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Xiao Y, Chen Y, Pietzner A, Elbelt U, Fan Z, Weylandt KH. Circulating Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Coronary Heart Disease: Pooled Analysis of 36 Observational Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1610. [PMID: 38892543 PMCID: PMC11174367 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has shown potential benefits in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD); however, the impact of omega-3 fatty acid levels on CHD risk remains a subject of debate. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between n-3 PUFA levels and the risk of CHD, with particular reference to the subtypes of n-3 PUFA. METHODS Prospective studies and retrospective case-control studies analyzing n-3 PUFA levels in CHD, published up to 30 July 2022, were selected. A random effects meta-analysis was used for pooled assessment, with relative risks (RRs) expressed as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and standardized mean differences expressed as weight mean differences (WMDs). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to assess the impact of n-3 PUFA exposure interval on the CHD subtype variables of the study. RESULTS We included 20 prospective studies (cohort and nested case-control) and 16 retrospective case-control studies, in which n-3 PUFAs were measured. Higher levels of n-3 PUFAs (ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA, EPA + DHA, total n-3 PUFAs) were associated with a reduced risk of CHD, with RRs (95% CI) of 0.89 (0.81, 0.98), 0.83 (0.72, 0.96); 0.80 (0.67,0.95), 0.75 (0.64, 0.87), 0.83 (0.73, 0.95), and 0.80 (0.70, 0.93), respectively, p < 0.05. CHD patients had significantly lower n-3 PUFA levels compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, a significant inverse trend was found for both fatal CHD and non-fatal CHD with n-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA) levels. Also, the link between n-3 PUFA levels in erythrocytes with total CHD was generally stronger than other lipid pools. CONCLUSIONS n-3 PUFAs are significantly related to CHD risk, and these findings support the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Pingxiang People’s Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Pingxiang 337000, China;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yifang Chen
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Pietzner
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Karsten H. Weylandt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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Liang H, Mu HB, Zhang FH, Li WQ, Li GC, Li WD, Liang M, He ZL. Causal relationship between linoleic acid and type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1277153. [PMID: 38075067 PMCID: PMC10703485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1277153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the causal relationships between linoleic acid and type 2 diabetes, and between linoleic acid and glycemic traits in European populations. Methods This study employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach to infer causality between linoleic acid and type 2 diabetes, as well as between linoleic acid and glycemic traits, leveraging genetic variations. Data were sourced from genome-wide association study summary datasets. Random-effects inverse-variance weighted, weighted median, and MR-Egger methods were used for the two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. Results were presented as odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess result robustness. Results MR findings indicated a correlation between linoleic acid levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), but not with fasting insulin. Specifically: type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.811, 95% CI: 0.688-0.956, P=0.013<0.05),fasting blood glucose (β_IVW): -0.056, 95% CI: (-0.091,-0.021), P=0.002< 0.0125), glycated hemoglobin (β_IVW: -0.032, 95% CI: (-0.048,-0.015), P=0.0002< 0.0125) and Fasting insulin (β_IVW: -0.024, 95% CI: (-0.056,-0.008), P=0.136 >0.05).Reverse MR analyses showed a correlation between type 2 diabetes and reduced levels of linoleic acid (β_IVW: -0.033, 95% CI: (-0.059,-0.006), P=0.014<0.05). Multiple sensitivity analyses also detected study heterogeneity but found no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy. Conclusion High levels linoleic acid can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin, but has no significant relation with fasting insulin. Type 2 diabetes can lower linoleic acid levels; however, no significant causal relationship was observed between the three glycemic traits and reduced levels of linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Bo Mu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fei-Hu Zhang
- Centre for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- Centre for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Chen Li
- Centre for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Tai’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tai’an, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Tai’an First People's Hospital, Tai’an, China
| | - Zeng-Lin He
