counts, haemoglobin, and glucose levels. Data were analysed using STATA V15.0. The study had ethical approval from Mbale Regional Referral Hospital REC, Approval No. MRRH-REC 053/2019. RESULTS A total of 5631 admission records were retrieved for this study period. Of these, 3649 (64.8%) were malaria admissions and 3422/3649 were children below 12years, with only 1864 (54.5%) of children having complete data. Of the 1864 children, 745 (40.0%) fulfilled the severe malaria inclusion criteria. Of the 745 children, 51.4% (n = 381) were males. The median age at admission was 31 months (IQR = 17-60). The most common clinical presentations among children with severe malaria were fever 722 (97.3%), cough 478 (64.2%), and difficulty in breathing 122 (17.9%). The median length of hospital stay was 2 (IQR; 2-4) days and 133 (17.9%) had prolonged hospital stay (> 4 days). Factors independently associated with prolonged hospital stay were, presenting with difficulty in breathing, aOR 1.83 (95% CI 1.02-3.27, P = 0.042) and prostration aOR 8.47 (95% CI 1.94-36.99, P = 0.004). A majority of admitted children, 735 (98.7%) survived, while 10 (1.3%) died of SM. CONCLUSION A high proportion (40.0%) of malaria admissions were due to SM. Prolonged Hospital stay was associated with prostration and difficulty in breathing. Overall mortality was low, 1.3% compared to mortality in the previously reported series. This study was able to use routinely collected data to describe the burden and clinical spectrum of SM. Improvement in the quality of data from such settings would improve disease descriptions for policy, monitoring of epidemics, response to interventions and to inform research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ocen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Health, Apac District Local Government, Apac, Uganda
| | - Ronald Opito
- Departmemnt of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Crispus Tegu
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Alex Oula
- Department of Health, Apac District Local Government, Apac, Uganda
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mwaba C, Munsaka S, Bvulani B, Mwakazanga D, Chiluba BC, Fitzwanga K, Mpabalwani E. Malaria is the leading cause of acute kidney injury among a Zambian paediatric renal service cohort retrospectively evaluated for aetiologies, predictors of the need for dialysis, and outcomes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293037. [PMID: 37878602 PMCID: PMC10599569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst malaria is a prominent aetiology associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in many parts of Africa, a shift in the traditional AKI aetiologies has been witnessed in sections of the continent. Additionally, limited access to dialysis worsens patient outcomes in these low-resource settings. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the associated aetiologies, predictors of need for dialysis and malaria-associated AKI (MAKI), and outcomes of AKI and dialysis among children evaluated by the renal service in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS The study sampled all children aged 16 years or below, diagnosed with AKI between 2017 and 2021, by the renal unit at the University Teaching Hospitals- Children's Hospital (UTH-CH), and retrospectively abstracted their records for exposures and outcomes. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 criteria. Frequency and percentage distributions were used to describe the occurrence of AKI aetiologies and treatment outcomes. Predictors of the need for dialysis, MAKI, and poor treatment outcome were identified by using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 126 children diagnosed with AKI were included in this study. Malaria was the most frequent aetiology of AKI(61.1% (77/126, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 52.0%-69.7%)). Of the 126 children with AKI, 74.6% (94) underwent dialysis. Predictors of the need for dialysis were oliguria (p = 0.0024; Odds ratio (OR) = 7.5, 95% CI: 2.1-27.7) and anuria (p = 0.0211; OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.3, 30.7). A fifth (18.3%, 23/126) of the children developed chronic kidney disease (CKD), 5.6% (7/126) died and, a year later, 77% (97/126) were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION At UTH-CH, malaria is the most frequent aetiology among children with AKI undergoing dialysis and children from low-medium malaria incidence areas are at risk; a considerable proportion of children with AKI need dialysis and Tenchoff catheter use in AKI is advocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisambo Mwaba
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospitals-Children’s Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sody Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bruce Bvulani
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Teaching Hospitals-Adult Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Mwakazanga
- Department of Public Health, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, 6-7 Floors Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Brian Chanda Chiluba
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaiser Fitzwanga
- Department of Paediatrics, Intensive Care Unit, Windhoek Central Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Evans Mpabalwani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospitals-Children’s Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Damien BG, Kesteman T, Dossou-Yovo GA, Dahounto A, Henry MC, Rogier C, Remoué F. Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets Combined or Not with Indoor Residual Spraying May Not Be Sufficient to Eliminate Malaria: A Case-Control Study, Benin, West Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:475. [PMID: 37888603 PMCID: PMC10611126 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, despite the implementation of multiple control interventions, the prevalence of malaria infection and clinical cases remains high. The primary tool for vector control against malaria in this region is the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) combined or not with indoor residual spraying (IRS) to achieve a synergistic effect in protection. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of LLINs, with or without IRS, protected against Plasmodium falciparum infection and uncomplicated clinical cases (UCC) of malaria in Benin. A case-control study was conducted, encompassing all age groups, in the urban area of Djougou and the rural area of Cobly. A cross-sectional survey was conducted that included 2080 individuals in the urban area and 2770 individuals in the rural area. In the urban area, sleeping under LLINs did not confer significant protection against malaria infection and UCC when compared to no intervention. However, certain neighbourhoods benefited from a notable reduction in infection rates ranging from 65% to 85%. In the rural area, the use of LLINs alone, IRS alone, or their combination did not provide additional protection compared to no intervention. IRS alone and LLINs combined with IRS provided 61% and 65% protection against malaria infection, respectively, compared to LLINs alone. The effectiveness of IRS alone and LLINs combined with IRS against UCC was 52% and 54%, respectively, when compared to LLINs alone. In both urban and rural areas, the use of LLINs alone, IRS alone, and their combination did not demonstrate significant individual protection against malaria infection and clinical cases when compared to no intervention. In the conditions of this study, LLINs combined or not with IRS are not effective enough to eliminate malaria. In addition to the interventions, this study identified factors associated with malaria in Benin as housing design, neglected social groups like gender-marginalised individuals and adolescents, and socio-economic conditions acting as barriers to effective malaria prevention. Addressing these factors is crucial in order to facilitate malaria elimination efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barikissou G. Damien
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; (G.A.D.-Y.); (A.D.); (M.-C.H.); (F.R.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Thomas Kesteman
- Malaria Research Unit, Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274 Avaradoha, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (T.K.); (C.R.)
| | - Gatien A. Dossou-Yovo
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; (G.A.D.-Y.); (A.D.); (M.-C.H.); (F.R.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Amal Dahounto
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; (G.A.D.-Y.); (A.D.); (M.-C.H.); (F.R.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Marie-Claire Henry
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; (G.A.D.-Y.); (A.D.); (M.-C.H.); (F.R.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Malaria Research Unit, Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274 Avaradoha, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (T.K.); (C.R.)
