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Hayes BH, Zhu PK, Wang M, Pfeifer CR, Xia Y, Phan S, Andrechak JC, Du J, Tobin MP, Anlas A, Dooling LJ, Vashisth M, Irianto J, Lampson MA, Discher DE. Confinement plus myosin-II suppression maximizes heritable loss of chromosomes, as revealed by live-cell ChReporters. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260753. [PMID: 37288769 PMCID: PMC10309578 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment of a cell can have many effects, but whether it impacts the DNA sequence of a cell has remained unexamined. To investigate this, we developed a live-cell method to measure changes in chromosome numbers. We edited constitutive genes with GFP or RFP tags on single alleles and discovered that cells that lose Chromosome reporters (ChReporters) become non-fluorescent. We applied our new tools to confined mitosis and to inhibition of the putative tumor suppressor myosin-II. We quantified compression of mitotic chromatin in vivo and demonstrated that similar compression in vitro resulted in cell death, but also rare and heritable ChReptorter loss. Myosin-II suppression rescued lethal multipolar divisions and maximized ChReporter loss during three-dimensional (3D) compression and two-dimensional (2D) lateral confinement, but not in standard 2D culture. ChReporter loss was associated with chromosome mis-segregation, rather than just the number of divisions, and loss in vitro and in mice was selected against in subsequent 2D cultures. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) caused ChReporter loss in 2D culture, as expected, but not during 3D compression, suggesting a SAC perturbation. Thus, ChReporters enable diverse studies of viable genetic changes, and show that confinement and myosin-II affect DNA sequence and mechano-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H. Hayes
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Kuangzheng Zhu
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mai Wang
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Phan
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason C. Andrechak
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Junhong Du
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P. Tobin
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alisya Anlas
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Dooling
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manasvita Vashisth
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A. Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Weiss JG, Gallob F, Rieder P, Villunger A. Apoptosis as a Barrier against CIN and Aneuploidy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010030. [PMID: 36612027 PMCID: PMC9817872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is the gain or loss of entire chromosomes, chromosome arms or fragments. Over 100 years ago, aneuploidy was described to be a feature of cancer and is now known to be present in 68-90% of malignancies. Aneuploidy promotes cancer growth, reduces therapy response and frequently worsens prognosis. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is recognized as the main cause of aneuploidy. CIN itself is a dynamic but stochastic process consisting of different DNA content-altering events. These can include impaired replication fidelity and insufficient clearance of DNA damage as well as chromosomal mis-segregation, micronuclei formation, chromothripsis or cytokinesis failure. All these events can disembogue in segmental, structural and numerical chromosome alterations. While low levels of CIN can foster malignant disease, high levels frequently trigger cell death, which supports the "aneuploidy paradox" that refers to the intrinsically negative impact of a highly aberrant karyotype on cellular fitness. Here, we review how the cellular response to CIN and aneuploidy can drive the clearance of karyotypically unstable cells through the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, we discuss the different modes of p53 activation triggered in response to mitotic perturbations that can potentially trigger CIN and/or aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Weiss
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip Gallob
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Rieder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43–512-9003-70380; Fax: +43–512-9003-73960
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3
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Suleimenov M, Bekbayev S, Ten M, Suleimenova N, Tlegenova M, Nurmagambetova A, Kauanova S, Vorobjev I. Bcl-xL activity influences outcome of the mitotic arrest. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:933112. [PMID: 36188556 PMCID: PMC9520339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.933112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting (MT) drugs taxanes and vinca alkaloids are widely used as chemotherapeutic agents against different tumors for more than 30 years because of their ability to block mitotic progression by disrupting the mitotic spindle and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) for a prolonged period of time. However, responses to mitotic arrest are different—some cells die during mitotic arrest, whereas others undergo mitotic slippage and survive becoming able for proliferation. Using normal fibroblasts and several cancer cell types we determined two critical doses, T1 and T2, of mitotic inhibitors (nocodazole, Taxol, and vinorelbine). T1 is the maximal dose cells can tolerate undergoing normal division, and T2 is the minimal mitostatic dose, wherein > 90% of mitotic cells are arrested in mitosis. In all studied cell lines after treatment with mitotic inhibitors in a dose above T2 cells had entered mitosis either die or undergo mitotic slippage. We show that for all three drugs used cell death during mitotic arrest and after slippage proceeded via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. We determined two types of cancer cells: sensitive to mitotic arrest, that is, undergoing death in mitosis (DiM) frequently, and resistant to mitotic arrest, that is, undergoing mitotic slippage followed by prolonged survival. We then determined that inhibition of Bcl-xL, but not other anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 group that regulate MOMP, make resistant cells susceptible to DiM induced by mitotic inhibitors. Combined treatment with MT drugs and highly specific Bcl-xL inhibitors A-1155643 or A-1331852 allows achieving 100% DiM in a time significantly shorter than maximal duration of mitotic arrest in all types of cultured cells tested. We further examined efficacy of sequential treatment of cultured cells using mitotic inhibitors followed by inhibitors of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic protein and for the first time show that sensitivity to Bcl-xL inhibitors rapidly declines after mitotic slippage. Thus sequential use of mitotic inhibitors and inhibitors of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic protein will be efficient only if the Bcl-xL inhibitor will be added before mitotic slippage occurs or soon afterward. The combined treatment proposed might be an efficient approach to anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Suleimenov
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - S. Bekbayev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - M. Ten
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - N. Suleimenova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - M. Tlegenova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - A. Nurmagambetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- School of Engineering and Digital Science, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - S. Kauanova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - I. Vorobjev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- *Correspondence: I. Vorobjev,
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4
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Yamada C, Morooka A, Miyazaki S, Nagai M, Mase S, Iemura K, Tasnin MN, Takuma T, Nakamura S, Morshed S, Koike N, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Sharmin T, Katsuta H, Ohara K, Tanaka K, Ushimaru T. TORC1 inactivation promotes APC/C-dependent mitotic slippage in yeast and human cells. iScience 2022; 25:103675. [PMID: 35141499 PMCID: PMC8814761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfied kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint to inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition. However, some cells eventually override mitotic arrest by mitotic slippage. Here, we show that inactivation of TORC1 kinase elicits mitotic slippage in budding yeast and human cells. Yeast mitotic slippage was accompanied with aberrant aspects, such as degradation of the nucleolar protein Net1, release of phosphatase Cdc14, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1-dependent degradation of securin and cyclin B in metaphase. This mitotic slippage caused chromosome instability. In human cells, mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) inactivation also invoked mitotic slippage, indicating that TORC1 inactivation-induced mitotic slippage is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. However, the invoked mitotic slippage in human cells was not dependent on APC/C-Cdh1. This study revealed an unexpected involvement of TORC1 in mitosis and provides information on undesirable side effects of the use of TORC1 inhibitors as immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs. Yeast TORC1 inhibition promotes Net1 degradation and Cdc14 release Yeast TORC1 inhibition invokes mitotic slippage in an APC/C-Cdh1-dependent manner Human mTORC1 inhibition also elicits mitotic slippage
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Aya Morooka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Seira Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagai
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Mase
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Most Naoshia Tasnin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Takuma
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakamura
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shamsul Morshed
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Naoki Koike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Md Golam Mostofa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Haruko Katsuta
