1
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Zhou J, Khateeb K, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. Early Intervention with Electrical Stimulation Reduces Neural Damage After Stroke in Non-human Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.572235. [PMID: 38187669 PMCID: PMC10769281 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a neurological condition that results in significant mortality and long-term disability for adults, creating huge health burdens worldwide. For stroke patients, acute intervention offers the most critical therapeutic opportunity as it can reduce irreversible tissue injury and improve functional outcomes. However, currently available treatments within the acute window are highly limited. Although emerging neuromodulation therapies have been tested for chronic stroke patients, acute stimulation is rarely studied due to the risk of causing adverse effects related to ischemia-induced electrical instability. To address this gap, we combined electrophysiology and histology tools to investigate the effects of acute electrical stimulation on ischemic neural damage in non-human primates. Specifically, we induced photothrombotic lesions in the monkey sensorimotor cortex while collecting electrocorticography (ECoG) signals through a customized neural interface. Gamma activity in ECoG was used as an electrophysiological marker to track the effects of stimulation on neural activation. Meanwhile, histological analysis including Nissl, cFos, and microglial staining was performed to evaluate the tissue response to ischemic injury. Comparing stimulated monkeys to controls, we found that theta-burst stimulation administered directly adjacent to the ischemic infarct at 1 hour post-stroke briefly inhibits peri-infarct neuronal activation as reflected by decreased ECoG gamma power and cFos expression. Meanwhile, lower microglial activation and smaller lesion volumes were observed in animals receiving post-stroke stimulation. Together, these results suggest that acute electrical stimulation can be used safely and effectively as an early stroke intervention to reduce excitotoxicity and inflammation, thus mitigating neural damage and enhancing stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Karam Khateeb
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
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2
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Epp R, Glück C, Binder NF, El Amki M, Weber B, Wegener S, Jenny P, Schmid F. The role of leptomeningeal collaterals in redistributing blood flow during stroke. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011496. [PMID: 37871109 PMCID: PMC10621965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal collaterals (LMCs) connect the main cerebral arteries and provide alternative pathways for blood flow during ischaemic stroke. This is beneficial for reducing infarct size and reperfusion success after treatment. However, a better understanding of how LMCs affect blood flow distribution is indispensable to improve therapeutic strategies. Here, we present a novel in silico approach that incorporates case-specific in vivo data into a computational model to simulate blood flow in large semi-realistic microvascular networks from two different mouse strains, characterised by having many and almost no LMCs between middle and anterior cerebral artery (MCA, ACA) territories. This framework is unique because our simulations are directly aligned with in vivo data. Moreover, it allows us to analyse perfusion characteristics quantitatively across all vessel types and for networks with no, few and many LMCs. We show that the occlusion of the MCA directly caused a redistribution of blood that was characterised by increased flow in LMCs. Interestingly, the improved perfusion of MCA-sided microvessels after dilating LMCs came at the cost of a reduced blood supply in other brain areas. This effect was enhanced in regions close to the watershed line and when the number of LMCs was increased. Additional dilations of surface and penetrating arteries after stroke improved perfusion across the entire vasculature and partially recovered flow in the obstructed region, especially in networks with many LMCs, which further underlines the role of LMCs during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Epp
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chaim Glück
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Felizitas Binder
- Deptartment of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad El Amki
- Deptartment of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Wegener
- Deptartment of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Jenny
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franca Schmid
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Bhatti MS, Frostig RD. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle plays a pivotal role in sensory-based neuroprotection in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12799. [PMID: 37550353 PMCID: PMC10406860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated protection from impending cortical ischemic stroke is achievable by sensory stimulation of the ischemic area in an adult rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). We have further demonstrated that a major underpinning mechanism that is necessary for such protection is the system of collaterals among cerebral arteries that results in reperfusion of the MCA ischemic territory. However, since such collateral flow is weak, it may be necessary but not sufficient for protection and therefore we sought other complementary mechanisms that contribute to sensory-based protection. We hypothesized that astrocytes-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) activation could be another potential underpinning mechanism that complements collateral flow in the protection process. Supporting our hypothesis, using functional imaging, pharmacological treatments, and postmortem histology, we showed that ANLS played a pivotal role in sensory stimulation-based protection of cortex and therefore serves as the other supporting mechanism underpinning the protection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish S Bhatti
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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4
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Bhatti M, Frostig RD. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle plays a pivotal role in sensory-based neuroprotection in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2698138. [PMID: 37034797 PMCID: PMC10081351 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2698138/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated protection from impending cortical stroke is achievable by sensory stimulation of the ischemic area in an adult rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). We have further demonstrated that a major underpinning mechanism that is necessary for such protection is the system of collaterals among cerebral arteries that results in reperfusion of the MCA ischemic territory. However, since such collateral flow is weak, it may be necessary but not sufficient for protection and therefore we were seeking other complementary mechanisms that contribute to sensory-based protection. We hypothesized that astrocytes-to-neuron shuttle (ANLS) is another potential underpinning mechanism that could complement collateral flow in the protection process. Supporting our hypothesis, using functional imaging, pharmacological treatments, and postmortem histology, we show that ANLS has a pivotal role in sensory-based protection of cortex and therefor serves as the other supporting mechanism underpinning the protection process.
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5
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Ghozy S, Reda A, Varney J, Elhawary AS, Shah J, Murry K, Sobeeh MG, Nayak SS, Azzam AY, Brinjikji W, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF. Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Battle Against the Biology of Nature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870141. [PMID: 35711268 PMCID: PMC9195142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of global death following coronary artery disease. Time is crucial in managing stroke to reduce the rapidly progressing insult of the ischemic penumbra and the serious neurologic deficits that might follow it. Strokes are mainly either hemorrhagic or ischemic, with ischemic being the most common of all types of strokes. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy are the main types of management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In addition, there is a vital need for neuroprotection in the setting of AIS. Neuroprotective agents are important to investigate as they may reduce mortality, lessen disability, and improve quality of life after AIS. In our review, we will discuss the main types of management and the different modalities of neuroprotection, their mechanisms of action, and evidence of their effectiveness after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Department for Continuing Education (EBHC Program), Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Reda
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph Varney
- School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | | | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Mohamed Gomaa Sobeeh
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Sinai University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Y Azzam
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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6