- Primum Vitare, 118 Avenue Félix Faure, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franck Remoué
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; (G.A.D.-Y.); (A.D.); (M.-C.H.); (F.R.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baina MT, Djontu JC, Lissom A, Doulamo NVA, Umuhoza DM, Ntabi JDM, Vouvoungui CJ, Boumpoutou RK, Mayela J, Diafouka-Kietela S, Nguimbi E, Ntoumi F. Plasmodium falciparum msp-1 and msp-2 genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in isolates from Congolese patients in the Republic of Congo. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2433-2443. [PMID: 37624380 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With limited up to date data from the Republic of Congo, the aim of this study was to investigate allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2). This will help assess the genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection (MOI), from uncomplicated malaria individuals living in Brazzaville. Between March and October 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out at a health center in Madibou District located in the south of Brazzaville. Plasmodium infection was diagnosed in human blood by microscopy and the block 2 of P. falciparum msp-1 and block 3 of msp-2 genes were genotyped by nested PCR. Overall, 57 genotypes with fragment sizes ranging from 110 to 410 bp were recorded for msp-1, among which 25, 21, and 11 genotypes identified for K1, MAD20, and RO33 allelic families respectively. RO33 (34.3%) and MAD20 (34.3%) allelic families were more frequent compared to K1 (31.4%) although the difference was not statistically significant. Also, 47 msp-2 genotypes were identified, including 26 FC27 genotypes type, and 21 genotypes belonging to the 3D7 allelic family. FC27 was more frequent (52.3%) compared to 3D7 (47.7%). The prevalence of the polyclonal infection was 90.0% while the MOI was 2.90 ± 1.0. The MOI and polyclonal infection were not significantly associated with the parasitaemia and anaemia. This study reveals a high genetic diversity and the trend of increasing MOI of P. falciparum isolates from the south of Brazzaville, compared to the reports from the same setting before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tapsou Baina
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Naura Veil Assioro Doulamo
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Dieu Merci Umuhoza
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jacque Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Christevy Jeanney Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Etienne Nguimbi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sady H, Chaima D, Hallamaa L, Kortekangas E, Ashorn U, Banda J, Mangani C, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Fan YM. Effect of dietary intervention on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among 6-18-month-old children in rural Malawi. Malar J 2023; 22:266. [PMID: 37697296 PMCID: PMC10496296 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex interaction between malaria and undernutrition leads to increased mortality and morbidity rate among young children in malaria-endemic regions. Results from previous interventions suggest that improving nutritional status of young children may reduce the burden of malaria. This study tested a hypothesis that provision of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) or corn-soy blend (CSB) supplementation to 6-18-month-old children in Malawi would reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among them. METHODS A total of 840 6-month-old children were enrolled in a randomized trial. The participants received 12-month supplementation with three different daily dietary supplementations: CSB, soy-LNS, or milk-LNS, and one control group without supplementation. The prevalence rate of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum was determined by real-time PCR from the participant's dried blood spots (DBS) collected at the baseline and every 3 months. The global null hypothesis was tested using modified Poisson regression to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) between the control group and three intervention groups at all ages combined. All the models were adjusted for malaria at baseline, season of DBS sample collection, site of enrolment, and household asset Z-score. RESULTS All children combined, the prevalence of P. falciparum was 14.1% at enrollment, 8.7% at 9 months, 11.2% at 12 months, 13.0% at 15 months and 22.4% at 18 months of age. Among all samples that were taken after enrolment, the prevalence was 12.1% in control group, 12.2% in milk-LNS, 14.0% in soy-LNS, and 17.2% in CSB group. Compared to children in the control group the prevalence ratio of positive malaria tests was 1.19 (95% CI 0.81-1.74; P = 0.372) in the milk-LNS group, 1.32 (95% CI 0.88-1.96; P = 0.177) in the soy-LNS group and 1.72 (95% CI 1.19-2.49; P = 0.004) in the CSB group. CONCLUSION The study findings do not support a hypothesis that LNS or CSB supplementation would reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among Malawian children. In contrast, there was a signal of a possible increase in malaria prevalence among children supplemented with CSB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Sady
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen.
| | - David Chaima
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lotta Hallamaa
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Kortekangas
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jomo Banda
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yue-Mei Fan
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Beloconi A, Nyawanda BO, Bigogo G, Khagayi S, Obor D, Danquah I, Kariuki S, Munga S, Vounatsou P. Malaria, climate variability, and interventions: modelling transmission dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7367. [PMID: 37147317 PMCID: PMC10161998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the relative impact of climate change on malaria dynamics is a complex problem. Climate is a well-known factor that plays a crucial role in driving malaria outbreaks in epidemic transmission areas. However, its influence in endemic environments with intensive malaria control interventions is not fully understood, mainly due to the scarcity of high-quality, long-term malaria data. The demographic surveillance systems in Africa offer unique platforms for quantifying the relative effects of weather variability on the burden of malaria. Here, using a process-based stochastic transmission model, we show that in the lowlands of malaria endemic western Kenya, variations in climatic factors played a key role in driving malaria incidence during 2008-2019, despite high bed net coverage and use among the population. The model captures some of the main mechanisms of human, parasite, and vector dynamics, and opens the possibility to forecast malaria in endemic regions, taking into account the interaction between future climatic conditions and intervention scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Beloconi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bryan O Nyawanda
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sammy Khagayi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David Obor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ina Danquah
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gebreegziabher E, Dah C, Coulibaly B, Sie A, Bountogo M, Ouattara M, Compaoré A, Nikiema M, Tiansi J, Dembélé N, Lebas E, Roh M, Glidden DV, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. The Association between Malnutrition and Malaria Infection in Children under 5 Years in Burkina Faso: A Longitudinal Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:561-568. [PMID: 36623486 PMCID: PMC9978547 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between malaria infection and malnutrition is complex. Using data from a randomized controlled trial of 450 children 0-5 years of age in Burkina Faso, we examined the effect of malaria infection on short-term changes in anthropometric measures, the effect of malnutrition on malaria infection, and whether age modified the effect of baseline anthropometric measures on malaria infection. Malaria infection, assessed by blood smear microscopy and weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, height-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-score, and weight-for-height z-score were measured at three time points: baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 months. We used generalized estimating equations adjusted for sex, age, breastfeeding, maternal education, and study treatment (azithromycin versus placebo) for all analyses. Interaction terms were used to assess effect modification by age. Among the 366 children with no malaria infection at baseline, 43 (11.6%) had malaria infection within 6 months. There were no important differences in anthropometric measures at 2 weeks and 6 months between those with and without malaria infection at baseline. There were no significant differences in prevalence of malaria infection by baseline anthropometric measures. Age (0-30 months versus 30-60 months) modified the effect of baseline weight and height on malaria infection. Among those aged 0-30 months, for each kilogram increase in weight, malaria infection increased by 27% (95% CI: 6-53%), and for each centimeter increase in height, it increased by 9% (95% CI: 1-17%), but there were no differences for those aged 30-60 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gebreegziabher
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Clarisse Dah
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ali Sie
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Adama Compaoré
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jérôme Tiansi
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Nestor Dembélé
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle Roh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David V. Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Address correspondence to Catherine Oldenburg, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St., Second Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of Age, Gender and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection on Prevalence of Plasmodium Infection among Population Living in Bata District, Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030149. [PMID: 36977150 PMCID: PMC10059851 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) co-infection is an important parasitic infection affecting populations in co-endemic countries including Equatorial Guinea. To date, the health impact of STH and malaria co-infection is inconclusive. The current study aimed to report the malaria and STH infection epidemiology in the continental region of Equatorial Guinea. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study between October 2020 and January 2021 in the Bata district of Equatorial Guinea. Participants aged 1–9 years, 10–17 years and above 18 were recruited. Fresh venous blood was collected for malaria testing via mRDTs and light microscopy. Stool specimens were collected, and the Kato–Katz technique was used to detect the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm spp. and intestinal Schistosoma eggs. Results: A total of 402 participants were included in this study. An amount of 44.3% of them lived in urban areas, and only 51.9% of them reported having bed nets. Malaria infections were detected in 34.8% of the participants, while 50% of malaria infections were reported in children aged 10–17 years. Females had a lower prevalence of malaria (28.8%) compared with males (41.7%). Children of 1–9 years carried more gametocytes compared with other age groups. An amount of 49.3% of the participants infected with T. trichiura had malaria parasites compared with those infected with A. lumbricoides (39.6%) or both (46.8%). Conclusions: The overlapping problem of STH and malaria is neglected in Bata. The current study forces the government and other stakeholders involved in the fight against malaria and STH to consider a combined control program strategy for both parasitic infections in Equatorial Guinea.