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ohara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushimaru
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
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5
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Schuyler SC, Chen HY. Using Budding Yeast to Identify Molecules That Block Cancer Cell 'Mitotic Slippage' Only in the Presence of Mitotic Poisons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157985. [PMID: 34360748 PMCID: PMC8347345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has yielded fundamental discoveries on highly conserved biological pathways and yeast remains the best-studied eukaryotic cell in the world. Studies on the mitotic cell cycle and the discovery of cell cycle checkpoints in budding yeast has led to a detailed, although incomplete, understanding of eukaryotic cell cycle progression. In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, uncontrolled aberrant cell division is the defining feature of cancer. Some of the most successful classes of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents are mitotic poisons. Mitotic poisons are thought to function by inducing a mitotic spindle checkpoint-dependent cell cycle arrest, via the assembly of the highly conserved mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), leading to apoptosis. Even in the presence of mitotic poisons, some cancer cells continue cell division via 'mitotic slippage', which may correlate with a cancer becoming refractory to mitotic poison chemotherapeutic treatments. In this review, knowledge about budding yeast cell cycle control is explored to suggest novel potential drug targets, namely, specific regions in the highly conserved anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) subunits Apc1 and/or Apc5, and in a specific N-terminal region in the APC/C co-factor cell division cycle 20 (Cdc20), which may yield molecules which block 'mitotic slippage' only in the presence of mitotic poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-03-211-8800 (ext. 3596)
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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6
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Hino M, Iemura K, Ikeda M, Itoh G, Tanaka K. Chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein CHAMP1 plays a role in cell survival through regulating Mcl-1 expression. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3711-3721. [PMID: 34107118 PMCID: PMC8409433 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimitotic drugs such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes cause mitotic cell death after prolonged mitotic arrest. However, a fraction of cells escape from mitotic arrest by undergoing mitotic slippage, which is related to resistance to antimitotic drugs. Tipping the balance to mitotic cell death thus can be a way to overcome the drug resistance. Here we found that depletion of a mitotic regulator, CHAMP1 (chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein, CAMP), accelerates the timing of mitotic cell death after mitotic arrest. Live cell imaging revealed that CHAMP1-depleted cells died earlier than mock-treated cells in the presence of antimitotic drugs that resulted in the reduction of cells undergoing mitotic slippage. Depletion CHAMP1 reduces the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, especially Mcl-1. We found that CHAMP1 maintains Mcl-1 expression both at protein and mRNA levels independently of the cell cycle. At the protein level, CHAMP1 maintains Mcl-1 stability by suppressing proteasome-dependent degradation. Depletion of CHAMP1 reduces cell viability, and exhibits synergistic effects with antimitotic drugs. Our data suggest that CHAMP1 plays a role in the maintenance of Mcl-1 expression, implying that CHAMP1 can be a target to overcome the resistance to antimitotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Hino
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Serrano-Del Valle A, Reina-Ortiz C, Benedi A, Anel A, Naval J, Marzo I. Future prospects for mitosis-targeted antitumor therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114655. [PMID: 34129859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cell cycle progression is a hallmark of cancer cells. In recent years, efforts have been devoted to the development of new therapies that target proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and mitosis. Novel targeted antimitotic drugs include inhibitors of aurora kinase family, polo-like kinase 1, Mps1, Eg5, CENP-5 and the APC/cyclosome complex. While certain new inhibitors reached the clinical trial stage, most were discontinued due to negative results. However, these therapies should not be readily dismissed. Based on recent advances concerning their mechanisms of action, new strategies could be devised to increase their efficacy and promote further clinical trials. Here we discuss three main lines of action to empower these therapeutic approaches: increasing cell death signals during mitotic arrest, targeting senescent cells and facilitating antitumor immune response through immunogenic cell death (ICD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Reina-Ortiz
- Dept. Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza and IIS Aragón, Spain
| | - Andrea Benedi
- Dept. Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza and IIS Aragón, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Dept. Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza and IIS Aragón, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Dept. Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza and IIS Aragón, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Dept. Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza and IIS Aragón, Spain.
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8
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Connolly P, Garcia-Carpio I, Villunger A. Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036475. [PMID: 31727679 PMCID: PMC7263087 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspases play central roles in mediating both cell death and inflammation. It has more recently become evident that caspases also drive other biological processes. Most prominently, caspases have been shown to be involved in differentiation. Several stem and progenitor cell types rely on caspases to initiate and execute their differentiation processes. These range from neural and glial cells, to skeletal myoblasts and osteoblasts, and several cell types of the hematopoietic system. Beyond differentiation, caspases have also been shown to play roles in other "noncanonical" processes, including cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, thereby contributing to the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis at multiple levels. Remarkably, caspases directly influence the course of the cell cycle in both a positive and negative manner. Caspases both cleave elements of the cell-cycle machinery and are themselves substrates of cell-cycle kinases. Here we aim to summarize the breadth of interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators. We also highlight recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connolly
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Irmina Garcia-Carpio
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna 1090, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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9
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Sosunov A, Wu X, McGovern R, Mikell C, McKhann GM, Goldman JE. Abnormal mitosis in reactive astrocytes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32293551 PMCID: PMC7158149 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although abnormal mitosis with disarranged metaphase chromosomes or many micronuclei in astrocytes (named "Alzheimer I type astrocytes" and later "Creutzfeldt-Peters cells") have been known for nearly 100 years, the origin and mechanisms of this pathology remain elusive. In experimental brain insults in rats, we show that abnormal mitoses that are not followed by cytokinesis are typical for reactive astrocytes. The pathology originates due to the inability of the cells to form normal mitotic spindles with subsequent metaphase chromosome congression, which, in turn may be due to shape constraints aggravated by cellular enlargement and to the accumulation of large amounts of cytosolic proteins. Many astrocytes escape from arrested mitosis by producing micronuclei. These polyploid astrocytes can survive for long periods of time and enter into new cell cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sosunov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St, P&S 15-405, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St, P&S 15-405, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Robert McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Charles Mikell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Guy M. McKhann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St, P&S 15-405, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - James E. Goldman
- Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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10
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Sullivan W. Rockets, gauges, and pendulums: applying engineering principles to cell biology. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 30:1635-1640. [PMID: 31246543 PMCID: PMC6727760 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From flight to radar to Velcro, biological form and function have inspired engineers for centuries. It is equally valuable to consider whether concepts in engineering might provide insights into core biological processes. To explore this idea, cell cycle checkpoints, biological clocks, and signaling pathways are viewed here from an engineering perspective. Engineering concepts covered include gauge error, the distinction between precision and accuracy, and the Taguchi method of robust design. Also discussed is the Pareto principle, which describes the observation that, in complex systems, a minority of the components (or inputs) are responsible for a majority of the outputs. These concepts enable engineers to manage complexity, both in system design and in operation. Thus, with new techniques and large data sets revealing ever-increasing levels of biological complexity, an engineering mindset may be particularly valuable for the study of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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11