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Rasheed W, Wodeyar A, Srinivasan R, Frostig RD. Sensory stimulation-based protection from impending stroke following MCA occlusion is correlated with desynchronization of widespread spontaneous local field potentials. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1744. [PMID: 35110588 PMCID: PMC8810838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a rat model of ischemic stroke by permanent occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (pMCAo), we have demonstrated using continuous recordings by microelectrode array at the depth of the ischemic territory that there is an immediate wide-spread increase in spontaneous local field potential synchrony following pMCAo that was correlated with ischemic stroke damage, but such increase was not seen in control sham-surgery rats. We further found that the underpinning source of the synchrony increase is intermittent bursts of low multi-frequency oscillations. Here we show that such increase in spontaneous LFP synchrony after pMCAo can be reduced to pre-pMCAo baseline level by delivering early (immediately after pMCAo) protective sensory stimulation that reduced the underpinning bursts. However, the delivery of a late (3 h after pMCAo) destructive sensory stimulation had no influence on the elevated LFP synchrony and its underpinning bursts. Histology confirmed both protection for the early stimulation group and an infarct for the late stimulation group. These findings highlight the unexpected importance of spontaneous LFP and its synchrony as a predictive correlate of cerebral protection or stroke infarct during the hyperacute state following pMCAo and the potential clinical relevance of stimulation to reduce EEG synchrony in acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Rasheed
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anirudh Wodeyar
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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7
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Wang LC, Wei WY, Ho PC, Wu PY, Chu YP, Tsai KJ. Somatosensory Cortical Electrical Stimulation After Reperfusion Attenuates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Rat Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:741168. [PMID: 34867274 PMCID: PMC8632773 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.741168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ischemic stroke is an important cause of death and disability worldwide. Early reperfusion by thrombolysis or thrombectomy has improved the outcome of acute ischemic stroke. However, the therapeutic window for reperfusion therapy is narrow, and adjuvant therapy for neuroprotection is demanded. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been reported to be neuroprotective in many neurological diseases. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of early somatosensory cortical ES in the acute stage of ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated. Methods: In this study, the rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was used to explore the neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanisms of direct primary somatosensory (S1) cortex ES with an electric current of 20 Hz, 2 ms biphasic pulse, 100 μA for 30 min, starting at 30 min after reperfusion. Results: These results showed that S1 cortical ES after reperfusion decreased infarction volume and improved functional outcome. The number of activated microglia, astrocytes, and cleaved caspase-3 positive neurons after ischemia/reperfusion injury were reduced, demonstrating that S1 cortical ES alleviates inflammation and apoptosis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were upregulated in the penumbra area, suggesting that BDNF/TrkB signals and their downstream PI3K/Akt signaling pathway play roles in ES-related neuroprotection. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that somatosensory cortical ES soon after reperfusion can attenuate ischemia/reperfusion injury and is a promising adjuvant therapy for thrombolytic treatment after acute ischemic stroke. Advanced techniques and devices for high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation still deserve further development in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chao Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yen Wei
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ping Chu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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8
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Storch S, Samantzis M, Balbi M. Driving Oscillatory Dynamics: Neuromodulation for Recovery After Stroke. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:712664. [PMID: 34366801 PMCID: PMC8339272 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.712664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with limited treatments being available. However, advances in optic methods in neuroscience are providing new insights into the damaged brain and potential avenues for recovery. Direct brain stimulation has revealed close associations between mental states and neuroprotective processes in health and disease, and activity-dependent calcium indicators are being used to decode brain dynamics to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations. Evoked neural oscillations have recently shown the ability to restore and maintain intrinsic homeostatic processes in the brain and could be rapidly deployed during emergency care or shortly after admission into the clinic, making them a promising, non-invasive therapeutic option. We present an overview of the most relevant descriptions of brain injury after stroke, with a focus on disruptions to neural oscillations. We discuss the optical technologies that are currently used and lay out a roadmap for future studies needed to inform the next generation of strategies to promote functional recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Storch
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Montana Samantzis
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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9
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Gamma frequency activation of inhibitory neurons in the acute phase after stroke attenuates vascular and behavioral dysfunction. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108696. [PMID: 33535035 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gamma oscillations occur in several neurological disorders, and the entrainment of gamma oscillations has been recently proposed as a treatment for neurodegenerative disease. Optogenetic stimulation enhances recovery in models of stroke when applied weeks after injury; however, the benefits of acute brain stimulation have not been investigated. Here, we report beneficial effects of gamma-frequency modulation in the acute phase, within 1 h, after stroke. Transgenic VGAT-ChR2 mice are subject to awake photothrombotic stroke in an area encompassing the forelimb sensory and motor cortex. Optogenetic stimulation at 40 Hz in the peri-infarct zone recovers neuronal activity 24 h after stroke in motor and parietal association areas, as well as blood flow over the first week after stroke. Stimulation significantly reduces lesion volume and improves motor function. Our results suggest that acute-phase modulation of cortical oscillatory dynamics may serve as a target for neuroprotection against stroke.
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10
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Wann EG, Wodeyar A, Srinivasan R, Frostig RD. Rapid development of strong, persistent, spatiotemporally extensive cortical synchrony and underlying oscillations following acute MCA focal ischemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21441. [PMID: 33293620 PMCID: PMC7722868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability, but its electrophysiological basis is poorly understood. Characterizing acute ischemic neuronal activity dynamics is important for understanding the temporal and spatial development of ischemic pathophysiology and determining neuronal activity signatures of ischemia. Using a 32-microelectrode array spanning the depth of cortex, electrophysiological recordings generated for the first time a continuous spatiotemporal profile of local field potentials (LFP) and multi-unit activity (MUA) before (baseline) and directly after (0-5 h) distal, permanent MCA occlusion (pMCAo) in a rat model. Although evoked activity persisted for hours after pMCAo with minor differences from baseline, spatiotemporal analyses of spontaneous activity revealed that LFP became spatially and temporally synchronized regardless of cortical depth within minutes after pMCAo and extended over large parts of cortex. Such enhanced post-ischemic synchrony was found to be driven by increased bursts of low multi-frequency oscillations and continued throughout the acute ischemic period whereas synchrony measures minimally changed over the same recording period in surgical sham controls. EEG recordings of a similar frequency range have been applied to successfully predict stroke damage and recovery, suggesting clear clinical relevance for our rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Wann
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anirudh Wodeyar
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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11
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Bo B, Li Y, Li W, Wang Y, Tong S. Neurovascular Coupling Impairment in Acute Ischemic Stroke by Optogenetics and Optical Brain Imaging. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3727-3730. [PMID: 33018811 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF), known as neurovascular coupling, has been reported to be impaired after stroke. This study aims to investigate the neurovascular coupling impairment at the acute stage after ischemic stroke. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) was applied to measure the hemodynamic response to optogenetic excitation of sensorimotor neurons in healthy and ischemic brain. The results showed that the hemodynamic response to optogenetic stimulation decreased and the regional CBF response was correlated with the distance from the ischemic core at the acute stage, regardless of the change in resting CBF. Our results also demonstrated that excitatory neuronal stimulation of intact area could promote the recovery of neurovascular coupling, whereas peri-infarct neuronal excitation failed to restore neurovascular function 24 hrs after ischemia. These results suggested the intact periphery of penumbra as the target for excitatory stimulation in aspect of restoring the perfusion after ischemic stroke.