Collapse
|
24
|
Garrido-Cardenas JA, González-Cerón L, García-Maroto F, Cebrián-Carmona J, Manzano-Agugliaro F, Mesa-Valle CM. Analysis of Fifty Years of Severe Malaria Worldwide Research. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030373. [PMID: 36986296 PMCID: PMC10057704 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed fifty years of severe malaria research worldwide. Malaria is a parasitic disease that continues to have a significant impact on global health, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Severe malaria, a severe and often fatal form of the disease, is a major public health concern. The study used different bibliometric indicators such as the number of publications, citations, authorship, and keywords to analyze the research trends, patterns, and progress made in the field of severe malaria. The study covers the period from 1974 to 2021 and includes articles from Scopus. The results of the study indicated that there has been a steady increase in the number of publications on severe malaria over the past fifty years, with a particular increase in the last decade. The study also showed that most of the publications are from USA and Europe, while the disease occurs in Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas. The study also identified the most frequent keywords used in the publications, and the most influential journals and authors in the field. In conclusion, this bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of the research trends and patterns in the field of severe malaria over the past fifty years and highlights the areas that need more attention and research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Regional Center for Public Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tokponnon TF, Ossè R, Padonou GG, Affoukou CD, Sidick A, Sewade W, Fassinou A, Koukpo CZ, Akinro B, Messenger LA, Okê M, Tchévoédé A, Ogouyemi-Hounto A, Gazard DK, Akogbeto M. Entomological Characteristics of Malaria Transmission across Benin: An Essential Element for Improved Deployment of Vector Control Interventions. INSECTS 2023; 14:52. [PMID: 36661980 PMCID: PMC9864170 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Entomological surveillance in Benin has historically been limited to zones where indoor residual spraying was performed or where long-standing sentinel surveillance sites existed. However, there are significant country-wide gaps in entomological knowledge. The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) assessed population dynamics of Anopheles vectors and malaria transmission in each of Benin’s 12 departments to create an entomological risk profile. Two communes per department (24/77 communes) were chosen to reflect diverse geographies, ecologies and malaria prevalence. Two villages per commune were selected from which four households (HH) per village were used for human landing catches (HLCs). In each HH, an indoor and outdoor HLC occurred between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. on two consecutive nights between July−September 2017. Captured Anopheles were identified, and ovaries were dissected to determine parous rate. Heads and thoraces were tested for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites by ELISA. The Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) was calculated as the product of mosquito bite rate and sporozoite index. Bite rates from An. gambiae s.l., the primary vector species complex, differed considerably between communes; average sporozoite infection index was 3.5%. The EIR ranged from 0.02 infectious bites (ib) per human per night in the departments of Ouémé and Plateau to 1.66 ib/human/night in Collines. Based on transmission risk scales, Avrankou, Sakété and Nikki are areas of low transmission (0 < EIR < 3 ib/human/year), Adjarra, Adja Ouèrè, Zè, Toffo, Bopa, Pehunco, Pèrèrè and Kandi are of medium transmission (3 < EIR < 30 ib/human/year), and the other remaining districts are high transmission (EIR > 30 ib/human/year). The heterogeneous and diverse nature of malaria transmission in Benin was not readily apparent when only assessing entomological surveillance from sentinel sites. Prospectively, the NMCP will use study results to stratify and deploy targeted vector control interventions in districts with high EIRs to better protect populations most at-risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatchémè Filémon Tokponnon
- Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Centre Béninois de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation (CBRSI), Agbondjèdo, Étoile Rouge, Cotonou 03 BP 1665, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, Benin
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | | | | | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Wilfried Sewade
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arsène Fassinou
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Côme Z. Koukpo
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Mariam Okê
- Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin
| | | | - Aurore Ogouyemi-Hounto
- National Malaria Control Program, Cotonou 01 BP 882, Benin
- Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Dorothée Kinde Gazard
- Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hawaria D, Kibret S. Increased malaria incidence following irrigation practices in the Endorheic Rift Valley Basin of Sidama Region, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284247. [PMID: 37098016 PMCID: PMC10128979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water resource development practice such as irrigation is key to ensuring economic growth and food security in developing countries. However, unintended public health problems such as malaria linked to such development projects have been a concern. This study aimed to determine the impact of irrigation on malaria incidence and vector mosquito abundance in southern Ethiopia. METHODS Eight years' malaria morbidity data were extracted from the medical registers of health facilities in both irrigated and non-irrigated settings. Additionally, adult and larval malaria vector surveys were carried out in both irrigated and non-irrigated villages. The trend of malaria incidence, case distribution across age and sex, seasonality, parasite species proportion, and mosquito density were analyzed and compared between irrigated and non-irrigated villages. RESULTS The result showed that annual mean malaria incidence was 6.3 higher in the irrigated (95% CI: 0.7-33.6) than in the non-irrigated villages (95% CI: 1.2-20.6). Although a remarkable declining trend in malaria incidence was observed for four successive years (2013-2017), a significant resurgence between 2018 and 2020 was noted following the introduction of irrigation schemes. The densities of adult Anopheles mosquitoes were 15-fold higher in the irrigated compared to non-irrigated villages. Of the total potential mosquito-breeding habitats surveyed, the majority (93%) were from irrigated villages. CONCLUSION Higher malaria incidence, adult Anopheles density, and mosquito-breeding habitat were recorded in the irrigated villages compared to non-irrigated villages. These observations have important implications for the effectiveness of existing malaria interventions. Environmental management could help reduce the breeding of malaria vector mosquitoes around irrigation schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Hawaria
- School of Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Kibret
- California Department of Public Health, West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Ontario, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tadele G, Jaiteh FK, Oboh M, Oriero E, Dugassa S, Amambua-Ngwa A, Golassa L. Low genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 and multiplicity of infections in western Ethiopia following effective malaria interventions. Malar J 2022; 21:383. [PMID: 36522733 PMCID: PMC9753253 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diversity of malaria parasites can inform the intensity of transmission and poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination interventions. Characterization of the genetic diversity would provide essential information about the ongoing control efforts. This study aimed to explore allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) and merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2) to determine the genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections circulating in high and low transmission sites in western Ethiopia. METHODS Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 225 dried blood spots collected from confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria-infected patients in western Ethiopia. Of these, 72.4% (163/225) and 27.6% (62/225) of the samples were collected in high and low transmission areas, respectively. Polymorphic msp1 and msp2 genes were used to explore the genetic diversity and multiplicity of falciparum malaria infections. Genotyping of msp1 was successful in 86.5% (141/163) and 88.7% (55/62) samples collected from high and low transmission areas, respectively. Genotyping of msp2 was carried out among 85.3% (139/163) and 96.8% (60/62) of the samples collected in high and low transmission sites, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 genes were amplified by nested PCR and the PCR products were analysed by QIAxcel ScreenGel Software. A P-value of less or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS High prevalence of falciparum malaria was identified in children less than 15 years as compared with those ≥ 15 years old (AOR = 2.438, P = 0.005). The three allelic families of msp1 (K1, MAD20, and RO33) and the two allelic families of msp2 (FC27 and 3D7), were observed in samples collected in high and low transmission areas. However, MAD 20 and FC 27 alleles were the predominant allelic families in both settings. Plasmodium falciparum isolates circulating in western Ethiopia had low genetic diversity and mean MOI. No difference in mean MOI between high transmission sites (mean MOI 1.104) compared with low transmission area (mean MOI 1.08) (p > 0.05). The expected heterozygosity of msp1 was slightly higher in isolates collected from high transmission sites (He = 0.17) than in those isolates from low transmission (He = 0.12). However, the heterozygosity of msp2 was not different in both settings (Pfmsp2: 0.04 in high transmission; pfmsp2: 0.03 in low transmission). CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum from clinical malaria cases in western Ethiopia has low genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection irrespective of the intensity of transmission at the site of sampling. These may be signaling the effectiveness of malaria control strategies in Ethiopia; although further studies are required to determine how specific intervention strategies and other parameters that drive the pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geletta Tadele
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Fatou K Jaiteh
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Mary Oboh
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Eniyou Oriero