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Ruan W, Lim HH, Surana U. Mapping Mitotic Death: Functional Integration of Mitochondria, Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:177. [PMID: 30687704 PMCID: PMC6335265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the mitotic pathways of rapidly proliferating tumor cells has been an effective strategy in traditional cancer therapy. Chemotherapeutics such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, which disrupt microtubule function, have enjoyed clinical success; however, the accompanying side effects, toxicity and multi drug resistance remain as serious concerns. The emerging classes of inhibitors targeting mitotic kinases and proteasome face their own set of challenges. It is hoped that elucidation of the regulatory interface between mitotic checkpoints, mitochondria and mitotic death will aid the development of more efficacious anti-mitotic agents and improved treatment protocols. The links between the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and mitochondrial dynamics that control the progression of anti-mitotic agent-induced apoptosis have been under investigation for several years and the functional integration of these various signaling networks is now beginning to emerge. In this review, we highlight current research on the regulation of SAC, the death pathway and mitochondria with particular focus on their regulatory interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Ruan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Hwa Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lorz A, Botesteanu DA, Levy D. Universal response in the RKO colon cancer cell line to distinct antimitotic therapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8979. [PMID: 29895957 PMCID: PMC5997697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both classic and newer antimitotics commonly induce a prolonged mitotic arrest in cell culture. During arrest, cells predominantly undergo one of two fates: cell death by apoptosis, or mitotic slippage and survival. To refine this binary description, a quantitative understanding of these cell responses is needed. Herein, we propose a quantitative description of the kinetics of colon carcinoma RKO cell fates in response to different antimitotics, using data from the single cell experiments of Gascoigne and Taylor (2008). The mathematical model is calibrated using the in vitro experiments of Gascoigne and Taylor (2008). We show that the time-dependent probability of cell death or slippage is universally identical for monastrol, nocodazole and two different doses of AZ138, but significantly different for taxol. Death and slippage responses across drugs can be characterized by Gamma distributions. We demonstrate numerically that these rates increase with prolonged mitotic arrest. Our model demonstrates that RKO cells exhibit a triphasic response - first, remain in mitosis, then undergo fast and slow transition, respectively- dependent on the length of mitotic arrest and irrespective of cell fate, drug type or dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lorz
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Unité mixte de recherche 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Dana-Adriana Botesteanu
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Discovery ADME, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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13
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Schuyler SC, Wu YFO, Chen HY, Ding YS, Lin CJ, Chu YT, Chen TC, Liao L, Tsai WW, Huang A, Wang LI, Liao TW, Jhuo JH, Cheng V. Peptide inhibitors of the anaphase promoting-complex that cause sensitivity to microtubule poison. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198930. [PMID: 29883473 PMCID: PMC5993284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an interest in identifying Anaphase Promoting-Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitors that lead to sensitivity to microtubule poisons as a strategy for targeting cancer cells. Using budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, peptides derived from the Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2 (Mad2)-binding motif of Cell Division Cycle 20 (Cdc20) were observed to inhibit both Cdc20- and CDC20 Homology 1 (Cdh1)-dependent APC/C activity. Over expression of peptides in vivo led to sensitivity to a microtubule poison and, in a recovery from a microtubule poison arrest, delayed degradation of yeast Securin protein Precocious Dissociation of Sisters 1 (Pds1). Peptides with mutations in the Cdc20 activating KILR-motif still bound APC/C, but lost the ability to inhibit APC/C in vitro and lost the ability to induce sensitivity to a microtubule poison in vivo. Thus, an APC/C binding and activation motif that promotes mitotic progression, namely the Cdc20 KILR-motif, can also function as an APC/C inhibitor when present in excess. Another activator for mitotic progression after recovery from microtubule poison is p31comet, where a yeast predicted open-reading frame YBR296C-A encoding a 39 amino acid predicted protein was identified by homology to p31comet, and named Tiny Yeast Comet 1 (TYC1). Tyc1 over expression resulted in sensitivity to microtubule poison. Tyc1 inhibited both APC/CCdc20 and APC/CCdh1 activities in vitro and bound to APC/C. A homologous peptide derived from human p31comet bound to and inhibited yeast APC/C demonstrating evolutionary retention of these biochemical activities. Cdc20 Mad2-binding motif peptides and Tyc1 disrupted the ability of the co-factors Cdc20 and Cdh1 to bind to APC/C, and co-over expression of both together in vivo resulted in an increased sensitivity to microtubule poison. We hypothesize that Cdc20 Mad2-binding motif peptides, Tyc1 and human hp31 peptide can serve as novel molecular tools for investigating APC/C inhibition that leads to sensitivity to microtubule poison in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yueh-Fu Olivia Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Louis Liao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wei Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Anna Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Liao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hua Jhuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Vivien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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14
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Bolgioni AF, Vittoria MA, Ganem NJ. Long-term Live-cell Imaging to Assess Cell Fate in Response to Paclitaxel. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29806834 DOI: 10.3791/57383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to directly visualize biological phenomena in single cells over extended periods of time. Over the past decade, new and innovative technologies have greatly enhanced the practicality of live-cell imaging. Cells can now be kept in focus and continuously imaged over several days while maintained under 37 °C and 5% CO2 cell culture conditions. Moreover, multiple fields of view representing different experimental conditions can be acquired simultaneously, thus providing high-throughput experimental data. Live-cell imaging provides a significant advantage over fixed-cell imaging by allowing for the direct visualization and temporal quantitation of dynamic cellular events. Live-cell imaging can also identify variation in the behavior of single cells that would otherwise have been missed using population-based assays. Here, we describe live-cell imaging protocols to assess cell fate decisions following treatment with the anti-mitotic drug paclitaxel. We demonstrate methods to visualize whether mitotically arrested cells die directly from mitosis or slip back into interphase. We also describe how the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system can be used to assess the fraction of interphase cells born from mitotic slippage that are capable of re-entering the cell cycle. Finally, we describe a live-cell imaging method to identify nuclear envelope rupture events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Bolgioni
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Marc A Vittoria
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine;
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15
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Haschka M, Karbon G, Fava LL, Villunger A. Perturbing mitosis for anti-cancer therapy: is cell death the only answer? EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45440. [PMID: 29459486 PMCID: PMC5836099 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfering with mitosis for cancer treatment is an old concept that has proven highly successful in the clinics. Microtubule poisons are used to treat patients with different types of blood or solid cancer since more than 20 years, but how these drugs achieve clinical response is still unclear. Arresting cells in mitosis can promote their demise, at least in a petri dish. Yet, at the molecular level, this type of cell death is poorly defined and cancer cells often find ways to escape. The signaling pathways activated can lead to mitotic slippage, cell death, or senescence. Therefore, any attempt to unravel the mechanistic action of microtubule poisons will have to investigate aspects of cell cycle control, cell death initiation in mitosis and after slippage, at single-cell resolution. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling cell death in mitosis or after escape from mitotic arrest, as well as secondary consequences of mitotic errors, particularly sterile inflammation, and finally address the question how clinical efficacy of anti-mitotic drugs may come about and could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Haschka
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Karbon
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca L Fava