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12
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Sugimoto K, Chung DY, Böhm M, Fischer P, Takizawa T, Aykan SA, Qin T, Yanagisawa T, Harriott A, Oka F, Yaseen MA, Sakadžić S, Ayata C. Peri-Infarct Hot-Zones Have Higher Susceptibility to Optogenetic Functional Activation-Induced Spreading Depolarizations. Stroke 2020; 51:2526-2535. [PMID: 32640946 PMCID: PMC7387208 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recurrent and ostensibly spontaneous depolarization waves that may contribute to infarct progression after stroke. Somatosensory activation of the metastable peri-infarct tissue triggers peri-infarct SDs at a high rate. METHODS We directly measured the functional activation threshold to trigger SDs in peri-infarct hot zones using optogenetic stimulation after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in Thy1-ChR2-YFP mice. RESULTS Optogenetic activation of peri-infarct tissue triggered SDs at a strikingly high rate (64%) compared with contralateral homotopic cortex (8%; P=0.004). Laser speckle perfusion imaging identified a residual blood flow of 31±2% of baseline marking the metastable tissue with a propensity to develop SDs. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a spatially distinct increase in SD susceptibility in peri-infarct tissue where physiological levels of functional activation are capable of triggering SDs. Given the potentially deleterious effects of peri-infarct SDs, the effect of sensory overstimulation in hyperacute stroke should be examined more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - David Y. Chung
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Maximilian Böhm
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Paul Fischer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Sanem Aslihan Aykan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Takeshi Yanagisawa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Andrea Harriott
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Fumiaki Oka
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mohammad A. Yaseen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
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13
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Wu S, Zheng T, Du J, Yuan Y, Shi Q, Wang Z, Liu D, Liu J, Wang X, Liu L. Neuroprotective effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation in endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:127-135. [PMID: 32439337 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (LITUS) is a promising neuroprotective treatment for ischemic stroke. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be highly sensitive in the detection of ischemic brain injury. Relative apparent diffusion coefficient (rADC) values can be used to evaluate the effect of LITUS on ischemic stroke. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of LITUS at different time points using endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as a model of ischemic stroke. METHODS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) was injected into the cerebral parenchyma near the middle cerebral artery, which induced focal, reversible, low-flow ischemia in rats. After occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 30 min, 120 min, and 240 min, LITUS stimulation was used respectively. DWI was performed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h after ischemia using a 3 T scanner. The rADC values were calculated, and functional outcomes assessed using neurobehavioral scores after ischemia. Nissl staining and estimation of Na+-K+-ATPase activity were used to assess the neuropathology after completing the last Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination. RESULTS Endothelin-1-induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery resulted in significant dysfunction and neuronal damage in rats. Rats that received LITUS exhibited reduced damage of the affected brain tissue after cerebral ischemia. The greatest protective effect was found when LITUS stimulation occurred 30 min after cerebral ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Imaging, behavioral, and histological results suggested that LITUS stimulation after an ischemic stroke produced significant neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, China
| | - Juan Du
- Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- Scientific Clinical Specialist, Siemens Ltd., China
| | | | - Defeng Liu
- Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Northeastern University, School of Information Science and Engineering, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, China
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Xie H, Zhang Q, Zhou N, Li C, Yu K, Liu G, Wu J, Jiang C, Hu R, Wu Y. Environmental enrichment enhances post-ischemic cerebral blood flow and functional hyperemia in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:91-97. [PMID: 32388014 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment has been reported to promote functional recovery in an ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of environmental enrichment treatment on post-ischemic cerebral blood flow and functional hyperemia in the ipsilesional primary somatosensory cortex of rats. With laser speckle imaging, we were able to monitor the resting cerebral blood flow alteration in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Both 3- and 28-day post-ischemic infarct volumes were then examined with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and cresyl violet staining, respectively. We found that an exposure to environmental enrichment was associated with higher post-ischemic cerebral blood flow and less brain tissue loss in the ipsilesional primary somatosensory cortex compared with the standard cage environment. Furthermore, environmental enrichment also enhanced the cerebral blood flow response to whisker stimulation in the ipsilesional barrel cortex when measured 28 days after the middle cerebral artery occlusion. Together, the data suggested that an exposure to environmental enrichment promoted the restoration of cerebral blood flow in the ipsilesional cortex and contributed to a better coupling between functional activation and cerebral blood flow change, which might be the possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of EE after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naiyun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congyu Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiping Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Zhu J, Hancock AM, Qi L, Telkmann K, Shahbaba B, Chen Z, Frostig RD. Spatiotemporal dynamics of pial collateral blood flow following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in a rat model of sensory-based protection: a Doppler optical coherence tomography study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:045012. [PMID: 31824979 PMCID: PMC6903432 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.045012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition regarding the importance of pial collateral flow in the protection from impending ischemic stroke both in preclinical and clinical studies. Collateral flow is also a major player in sensory stimulation-based protection from impending ischemic stroke. Doppler optical coherence tomography has been employed to image spatiotemporal patterns of collateral flow within the dorsal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as it provides a powerful tool for quantitative in vivo flow parameters imaging (velocity, flux, direction of flow, and radius of imaged branches). It was employed prior to and following dorsal permanent MCA occlusion (pMCAo) in rat models of treatment by protective sensory stimulation, untreated controls, or sham surgery controls. Unexpectedly, following pMCAo in the majority of subjects, some MCA branches continued to show anterograde blood flow patterns over time despite severing of the MCA. Further, in the presence of protective sensory stimulation, the anterograde velocity and flux were stronger and lasted longer than in retrograde flow branches, even within different branches of single subjects, but stimulated retrograde branches showed stronger flow parameters at 24 h. Our study suggests that the spatiotemporal patterns of collateral-based dorsal MCA flow are dynamic and provide a detailed description on the differential effects of protective sensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Aneeka M. Hancock
- University of California Irvine, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Li Qi
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Klaus Telkmann
- University of California Irvine, Department of Statistics, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Babak Shahbaba
- University of California Irvine, Department of Statistics, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Zhongping Chen
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Ron D. Frostig, E-mail: ; Zhongping Chen, E-mail:
| | - Ron D. Frostig
- University of California Irvine, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Ron D. Frostig, E-mail: ; Zhongping Chen, E-mail:
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16