- School of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Luan M, Wang J, Liang K, Li B, Liu K. Association between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and stroke in US adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES 2007-2018. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293893. [PMID: 37971997 PMCID: PMC10653462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and the risk of stroke is subject to debate. The primary objective of the present research was to establish the correlation in a large sample of American adults. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018, the association of the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids with stroke events was analyzed in a sample of 29,459 adults. The intake of n3 and n6 fatty acids intake was assessed though two 24-h dietary recalls. Stroke outcomes were identified based on the responses provided in self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression was fitted to evaluate the correlation of dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake with stroke events. RESULTS Subjects in the highest tertile (T3) of dietary n3 (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49-0.93), n6 (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45-0.95) fatty acids intake were found to have obviously lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest tertile (T1), but the n6:n3 ratio was not found to be associated with a stroke event. Results from stratified analysis demonstrated that dietary n3 fatty acids had an inverse correlation of stroke in both male and female, but dietary n6 fatty acids only had this correlation in male. Moreover, findings were made that the interaction was significant in terms of age in the subgroup analysis, and the negative relationship between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and stroke event were particularly pronounced among participants aged ≥60. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that increased dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake correlated with a lower risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Luan
- General Practice Department of Medicine, 960th Hospital People’s Liberation Army of China Joint Logist Support Force, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Public Health Department, Weihai Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, China
| | - Kun Liang
- General Practice Department of Medicine, 960th Hospital People’s Liberation Army of China Joint Logist Support Force, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Zhangcun Town Health Center in Huancui District, Weihai, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- General Practice Department of Medicine, 960th Hospital People’s Liberation Army of China Joint Logist Support Force, Jinan, China
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Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A, Ghods K, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37632423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2251583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Emadi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghods
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Saleh AA, Soliman MM, Yousef MF, Eweedah NM, El-Sawy HB, Shukry M, Wadaan MAM, Kim IH, Cho S, Eltahan HM. Effects of herbal supplements on milk production quality and specific blood parameters in heat-stressed early lactating cows. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180539. [PMID: 37332736 PMCID: PMC10274320 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the influence of supplemental herbal mixtures on cow milk production, quality, and blood parameters in dairy cows under high ambient temperatures. Thirty Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of 10 each. The first control group was supplied with the commercial basal diet, whereas two treatment groups were provided with the commercial basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 g/head/day of the herbal mixture, respectively. The results showed that the mixture of herbal supplementation did not influence weekly milk production. Milk total fat, triglyceride, and total protein values were not affected (p < 0.05) in cows fed on basal diets supplemented with herbal mixture; however, milk cholesterol was decreased significantly by 100 mg/head/day of the herbal mixture. On the other hand, lactose has increased significantly by adding 100 mg/head/day of herbal mixture. Furthermore, the total cholesterol level in serum was decreased by adding 100 mg/head/day of the herbal mixture, while plasma prolactin, cortisol, GOT, and GPT were unaffected. Regarding fatty acids (C18, C18:1 (c9), 18:1 (c11), 18:2 (c9, c12), 18:2 (t9, t12), and CLA (c9, t11)), there was no significant variation between the groups. Meanwhile, both C19:00 and 18:3 (c6, c9, and c12) were noticeably higher (p < 0.05) in the group that received 100gm, followed by 50 mg, compared to the control. In conclusion, the supplement with a herbal mixture positively affected milk quality by decreasing total cholesterol and increasing lactose, milk fatty acid profile by increasing unsaturated fatty acids content, and plasma cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Soliman
- Departments of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Farid Yousef
- Departments of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Nabil Mohammed Eweedah
- Departments of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hanan Basiouni El-Sawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. M. Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - In Ho Kim
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossam M. Eltahan
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt