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Bonaiuti P, Chiroli E, Gross F, Corno A, Vernieri C, Štefl M, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Knop M, Ciliberto A. Cells Escape an Operational Mitotic Checkpoint through a Stochastic Process. Curr Biol 2017; 28:28-37.e7. [PMID: 29249657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improperly attached chromosomes activate the mitotic checkpoint that arrests cell division before anaphase. Cells can maintain an arrest for several hours but eventually will resume proliferation, a process we refer to as adaptation. Whether adapting cells bypass an active block or whether the block has to be removed to resume proliferation is not clear. Likewise, it is not known whether all cells of a genetically homogeneous population are equally capable to adapt. Here, we show that the mitotic checkpoint is operational when yeast cells adapt and that each cell has the same propensity to adapt. Our results are consistent with a model of the mitotic checkpoint where adaptation is driven by random fluctuations of APC/CCdc20, the molecular species inhibited by the checkpoint. Our data provide a quantitative framework for understanding how cells overcome a constant stimulus that halts cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bonaiuti
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Chiroli
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Fridolin Gross
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Corno
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Vernieri
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Štefl
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 5 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7238 "Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative," UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Knop
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Department of Cell and Tumour Biology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ciliberto
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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17
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Shi J, Mitchison TJ. Cell death response to anti-mitotic drug treatment in cell culture, mouse tumor model and the clinic. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T83-T96. [PMID: 28249963 PMCID: PMC5557680 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-mitotic cancer drugs include classic microtubule-targeting drugs, such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, and the newer spindle-targeting drugs, such as inhibitors of the motor protein; Kinesin-5 (aka KSP, Eg5, KIF11); and Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Polo-like kinases. Microtubule-targeting drugs are among the first line of chemotherapies for a wide spectrum of cancers, but patient responses vary greatly. We still lack understanding of how these drugs achieve a favorable therapeutic index, and why individual patient responses vary. Spindle-targeting drugs have so far shown disappointing results in the clinic, but it is possible that certain patients could benefit if we understand their mechanism of action better. Pre-clinical data from both cell culture and mouse tumor models showed that the cell death response is the most variable point of the drug action. Hence, in this review we focus on current mechanistic understanding of the cell death response to anti-mitotics. We first draw on extensive results from cell culture studies, and then cross-examine them with the more limited data from animal tumor models and the clinic. We end by discussing how cell type variation in cell death response might be harnessed to improve anti-mitotic chemotherapy by better patient stratification, new drug combinations and identification of novel targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Shi
- Department of Physics and Department of BiologyCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Cheng B, Crasta K. Consequences of mitotic slippage for antimicrotubule drug therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T97-T106. [PMID: 28684541 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrotubule agents are commonly utilised as front-line therapies against several malignancies, either by themselves or as combination therapies. Cell-based studies have pinpointed the anti-proliferative basis of action to be a consequence of perturbation of microtubule dynamics leading to sustained activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, prolonged mitotic arrest and mitotic cell death. However, depending on the biological context and cell type, cells may take an alternative route besides mitotic cell death via a process known as mitotic slippage. Here, mitotically arrested cells 'slip' to the next interphase without undergoing proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. These post-slippage cells in turn have two main cell fates, either cell death or a G1 arrest ensuing in senescence. In this review, we take a look at the factors determining mitotic cell death vs mitotic slippage, post-slippage cell fates and accompanying features, and their consequences for antimicrotubule drug treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen Crasta
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore, Singapore
- Department of MedicineImperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Mitotic cell death induction by targeting the mitotic spindle with tubulin-inhibitory indole derivative molecules. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19738-19759. [PMID: 28160569 PMCID: PMC5386718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin-targeting molecules are widely used cancer therapeutic agents. They inhibit microtubule-based structures, including the mitotic spindle, ultimately preventing cell division. The final fates of microtubule-inhibited cells are however often heterogeneous and difficult to predict. While recent work has provided insight into the cell response to inhibitors of microtubule dynamics (taxanes), the cell response to tubulin polymerization inhibitors remains less well characterized. Arylthioindoles (ATIs) are recently developed tubulin inhibitors. We previously identified ATI members that effectively inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro and cancer cell growth in bulk cell viability assays. Here we characterise in depth the response of cancer cell lines to five selected ATIs. We find that all ATIs arrest mitotic progression, yet subsequently yield distinct cell fate profiles in time-lapse recording assays, indicating that molecules endowed with similar tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity in vitro can in fact display differential efficacy in living cells. Individual ATIs induce cytological phenotypes of increasing severity in terms of damage to the mitotic apparatus. That differentially triggers MCL-1 down-regulation and caspase-3 activation, and underlies the terminal fate of treated cells. Collectively, these results contribute to define the cell response to tubulin inhibitors and pinpoint potentially valuable molecules that can increase the molecular diversity of tubulin-targeting agents.
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20
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Lorz A, Botesteanu DA, Levy D. Modeling Cancer Cell Growth Dynamics In vitro in Response to Antimitotic Drug Treatment. Front Oncol 2017; 7:189. [PMID: 28913178 PMCID: PMC5582072 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the role of intrinsic cell heterogeneity emerging from variations in cell-cycle parameters and apoptosis is a crucial step toward better informing drug administration. Antimitotic agents, widely used in chemotherapy, target exclusively proliferative cells and commonly induce a prolonged mitotic arrest followed by cell death via apoptosis. In this paper, we developed a physiologically motivated mathematical framework for describing cancer cell growth dynamics that incorporates the intrinsic heterogeneity in the time individual cells spend in the cell-cycle and apoptosis process. More precisely, our model comprises two age-structured partial differential equations for the proliferative and apoptotic cell compartments and one ordinary differential equation for the quiescent compartment. To reflect the intrinsic cell heterogeneity that governs the growth dynamics, proliferative and apoptotic cells are structured in "age," i.e., the amount of time remaining to be spent in each respective compartment. In our model, we considered an antimitotic drug whose effect on the cellular dynamics is to induce mitotic arrest, extending the average cell-cycle length. The prolonged mitotic arrest induced by the drug can trigger apoptosis if the time a cell will spend in the cell cycle is greater than the mitotic arrest threshold. We studied the drug's effect on the long-term cancer cell growth dynamics using different durations of prolonged mitotic arrest induced by the drug. Our numerical simulations suggest that at confluence and in the absence of the drug, quiescence is the long-term asymptotic behavior emerging from the cancer cell growth dynamics. This pattern is maintained in the presence of small increases in the average cell-cycle length. However, intermediate increases in cell-cycle length markedly decrease the total number of cells and can drive the cancer population to extinction. Intriguingly, a large "switch-on/switch-off" increase in the average cell-cycle length maintains an active cell population in the long term, with oscillating numbers of proliferative cells and a relatively constant quiescent cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lorz
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Dana-Adriana Botesteanu
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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21
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Pedley R, Gilmore AP. Mitosis and mitochondrial priming for apoptosis. Biol Chem 2017; 397:595-605. [PMID: 27016149 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is a period of danger for cells, as inaccurate segregation of chromosomes can lead to loss of cell viability or aneuploidy. In order to protect against these dangers, cells ultimately initiate mitochondrial apoptosis if they are unable to correctly exit mitosis. A number of important chemotherapeutics exploit this response to delayed mitotic exit, but despite this, the molecular mechanism of the apoptotic timer in mitosis has proved elusive. Some recent studies have now shed light on this, showing how passage through the cell cycle fine-tunes a cell's apoptotic sensitivity such that it can respond appropriately when errors arise.