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 and -2 Genes in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Asymptomatic Population in Boset and Badewacho Districts, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:7728975. [PMID: 36569519 PMCID: PMC9771644 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7728975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum has been studied to assess local malaria transmission genetic profile using evidence-based intervention measures. However, there are no known previous reports of P. falciparum polymorphism in Badewacho and Boset districts, Southern Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-1 and -2 (msp-1 and msp-2) allelic families in P. falciparum isolates from an asymptomatic populations. Methods This study was conducted from finger-prick blood samples spotted on 3 mm Whatman filter paper collected during a community-based cross-sectional study. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to type the allelic variants of msp-1 and msp-2. Results From 669 asymptomatic study participants, a total of 50 samples positive for P. falciparum were included for molecular analysis. Of 50 positive samples, 43 P. falciparum isolates were successfully amplified for the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families. A total of twelve different allele sizes (75-250 bp) were identified within the three allelic families of msp-1, whereas ten different allele sizes (250-500 bp) were detected within the two allelic families of msp-2. MAD20 had a higher allelic proportion, 65% among allelic families of msp-1, whereas the 3D7 allelic family 90.7% was higher in msp-2. A slightly higher frequency of polyclonal infection 53.5% was found in msp-2 allelic family, whereas a low proportion polyclonal infection 46.5% was found in msp-1 allelic family. The overall mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp-1 and msp-2 was identical (MOI = 1.56). Correspondingly, the expected heterozygosity (He) value for msp-1 (He = 0.23) and msp-2 (He = 0.22) was almost similar. Conclusions The findings of this study revealed low genetic diversity of the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families in P. falciparum isolates. However, continued monitoring status of the local genetic diversity profile in the P. falciparum population is required to support current malaria control and elimination strategies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Al-Quhaiti MAA, Abdul-Ghani R, Mahdy MAK, Assada MA. Malaria among under-five children in rural communities of Al-Mahweet governorate, Yemen. Malar J 2022; 21:344. [PMID: 36401272 PMCID: PMC9675118 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria burden among under-five children living in endemic areas of Yemen is largely unknown due to the lack of community-based studies. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with falciparum malaria among under-five children in rural communities of Al-Mahweet governorate, Yemen. Methods This community-based, cross-sectional study recruited 400 under-five children from two rural districts of Al-Mahweet governorate in December 2019. Demographic characteristics (gender, age, education and occupation of the child’s parents, and household size) and risk factors associated with malaria were collected through interviews with children’s caregivers using a structured questionnaire. Finger-prick blood was screened for Plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum species using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and duplicate Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films were examined for malaria parasites. The density of asexual P. falciparum stages was also estimated. Data were then analysed, and the agreement between the results of thick-film microscopy and RDTs for diagnosing falciparum malaria was assessed using the kappa index. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of < 0.05. Results Plasmodium falciparum was prevalent among 9.8% (95% CI 7.0–13.1) of under-five children in the rural communities of Al-Mahweet, with a median asexual parasite density of 763 ± 2606 parasites/μl of blood (range: 132–4280) and low-to-moderate parasitaemia levels. Approximately one-third of microscopy-confirmed cases were gametocyte carriers. Multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed that age of three years or older (AOR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.6–19.8; P = 0.007), not sleeping under a mosquito net the previous night of the survey (AOR = 8.0, 95% CI 2.4–27.4; P = 0.001), sleeping outdoors at night (AOR = 4.4, 95% CI 2.0–10.0; P < 0.001), and absence of indoor residual spraying (IRS) during the last year (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.9–9.4; P < 0.001) were the independent predictors of falciparum malaria among under-five children in the rural communities of Al-Mahweet. The observed percentage agreement between thick-film microscopy and RDTs was 98.5%, with a very good agreement (k-index = 0.9) between the two methods for falciparum malaria diagnosis that was statistically significant. Conclusion Approximately one in ten under-five children in rural communities of Al-Mahweet is infected with P. falciparum based on microscopy and RDTs. Age of three years or older, not sleeping under mosquito nets, sleeping outdoors at night and absence of IRS can independently predict falciparum malaria among them. The very good agreement between thick-film microscopy and RDTs for diagnosing falciparum malaria in children supports the usefulness of using RDTs in such resource-limited rural communities.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kalkman LC, Hanscheid T, Krishna S, Kremsner PG, Grobusch MP. Antimalarial treatment in infants. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1711-1726. [PMID: 36174125 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2130687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria in infants is common in high-transmission settings, especially in infants >6 months. Infants undergo physiological changes impacting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-malarial drugs and, consequently, the safety and efficacy of malaria treatment. Yet, treatment guidelines and evidence on pharmacological interventions for malaria often fail to address this vulnerable age-group. This review aims to summarise the available data on anti-malarial treatment in infants. AREAS COVERED The standard recommended treatments for severe and uncomplicated malaria are generally safe and effective in infants. However, infants have an increased risk of drug-related vomiting and have distinct pharmacokinetic parameters of antimalarials compared with older patients. These include larger volumes of distribution, higher clearance rates and immature enzyme systems. Consequently, infants with malaria may be at increased risk of treatment failure and drug toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge expansion to optimize treatment can be achieved by including more infants in antimalarial drug trials and by reporting separately on treatment outcomes in infants. Additional evidence on the efficacy, safety, tolerability, acceptability and effectiveness of ACTs in infants is needed, as well as population pharmacokinetics studies on antimalarials in the infant population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Kalkman
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hanscheid
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Clinical Academic Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, and St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Sierra Leone
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aung PL, Soe MT, Oo TL, Aung KT, Lin KK, Thi A, Menezes L, Parker DM, Cui L, Kyaw MP. Spatiotemporal dynamics of malaria in Banmauk Township, Sagaing region of Northern Myanmar: characteristics, trends, and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:653. [PMID: 35902825 PMCID: PMC9331130 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While national malaria incidence has been declining in Myanmar, some subregions within the nation continue to have high burdens of malaria morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the malaria situation in one of these regions, Banmauk Township, located near the Myanmar-India border. Our goal was to provide a detailed description of the malaria epidemiology in this township and to provide some evidence-based recommendations to formulate a strategy for reaching the national malaria elimination plan. Banmauk consistently has one of the highest malaria burdens in Myanmar. METHODS With the implementation of strengthened malaria control and surveillance activities after the endorsement of a national malaria elimination plan in 2015, detailed incidence data were obtained for 2016-2018 for Banmauk Township. The data include patient demographics, parasite species, disease severity, and disease outcome. Data were analyzed to identify characteristics, trends, distribution, and risk factors. RESULTS During 2016-2018, 2,402 malaria cases were reported, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for 83.4% of infections. Both P. falciparum and P. vivax were transmitted more frequently during the rainy season (May-October). Despite intensified control, the annual parasite incidence rate (API) in 2017 (11.0) almost doubled that in 2016 (6.5). In total, 2.5% (59/2042) of the cases, of which 54 P. falciparum and 5 P. vivax, were complicated cases, resulting in 5 deaths. Malaria morbidity was high in children < 15 years and accounted for 33.4% of all cases and about 47% of the complicated cases. Older age groups and males living with poor transportation conditions were more likely to test positive especially in rainy and cold seasons. Despite the clear seasonality of malaria, severe cases were found among young children even more common in the dry season, when malaria incidence was low. CONCLUSIONS Despite the declining trend, the malaria burden remained high in Banmauk Township. Our study also documented severe cases and deaths from both falciparum and vivax malaria. P. falciparum remained the predominant parasite species, demanding increased efforts to achieve the goal of elimination of P. falciparum by 2025. As P. falciparum cases decreased, the proportion of cases attributable to P. vivax increased. In order to eliminate malaria, it will likely be important to increasingly target this species as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thit Lwin Oo
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Kyaw Lin
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Lynette Menezes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guinovart C, Sigaúque B, Bassat Q, Loscertales MP, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Machevo S, Maculuve S, Bambo G, Mucavele H, Soriano-Gabarró M, Saifodine A, Nhacolo A, Nhalungo D, Sacoor C, Saúte F, Aponte JJ, Menéndez C, Macete E, Alonso PL. The epidemiology of severe malaria at Manhiça District Hospital, Mozambique: a retrospective analysis of 20 years of malaria admissions surveillance data. THE LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 10:e873-e881. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
33
|