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Murmu RP, Fordsmann JC, Cai C, Brazhe A, Thomsen KJ, Lauritzen M. Sensory Stimulation-Induced Astrocytic Calcium Signaling in Electrically Silent Ischemic Penumbra. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:223. [PMID: 31496947 PMCID: PMC6712371 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induces ischemia characterized by a densely ischemic focus, and a less densely ischemic penumbral zone in which neurons and astrocytes display age-dependent dynamic variations in spontaneous Ca2+ activities. However, it is unknown whether penumbral nerve cells respond to sensory stimulation early after stroke onset, which is critical for understanding stimulation-induced stroke therapy. In this study, we investigated the ischemic penumbra’s capacity to respond to somatosensory input. We examined adult (3- to 4-month-old) and old (18- to 24-month-old) male mice at 2–4 h after MCAO, using two-photon microscopy to record somatosensory stimulation-induced neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signals in the ischemic penumbra. In both adult and old mice, MCAO abolished spontaneous and stimulation-induced electrical activity in the penumbra, and strongly reduced stimulation-induced Ca2+ responses in neuronal somas (35–82%) and neuropil (92–100%) in the penumbra. In comparison, after stroke, stimulation-induced astrocytic Ca2+ responses in the penumbra were only moderately reduced (by 54–62%) in adult mice, and were even better preserved (reduced by 31–38%) in old mice. Our results suggest that somatosensory stimulation evokes astrocytic Ca2+ activity in the ischemic penumbra. We hypothesize that the relatively preserved excitability of astrocytes, most prominent in aged mice, may modulate protection from ischemic infarcts during early somatosensory activation of an ischemic cortical area. Future neuroprotective efforts in stroke may target spontaneous or stimulation-induced activity of astrocytes in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena P Murmu
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas C Fordsmann
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Changsi Cai
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexey Brazhe
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirsten J Thomsen
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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17
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Bo B, Li Y, Li W, Wang Y, Tong S. Optogenetic Excitation of Ipsilesional Sensorimotor Neurons is Protective in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Laser Speckle Imaging Study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:1372-1379. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2872965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Hage B, Way E, Barlow SM, Bashford GR. Real-Time Cerebral Hemodynamic Response to Tactile Somatosensory Stimulation. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:615-620. [PMID: 29992676 PMCID: PMC6212317 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies in rodents suggest that somatosensory stimulation could provide neuroprotection during ischemic stroke by inducing plasticity in the cortex-vasculature relationship. While functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown that somatosensory stimulation increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) over several seconds, subsecond changes in CBF in the basal cerebral arteries have rarely been studied due to temporal resolution limitations. This study characterized hemodynamic changes in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) during somatosensory stimulation with high temporal resolution (100 samples/s) using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD). METHODS Pneumotactile somatosensory stimulation, consisting of punctate pressure pulses traversing the glabrous skin of the hand at 25 cm/s, was used to induce CBF velocity (CBFV) response curves. Changes in CBFV were measured in the bilateral MCAs using fTCD. All 12 subjects underwent three consecutive trials consisting of 20 seconds of stimulation followed by 5 minutes of rest. RESULTS Sharp, bilateral increases in CBFV of about 20% (left MCA = 20.5%, right MCA = 18.8%) and sharp decreases in pulsatility index of about 8% were observed during stimulation. Left lateralization of up to 3.9% was also observed. The magnitude of the initial increase in CBFV showed significant adaptation between subsequent trials. CONCLUSIONS Pneumotactile somatosensory stimulation is a potent stimulus that can evoke large, rapid hemodynamic changes, with adaptation between successive stimulus applications. Due to its high temporal resolution, fTCD is useful for identifying quickly evolving hemodynamic responses, and for correlating changes in hemodynamic parameters such as pulsatility index (PI) and CBFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hage
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Emily Way
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Steven M. Barlow
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Gregory R. Bashford
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Hancock AM, Frostig RD. Hypertension prevents a sensory stimulation-based collateral therapeutic from protecting the cortex from impending ischemic stroke damage in a spontaneously hypersensitive rat model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206291. [PMID: 30352082 PMCID: PMC6198990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing potential stroke treatments in the presence of risk factors can improve screening of treatments prior to clinical trials and is important in testing the efficacy of treatments in different patient populations. Here, we test our noninvasive, nonpharmacological sensory stimulation treatment in the presence of the main risk factor for ischemic stroke, hypertension. Utilizing functional imaging, blood flow imaging, and histology, we assessed spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) pre- and post-permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Experimental groups included a treatment SHR group (sensory-stimulated group), control untreated SHR group (no sensory stimulation), and a treated (sensory-stimulated) Wistar-Kyoto normotensive group. Unlike our previous studies, which showed sensory-based complete protection from impending ischemic cortical stroke damage in rats as seen in the treated Wistar-Kyoto group, we found that SHRs at 24hr post-pMCAO lacked evoked cortical activation, had a significant reduction in blood flow within the MCA, and sustained very large infarcts regardless of whether they received stimulation treatment. If translatable, this work highlights a potential need for a combined treatment plan when delivering sensory stimulation treatment in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ron D. Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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20
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von Bornstädt D, Gertz K, Lagumersindez Denis N, Seners P, Baron JC, Endres M. Sensory stimulation in acute stroke therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1682-1689. [PMID: 30073883 PMCID: PMC6168904 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18791073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of cortical activation for functional recovery after ischemic stroke have been well described. However, little is known about the role of early sensory stimulation, i.e. stimulation during first 6 h after stroke onset even during acute treatment. In recent years, various preclinical studies reported significant effects of acute sensory stimulation that range from entire neuroprotection to increased infarct volumes by 30-50%. Systematic knowledge about the effect of acute sensory stimulation on stroke outcome is highly relevant as stroke patients are subject to uncontrolled sensory stimulation during transport, acute treatment, and critical care. This article discusses the current stage of knowledge about acute sensory stimulation and provides directions for future experimental and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Bornstädt
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nielsen Lagumersindez Denis
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Seners
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, University Paris Descartes, INSERM U894, France
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, University Paris Descartes, INSERM U894, France
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Brunner C, Korostelev M, Raja S, Montaldo G, Urban A, Baron JC. Evidence from functional ultrasound imaging of enhanced contralesional microvascular response to somatosensory stimulation in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats: A marker of ultra-early network reorganization? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1690-1700. [PMID: 29972329 PMCID: PMC6168914 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18786359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Following middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke, enhanced contralesional evoked responses have been consistently reported both in man and rodents as part of plastic processes thought to influence motor recovery. How early this marker of large-scale network reorganization develops has however been little addressed, yet has clinical relevance for rehabilitation strategies targeting plasticity. Previous work in mice has reported enhanced contralesional responses to unaffected-side forepaw stimulation as early as 45 min after MCA small branch occlusion. Using functional ultrasound imaging (fUSi) in anesthetized rats subjected to distal temporary MCA occlusion (MCAo), we assessed here (i) whether enhanced contralesional responses also occurred with unaffected-side whisker pad stimulation, and if so, how early after MCAo; and (ii) the time course of this abnormal response during occlusion and after reperfusion. We replicate in a more proximal MCA occlusion model the earlier findings of ultra-early enhanced contralesional evoked responses. In addition, we document this phenomenon within minutes after MCAo, and its persistence throughout the entire 90-min occlusion as well as 90-min reperfusion periods studied. These findings suggest that plastic processes may start within minutes following MCAo in rodents. If replicated in man, they might have implications regarding how early plasticity-enhancing therapies can be initiated after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Brunner