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22
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Wheelock MS, Wynne DJ, Tseng BS, Funabiki H. Dual recognition of chromatin and microtubules by INCENP is important for mitotic progression. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:925-941. [PMID: 28314740 PMCID: PMC5379950 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), composed of inner centromere protein (INCENP), Survivin, Borealin, and the kinase Aurora B, contributes to the activation of the mitotic checkpoint. The regulation of CPC function remains unclear. Here, we reveal that in addition to Survivin and Borealin, the single α-helix (SAH) domain of INCENP supports CPC localization to chromatin and the mitotic checkpoint. The INCENP SAH domain also mediates INCENP's microtubule binding, which is negatively regulated by Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of segments flanking the SAH domain. The microtubule-binding capacity of the SAH domain is important for mitotic arrest in conditions of suppressed microtubule dynamics, and the duration of mitotic arrest dictates the probability, but not the timing, of cell death. Although independent targeting of INCENP to microtubules or the kinetochore/centromere promotes the mitotic checkpoint, it is insufficient for a robust mitotic arrest. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dual recognition of chromatin and microtubules by CPC is important for checkpoint maintenance and determination of cell fate in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wheelock
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - David J Wynne
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628
| | - Boo Shan Tseng
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,The School of Life Sciences, The University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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23
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Kueh HY, Zhu Y, Shi J. A simplified Bcl-2 network model reveals quantitative determinants of cell-to-cell variation in sensitivity to anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36585. [PMID: 27811996 PMCID: PMC5095668 DOI: 10.1038/srep36585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-mitotic drugs constitute a major class of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics used in the clinic, killing cancer cells by inducing prolonged mitotic arrest that activates intrinsic apoptosis. Anti-mitotics-induced apoptosis is known to involve degradation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins during mitotic arrest; however, it remains unclear how this mechanism accounts for significant heterogeneity observed in the cell death responses both within and between cancer cell types. To unravel quantitative determinants underlying variability in anti-mitotic drug response, we constructed a single-cell dynamical Bcl-2 network model describing cell death control during mitotic arrest, and constrained the model using experimental data from four representative cancer cell lines. The modeling analysis revealed that, given a variable, slowly accumulating pro-apoptotic signal arising from anti-apoptotic protein degradation, generation of a switch-like apoptotic response requires formation of pro-apoptotic Bak complexes with hundreds of subunits, suggesting a crucial role for high-order cooperativity. Moreover, we found that cell-type variation in susceptibility to drug-induced mitotic death arises primarily from differential expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 relative to Bak. The dependence of anti-mitotic drug response on Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 that we derived from the modeling analysis provides a quantitative measure to predict sensitivity of distinct cancer cells to anti-mitotic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan Kueh
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Zhou W, Xu J, Gelston E, Wu X, Zou Z, Wang B, Zeng Y, Wang H, Liu A, Xu L, Liu Q. Inhibition of Bcl-xL overcomes polyploidy resistance and leads to apoptotic cell death in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21557-71. [PMID: 26188358 PMCID: PMC4673286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecular inhibitors or drugs targeting specific molecular alterations are widely used in clinic cancer therapy. Despite the success of targeted therapy, the development of drug resistance remains a challenging problem. Identifying drug resistance mechanisms for targeted therapy is an area of intense investigation, and recent evidence indicates that cellular polyploidy may be involved. Here, we demonstrate that the cell cycle kinase inhibitor, Oxindole-1 (Ox-1), induces mitotic slippage, causing resistant polyploidy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Indeed, Ox-1 decreases the kinase activity of CDK1 (CDC2)/cyclin B1, leading to inhibition of Bcl-xL phosphorylation and subsequent resistance to apoptosis. Addition of ABT-263, a Bcl-2 family inhibitor, to Ox-1, or the other polyploidy-inducer, ZM447439 (ZM), produces a synergistic loss of cell viability with greater sustained tumor growth inhibition in AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, exhibited synergistic inhibition of cell growth in combination with Ox-1 or ZM. These data demonstrate that Bcl-xL is a key factor in polyploidization resistance in AML, and that suppression of Bcl-xL by ABT-263, or siRNAs, may hold therapeutic utility in drug-resistant polyploid AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Elise Gelston
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Xing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunxin Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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25
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Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic control of single-cell fates in cancer and stem/progenitor cell pedigrees with competing risks analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27100. [PMID: 27250534 PMCID: PMC4890426 DOI: 10.1038/srep27100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular control of cell fate and behaviour is a central theme in biology. Inherent heterogeneity within cell populations requires that control of cell fate is studied at the single-cell level. Time-lapse imaging and single-cell tracking are powerful technologies for acquiring cell lifetime data, allowing quantification of how cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors control single-cell fates over time. However, cell lifetime data contain complex features. Competing cell fates, censoring, and the possible inter-dependence of competing fates, currently present challenges to modelling cell lifetime data. Thus far such features are largely ignored, resulting in loss of data and introducing a source of bias. Here we show that competing risks and concordance statistics, previously applied to clinical data and the study of genetic influences on life events in twins, respectively, can be used to quantify intrinsic and extrinsic control of single-cell fates. Using these statistics we demonstrate that 1) breast cancer cell fate after chemotherapy is dependent on p53 genotype; 2) granulocyte macrophage progenitors and their differentiated progeny have concordant fates; and 3) cytokines promote self-renewal of cardiac mesenchymal stem cells by symmetric divisions. Therefore, competing risks and concordance statistics provide a robust and unbiased approach for evaluating hypotheses at the single-cell level.
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26
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Sloss O, Topham C, Diez M, Taylor S. Mcl-1 dynamics influence mitotic slippage and death in mitosis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5176-92. [PMID: 26769847 PMCID: PMC4868679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-binding drugs such as taxol are frontline treatments for a variety of cancers but exactly how they yield patient benefit is unclear. In cell culture, inhibiting microtubule dynamics prevents spindle assembly, leading to mitotic arrest followed by either apoptosis in mitosis or slippage, whereby a cell returns to interphase without dividing. Myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family central to the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, is degraded during a prolonged mitotic arrest and may therefore act as a mitotic death timer. Consistently, we show that blocking proteasome-mediated degradation inhibits taxol-induced mitotic apoptosis in a Mcl-1-dependent manner. However, this degradation does not require the activity of either APC/C-Cdc20, FBW7 or MULE, three separate E3 ubiquitin ligases implicated in targeting Mcl-1 for degradation. This therefore challenges the notion that Mcl-1 undergoes regulated degradation during mitosis. We also show that Mcl-1 is continuously synthesized during mitosis and that blocking protein synthesis accelerates taxol induced death-in-mitosis. Modulating Mcl-1 levels also influences slippage; overexpressing Mcl-1 extends the time from mitotic entry to mitotic exit in the presence of taxol, while inhibiting Mcl-1 accelerates it. We suggest that Mcl-1 competes with Cyclin B1 for binding to components of the proteolysis machinery, thereby slowing down the slow degradation of Cyclin B1 responsible for slippage. Thus, modulating Mcl-1 dynamics influences both death-in-mitosis and slippage. However, because mitotic degradation of Mcl-1 appears not to be under the control of an E3 ligase, we suggest that the notion of network crosstalk is used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sloss
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Topham
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Present Address: School of Environment & Life Sciences, Cockcroft Building, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Diez
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Present Address: School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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27
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Defective sister chromatid cohesion is synthetically lethal with impaired APC/C function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8399. [PMID: 26423134 PMCID: PMC4600715 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS) is caused by defective DDX11, a DNA helicase that is essential for chromatid cohesion. Here, a paired genome-wide siRNA screen in patient-derived cell lines reveals that WABS cells do not tolerate partial depletion of individual APC/C subunits or the spindle checkpoint inhibitor p31comet. A combination of reduced cohesion and impaired APC/C function also leads to fatal mitotic arrest in diploid RPE1 cells. Moreover, WABS cell lines, and several cancer cell lines with cohesion defects, display a highly increased response to a new cell-permeable APC/C inhibitor, apcin, but not to the spindle poison paclitaxel. Synthetic lethality of APC/C inhibition and cohesion defects strictly depends on a functional mitotic spindle checkpoint as well as on intact microtubule pulling forces. This indicates that the underlying mechanism involves cohesion fatigue in response to mitotic delay, leading to spindle checkpoint re-activation and lethal mitotic arrest. Our results point to APC/C inhibitors as promising therapeutic agents targeting cohesion-defective cancers. Cohesion is associated with many forms of cancer. De Lange et al. show that such cohesion defects can sensitise cells to apoptosis in response to a new APC/C ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, by prolonging mitotic arrest and checkpoint activation due to cohesion fatigue.