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Park ME, Choi HA, Kim HU. Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 overexpression increases ɑ-linolenic acid content in Camelina sativa seeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7143. [PMID: 37130939 PMCID: PMC10154323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil crop with a short growing period, resistance to drought and cold, low fertilizer requirements, and can be transformed using floral dipping. Seeds have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA), at 32-38%. ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a substrate for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human body. In this study, ALA content was further enhanced by the seed-specific expression of Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 (PfFAD3-1) in camelina. The ALA content increased up to 48% in T2 seeds and 50% in T3 seeds. Additionally, size of the seeds increased. The expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in PfFAD3-1 OE transgenic lines was different from that in the wild type, where the expression of CsFAD2 decreased and CsFAD3 increased. In summary, we developed a high omega-3 fatty acid-containing camelina with up to 50% ALA content by introducing PfFAD3-1. This line can be used for genetic engineering to obtain EPA and DHA from seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-A Choi
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Balas L, Dey SK, Béraud-Dufour S, Riechers DE, Landau OA, Bertrand-Michel J, Durand T, Blondeau N. Linotrins: Omega-3 oxylipins featuring an E,Z,E conjugated triene motif are present in the plant kingdom and alleviate inflammation in LPS-challenged microglial cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Reza AHMM, Zhu X, Qin J, Tang Y. Microalgae-Derived Health Supplements to Therapeutic Shifts: Redox-Based Study Opportunities with AIE-Based Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101223. [PMID: 34468087 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules, serve the normal signaling in different cell types. Targeting ROS as the chemical signals, different stress based strategies have been developed to synthesis different anti-inflammatory molecules in microalgae. These molecules could be utilized as health supplements in human. To provoke the ROS-mediated defence systems, their connotation with the associated conditions must be well understood, therefore, proper tools for studying ROS in natural state are essential. The in vivo detection of ROS with phosphorescent probes offers promising opportunities to study these molecules in a non-invasive manner. Most of the common problems in the traditional fluorescent probes are lower photostability, excitation intensity, slow responsiveness, and the microenvironment that challenge their performance. Some ROS-specific aggregationinduced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with pronounced spatial and temporal resolution have recently demonstrated high selectivity, rapid responsiveness, and efficacies to resolve the aggregation-caused quenching issues. The nanocomposites of some AIE-photosensitizers can also improve the ROS-mediated photodynamic therapy. These AIEgens could be used to induce bioactive components in microalgae through altering the ROS signaling, therefore are more auspicious for biomedical research. This study reviews the prospects of AIEgen-based technologies to understand the ROS mediated bio-physiological processes in microalgae for better healthcare benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. M. Mohsinul Reza
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology Medical Device Research Institute College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Xiaochen Zhu
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology Medical Device Research Institute College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Jianguang Qin
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Youhong Tang
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology Medical Device Research Institute College of Science and Engineering Flinders University South Australia 5042 Australia
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Yuan Q, Xie F, Huang W, Hu M, Yan Q, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Liu L. The review of alpha-linolenic acid: Sources, metabolism, and pharmacology. Phytother Res 2021; 36:164-188. [PMID: 34553434 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) is a carboxylic acid composed of 18 carbon atoms and three cis double bonds, and is an essential fatty acid indispensable to the human body. This study aims to systematically review related studies on the dietary sources, metabolism, and pharmacological effects of ALA. Information on ALA was collected from the internet database PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and Europe PMC using a combination of keywords including "pharmacology," "metabolism," "sources." The following findings are mainly contained. (a) ALA can only be ingested from food and then converted into eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the body. (b) This conversion process is relatively limited and affected by many factors such as dose, gender, and disease. (c) Pharmacological research shows that ALA has the anti-metabolic syndrome, anticancer, antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, neuroprotection, and regulation of the intestinal flora properties. (d) There are the most studies that prove ALA has anti-metabolic syndrome effects, including experimental studies and clinical trials. (e) The therapeutic effect of ALA will be affected by the dosage. In short, ALA is expected to treat many diseases, but further high quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Yuan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Hanyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yaan, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qilu Yan
- Hanyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yaan, China
| | - Zemou Chen
- Hanyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yaan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Long-term dietary supplementation with plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid improves outcome in experimental ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis 2021; 325:89-98. [PMID: 33915355 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Early revascularization -the gold standard therapy for ischemic stroke- is often withheld in the elderly population due to high risk of complications. Thus, safe and effective preventive and therapeutic options are needed. The plant-derived omega-3-fatty-acid alpha-linolenic-acid (ALA) has emerged as a novel cardiovascular-protective agent. As of yet, little is known about its potential therapeutic effects on stroke. We hereby aimed to investigate the impact of a clinically relevant long-term dietary intervention with ALA on stroke outcome. METHODS Six month-old C57BL/6 wildtype males were either fed an ALA-rich (high ALA) or a control diet (low ALA) for 12 months. At 18 months, brain ischemia/reperfusion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Stroke size and neurological function were assessed. Functional blood-brain-barrier-(BBB) permeability and protein expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Baseline inflammatory markers were measured at 18 months. RESULTS High ALA-fed animals displayed decreased circulating TNF-α levels and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratios at 18 months. Stroke size and neurological dysfunction were significantly reduced in high ALA-fed animals. Coherently to the reduced stroke size, functional BBB integrity and occludin endothelial expression were maintained by high ALA supplementation. Additionally, ALA reduced endothelial activation and thus recruitment and activation of macrophages and resident microglia. Finally, high ALA diet reduced the expression of BBB-degrading and neurotoxic MMP-3 and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the beneficial effects of a clinically relevant and feasible dietary intervention with a safe and readily available compound in the setting of stroke. The protective effects observed with ALA supplementation may relate to blunting of inflammation and might pave the way for novel stroke treatments.
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Abstract
Several countries have issued dietary recommendations about total and specific fatty acid (FA) intake for the prevention of CHD. For many years until today, controversies have existed especially about the deleterious effect or not of SFA, and the protective effect or not of n-3 PUFA, so that some authors have criticised these recommendations. There are many reasons for these controversies, including the different conclusions of prospective cohort studies compared with randomised clinical trials (RCT), and the contradictory conclusions of meta-analyses depending on the quality, number and type of studies included. The interrelationships between different FA in the diet make it difficult to analyse the specific effect of a particular class of FA on CHD. Furthermore, based on clinical practice and effectiveness of population-based prevention, it is very difficult at the individual level to assess in personal dietary intake the actual percentage and/or amount of SFA contained in each meal or consumed daily/weekly. In this critical narrative review, we try to answer the question of whether it would not be more relevant, in 2020, to promote dietary patterns, rather than FA intake recommendations. We critically analyse past and recent data on the association of FA with CHD, then propose that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet should be revitalised for Westerners and Asian populations, respectively. This does not exclude the usefulness of continuing research about effects of FA towards CHD, and accepting that what seems true today might be revised, at least partially tomorrow.
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Free Fatty Acids and Their Inflammatory Derivatives Affect BDNF in Stroke Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6676247. [PMID: 33343231 PMCID: PMC7728491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6676247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects poststroke functional outcome, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. Its level is related to the diet and nutritional status, and more specifically, it is free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids that can have an impact on the BDNF level. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential impact of FFAs and eicosanoids on the BDNF level in stroke patients. Material and Methods. Seventy-three ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Laboratory tests were performed in all subjects, including the levels of FFAs, eicosanoids, and BDNF. FFAs and inflammatory metabolites were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, while BDNF was evaluated by the immune-enzymatic method (ELISA). Results The plasma level of BDNF negatively correlated with C22:1n9 13 erucic acid, C18:3n3 linolenic acid (ALA), and lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4. A direct association was observed in relation to BDNF and C16:1 palmitoleic acid and C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA)). Conclusions Saturated fatty acids and omega-3 and omega-9 erucic acids can affect signaling in the BDNF synthesis resulting in the decrease in BDNF. There is a beneficial effect of DGLA on the BDNF level, while the effect of ALA on BDNF can be inhibitory. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators can play a role in the BDNF metabolism. BDNF can interact with inflammation as the risk factor in the cardiovascular disorders, including stroke.