Hamlet A, Dengela D, Tongren JE, Tadesse FG, Bousema T, Sinka M, Seyoum A, Irish SR, Armistead JS, Churcher T. The potential impact of Anopheles stephensi establishment on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in Ethiopia and prospective control measures. BMC Med 2022; 20:135. [PMID: 35440085 PMCID: PMC9020030 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan Africa has seen substantial reductions in cases and deaths due to malaria over the past two decades. While this reduction is primarily due to an increasing expansion of interventions, urbanisation has played its part as urban areas typically experience substantially less malaria transmission than rural areas. However, this may be partially lost with the invasion and establishment of Anopheles stephensi. A. stephensi, the primary urban malaria vector in Asia, was first detected in Africa in 2012 in Djibouti and was subsequently identified in Ethiopia in 2016, and later in Sudan and Somalia. In Djibouti, malaria cases have increased 30-fold from 2012 to 2019 though the impact in the wider region remains unclear. METHODS Here, we have adapted an existing model of mechanistic malaria transmission to estimate the increase in vector density required to explain the trends in malaria cases seen in Djibouti. To account for the observed plasticity in An. stephensi behaviour, and the unknowns of how it will establish in a novel environment, we sample behavioural parameters in order to account for a wide range of uncertainty. This quantification is then applied to Ethiopia, considering temperature-dependent extrinsic incubation periods, pre-existing vector-control interventions and Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in order to assess the potential impact of An. stephensi establishment on P. falciparum transmission. Following this, we estimate the potential impact of scaling up ITN (insecticide-treated nets)/IRS (indoor residual spraying) and implementing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ITNs and larval source management, as well as their economic costs. RESULTS We estimate that annual P. falciparum malaria cases could increase by 50% (95% CI 14-90) if no additional interventions are implemented. The implementation of sufficient control measures to reduce malaria transmission to pre-stephensi levels will cost hundreds of millions of USD. CONCLUSIONS Substantial heterogeneity across the country is predicted and large increases in vector control interventions could be needed to prevent a major public health emergency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Dereje Dengela
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - J Eric Tongren
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marianne Sinka
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Aklilu Seyoum
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Armistead
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Thomas Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iddrisu D, Moyer CA. Using the Ghana malaria indicator survey to understand the difference between female and male-headed households and their prevention and testing for malaria among children under 5. Malar J 2022; 21:112. [PMID: 35366878 PMCID: PMC8977017 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, 94% of malaria deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and children under age 5 account for 70% of malaria-related mortality in the region. This study sought to examine differences between female-headed households (FHHs) and male-headed households (MHHs) with regard to malaria prevention and testing among children under age 5 (U5) in Ghana. Methods This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS). Frequencies and descriptive statistics were calculated for all key variables. Bivariate analyses comparing FHHs and MHHs were conducted using t tests and Chi-square analysis. A P value of 0.05 was taken for statistical significance. Results Five thousand one hundred and eighty one household were identified, of which 1938 (37.4%) were female-headed and 3243 (62.6%) were male-headed. 51.7% of FHHs included a child U5, whereas 67.8% of MHHs included a child U5. MHHs were significantly more likely to own an ITN than FHHs (83.1% vs. 78.3%, P < 0.001), whereas FHHs were more likely to report taking malaria prevention steps such as spraying the house with insecticide, filling in stagnant puddles, and keeping surroundings clear (all significant at P < 0.001). U5 children in MHHs were more likely to sleep under a bed net the night preceding the survey (51.0%) than U5 children in FHHs (44.8%), although the finding was not statistically significant. The rates of fevers in the previous two weeks among children U5 were similar across MHH and FHH (24.2% vs. 22.3%), and the rates of testing for malaria among those who experienced a febrile episode were also similar across MHHs and FHHs (39.0% vs. 41.3%). Of those tested, the percentage of U5 children who tested positive for malaria was also similar across MHHs and FHHs (63.9% vs. 63.0%). Conclusions Both FHHs and MHHs in Ghana make a concerted effort to prevent and test for malaria among children U5 in their households. Despite differences in malaria prevention strategies, there were no significant difference in febrile episodes, malaria testing, and rates of positivity, suggesting that malaria prevention is challenging for all households in Ghana. In the face of a newly-developed malaria vaccine, future research is warranted to ensure adequate uptake across all households.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kamau A, Paton RS, Akech S, Mpimbaza A, Khazenzi C, Ogero M, Mumo E, Alegana VA, Agweyu A, Mturi N, Mohammed S, Bigogo G, Audi A, Kapisi J, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kariuki S, Otieno NA, Nyawanda BO, Olotu A, Salim N, Athuman T, Abdulla S, Mohamed AF, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Gupta S, Lourenço J, Bejon P, Snow RW. Malaria hospitalisation in East Africa: age, phenotype and transmission intensity. BMC Med 2022; 20:28. [PMID: 35081974 PMCID: PMC8793189 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the age patterns of disease is necessary to target interventions to maximise cost-effective impact. New malaria chemoprevention and vaccine initiatives target young children attending routine immunisation services. Here we explore the relationships between age and severity of malaria hospitalisation versus malaria transmission intensity. METHODS Clinical data from 21 surveillance hospitals in East Africa were reviewed. Malaria admissions aged 1 month to 14 years from discrete administrative areas since 2006 were identified. Each site-time period was matched to a model estimated community-based age-corrected parasite prevalence to provide predictions of prevalence in childhood (PfPR2-10). Admission with all-cause malaria, severe malaria anaemia (SMA), respiratory distress (RD) and cerebral malaria (CM) were analysed as means and predicted probabilities from Bayesian generalised mixed models. RESULTS 52,684 malaria admissions aged 1 month to 14 years were described at 21 hospitals from 49 site-time locations where PfPR2-10 varied from < 1 to 48.7%. Twelve site-time periods were described as low transmission (PfPR2-10 < 5%), five low-moderate transmission (PfPR2-10 5-9%), 20 moderate transmission (PfPR2-10 10-29%) and 12 high transmission (PfPR2-10 ≥ 30%). The majority of malaria admissions were below 5 years of age (69-85%) and rare among children aged 10-14 years (0.7-5.4%) across all transmission settings. The mean age of all-cause malaria hospitalisation was 49.5 months (95% CI 45.1, 55.4) under low transmission compared with 34.1 months (95% CI 30.4, 38.3) at high transmission, with similar trends for each severe malaria phenotype. CM presented among older children at a mean of 48.7 months compared with 39.0 months and 33.7 months for SMA and RD, respectively. In moderate and high transmission settings, 34% and 42% of the children were aged between 2 and 23 months and so within the age range targeted by chemoprevention or vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Targeting chemoprevention or vaccination programmes to areas where community-based parasite prevalence is ≥10% is likely to match the age ranges covered by interventions (e.g. intermittent presumptive treatment in infancy to children aged 2-23 months and current vaccine age eligibility and duration of efficacy) and the age ranges of highest disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kamau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Samuel Akech
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cynthia Khazenzi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Morris Ogero
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eda Mumo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor A Alegana
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ambrose Agweyu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shebe Mohammed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Allan Audi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bryan O Nyawanda
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ally Olotu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Nahya Salim
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Amina F Mohamed
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre/Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - George Mtove
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Hugh Reyburn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cirera L, Castelló JV, Brew J, Saúte F, Sicuri E. The impact of a malaria elimination initiative on school outcomes: Evidence from Southern Mozambique. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022; 44:101100. [PMID: 34922211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant improvements achieved over the last ten years, primary education attainment in Mozambique is still low. Potential reasons acting from the demand perspective include ill health, among other factors. In Mozambique, ill health is still largely linked to malaria, which is a leading cause of outpatient contacts, hospital admissions and death, particularly among under-five and school-aged children. Despite this, in Mozambique and more generally, in malaria endemic countries, the identification and measurement of how improved malaria indicators may contribute to better school outcomes remains largely unknown. In particular, there is a low understanding of the extent to which better health translates immediately into school indicators, such as absenteeism and grades. In this study, we exploit the first year of a malaria elimination initiative implemented in Magude district (Southern Mozambique) that started in 2015, as a quasi-experiment to estimate the impact of malaria on selected primary school outcomes. While malaria was not eliminated, its incidence drastically dropped. We use as control a neighbouring district (Manhiça) with similar socio-economic and epidemiological characteristics. By employing a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, we examine whether the positive health shock translated into improved school outcomes. Using information from school registers, we generated a dataset on school attendance and grades for 9,848 primary-school students from 9 schools (4 in the treated district and 5 in the control district). In our main specification, a repeated cross-section analysis, we find that the elimination initiative led to a 28% decrease in school absenteeism and a 2% increase in students' grades. Our results are robust across different specifications, including a panel DiD individual fixed effects estimate on a sub-sample of students. These findings provide evidence on the negative impact of malaria on primary education attainment and suggest remarkable economic benefits consequent to its elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Cirera
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Vall Castelló
- Department of Economics & Institut D'economia De Barcelona (IEB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Research in Health and Economics (CRES), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joe Brew
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Elisa Sicuri