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28
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Marcus JM, Burke RT, DeSisto JA, Landesman Y, Orth JD. Longitudinal tracking of single live cancer cells to understand cell cycle effects of the nuclear export inhibitor, selinexor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14391. [PMID: 26399741 PMCID: PMC4585873 DOI: 10.1038/srep14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal tracking is a powerful approach to understand the biology of single cells. In cancer therapy, outcome is determined at the molecular and cellular scale, yet relationships between cellular response and cell fate are often unknown. The selective inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor, is in development for the treatment of various cancers. Selinexor covalently binds exportin-1, causing nuclear sequestration of cargo proteins, including key regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis. The cell cycle effects of selinexor and the relationships between cell cycle effects and cell fates, has not been described for individual cells. Using fluorescent cell cycle indicators we report the majority of cell death after selinexor treatment occurs from a protracted G1-phase and early S-phase. G1- or early S-phase treated cells show the strongest response and either die or arrest, while those treated in late S- or G2-phase progress to mitosis and divide. Importantly, the progeny of cell divisions also die or arrest, mostly in the next G1-phase. Cells that survive selinexor are negative for multiple proliferation biomarkers, indicating a penetrant, arrested state. Selinexor acts quickly, shows strong cell cycle selectivity, and is highly effective at arresting cell growth and inducing death in cancer-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Marcus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Russell T Burke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - John A DeSisto
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Ave., Newton, MA 02459
| | - James D Orth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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29
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Topham C, Tighe A, Ly P, Bennett A, Sloss O, Nelson L, Ridgway RA, Huels D, Littler S, Schandl C, Sun Y, Bechi B, Procter DJ, Sansom OJ, Cleveland DW, Taylor SS. MYC Is a Major Determinant of Mitotic Cell Fate. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:129-40. [PMID: 26175417 PMCID: PMC4518499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taxol and other antimitotic agents are frontline chemotherapy agents but the mechanisms responsible for patient benefit remain unclear. Following a genome-wide siRNA screen, we identified the oncogenic transcription factor Myc as a taxol sensitizer. Using time-lapse imaging to correlate mitotic behavior with cell fate, we show that Myc sensitizes cells to mitotic blockers and agents that accelerate mitotic progression. Myc achieves this by upregulating a cluster of redundant pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins and suppressing pro-survival Bcl-xL. Gene expression analysis of breast cancers indicates that taxane responses correlate positively with Myc and negatively with Bcl-xL. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of Bcl-xL restores apoptosis in Myc-deficient cells. These results open up opportunities for biomarkers and combination therapies that could enhance traditional and second-generation antimitotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Topham
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony Tighe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peter Ly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ailsa Bennett
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Olivia Sloss
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Louisa Nelson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61BD, UK
| | - David Huels
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61BD, UK
| | - Samantha Littler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Claudia Schandl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ying Sun
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beatrice Bechi
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61BD, UK
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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30
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Haschka MD, Soratroi C, Kirschnek S, Häcker G, Hilbe R, Geley S, Villunger A, Fava LL. The NOXA-MCL1-BIM axis defines lifespan on extended mitotic arrest. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6891. [PMID: 25922916 PMCID: PMC4423218 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death on extended mitotic arrest is considered arguably most critical for the efficacy of microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) in anticancer therapy. While the molecular machinery controlling mitotic arrest on MTA treatment, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), appears well defined, the molecular components executing cell death, as well as factors connecting both networks remain poorly understood. Here we conduct a mini screen exploring systematically the contribution of individual BCL2 family proteins at single cell resolution to death on extended mitotic arrest, and demonstrate that the mitotic phosphorylation of BCL2 and BCLX represent a priming event for apoptosis that is ultimately triggered by NOXA-dependent MCL1 degradation, enabling BIM-dependent cell death. Our findings provide a comprehensive model for the initiation of apoptosis in cells stalled in mitosis and provide a molecular basis for the increased efficacy of combinatorial treatment of cancer cells using MTAs and BH3 mimetics. Cells experiencing extended mitotic arrest often undergo cell death as a result of steadily declining levels of the apoptotic inhibitor MCL1, but the mechanism controlling this process is poorly understood. Here, Haschka et al. show that the BH3-only protein NOXA promotes the degradation of MCL1, enabling BIM-dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Haschka
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Soratroi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca L Fava
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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Diaz-Martinez LA, Yu H. The complexity of life and death decisions in mitosis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e969658. [PMID: 27308420 PMCID: PMC4904892 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.969658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer drug taxol stabilizes microtubules and activates the spindle checkpoint, causing prolonged mitotic arrest in cancer cells. Our recent work suggests that the cellular decision to live or die following mitotic arrest is a complex process involving crosstalk between competing apoptotic and adaptation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Diaz-Martinez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pharmacology ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pharmacology ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas, TX USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca L Fava
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Díaz-Martínez LA, Karamysheva ZN, Warrington R, Li B, Wei S, Xie XJ, Roth MG, Yu H. Genome-wide siRNA screen reveals coupling between mitotic apoptosis and adaptation. EMBO J 2014; 33:1960-76. [PMID: 25024437 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201487826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimitotic anti-cancer drugs, including taxol, perturb spindle dynamics, and induce prolonged, spindle checkpoint-dependent mitotic arrest in cancer cells. These cells then either undergo apoptosis triggered by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or exit mitosis without proper cell division in an adaptation pathway. Using a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in taxol-treated HeLa cells, we systematically identify components of the mitotic apoptosis and adaptation pathways. We show that the Mad2 inhibitor p31(comet) actively promotes mitotic adaptation through cyclin B1 degradation and has a minor separate function in suppressing apoptosis. Conversely, the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member, Noxa, is a critical initiator of mitotic cell death. Unexpectedly, the upstream components of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 contribute to mitotic adaption. Our results reveal crosstalk between the apoptosis and adaptation pathways during mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zemfira N Karamysheva
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ross Warrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Center for Biostatistics and Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael G Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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34
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Kippner LE, Kim J, Gibson G, Kemp ML. Single cell transcriptional analysis reveals novel innate immune cell types. PeerJ 2014; 2:e452. [PMID: 25024920 PMCID: PMC4081288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda E. Kippner
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinhee Kim
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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Abstract
Current anti-cancer therapies have a great deal of undesirable side effects; therefore, there is a need to develop efficient and cancer cell-specific new drugs without strong dose-limiting side effects. In my opinion, mechanisms of nuclear assembly and organization represent a novel platform for drug targets, which might fulfill these criteria. The nuclear stiffness and organization of some cancer types are often compromised, making them more vulnerable for further targeting the mechanisms of nuclear integrity than their normal counterparts. Here I will discuss the nuclear organization of normal cells and cancer cells, the molecular mechanisms that govern nuclear assembly with emphasis on those that, in my view, might be considered as targets for future anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás Gorjánácz
- Bayer Pharma AG; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals; Global Drug Discovery; Therapeutic Research Group Oncology; Berlin, Germany
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36
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Gutiérrez-González A, Belda-Iniesta C, Bargiela-Iparraguirre J, Dominguez G, García Alfonso P, Perona R, Sanchez-Perez I. Targeting Chk2 improves gastric cancer chemotherapy by impairing DNA damage repair. Apoptosis 2013; 18:347-60. [PMID: 23271172 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our results demonstrate that the addition of cisplatin after paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest was more effective than individual treatment on gastric adenocarcinoma cells (MKN45). However, the treatment did not induce benefits in cells derived from lymph node metastasis (ST2957). Time-lapse microscopy revealed that cell death was caused by mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis induction, as the use of the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk decreased cell death. We propose that the molecular mechanism mediating this cell fate is a slippage suffered by these cells, given that our Western blot (WB) analysis revealed premature cyclin B degradation. This resulted in the cell exiting from mitosis without undergoing DNA damage repair, as demonstrated by the strong phosphorylation of H2AX. A comet assay indicated that DNA repair was impaired, and Western blotting showed that the Chk2 protein was degraded after sequential treatment (paclitaxel-cisplatin). Based on these results, the modulation of cell death during mitosis may be an effective strategy for gastric cancer therapy.