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Mangwe M, Bryant R, Gregorini P. Rumen Fermentation and Fatty Acid Composition of Milk of Mid Lactating Dairy Cows Grazing Chicory and Ryegrass. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E169. [PMID: 31963810 PMCID: PMC7023442 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of the current study were to investigate the effects of including chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) into the traditional feeding regime of ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens L.), and time of its allocation on milk production, rumen fermentation, and FA composition of milk and rumen digesta of dairy cows. Nine groups of four cows were allocated one of three replicated feeding regimes: (1) ryegrass/white clover only (RGWC), (2) ryegrass/white clover + morning allocation of chicory (CHAM), and (3) ryegrass/white clover + afternoon allocation of chicory (CHPM). One cow per group had a rumen cannulae fitted. Treatment did not affect total grazing time or estimated dry matter intake, but cows ruminated more when fed RGWC than chicory. Allocating chicory in the afternoon elevated milk production compared with RGWC and CHAM. Milk from cows grazing chicory contained greater concentrations of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) such as C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and C18:2 c9, 12 than those on RGWC. As with milk, rumen digesta concentration of PUFA increased when cows grazed on chicory rather than RGWC, which corresponded with lower concentrations of intermediate vaccenic and biohydrogenation end-product stearic acid for cows grazing on chicory. Mean ruminal pH was lower for cows offered chicory than those on RGWC, reflecting greater rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) for cows fed chicory. Allocating chicory during the afternoon is a useful strategy that can translate to improved milk production. The lower rumen pH, lower concentration of vaccenic and stearic acids, and elevated concentration of PUFA in the rumen of cows fed chicory suggest reduced biohydrogenation and may explain the elevated concentration of PUFA in the milk of cows fed chicory compared with those fed RGWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancoba Mangwe
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 7647 Canterbury, New Zealand; (R.B.); (P.G.)
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Intake of α-linolenic acid is not consistently associated with a lower risk of peripheral artery disease: results from a Danish cohort study. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:86-92. [PMID: 31006418 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intake of the plant-derived n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been associated with anti-atherosclerotic properties. However, information on the association between ALA intake and development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is lacking. In this follow-up study, we investigated the association between dietary intake of ALA and the rate of PAD among middle-aged Danish men and women enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. Incident PAD cases were identified through the Danish National Patient Register. Intake of ALA was assessed using a validated FFQ. Statistical analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard regression allowing for separate baseline hazards among sexes and adjusted for established risk factors for PAD. During a median of 13·6 years of follow-up, we identified 950 valid cases of PAD with complete information on covariates. The median energy-adjusted ALA intake within the cohort was 1·76 g/d (95 % central range: 0·94-3·28). In multivariable analyses, we found no statistically significant association between intake of ALA and the rate of PAD (P = 0·339). Also, no statistically significant associations were observed in analyses including additional adjustment for co-morbidities and in sex-specific analyses. In supplemental analyses with additional adjustment for potential dietary risk factors, we found a weak inverse association of PAD with ALA intake above the median, but the association was not statistically significant (P = 0·314). In conclusion, dietary intake of ALA was not consistently associated with decreased risk of PAD.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071467. [PMID: 31252664 PMCID: PMC6682946 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. It has been suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be associated with a lower risk ischemic stroke, but this has been far less studied than their role for coronary heart disease. In this paper, we summarize the main findings from previous follow-up studies investigating associations between intake or biomarkers of the major PUFAs including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), marine n-3 PUFAs and linoleic acid (LA) and the development of ischemic stroke. Several follow-up studies have suggested that marine n-3 PUFAs may be associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke although results have not been consistent and limited knowledge exist on the individual marine n-3 PUFAs and ischemic stroke and its subtypes. The role of ALA is less clear, but most studies have not supported that ALA is appreciably associated with ischemic stroke risk. Some studies have supported that LA might be associated with a lower risk of total ischemic stroke, while limited evidence exist on PUFAs and ischemic stroke subtypes. The associations may depend on the macronutrients that PUFAs replace and this substitution aspect together with focus on dietary patterns represent interesting areas for future research.