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; LSE Health, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baharia RK, Yadav CP, Sharma A. Four decades of epidemiological data reveal trajectories towards malaria elimination in Kheda district (Gujarat), western part of India. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005815. [PMID: 34880060 PMCID: PMC8655587 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a main public health problem in India and was so particularly in the state of Gujarat in the western part of the country. This study assesses the effects of various interventions on malaria cases using data from the last 33 years (1987-2019). METHODS Here we have analysed 33 years of malaria epidemiological data from a malaria clinic in Kheda district in Gujarat. The data were digitised yearly and monthly, age-wise and gender-wise, and descriptive analysis was performed to assess the effects of several interventions on malaria burden. RESULTS During 1987-2019, our clinic diagnosed 5466 Plasmodium vivax and 4732 P. falciparum malaria cases. Overall, there was a declining trend in malaria cases except for the years 1991, 1994, 2004 and 2005. The year 2004 especially witnessed an epidemic in Kheda as well as throughout Gujarat. Malaria infections were most common (40%) among the 21-40 years age group. Fever was the most common symptom in all age groups. INTERPRETATION Introduction of revised drug policy and improved surveillance technique (rapid diagnosis kits) have strengthened the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in the district. Use of pyrethroid in indoor residual insecticide spray has also strengthened vector control. Among the various interventions used, long-lasting insecticide nets and introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy have played significant roles in controlling malaria cases. A more drastic decline in P. falciparum cases versus P. vivax is evident, but the latter persists in high proportions and therefore new tools for malaria control will be needed for elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar Baharia
- Department of Parasite and Vector Control, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Chander Prakash Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Virnik K, Zhou W, Medvedev A, Walsh G, Perry-Anderson J, Majam V, Felber BK, Kumar S, Berkower I. Live attenuated rubella vectors expressing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Pf-CSP) provide a novel malaria vaccine platform in the rhesus macaque. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:58-63. [PMID: 34507066 PMCID: PMC10167915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a malaria vaccine that can prevent severe disease in young children and adults. Despite earlier work showing an immunological mechanism for preventing infection and reducing disease severity, there is currently no reliable vaccine that can provide durable protection. In part, this may reflect a limited number of ways that the host can respond to the NANP repeat sequences of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) in the parasite. In addition, it may reflect antigenic escape by the parasite from protective antibodies. To be successful, a vaccine must protect against repeated exposure to infected mosquitoes in endemic areas. We have created a series of live viral vectors based on the rubella vaccine strain that express multiple tandem repeats of NANP, and we demonstrate immunogenicity in a rhesus macaque model. We tested the vectors in a sequential immunization strategy. In the first step, the animals were primed with CSP-DNA vaccine and boosted with rubella/CSP vectors. In the second step, we gave rubella/CSP vectors again, followed by recombinant CSP protein. Following the second step, antibody titers were comparable to adult exposure to malaria in an endemic area. The antibodies were specific for native CSP protein on sporozoites, and they persisted for at least 1½ years in two out of three macaques. Given the safety profile of rubella vaccine in children, these vectors could be most useful in protecting young children, who are at greatest risk of severe malarial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Virnik
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Wenshuo Zhou
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Gabrielle Walsh
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jasper Perry-Anderson
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Victoria Majam
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ira Berkower
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wilairatana P, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, Milanez GDJ, Kotepui M. Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009766. [PMID: 34597315 PMCID: PMC8486116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world population is currently at a very high risk of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). People who live in malaria-endemic areas and get infected by SARS-CoV-2 may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 or unfavorable disease outcomes if they ignore their malaria status. Therefore, the present study aimed to synthesize, qualitatively and quantitatively, information on the prevalence and characteristics of malaria infection among COVID-19-infected individuals. The findings will help us better understand this particular comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS The systematic review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the identification number: CRD42021247521. We searched for studies reporting on the coinfection of COVID-19 and malaria in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to March 27, 2021 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. The study's methodological quality in the search output was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for cross-sectional study. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection among patients infected with COVID-19 was estimated using the random effect model and then graphically presented as forest plots. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. The characteristics of patients co-infected with COVID-19 and malaria were derived from case reports and series and were formally analyzed using simple statistics. RESULTS Twelve of 1,207 studies reporting the coinfection of COVID-19 and malaria were selected for further analysis. Results of quantitative synthesis show that the pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection (364 cases) among COVID-19 individuals (1,126 cases) is 11%, with a high degree of heterogeneity (95% CI: 4%-18%, I2: 97.07%, 5 studies). Most of the coinfections were reported in Nigeria (336 cases), India (27 cases), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (1 case). Results of qualitative synthesis indicate that patients with coinfection are typically symptomatic at presentation with mild or moderate parasitemia. An analysis of case reports and series indicates that co-infected individuals often display thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated bilirubin levels. Among four patients (30%) who required treatment with intravenous artesunate, one experienced worsened clinical status after administering the drug. One serious outcome of coinfection involved a pregnant woman who experienced fetal abortion due to the initial misdiagnosis of malaria. CONCLUSIONS All individuals in malaria-endemic regions who are febrile or display symptoms of COVID-19 should be evaluated for malaria to avoid serious complications. Further prospective studies are required to investigate the burden and outcomes of COVID-19 in malaria-endemic regions. Prompt management is required to prevent serious outcomes in individuals co-infected with COVID-19 and malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frederick Ramirez Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Manake MG, Ramatlho P, Ntereke TD, Tawe L, Bango ZA, Quaye IK, Paganotti GM, Kasvosve I. Similar Ferroportin Q248H polymorphism prevalence in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and control subjects in the low-endemic setting of Botswana. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:77-80. [PMID: 34534526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that ferroportin (FPN) Q248H may confer a survival advantage against malaria by reducing erythrocytic intracellular iron in Africans. We investigated if FPN Q248H mutation, that is prevalent in Batswana, is a factor in limiting the susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. METHODS 264 archived dried blood spot samples (183 P. falciparum malaria cases and 81 controls, matched for geographical region and season for equal exposure) were genotyped. Human and P. falciparum DNA was extracted using Chelex-100 resin and P. falciparum molecular confirmation performed. Ferroportin Q248H mutation was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The prevalence of the FPN Q248H mutation and allele frequency and the accompanying 95% confidence interval were calculated. A qPCR method was employed to estimate P. falciparum parasitaemia. Association between FPN and malaria susceptibility was tested using Pearson Chi-square test and Mood's median test was used to compare P. falciparum parasitaemias according to FPN Q248H mutation. RESULTS All samples were successfully genotyped. The FPN Q248H allele frequency was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05-0.11) in cases and 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02-0.14) in controls, consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The prevalence of FPN Q248H phenotype was comparable in patients with P. falciparum malaria and in un-infected individuals, 16.4% (95% CI: 11.0-21.8) vs 14.8% (95% CI: 7.1-22.5), P = 0.746. In addition, no association of presence of FPN Q248H with reduced parasitaemia was recorded, P = 0.837. CONCLUSION In this small study, FPN Q248H polymorphism prevalence was comparable between patients with P. falciparum malaria and control subjects in the low-endemic setting of Botswana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi G Manake
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Pleasure Ramatlho
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tlhalefo D Ntereke
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Leabaneng Tawe
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Zackary A Bango
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Isaac K Quaye
- Regent University College of Science and Technology, Accra, Ghana
| | - Giacomo M Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dao F, Djonor SK, Ayin CTM, Adu GA, Sarfo B, Nortey P, Akuffo KO, Danso-Appiah A. Burden of malaria in children under five and caregivers' health-seeking behaviour for malaria-related symptoms in artisanal mining communities in Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:418. [PMID: 34419123 PMCID: PMC8380373 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Artisanal mining creates enabling breeding ground for the vector of malaria parasites. There is paucity of data on the effects of artisanal mining on malaria. This study assessed burden of malaria and caregivers’ health-seeking behaviour for children under five in artisanal mining communities in East Akim District in Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional study involving caregivers and their children under five was conducted in three artisanal mining communities in the East Akim District in Ghana. Caregivers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Finger prick blood samples were collected and analysed for haemoglobin concentration using a rapid diagnostic test, and thick and thin blood smears were analysed to confirm the presence of malaria parasites. Results Of the 372 children under 5 years included in the study, 197 (53.1%) were male, with a mean age (± SD) of 23.0 ± 12.7 months. The proportion of children with malaria (Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae) was 98.1% and 1.9%, respectively, whilst the proportion with anaemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dl) was 39.5% (n = 147). Almost all caregivers were female (98.9%), and 28.6% (n = 106) did not have access to any malaria control information. Caregivers associated malaria infection with mosquito bites (68.3%, n = 254) and poor sanitation (21.2%, n = 79). Malaria in children under five was significantly associated with anaemia (OR 11.07, 95% CI 6.59–18.68, n = 111/160, 69.4%; P < 0.0001), residing close to stagnant water (≤ 25 m) from an artisanal mining site (AOR 2.91, 95% CI 1.47–5.76, P = 0.002) and caregiver age younger than 30 years (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.208–0.917, n = 162, 43.55%, P = 0.001). Conclusions There is a high burden of malaria and anaemia among children under five in artisanal mining communities of the East Akim District, and far higher than in non-artisanal mining sites. Interventions are needed to effectively regulate mining activities in these communities, and strengthen malaria control and health education campaigns to curtail the high malaria burden and improve health-seeking behaviour. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04919-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Dao