- 1 Inserm U894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,2 Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF; A Research Initiative by IMEC, VIB and KU Leuven), Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sushmitha Raja
- 1 Inserm U894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- 2 Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF; A Research Initiative by IMEC, VIB and KU Leuven), Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- 2 Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF; A Research Initiative by IMEC, VIB and KU Leuven), Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- 1 Inserm U894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,3 Department of Neurology, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
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22
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Custead R, Oh H, Wang Y, Barlow S. Brain encoding of saltatory velocity through a pulsed pneumotactile array in the lower face. Brain Res 2017; 1677:58-73. [PMID: 28958864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Processing dynamic tactile inputs is a primary function of the somatosensory system. Spatial velocity encoding mechanisms by the nervous system are important for skilled movement production and may play a role in recovery of sensorimotor function following neurological insult. Little is known about tactile velocity encoding in mechanosensory trigeminal networks required for speech, suck, mastication, and facial gesture. High resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the neural substrates of velocity encoding in the human orofacial somatosensory system during unilateral saltatory pneumotactile stimulation of perioral and buccal hairy skin in 20 neurotypical adults. A custom multichannel, scalable pneumotactile array consisting of 7 TAC-Cells was used to present 5 stimulus conditions: 5cm/s, 25cm/s, 65cm/s, ALL-ON synchronous activation, and ALL-OFF. The spatiotemporal organization of whole-brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was analyzed with general linear modeling (GLM) and fitted response estimates of percent signal change to compare activations associated with each velocity, and the main effect of velocity alone. Sequential saltatory inputs to the right lower face produced localized BOLD responses in 6 key regions of interest (ROI) including; contralateral precentral and postcentral gyri, and ipsilateral precentral, superior temporal (STG), supramarginal gyri (SMG), and cerebellum. The spatiotemporal organization of the evoked BOLD response was highly dependent on velocity, with the greatest amplitude of BOLD signal change recorded during the 5cm/s presentation in the contralateral hemisphere. Temporal analysis of BOLD response by velocity indicated rapid adaptation via a scalability of networks processing changing pneumotactile velocity cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Custead
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Steven Barlow
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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23
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Hancock AM, Frostig RD. Testing the effects of sensory stimulation as a collateral-based therapeutic for ischemic stroke in C57BL/6J and CD1 mouse strains. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183909. [PMID: 28902897 PMCID: PMC5597132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing a rat model of ischemic stroke, we have previously shown that sensory stimulation can completely protect rats from impending ischemic damage of cortex if this treatment is delivered within the first two hours post-permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). The current study sought to extend our findings in rats to mice, which would allow new avenues of research not available in rats. Thus, young adult C57BL/6J and CD1 mice were tested for protection from ischemic stroke with the same protective sensory stimulation-based treatment. Cortical activity and blood flow were assessed with intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI), respectively, and histological analysis (TTC) was performed at the completion of the experiments. Standing in stark contrast to the positive results observed in rats, in both strains we found that there were no differences between treated and untreated mice at 24 hours post-pMCAo in terms of infarct volume, negative functional imaging results, and major reduction in retrograde collateral blood flow as compared to pre-pMCAo baseline and surgical controls. Also, no differences were found between the strains in terms of theses variables. Potential reasons for the differences between rats and mice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ron D. Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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24
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Pan HC, Liao LD, Lo YC, Chen JW, Wang HL, Yang L, Liang YW, Huang PY, Yang MH, Chen YY. Neurovascular function recovery after focal ischemic stroke by enhancing cerebral collateral circulation via peripheral stimulation-mediated interarterial anastomosis. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:035003. [PMID: 28983488 PMCID: PMC5621356 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.035003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for ischemic stroke have focused on the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator, although the associated side effects and subsequent reperfusion injury remain challenging. Peripheral electrical stimulation has shed light on therapeutic interventions for ischemia by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the target region through collateral circulation, although the mechanism remains elusive. Here, a focal photothrombotic ischemic (PTI) stroke was induced in the right hemispheric primary somatosensory forelimb cortex (S1FL) of rat brains, and the therapeutic effects of forelimb and hindlimb stimulation were characterized at the contralesional S1FL. We observed that PTI stroke rats that received forelimb stimulation exhibited significantly restored CBF of the ischemic penumbra ([Formula: see text] for the S1FL and [Formula: see text] for the primary somatosensory hindlimb cortex, respectively), electrocorticography (ECoG) delta band coherence of the intercortical S1FL ([Formula: see text]) at the 75th min poststroke and an ischemic infarct ([Formula: see text]) via collateral circulation recruitment. Importantly, anterior cerebral artery/middle cerebral artery (ACA-MCA) interarterial anastomotic regulation occurred upon forelimb stimulation and played roles in the recovery of neurovascular functions. These results indicated that receptive field-specific stimulation further restores CBF, neuronal activities, and tissue viability through the enhancement of ACA-MCA interarterial anastomosis-mediated collateral circulation and provides a feasible therapeutic intervention for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chi Pan
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Lun-De Liao
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- Taipei Medical University, The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li Yang
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wen Liang
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Huang
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Yang
- Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address all correspondence to: Ming-Hsun Yang, E-mail: ; You-Yin Chen, E-mail:
| | - You-Yin Chen
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address all correspondence to: Ming-Hsun Yang, E-mail: ; You-Yin Chen, E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the recent literature regarding the application of in-vivo brain imaging techniques to animal models of ischemic stroke. RECENT FINDINGS Major breakthroughs concerned the effects of sensory stimulation on neuronal function, local hemodynamics, and tissue outcome in the hyperacute phase of stroke; the novel application to stroke of hybrid scanners allowing simultaneous PET and magnetic resonance; the refinements of magnetic resonance-based oxygen imaging, allowing to map the ischemic penumbra in a completely noninvasive way; the implementation of new PET ligands to selectively map poststroke neuronal death and neuroinflammation; and the use of novel mesoscale imaging techniques to demonstrate the major role of interhemispheric connectivity in poststroke plasticity and functional recovery. SUMMARY The array of techniques to map in vivo the key pathophysiological brain processes involved in stroke is currently enlarging at an amazing pace. This is paralleled by ever-increasing sophistication in postprocessing tools. The combination of techniques allowing simultaneous access to several variables is particularly powerful as it affords unprecedented insights into the intimate processes underlying the tissue and neuronal changes that follow a stroke. These major leaps forward will hopefully lead to therapeutic breakthroughs aiming at improving functional outcome after stroke.