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37
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Collin P, Nashchekina O, Walker R, Pines J. The spindle assembly checkpoint works like a rheostat rather than a toggle switch. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1378-85. [PMID: 24096242 PMCID: PMC3836401 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is essential in mammalian mitosis to ensure the equal segregation of sister chromatids. The SAC generates a mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) to prevent the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) from targeting key mitotic regulators for destruction until all of the chromosomes have attached to the mitotic apparatus. A single unattached kinetochore can delay anaphase for several hours, but how it is able to block the APC/C throughout the cell is not understood. Present concepts of the SAC posit that either it exhibits an all-or-nothing response or there is a minimum threshold sufficient to block the APC/C (ref. 7). Here, we have used gene targeting to measure SAC activity, and find that it does not have an all-or-nothing response. Instead, the strength of the SAC depends on the amount of MAD2 recruited to kinetochores and on the amount of MCC formed. Furthermore, we show that different drugs activate the SAC to different extents, which may be relevant to their efficacy in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Collin
- The Gurdon Institute, and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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38
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Schnerch D, Follo M, Felthaus J, Engelhardt M, Wäsch R. The 3' untranslated region of the cyclin B mRNA is not sufficient to enhance the synthesis of cyclin B during a mitotic block in human cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74379. [PMID: 24058555 PMCID: PMC3772928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimitotic agents are frequently used to treat solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, one major limitation of antimitotic approaches is mitotic slippage, which is driven by slow degradation of cyclin B during a mitotic block. The extent to which cyclin B levels decline is proposed to be governed by an equilibrium between cyclin B synthesis and degradation. It was recently shown that the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the murine cyclin B mRNA contributes to the synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis in murine cells. Using a novel live-cell imaging-based technique allowing us to study synthesis and degradation of cyclin B simultaneously at the single cell level, we tested here the role of the human cyclin B 3'UTR in regulating cyclin B synthesis during mitosis in human cells. We observed that the cyclin B 3'UTR was not sufficient to enhance cyclin B synthesis in human U2Os, HeLa or hTERT RPE-1 cells. A better understanding of how the equilibrium of cyclin B is regulated in mitosis may contribute to the development of improved therapeutic approaches to prevent mitotic slippage in cancer cells treated with antimitotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schnerch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Felthaus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Engelhardt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Wäsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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39
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Topham CH, Taylor SS. Mitosis and apoptosis: how is the balance set? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:780-5. [PMID: 23890995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-mitotic agents are used extensively during cancer chemotherapy. These agents target microtubules and thus block mitotic progression by activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Following a prolonged mitotic arrest, cells either die in mitosis via apoptosis, or exit mitosis without dividing and survive, a process known as slippage. What dictates the balance between these two fates is unclear, but recent advances highlight the importance of the pro-survival Bcl2 family, with Mcl1 degradation emerging as a key determinant of mitotic cell fate. Here we review these advances, with a view towards identifying how the balance between apoptosis and slippage can be tipped in favour of death. This in turn may open up new opportunities to sensitize cancer cells to anti-mitotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Topham
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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40
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Rohena CC, Peng J, Johnson TA, Crews P, Mooberry SL. Chemically diverse microtubule stabilizing agents initiate distinct mitotic defects and dysregulated expression of key mitotic kinases. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1104-14. [PMID: 23399639 PMCID: PMC3661198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule stabilizers are some of the most successful drugs used in the treatment of adult solid tumors and yet the molecular events responsible for their antimitotic actions are not well defined. The mitotic events initiated by three structurally and biologically diverse microtubule stabilizers; taccalonolide AJ, laulimalide/fijianolide B and paclitaxel were studied. These microtubule stabilizers cause the formation of aberrant, but structurally distinct mitotic spindles leading to the hypothesis that they differentially affect mitotic signaling. Each microtubule stabilizer initiated different patterns of expression of key mitotic signaling proteins. Taccalonolide AJ causes centrosome separation and disjunction failure to a much greater extent than paclitaxel or laulimalide, which is consistent with the distinct defects in expression and activation of Plk1 and Eg5 caused by each stabilizer. Localization studies revealed that TPX2 and Aurora A are associated with each spindle aster formed by each stabilizer. This suggests a common mechanism of aster formation. However, taccalonolide AJ also causes pericentrin accumulation on every spindle aster. The presence of pericentrin at every spindle aster initiated by taccalonolide AJ might facilitate the maintenance and stability of the highly focused asters formed by this stabilizer. Laulimalide and paclitaxel cause completely different patterns of expression and activation of these proteins, as well as phenotypically different spindle phenotypes. Delineating how diverse microtubule stabilizers affect mitotic signaling pathways could identify key proteins involved in modulating sensitivity and resistance to the antimitotic actions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C. Rohena
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tyler A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Susan L. Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
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41
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Abstract
The timing of a cellular event often hides critical information on the process leading to the event. Our ability to measure event times in single cells along with other quantities allow us to learn about the drivers of the timed process and its downstream effects. In this review, we cover different types of events that have been timed in single cells, methods to time such events and types of analysis that have been applied to event timings. We show how different timing distributions suggest different natures for the process. The statistical relations between the timing of different events may reveal how their respective processes are related biologically: Do they occur in sequence or in parallel? Are they independent or inter-dependent? Finally, quantifying morphological and molecular variables may help assess their contribution to the timing of an event and its related process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Yurkovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Cheung MT, Ramalingam R, Lau KK, Chiang MW, Chiu S, Cheung H, Lam Y. Cell type-dependent effects of andrographolide on human cancer cell lines. Life Sci 2012; 91:751-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sakurikar N, Eichhorn JM, Chambers TC. Cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (Cdk1)/cyclin B1 dictates cell fate after mitotic arrest via phosphoregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39193-204. [PMID: 22965228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing model suggests that cell fate after mitotic arrest depends on two independent and competing networks that control cyclin B1 degradation and the generation of death signals. However, recent evidence for Cdk1/cyclin B1-mediated phosphorylation and inactivation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins suggests the existence of significant cross-talk and interdependence between these pathways. Further, the nature of the mitotic death signals has remained elusive. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that fate after mitotic arrest is dictated by the robustness of Cdk1/cyclin B1 signaling to Bcl-2 proteins and to identify signals that may represent a mitotic death signature. We show that when treated with Taxol, slippage-resistant HT29 colon carcinoma cells display robust Cdk1 activity and extensive Mcl-1/Bcl-x(L) phosphorylation and die in mitosis, whereas slippage-prone DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells display weak Cdk1 activity and partial and transient Mcl-1/Bcl-x(L) phosphorylation and die in subsequent interphase or survive. Furthermore, modulation of this signaling axis, either by inhibition of Cdk1 in slippage-resistant HT29 or by enforcing mitotic arrest in slippage-prone DLD-1 cells, evokes a switch in fate, indicating that the strength of Cdk1 signaling to Bcl-2 proteins is a key determinant of outcome. These findings provide novel insight into the pathways that regulate mitotic death, suggest that the robustness of these signaling events may be useful as a marker to define susceptibility to antimitotic drugs, and encourage a revision in the current model describing fate after mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Sakurikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Cheng NC, Hsieh TH, Wang YT, Lai CC, Chang CK, Lin MY, Huang DW, Tjiu JW, Huang SL. Cell death detection by quantitative three-dimensional single-cell tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2111-20. [PMID: 23024905 PMCID: PMC3447553 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UR-OCT) has been used for the first time to our knowledge to study single-cell basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in vitro. This noninvasive, in situ, label-free technique with deep imaging depth enables three-dimensional analysis of scattering properties of single cells with cellular spatial resolution. From three-dimensional UR-OCT imaging, live and dead BCC cells can be easily identified based on morphological observation. We developed a novel method to automatically extract characteristic parameters of a single cell from data volume, and quantitative comparison and parametric analysis were performed. The results demonstrate the capability of UR-OCT to detect cell death at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ta Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Wei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Tjiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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45