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Science Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sampson Kafui Djonor
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Christian Teye-Muno Ayin
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Bismark Sarfo
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Pricillia Nortey
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anthony Danso-Appiah
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. .,University of Ghana Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Paton RS, Kamau A, Akech S, Agweyu A, Ogero M, Mwandawiro C, Mturi N, Mohammed S, Mpimbaza A, Kariuki S, Otieno NA, Nyawanda BO, Mohamed AF, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Gupta S, Bejon P, Lourenço J, Snow RW. Malaria infection and severe disease risks in Africa. Science 2021; 373:926-931. [PMID: 34413238 PMCID: PMC7611598 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between community prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and the burden of severe, life-threatening disease remains poorly defined. To examine the three most common severe malaria phenotypes from catchment populations across East Africa, we assembled a dataset of 6506 hospital admissions for malaria in children aged 3 months to 9 years from 2006 to 2020. Admissions were paired with data from community parasite infection surveys. A Bayesian procedure was used to calibrate uncertainties in exposure (parasite prevalence) and outcomes (severe malaria phenotypes). Each 25% increase in prevalence conferred a doubling of severe malaria admission rates. Severe malaria remains a burden predominantly among young children (3 to 59 months) across a wide range of community prevalence typical of East Africa. This study offers a quantitative framework for linking malaria parasite prevalence and severe disease outcomes in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Paton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alice Kamau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Akech
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ambrose Agweyu
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre/Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Morris Ogero
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Mwandawiro
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shebe Mohammed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bryan O Nyawanda
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amina F Mohamed
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre/Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - George Mtove
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Hugh Reyburn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Whittaker C, Slater H, Nash R, Bousema T, Drakeley C, Ghani AC, Okell LC. Global patterns of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e366-e374. [PMID: 34382027 PMCID: PMC8332195 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Adoption of molecular techniques to detect Plasmodium falciparum infection has revealed many previously undetected (by microscopy) yet transmissible low-density infections. The proportion of these infections is typically highest in low transmission settings, but drivers of submicroscopic infection remain unclear. Here, we updated a previous systematic review of asexual P falciparum prevalence by microscopy PCR in the same population. We aimed to explore potential drivers of submicroscopic infection and to identify the locations where submicroscopic infections are most common. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched PubMed and Web of Science from Jan 1, 2010, until Oct 11, 2020, for cross-sectional studies reporting data on asexual P falciparum prevalence by both microscopy and PCR. Surveys of pregnant women, surveys in which participants had been chosen based on symptoms or treatment, or surveys that did not involve a population from a defined location were excluded. Both the number of individuals tested and the number of individuals who tested positive by microscopy or PCR, or both, for P falciparum infection were extracted. Bayesian regression modelling was used to explore determinants of the size of the submicroscopic reservoir including geographical location, seasonality, age, methodology, and current or historical patterns of transmission. Findings Of 4893 identified studies, we retained 121 after screening and removal of duplicates. 45 studies from a previous systematic review were included giving 166 studies containing 551 cross-sectional survey microscopy and PCR prevalence pairs. Our results show that submicroscopic infections predominate in low-transmission settings across all regions, but also reveal marked geographical variation, with the proportion of infections that are submicroscopic being highest in South American surveys and lowest in west African surveys. Although current transmission levels partly explain these results, we find that historical transmission intensity also represents a crucial determinant of the size of the submicroscopic reservoir, as does the demographic structure of the infected population (with submicroscopic infection more likely to occur in adults than in children) and the PCR or microscopy methodology used. We also observed a small yet significant influence of seasonality, with fewer submicroscopic infections observed in the wet season than the dry season. Integrating these results with estimates of infectivity in relation to parasite density suggests the contribution of submicroscopic infections to transmission across different settings is likely to be highly variable. Interpretation Significant variation in the prevalence of submicroscopic infection exists even across settings characterised by similar current levels of transmission. These differences in submicroscopic epidemiology potentially warrant different approaches to targeting this infected subgroup across different settings to eliminate malaria. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, The Royal Society, and the UK Medical Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Slater
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Nash
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy C Okell
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
AlRuwaisan AU, Al-Anazi MR, Shafeai MI, Rudiny FH, Motaen AM, Bin Dajem SM, Alothaid H, Morsy K, Alkahtani S, Al-Qahtani AA. Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-18 Gene with Plasmodium falciparum-Associated Malaria. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3587-3619. [PMID: 34345179 PMCID: PMC8323861 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s314638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reported to be involved in the initial immune responses against malaria. Genetic variations in the host are an important factor that influences the etiology of malaria at several disease levels. Polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with susceptibility and clinical outcome of several diseases. Methods We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-18 of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum with varying extent of parasitemia and different age groups. Results SNPs rs5744292 (OR = 70.446; 95% CI = 4.318-1149.323; p<0.0001) and rs544354 (OR = 1.498; 95% CI = 1.088-2.063; p=0.013) were found to be significantly associated with parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected patients when compared with healthy control subjects. SNP rs5744292 (OR = 7.597; 95% CI=1.028-56.156; p=0.019) was associated with increased parasite density in infected patients. SNPs rs544354 (OR 0.407; 95% CI=0.204-0.812; p = 0.009) and rs360714 (OR of 0.256; 95% CI=0.119-0.554; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with parasite density in an age-dependent manner, with the risk alleles present more frequently among the younger (1-9 years) patients. Several haplotypes were found to have a significant association with parasitemia. In-vitro expression analysis using luciferase reporter assay showed that SNPs rs1946518 and rs187238 in the IL-18 gene promoter region and rs360728 and rs5744292 in the 3'-untranslated region of the IL-18 gene were associated with enhanced transcriptional activity. Conclusion Our results suggest that polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with the susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and related parasitemia among groups with different parasite density and across various age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa U AlRuwaisan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Saad M Bin Dajem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lubinda J, Haque U, Bi Y, Shad MY, Keellings D, Hamainza B, Moore AJ. Climate change and the dynamics of age-related malaria incidence in Southern Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111017. [PMID: 33766570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, many malaria-endemic countries, like Zambia, have achieved significant reductions in malaria incidence among children <5 years old but face ongoing challenges in achieving similar progress against malaria in older age groups. In parts of Zambia, changing climatic and environmental factors are among those suspectedly behind high malaria incidence. Changes and variations in these factors potentially interfere with intervention program effectiveness and alter the distribution and incidence patterns of malaria differentially between young children and the rest of the population. We used parametric and non-parametric statistics to model the effects of climatic and socio-demographic variables on age-specific malaria incidence vis-à-vis control interventions. Linear regressions, mixed models, and Mann-Kendall tests were implemented to explore trends, changes in trends, and regress malaria incidence against environmental and intervention variables. Our study shows that while climate parameters affect the whole population, their impacts are felt most by people aged ≥5 years. Climate variables influenced malaria substantially more than mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying interventions. We establish that climate parameters negatively impact malaria control efforts by exacerbating the transmission conditions via more conducive temperature and rainfall environments, which are augmented by cultural and socioeconomic exposure mechanisms. We argue that an intensified communications and education intervention strategy for behavioural change specifically targeted at ≥5 aged population where incidence rates are increasing, is urgently required and call for further malaria stratification among the ≥5 age groups in the routine collection, analysis and reporting of malaria mortality and incidence data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jailos Lubinda
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK; School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Londonderry, United Kingdom; School of Nursing, Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom.