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Plastic Change along the Intact Crossed Pathway in Acute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia Revealed by Optical Intrinsic Signal Imaging. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1923160. [PMID: 27144032 PMCID: PMC4837289 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1923160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intact crossed pathway via which the contralesional hemisphere responds to the ipsilesional somatosensory input has shown to be affected by unilateral stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasticity of the intact crossed pathway in response to different intensities of stimulation in a rodent photothrombotic stroke model. Using optical intrinsic signal imaging, an overall increase of the contralesional cortical response was observed in the acute phase (≤48 hours) after stroke. In particular, the contralesional hyperactivation is more prominent under weak stimulations, while a strong stimulation would even elicit a depressed response. The results suggest a distinct stimulation-response pattern along the intact crossed pathway after stroke. We speculate that the contralesional hyperactivation under weak stimulations was due to the reorganization for compensatory response to the weak ipsilateral somatosensory input.
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Qi L, Zhu J, Hancock AM, Dai C, Zhang X, Frostig RD, Chen Z. Fully distributed absolute blood flow velocity measurement for middle cerebral arteries using Doppler optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:601-15. [PMID: 26977365 PMCID: PMC4771474 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) is considered one of the most promising functional imaging modalities for neuro biology research and has demonstrated the ability to quantify cerebral blood flow velocity at a high accuracy. However, the measurement of total absolute blood flow velocity (BFV) of major cerebral arteries is still a difficult problem since it is related to vessel geometry. In this paper, we present a volumetric vessel reconstruction approach that is capable of measuring the absolute BFV distributed along the entire middle cerebral artery (MCA) within a large field-of-view. The Doppler angle at each point of the MCA, representing the vessel geometry, is derived analytically by localizing the artery from pure DOCT images through vessel segmentation and skeletonization. Our approach could achieve automatic quantification of the fully distributed absolute BFV across different vessel branches. Experiments on rodents using swept-source optical coherence tomography showed that our approach was able to reveal the consequences of permanent MCA occlusion with absolute BFV measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cuixia Dai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Xuping Zhang
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Ron D. Frostig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Custead R, Oh H, Rosner AO, Barlow S. Adaptation of the cortical somatosensory evoked potential following pulsed pneumatic stimulation of the lower face in adults. Brain Res 2015; 1622:81-90. [PMID: 26119917 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortical adaptation to sustained sensory input is a pervasive form of short-term plasticity in neurological systems. Its role in sensory perception in health and disease, or predicting long-term plastic changes resulting from sensory training offers insight into the mechanisms of somatosensory and sensorimotor processing. A 4-channel electroencephalography (EEG) recording montage was placed bilaterally (C3-P3, C4-P4, F7-P3, F8-P4) to characterize the short-term effects of pulsed pneumatic orofacial stimulation on the cortical somatosensory evoked potential (cSEP) in twenty neurotypical adults (mean age=21±2.88 years). A servo-controlled pneumatic amplifier was used to deliver a repetitive series of pneumatic pulse trains (six 50-ms pulses, 5-second intertrain interval) through a linked pair of custom acetal homopolymer probes (aka TAC-Cells) adhered to the nonglabrous skin of the lower face proximal to the right oral angle to synchronously activate mechanoreceptive afferents in the trigeminal nerve. Blocks of pulse trains were counterbalanced among participants and delivered at two rates, 2 and 4Hz. TAC-Cell stimulation of the lower face consistently evoked a series of cSEPs at P7, N20, P28, N38, P75, N85, and P115. The spatial organization and adaptation of the evoked cSEP was dependent on stimulus pulse index (1-6 within the pulse train, p=.012), frequency of stimulus presentation (2 vs 4Hz, p<.001), component (P7-P115, p<.001), and recording montage (channels 1-4, p<.001). Early component latencies (P7-N20) were highly stable in polarity (sign) and latency, and consistent with putative far-field generators (e.g., trigeminal brainstem, ventroposteromedial thalamus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Custead
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Austin Oder Rosner
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Steven Barlow
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Johnson BA, Frostig RD. Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat barrel cortex have spatial distributions similar to horizontal spreads of activity evoked by whisker stimulation. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3617-39. [PMID: 26438334 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of a single whisker evokes a peak of activity that is centered over the associated barrel in rat primary somatosensory cortex, and yet the evoked local field potential and the intrinsic signal optical imaging response spread symmetrically away from this barrel for over 3.5 mm to cross cytoarchitectonic borders into other "unimodal" sensory cortical areas. To determine whether long horizontal axons have the spatial distribution necessary to underlie this activity spread, we injected adeno-associated viral vectors into barrel cortex and characterized labeled axons extending from the injection site in transverse sections of flattened cortex. Combined qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed labeled axons radiating diffusely in all directions for over 3.5 mm from supragranular injection sites, with density declining over distance. The projection pattern was similar at four different cortical depths, including infragranular laminae. Infragranular vector injections produced patterns similar to the supragranular injections. Long horizontal axons were detected both using a vector with a permissive cytomegalovirus promoter to label all neuronal subtypes and using a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α vector to restrict labeling to excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons. Individual axons were successfully reconstructed from series of supragranular sections, indicating that they traversed gray matter only. Reconstructed axons extended from the injection site, left the barrel field, branched, and sometimes crossed into other sensory cortices identified by cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA
| | - R D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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von Bornstädt D, Houben T, Seidel JL, Zheng Y, Dilekoz E, Qin T, Sandow N, Kura S, Eikermann-Haerter K, Endres M, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA, Lo EH, Dreier JP, Woitzik J, Sakadžić S, Ayata C. Supply-demand mismatch transients in susceptible peri-infarct hot zones explain the origins of spreading injury depolarizations. Neuron 2015; 85:1117-31. [PMID: 25741731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs) are seemingly spontaneous spreading depression-like waves that negatively impact tissue outcome in both experimental and human stroke. Factors triggering PIDs are unknown. Here, we show that somatosensory activation of peri-infarct cortex triggers PIDs when the activated cortex is within a critical range of ischemia. We show that the mechanism involves increased oxygen utilization within the activated cortex, worsening the supply-demand mismatch. We support the concept by clinical data showing that mismatch predisposes stroke patients to PIDs as well. Conversely, transient worsening of mismatch by episodic hypoxemia or hypotension also reproducibly triggers PIDs. Therefore, PIDs are triggered upon supply-demand mismatch transients in metastable peri-infarct hot zones due to increased demand or reduced supply. Based on the data, we propose that minimizing sensory stimulation and hypoxic or hypotensive transients in stroke and brain injury would reduce PID incidence and their adverse impact on outcome. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Bornstädt
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thijs Houben
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica L Seidel
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ergin Dilekoz
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler Campus, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nora Sandow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Katharina Eikermann-Haerter
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David A Boas
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, 6408, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Guo T, Li H, Lv Y, Lu H, Niu J, Sun J, Yang GY, Ren C, Tong S. Pulsed Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation Immediately After The Ischemic Brain Injury is Neuroprotective. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2352-7. [PMID: 25935023 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2427339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
GOAL We applied a low-intensity pulsed transcranial ultrasound stimulation (pTUS) to the ischemic cortex after a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) to study whether pTUS is capable of protecting brain from ischemic injury. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to Sham (n = 6), Control (n = 16), and pTUS (n = 16) groups. The pTUS-treated rats were subjected to 60-min ultrasonic stimulation immediately after the ischemia. After 48 h, the sensorimotor-related behavioral outcomes were assessed by a neurological severity score (NSS), and the permanent brain injury was assessed by the histologic analysis of TTC staining of brain slices. RESULTS pTUS group showed significantly lower NSS (n = 10, 5.5 ± 2.5) than the Control group ( n = 10, 10.5 ±1.4) (p < 0.01). Concordantly, the ischemic lesion was significantly reduced after receiving pTUS immediately after dMCAO. The cortical infarct volume in the control group was more than threefold of the pTUS group (43.39% ± 2.33%, n = 16 versus 13.78% ± 8.18%, n = 16, p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining indicated reduction of neutrophils in the affected area, and laser speckle imaging showed significant increase of a cerebral blood flow after pTUS, which consistently supported the neuroprotection of pTUS in ischemic brain injury. CONCLUSION Both behavior and histological results suggested that pTUS on ischemic core immediately after ischemic stroke could be neuroprotective. SIGNIFICANCE The noninvasiveness and high spatiotemporal resolution of pTUS makes it a unique neuromodulation technique in comparison with the current TMS and tDCS.
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Liao LD, Liu YH, Lai HY, Bandla A, Shih YYI, Chen YY, Thakor NV. Rescue of cortical neurovascular functions during the hyperacute phase of ischemia by peripheral sensory stimulation. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Silasi G, Murphy TH. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron 2015; 83:1354-68. [PMID: 25233317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Connections between neurons are affected within 3 min of stroke onset by massive ischemic depolarization and then delayed cell death. Some connections can recover with prompt reperfusion; others associated with the dying infarct do not. Disruption in functional connectivity is due to direct tissue loss and indirect disconnections of remote areas known as diaschisis. Stroke is devastating, yet given the brain's redundant design, collateral surviving networks and their connections are well-positioned to compensate. Our perspective is that new treatments for stroke may involve a rational functional and structural connections-based approach. Surviving, affected, and at-risk networks can be identified and targeted with scenario-specific treatments. Strategies for recovery may include functional inhibition of the intact hemisphere, rerouting of connections, or setpoint-mediated network plasticity. These approaches may be guided by brain imaging and enabled by patient- and injury-specific brain stimulation, rehabilitation, and potential molecule-based strategies to enable new connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Silasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Kim TH, Vemuganti R. Effect of sex and age interactions on functional outcome after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:327-36. [PMID: 25404174 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Experimental and clinical studies showed that sex and age play an important role in deciding the outcome after stroke. At younger ages, males were shown to have a higher risk for stroke than females. However, this trend reverses in older ages particularly when females reach menopause. Many preclinical studies indicate that steroid hormones modulate the age-dependent differential stroke outcome. In addition, patterns of cell death pathways activated following cerebral ischemia are distinct between males and females, but independent of steroid hormones. Recent studies also indicate that microRNAs play important roles in mediating sex-specific stroke outcome by regulating stroke-related genes. This review discusses the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke with particular emphasis on the experimental studies that examined the effects of steroid hormones, differential cell death pathways, and involvement of sex-specific microRNAs following cerebral ischemia. Current understanding of the role of thrombolytic agents in stroke therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Lay CC, Frostig RD. Complete protection from impending stroke following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in awake, behaving rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3413-21. [PMID: 25216240 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a rodent model of ischemic stroke [permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO)], our laboratory has previously demonstrated that sensory-evoked cortical activation via mechanical single whisker stimulation treatment delivered under an anesthetized condition within 2 h of ischemic onset confers complete protection from impending infarct. There is a limited time window for this protection; rats that received the identical treatment at 3 h following ischemic onset lost neuronal function and sustained a substantial infarct. Rats in these studies, however, were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or isoflurane, whereas most human stroke patients are typically awake. To optimize our animal model, the present study examined, using functional imaging, histological, and behavioral analysis, whether self-induced sensorimotor stimulation is also protective in unrestrained, behaving rats that actively explore an enriched environment. Rats were revived from anesthesia either immediately or at 3 h after pMCAO, at which point they were allowed to freely explore an enriched environment. Rats that explored immediately after ischemic onset maintained normal cortical function and did not sustain infarct, even when their whiskers were clipped. Rats that were revived at 3 h post-pMCAO exhibited eliminated cortical function and sustained cortical infarct. Further, the data suggested that the level of individual active exploration could influence the outcome. Thus, early activation of the ischemic cortical area via unrestrained exploration resulted in protection from ischemic infarct, whereas late activation resulted in infarct, irrespective of the level of arousal or whisker-specific stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Lay
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA; The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; The Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Liao LD, Bandla A, Ling JM, Liu YH, Kuo LW, Chen YY, King NKK, Lai HY, Lin YR, Thakor NV. Improving neurovascular outcomes with bilateral forepaw stimulation in a rat photothrombotic ischemic stroke model. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:011007. [PMID: 26157965 PMCID: PMC4478786 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.1.011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Restoring perfusion to the penumbra during the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke is a key goal of neuroprotection. Thrombolysis is currently the only approved treatment for ischemic stroke. However, its use is limited by the narrow therapeutic window and side effect of bleeding. Therefore, other interventions are desired that could potentially increase the perfusion of the penumbra. Here, we hypothesized that bilateral peripheral electrical stimulation will improve cerebral perfusion and restore cortical neurovascular response. We assess the outcomes of bilateral forepaw electrical stimulation at intensities of 2 and 4 mA, administered either unilaterally or bilaterally. We developed a combined electrocorticogram (ECoG)-functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM) system to evaluate the relative changes in cerebral hemodynamic function and electrophysiologic response to acute, focal stroke. The fPAM system is used for cerebral blood volume (CBV) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) and the ECoG for neural activity, namely somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP), interhemispheric coherence, and alpha-delta ratio (ADR) in response to forepaw stimulation. Our results confirmed the neuroprotective effect of bilateral forepaw stimulation at 2 mA as indicated by the 82% recovery of ADR and 95% improvement in perfusion into the region of penumbra. This experimental model can be used to study other potential interventions such as therapeutic hypertension and hypercarbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-De Liao
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to: Lun-De Liao, E-mail: or
| | - Aishwarya Bandla
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Ji Min Ling
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Block E4, Level 5, Room 45, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Nicolas KK King
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ren Lin
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, 135 Nanshsiao Street, Changhua, Taiwan 500
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Block E4, Level 5, Room 45, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Traylor 701/720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Xerri C, Zennou-Azogui Y. Early and moderate sensory stimulation exerts a protective effect on perilesion representations of somatosensory cortex after focal ischemic damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99767. [PMID: 24914807 PMCID: PMC4051766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that intensive training within an early critical time window after focal cortical ischemia increases the area of damaged tissue and is detrimental to behavioral recovery. We postulated that moderate stimulation initiated soon after the lesion could have protective effects on peri-infarct cortical somatotopic representations. Therefore, we have assessed the effects of mild cutaneous stimulation delivered in an attention-demanding behavioral context on the functional organization of the perilesion somatosensory cortex using high-density electrophysiological mapping. We compared the effects of 6-day training initiated on the 3rd day postlesion (early training; ET) to those of same-duration training started on the 8th day (delayed training; DT). Our findings confirm previous work showing that the absence of training aggravates representational loss in the perilesion zone. In addition, ET was found to be sufficient to limit expansion of the ischemic lesion and reduce tissue loss, and substantially maintain the neuronal responsiveness to tactile stimulation, thereby preserving somatotopic map arrangement in the peri-infarct cortical territories. By contrast, DT did not prevent tissue loss and only partially reinstated lost representations in a use-dependent manner within the spared peri-infarct cortical area. This study differentiates the effects of early versus delayed training on perilesion tissue and cortical map reorganization, and underscores the neuroprotective influence of mild rehabilitative stimulation on neuronal response properties in the peri-infarct cortex during an early critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Xerri
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7260, Fédération de Recherches Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition 3512, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoh'i Zennou-Azogui
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7260, Fédération de Recherches Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition 3512, Marseille, France
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Rowe RK, Harrison JL, O'Hara BF, Lifshitz J. Recovery of neurological function despite immediate sleep disruption following diffuse brain injury in the mouse: clinical relevance to medically untreated concussion. Sleep 2014; 37:743-52. [PMID: 24899763 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between immediate disruption of posttraumatic sleep and functional outcome in the diffuse brain-injured mouse. DESIGN Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to moderate midline fluid percussion injury (n = 65; 1.4 atm; 6-10 min righting reflex time) or sham injury (n = 44). Cohorts received either intentional sleep disruption (minimally stressful gentle handling) or no sleep disruption for 6 h following injury. Following disruption, serum corticosterone levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and posttraumatic sleep (noninvasive piezoelectric sleep cages) were measured. For 1-7 days postinjury, sensorimotor outcome was assessed by Rotarod and a modified Neurological Severity Score (NSS). Cognitive function was measured using Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM) in the first week postinjury. SETTING Neurotrauma research laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Disrupting posttraumatic sleep for 6 h did not affect serum corticosterone levels or functional outcome. In the hour following the first dark onset, sleep-disrupted mice exhibited a significant increase in sleep; however, this increase was not sustained and there was no rebound of lost sleep. Regardless of sleep disruption, mice showed a time-dependent improvement in Rotarod performance, with brain-injured mice having significantly shorter latencies on day 7 compared to sham. Further, brain-injured mice, regardless of sleep disruption, had significantly higher NSS scores postinjury compared with sham. Cognitive behavioral testing showed no group differences among any treatment group measured by MWM and NOR. CONCLUSION Short-duration disruption of posttraumatic sleep did not affect functional outcome, measured by motor and cognitive performance. These data raise uncertainty about posttraumatic sleep as a mechanism of recovery from diffuse brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY ; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Jordan L Harrison
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY ; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Phoenix Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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Hancock AM, Lay CC, Davis MF, Frostig RD. Sensory Stimulation-Based Complete Protection from Ischemic Stroke Remains Stable at 4 Months Post-Occlusion of MCA. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 2013; 1:135. [PMID: 24634892 PMCID: PMC3952275 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6895.1000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our lab has shown that when using a rodent model of ischemic stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion), mild sensory stimulation, when delivered within two hours of ischemic onset, completely protects the cortex from impending ischemic stroke damage when assessed 24 hours post-occlusion. However, the long-term stability of this protection remains unclear. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging for assessment of cortical function, laser speckle imaging for assessment of blood flow, a battery of behavioral tests and cresyl violet for histological assessment, the present study examined whether this protection was long-lasting. When assessed 4 months post-occlusion (this length of time being equivalent to 10-15 years in humans), rats receiving sensory stimulation treatment immediately after ischemic onset exhibit normal neuronal and vascular function, and they are behaviorally and histologically equivalent to healthy controls (surgical shams). Thus, the complete neuroprotection due to cortical activation via sensory stimulation remains stable with time. These findings add support to the translational potential of this sensory stimulation-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeka M Hancock
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher C Lay
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Melissa F Davis
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- The Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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40
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Noninvasive strategies to promote functional recovery after stroke. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:854597. [PMID: 23864962 PMCID: PMC3707231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/854597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and disabling global health-care problem, which is the third most common cause of death and one of the main causes of acquired adult disability in many countries. Rehabilitation interventions are a major component of patient care. In the last few years, brain stimulation, mirror therapy, action observation, or mental practice with motor imagery has emerged as interesting options as add-on interventions to standard physical therapies. The neural bases for poststroke recovery rely on the concept of plasticity, namely, the ability of central nervous system cells to modify their structure and function in response to external stimuli. In this review, we will discuss recent noninvasive strategies employed to enhance functional recovery in stroke patients and we will provide an overview of neural plastic events associated with rehabilitation in preclinical models of stroke.