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Duffy KR, Hodgkin PD. Intracellular competition for fates in the immune system. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:457-64. [PMID: 22727035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During an adaptive immune response, lymphocytes proliferate for five to 20 generations, differentiating to take on effector functions, before cessation and cell death become dominant. Recent experimental methodologies enable direct observation of individual lymphocytes and the times at which they adopt fates. Data from these experiments reveal diversity in fate selection, heterogeneity and involved correlation structures in times to fate, as well as considerable familial correlations. Despite the significant complexity, these data are consistent with the simple hypothesis that each cell possesses autonomous processes, subject to temporal competition, leading to each fate. This article addresses the evidence for this hypothesis, its hallmarks, and, should it be an appropriate description of a cell system, its ramifications for manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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Wong M, Tan N, Zha J, Peale FV, Yue P, Fairbrother WJ, Belmont LD. Navitoclax (ABT-263) reduces Bcl-x(L)-mediated chemoresistance in ovarian cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1026-35. [PMID: 22302098 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To examine the potential of combining Bcl-2 family inhibitors with chemotherapy in ovarian cancer, we evaluated a panel of 27 ovarian cancer cell lines for response to the combination of navitoclax (formerly ABT-263) and paclitaxel or gemcitabine. The majority of cell lines exhibited a greater than additive response to either combination, as determined by the Bliss independence model, and more than 50% of the ovarian cell lines exhibited strong synergy for the navitoclax/paclitaxel combination. To identify biomarkers for tumors likely to respond to this combination, we evaluated the protein levels of intrinsic apoptosis pathway components. Bcl-x(L) seems necessary, but not sufficient, for navitoclax/paclitaxel synergy in vitro, suggesting that exclusion of patients whose tumors have low or undetectable Bcl-x(L) would enrich for patients responsive to the combination. We evaluated Bcl-x(L) levels in ovarian cancer tumor tissue from 40 patients (20 taxane responsive and 20 with poor response to taxane) and found that patients with high Bcl-x(L) were less sensitive to taxane treatment (10 of 12) Bcl-x(L) positive patients, P = 0.014). These data support the use of navitoclax in combination with taxane-based therapy in ovarian cancer patients with high levels of Bcl-x(L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wong
- Molecular Diagnostics and Cancer Cell Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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47
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Cell fate after mitotic arrest in different tumor cells is determined by the balance between slippage and apoptotic threshold. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:384-93. [PMID: 22178383 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule poisons and other anti-mitotic drugs induce tumor death but the molecular events linking mitotic arrest to cell death are still not fully understood. We have analyzed cell fate after mitotic arrest produced by the microtubule-destabilizing drug vincristine in a panel of human tumor cell lines showing different response to vincristine. In Jurkat, RPMI 8226 and HeLa cells, apoptosis was triggered shortly after vincristine-induced mitotic arrest. However, A549 cells, which express a great amount of Bcl-x(L) and undetectable amounts of Bak, underwent mitotic slippage prior to cell death. However, when Bcl-x(L) gene was silenced in A549 cells, vincristine induced apoptosis during mitotic arrest. Another different behavior was found in MiaPaca2 cells, where vincristine caused death by mitotic catastrophe that switched to apoptosis when cyclin B1 degradation was prevented by proteasome inhibition. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) or silencing Bax and Bak expression delayed the onset of apoptosis in Jurkat and RPMI 8226 cells, enabling mitotic slippage and endoreduplication. In HeLa cells, overexpression of Bcl-x(L) switched cell death from apoptosis to mitotic catastrophe. Mcl-1 offered limited protection to vincristine-induced cell death and Mcl-1 degradation was not essential for vincristine-induced death. All these results, taken together, indicate that the Bcl-x(L)/Bak ratio and the ability to degrade cyclin B1 determine cell fate after mitotic arrest in the different tumor cell types.
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48
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Temporal competition between differentiation programs determines cell fate choice. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 7:557. [PMID: 22146301 PMCID: PMC3737729 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent differentiation, where cells adopt one of several possible fates, occurs in diverse systems ranging from bacteria to mammals. This decision-making process is driven by multiple differentiation programs that operate simultaneously in the cell. How these programs interact to govern cell fate choice is poorly understood. To investigate this issue, we simultaneously measured activities of the competing sporulation and competence programs in single Bacillus subtilis cells. This approach revealed that these competing differentiation programs progress independently without cross-regulation before the decision point. Cells seem to arrive at a fate choice through differences in the relative timing between the two programs. To test this proposed dynamic mechanism, we altered the relative timing by engineering artificial cross-regulation between the sporulation and competence circuits. Results suggest a simple model that does not require a checkpoint or intricate cross-regulation before cellular decision-making. Rather, cell fate choice appears to be the outcome of a 'molecular race' between differentiation programs that compete in time, providing a simple dynamic mechanism for decision-making.
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49
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Abstract
Anti-mitotic chemotherapeutic agents such as taxanes activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to arrest anaphase onset, but taxane-exposed cells eventually undergo slippage to exit mitosis. The therapeutic efficacy of taxanes depends on whether slippage after SAC arrest culminates in continued cell survival, or in death by apoptosis. However, the mechanisms that determine these outcomes remain unclear. Here, we identify a novel role for cyclin G1 (CCNG1), an atypical cyclin. Increased CCNG1 expression accompanies paclitaxel-induced, SAC-mediated mitotic arrest, independent of p53 integrity or signaling through the SAC component, BUBR1. CCNG1 overexpression promotes cell survival after paclitaxel exposure. Conversely, CCNG1 depletion by RNA interference delays slippage and enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Consistent with these observations, CCNG1 amplification is associated with significantly shorter post-surgical survival in patients with ovarian cancer who have received adjuvant chemotherapy with taxanes and platinum compounds. Collectively, our findings implicate CCNG1 in regulating slippage and the outcome of taxane-induced mitotic arrest, with potential implications for cancer therapy.
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50
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Wurzenberger C, Gerlich DW. Phosphatases: providing safe passage through mitotic exit. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:469-82. [PMID: 21750572 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitosis-to-interphase transition involves dramatic cellular reorganization from a state that supports chromosome segregation to a state that complies with all functions of an interphase cell. This process, termed mitotic exit, depends on the removal of mitotic phosphorylations from a broad range of substrates. Mitotic exit regulation involves inactivation of mitotic kinases and activation of counteracting protein phosphatases. The key mitotic exit phosphatase in budding yeast, Cdc14, is now well understood. By contrast, in animal cells, it is now emerging that mitotic exit relies on distinct regulatory networks, including the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wurzenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), HPM D11.3, Schafmattstrasse 18, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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