| | - Ubydul Haque
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Centre, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yaxin Bi
- School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, UK
| | | | - David Keellings
- Department of Geography, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Elimination Center, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Adrian J Moore
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vekemans J, Schellenberg D, Benns S, O'Brien K, Alonso P. Meeting report: WHO consultation on malaria vaccine development, Geneva, 15-16 July 2019. Vaccine 2021; 39:2907-2916. [PMID: 33931251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in malaria control in the last two decades, but progress has stalled in the last few years. New tools are needed to achieve public health goals in malaria control and elimination. A first generation vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, is currently being evaluated as it undergoes pilot implementation through routine health systems in parts of three African countries. The development of this vaccine took over 30 years and has been full of uncertainties. Even now, important unknowns remain as to its future role in public health. Lessons need to be learnt for second generation and future vaccines, including how to facilitate early planning of investments, streamlining of development, regulatory and policy pathways. A number of candidate vaccines populate the current development pipeline, some of which have the potential to contribute to burden reduction if efficacy is confirmed in conditions of natural exposure, and if they are amenable to affordable supply and programmatic implementation. New, innovative technologies will be needed if future malaria vaccines are to overcome important scientific hurdles and induce durable, high level protection. WHO convened a stakeholder consultation on the status of malaria vaccine research and development to inform the recently reconstituted Malaria Vaccine Advisory Committee (MALVAC) which will assist WHO in updating its current guidance and recommendations about priorities and product preferences for malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vekemans
- World Health Organization, 20 Av Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kate O'Brien
- World Health Organization, 20 Av Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Alonso
- World Health Organization, 20 Av Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mohammed H, Assefa A, Chernet M, Wuletaw Y, Commons RJ. Genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Melka-Werer, North East Ethiopia based on the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2) gene as a molecular marker. Malar J 2021; 20:85. [PMID: 33579293 PMCID: PMC7881608 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The characterization of parasite populations circulating in malaria endemic areas is necessary to evaluate the success of ongoing interventions and malaria control strategies. This study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the semi-arid area in North East Ethiopia, using the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2) gene as a molecular marker. Methods Dried blood spot isolates were collected from patients with P. falciparum infection between September 2014 and January 2015 from Melka-Werer, North East Ethiopia. Parasite DNA was extracted and genotyped using allele-specific nested polymerase chain reactions for msp2. Results 52 isolates were collected with msp2 identified in 41 (78.8%) isolates. Allele typing of the msp2 gene detected the 3D7/IC allelic family in 54% and FC27 allelic family in 46%. A total of 14 different msp2 genotypes were detected including 6 belonging to the 3D7/IC family and 8 to the FC27 family. Forty percent of isolates had multiple genotypes and the overall mean multiplicity of infections (MOI) was 1.2 (95%CI 0.96–1.42). The heterozygosity index was 0.50 for the msp2 locus. There was no difference in MOI between age groups. A negative correlation between parasite density and multiplicity of infection was found (p = 0.02). Conclusion Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the semi-arid area of North East Ethiopia are mainly monoclonal with low MOI and limited genetic diversity in the study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammed
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melkie Chernet
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Wuletaw
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert J Commons
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Internal Medicine Services, Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lana R, Nekkab N, Siqueira AM, Peterka C, Marchesini P, Lacerda M, Mueller I, White M, Villela D. The top 1%: quantifying the unequal distribution of malaria in Brazil. Malar J 2021; 20:87. [PMID: 33579298 PMCID: PMC7880522 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As malaria endemic countries strive towards elimination, intensified spatial heterogeneities of local transmission could undermine the effectiveness of traditional intervention policy. Methods The dynamic nature of large-scale and long-term malaria heterogeneity across Brazilian Amazon basin were explored by (1) exploratory analysis of Brazil’s rich clinical malaria reporting database from 2004 to 2018, and (2) adapting Gini coefficient to study the distribution of malaria cases in the region. Results As transmission declined, heterogeneity increased with cases clustering into smaller subpopulations across the territory. In 2004, the 1% of health units with the greatest number of cases accounted for 46% of all reported Plasmodium vivax cases, whereas in 2018 52% of P. vivax cases occurred in the top 1% of health units. Plasmodium falciparum had lower levels of transmission than P. vivax, and also had greater levels of heterogeneity with 75% of cases occurring in the top 1% of health units. Age and gender stratification of cases revealed peri-domestic and occupational exposure settings that remained relatively stable. Conclusion The pathway to decreasing incidence is characterized by higher proportions of cases in males, in adults, due to importation, and caused by P. vivax. Characterization of spatio-temporal heterogeneity and risk groups can aid stratification for improved malaria control towards elimination with increased heterogeneity potentially allowing for more efficient and cost-effective targeting. Although distinct epidemiological phenomena were clearly observed as malaria transmission declines, the authors argue that there is no canonical path to malaria elimination and a more targeted and dynamic surveillance will be needed if Brazil decides to adopt the elimination target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Lana
- Scientific Computing Programme, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Narimane Nekkab
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andre M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cassio Peterka
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Tropical, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Programa Nacional de Controle da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Paola Marchesini
- Department of Transmissible Diseases Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Tropical, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Villela
- Scientific Computing Programme, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Taylor C, Namaste SML, Lowell J, Useem J, Yé Y. Estimating the Fraction of Severe Malaria among Malaria-Positive Children: Analysis of Household Surveys in 19 Malaria-Endemic Countries in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1375-1382. [PMID: 33534735 PMCID: PMC8045660 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the only robust estimates of severe malaria cases include children who present to the formal healthcare system. It is a challenge to use these data because of varying age ranges of reporting, different diagnosis techniques, surveillance methods, and healthcare utilization. This analysis examined data from 37 Demographic and Health Surveys and Malaria Indicator Surveys across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa collected between 2011 and 2018. The outcome of interest is a proxy indicator for severe malaria, defined as a proportion of children aged 6–59 months with at least one self-reported symptom of severe illness including loss of consciousness, rapid breathing, seizures, or severe anemia (hemoglobin < 5 g/dL) among those who were positive for malaria. The study includes a weighted descriptive, country-level analysis and a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model to assess the determinants of severe malaria. Among children positive for malaria across all surveys, 4.5% (95% CI: 4.1–4.8) had at least one sign or symptom of severe malaria, which was significantly associated with age, residence, wealth, and year of survey fieldwork at a P-value less than 0.05. This analysis presents a novel and an alternative approach of estimating the fraction of severe malaria cases among malaria-positive children younger than 5 years in malaria-endemic countries. Estimating severe malaria cases through population-based surveys allows countries to estimate severe malaria across time and to compare with other countries. Having a population-level estimate of severe malaria cases helps further our understanding of the burden and epidemiology of severe malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Lowell
- 2The DHS Program, Vysnova Partners, Landover, Maryland
| | | | - Yazoumé Yé
- 3PMI Measure Malaria, ICF, Rockville, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nlinwe NO, Singong YC, Florentine TMR. Evaluation of malaria preventive measures among adult patients attending the Bamendjou and Foumbot district hospitals of the West Region of Cameroon. Malar J 2021; 20:60. [PMID: 33482826 PMCID: PMC7821540 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a significant decrease in entomological and epidemiological indicators was reported in Cameroon since the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets, malaria prevalence remains high also in some parts of the West Region of Cameroon. This study was designed to evaluate malaria preventive measures among patients attending the Bamendjou and Foumbot District hospitals of the West Region of Cameroon. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried out within a period of 3 months, from January to March 2020. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis. The CareStart™ Pf Malaria HRP2 qualitative rapid diagnostic test was used for malaria diagnosis. The questionnaire was designed to collect information on respondent's socio-demographic characteristics, and the use of malaria preventive measures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Chi-square (and Fisher's exact) test. RESULTS A total of 170 study participants were recruited in Foumbot and 197 in Bamendjou. Malaria was significantly (P < 0.0001) more prevalent in Foumbot (47.06%) than in Bamendjou (19.8%). In Foumbot, non-use of insect repellent spray (P = 0.0214), insect repellent body cream (P = 0.0009), mosquito spray (P = 0.0001) and not draining stagnant water (P = 0.0004) predisposed to higher risk of malaria. In Bamendjou, non-use of insect repellent spray (P = 0.0012), long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (P = 0.0001), window and door nets (P = 0.0286), predisposed to a higher risk of malaria. CONCLUSIONS Malaria prevalence was high among the study participants especially in Foumbot. An adequate follow-up to ensure effective execution of the recently launched third phase of LLINs distribution campaign in Cameroon is recommended. Additionally, integrated vector management is required to ensure effective control of malaria transmission in Foumbot and Bamendjou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nfor Omarine Nlinwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
| | - Yengong Clinton Singong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Tenkam Makamdoum Ruth Florentine
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|