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Frostig RD, Lay CC, Davis MF. A rat's whiskers point the way toward a novel stimulus-dependent, protective stroke therapy. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:313-28. [PMID: 23047156 PMCID: PMC3710106 DOI: 10.1177/1073858412462607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. Ischemic stroke, due to an interruption in blood supply, is particularly prevalent; 87% of all strokes are ischemic. Unfortunately, current options for acute treatment are extremely limited and there is a great need for new treatment strategies. This review will discuss evidence that mild sensory stimulation can completely protect the jeopardized brain from an impending stroke in a rodent model. When delivered within the first 2 hours following ischemic onset, this stimulation results in complete protection, including a full reestablishment of cortical function, sensorimotor capabilities, and blood flow. Identical stimulation, however, initiated 3 hours following ischemic onset, results in an increase in damage compared with untreated animals. The protective effect is not specific to a single sensory modality, anesthesia, or age, and increasing evoked cortical activity by increasing stimulation accelerates recovery. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that cortical activity is a critical factor for protection and suggest a new, exciting potential avenue for the development of acute stroke treatment strategies that may produce a noninvasive, drug-free, equipment-free, and side effect-free means of protecting from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Lay CC, Jacobs N, Hancock AM, Zhou Y, Frostig RD. Early stimulation treatment provides complete sensory-induced protection from ischemic stroke under isoflurane anesthesia. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2445-52. [PMID: 23586641 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a rodent model of ischemia [permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO)], previous studies demonstrated that whisker stimulation treatment completely protects the cortex from impending stroke when initiated within 2 h following pMCAO. When initiated 3 h post-pMCAO, the identical treatment exacerbates stroke damage. Rats in these studies, however, were anesthetised with sodium pentobarbital, whereas human stroke patients are typically awake. To overcome this drawback, our laboratory has begun to use the anesthetic isoflurane, which allows rats to rapidly recover from pMCAO within minutes, to test stimulation treatment in awake rats and to determine whether isoflurane has an effect upon the pMCAO stroke model. We found no difference in infarct volume between pMCAO in untreated controls under either sodium pentobarbital or isoflurane, and the primary finding was that rats that received treatment immediately post-pMCAO maintain cortical function and no stroke damage, whereas rats that received treatment 3 h post-pMCAO exhibited eliminated cortical activity and extensive stroke damage. The only difference between anesthetics was the broad extent of evoked cortical activity observed during both functional imaging and electrophysiological recording, suggesting that the extent of evoked activity evident under isoflurane anesthesia is supported by underlying neuronal activity. Given the high degree of similarity with previous data, we conclude that the pMCAO stroke model is upheld with the use of isoflurane. This study demonstrated that the isoflurane-anesthetised rat pMCAO model can be used for cerebrovascular studies, and allows for highly detailed investigation of potential novel treatments for ischemic stroke using awake, behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Lay
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Cerio FGD, Lara-Celador I, Alvarez A, Hilario E. Neuroprotective therapies after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Sci 2013; 3:191-214. [PMID: 24961314 PMCID: PMC4061821 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the main causes of disabilities in term-born infants. It is the result of a deprivation of oxygen and glucose in the neural tissue. As one of the most important causes of brain damage in the newborn period, the neonatal HI event is a devastating condition that can lead to long-term neurological deficits or even death. The pattern of this injury occurs in two phases, the first one is a primary energy failure related to the HI event and the second phase is an energy failure that takes place some hours later. Injuries that occur in response to these events are often manifested as severe cognitive and motor disturbances over time. Due to difficulties regarding the early diagnosis and treatment of HI injury, there is an increasing need to find effective therapies as new opportunities for the reduction of brain damage and its long term effects. Some of these therapies are focused on prevention of the production of reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic interventions and in a later stage, the stimulation of neurotrophic properties in the neonatal brain which could be targeted to promote neuronal and oligodendrocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Goñi de Cerio
- Biotechnology Area, GAIKER Technology Centre, Parque Tecnológico de Zamudio Ed 202, 48170 Zamudio, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Idoia Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Baker WB, Sun Z, Hiraki T, Putt ME, Durduran T, Reivich M, Yodh AG, Greenberg JH. Neurovascular coupling varies with level of global cerebral ischemia in a rat model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:97-105. [PMID: 23032485 PMCID: PMC3597370 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, metabolic, and electrical functional responses to forepaw stimulation were monitored in rats at different levels of global cerebral ischemia from mild to severe. Laser speckle contrast imaging and optical imaging of intrinsic signals were used to measure changes in blood flow and oxygenation, respectively, along with a compartmental model to calculate changes in oxygen metabolism from these measured changes. To characterize the electrical response to functional stimulation, we measured somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). Global graded ischemia was induced through unilateral carotid artery occlusion, bilateral carotid artery occlusion, bilateral carotid and right subclavian artery (SCA) occlusion, or carotid and SCA occlusion with negative lower body pressure. We found that the amplitude of the functional metabolic response remained tightly coupled to the amplitude of the SEP at all levels of ischemia observed. However, as the level of ischemia became more severe, the flow response was more strongly attenuated than the electrical response, suggesting that global ischemia was associated with an uncoupling between the functional flow and electrical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Baker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lay CC, Davis MF, Chen-Bee CH, Frostig RD. Mild sensory stimulation protects the aged rodent from cortical ischemic stroke after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e001255. [PMID: 23130160 PMCID: PMC3487352 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated research has shown that the older adult brain is significantly more vulnerable to stroke than the young adult brain. Although recent evidence in young adult rats demonstrates that single-whisker stimulation can result in complete protection from ischemic damage after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), it remains unclear whether the same treatment would be effective in older animals. METHODS AND RESULTS Aged rats (21 to 24 months of age) underwent pMCAO and subsequently were divided into "treated" and "untreated" groups. Treated aged rats received intermittent single-whisker stimulation during a 120-minute period immediately after pMCAO, whereas untreated aged rats did not. These animals were assessed using a battery of behavioral tests 1 week before and 1 week after pMCAO, after which their brains were stained for infarct. An additional treated aged group and a treated young adult group also were imaged with functional imaging. Results demonstrated that the recovery of treated aged animals was indistinguishable from that of the treated young adult animals. Treated aged rats had fully intact sensorimotor behavior and no infarct, whereas untreated aged rats were impaired and sustained cortical infarct. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results confirm that single-whisker stimulation is protective in an aged rodent pMCAO model, despite age-associated stroke vulnerability. These findings further suggest potential for translation to the more clinically relevant older adult human population. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001255 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001255.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Lay
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, CA (C.C.L., M.F.D., C.H.C.-B., R.D.F.) ; The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA (C.C.L., M.F.D., C.H.C.-B., R.D.F.) ; The Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, CA (C.C.L, R.D.F.)
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Learoyd AE, Lifshitz J. Comparison of rat sensory behavioral tasks to detect somatosensory morbidity after diffuse brain-injury. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:197-204. [PMID: 21939691 PMCID: PMC3270820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury disrupts neuronal circuits, impacting neurological function. Selective and sensitive behavioral tests are required to explore neurological dysfunction, recovery and potential therapy. Previously we reported that the Whisker Nuisance Task (WNT), where whiskers are manually stimulated in an open field, shows sensory sensitivity in diffuse brain-injured rats. To further explore this somatosensory morbidity, we evaluated three additional whisker-dependent tasks: Gap Cross Test, a novel Angle Entrance Task and Whisker Guided Exploration Task. Brain-injured (n=11) and sham (n=8) rats were tested before midline fluid percussion brain injury (moderate: 2.0atm) and 1 and 4 weeks after injury. For the WNT, we confirmed that brain-injured rats develop significant sensory sensitivity to whisker stimulation over 28 days. In the Gap Cross Test, where rats cross progressively larger elevated gaps, we found that animals were inconsistent in crossable distance regardless of injury. In the Angle Entrance Task, where rats enter 30°, 40°, 50° or 80° corners, rats performed consistently regardless of injury. In the Whisker Guided Exploration Task, where rats voluntarily explore an oval circuit, we identified significant decreases in the number of rears and reversals and changes in the predominant location (injured rats spend more time in the inside of the turn compared to the outside) after injury and increased thigmotaxis after sham and brain-injury. Both the WNT and Whisker Guided Exploration Task show injury-induced somatosensory behavioral morbidity; however, the WNT remains more sensitive in detecting brain injury, possibly due to imposed whisker stimulation that elicits agitation similar to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastazia Ellouise Learoyd
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Greenhalgh AD, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. An Endovascular Perforation Model of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in Rat Produces Heterogeneous Infarcts that Increase with Blood Load. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 3:164-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Mild sensory stimulation reestablishes cortical function during the acute phase of ischemia. J Neurosci 2011; 31:11495-504. [PMID: 21832179 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1741-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When delivered within 1 and in most cases 2 h of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), mild sensory stimulation (intermittent single whisker stimulation) was shown to be completely neuroprotective 24 h after pMCAO in a rodent model of ischemic stroke, according to assessment with multiple techniques (Lay et al., 2010). The acute effect of stimulation treatment on the ischemic cortex, however, has yet to be reported. Here we characterize cortical function and perfusion during the 120 min whisker stimulation period in four experimental groups with treatment initiated 0, 1, 2 (protected groups), or 3 h (unprotected group) post-pMCAO using multiple techniques. According to functional imaging, a gradual return of evoked whisker functional representation to baseline levels was initiated with treatment onset and completed within the treatment period. Evoked neuronal activity and reperfusion to the ischemic area also showed a gradual recovery in protected animals. Surprisingly, a similar recovery profile was observed in response to treatment in all protected animals, regardless of treatment onset time. Nonstimulated pMCAO control group data demonstrate that reperfusion is not spontaneous. This makes the complete protection observed in the majority of animals stimulated at 2 h post-pMCAO even more surprising, as these animals recovered despite having been in a severely ischemic state for two full hours. In summary, when delivered within a 2 h window post-pMCAO, whisker stimulation treatment initiated reperfusion and a gradual recovery of cortical function that was completed or nearly completed within the treatment period.
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Reinkensmeyer D. Neurorehabilitation 2036: How Might Robots and Information Technology Be Used? Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2011. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1701-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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