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Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment Reduces the Contusion and Prevents the Development of Anxiety-Like Behavior Induced by a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:187-200. [PMID: 28844093 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately, 1.7 million Americans suffer a TBI annually and TBI is a major cause of death and disability. The majority of the TBI cases are of the mild type and while most patients recover completely from mild TBI (mTBI) about 10% result in persistent symptoms and some result in lifelong disability. Anxiety disorders are the second most common diagnosis post-TBI. Of note, TBI-induced anxiety disorders are difficult to treat and remain a chronic condition suggesting that new therapies are needed. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that a mild TBI induced an anxiety-like phenotype, a key feature of the human condition, associated with loss of GABAergic interneurons and hyperexcitability in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in rodents 7 and 30 days after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. We now confirm that animals display significantly increased anxiety-like behavior 30 days after CCI. The anxiety-like behavior was associated with a significant loss of GABAergic interneurons and significant reductions in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and miniature GABAA-receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the BLA. Significantly, subchronic treatment with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) after CCI prevents the development of anxiety-like behavior, the loss of GABAergic interneurons, hyperexcitability in the BLA and reduces the impact injury. Taken together, administration of ALA after CCI is a potent therapy against the neuropathology and pathophysiological effects of mTBI in the BLA.
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Abstract
n-3 PUFA may exert favourable effects on several processes that may inhibit the atherosclerotic process. However, the role of n-3 PUFA in lowering the risk of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) has been fiercely debated. In the present paper, we summarise the main findings from previous follow-up studies of intake and studies using adipose tissue as an objective biomarker to investigate exposure to n-3 PUFA in relation to ASCVD risk and discuss some perspectives for further research. The majority of previous studies investigating intake of marine- and plant-based n-3 PUFA have focused on CHD while other ASCVD such as ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease have been less studied. However, recent data from Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort suggest that marine n-3 PUFA may be inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis. The effect of the plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid on ASCVD is less clear and several gaps in the literature remain to be explored.
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Bork CS, Venø SK, Lundbye-Christensen S, Jakobsen MU, Tjønneland A, Calder PC, Overvad K, Schmidt EB. Adipose tissue content of alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke subtypes: A Danish case-cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198927. [PMID: 29889889 PMCID: PMC5995395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We have investigated associations between the content of ALA in adipose tissue and the risk of ischemic stroke and its subtypes. METHODS Incident cases of ischemic stroke among participants enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort (n = 57,053) were identified by linkage with the Danish National Patient Register. Subsequently, all potential cases were validated and classified into ischemic stroke subtypes. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography in cases and in a randomly drawn sub-cohort (n = 3500). Statistical analyses were performed using weighted Cox regression. RESULTS During a median of 13.4 years of follow-up, 1735 cases of total ischemic stroke were identified including 297 cases of large artery atherosclerosis, 772 cases of small-vessel occlusion, 99 cases of cardio-embolism, 91 cases with stroke of other etiology and 476 cases with stroke of undetermined etiology. The median content of ALA in adipose tissue within the sub-cohort was 0.84% (95% central range: 0.53-1.19%). Multivariable analyses showed a U-shaped association between adipose tissue content of ALA and the rate of total ischemic stroke, but this association was not statistically significant (p = 0.172). In analyses of ischemic stroke subtypes, we observed a statistically significant U-shaped association between ALA and the rate of ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (p = 0.017), whereas no appreciable association was observed between ALA and the rate of small-vessel occlusion (p = 0.427). A positive but statistically non-significant association was observed between ALA and the rate of ischemic stroke due to cardio-embolism (p = 0.162). CONCLUSIONS The content of ALA in adipose tissue was statistically non-significantly U-shaped associated with risk of total ischemic stroke. For ischemic stroke subtypes a statistically significant, U-shaped association with large artery atherosclerosis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sørensen Bork
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stine Krogh Venø
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Berg Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Bork CS, Venø SK, Lundbye-Christensen S, Jakobsen MU, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K. Dietary Intake of α-Linolenic Acid Is Not Appreciably Associated with Risk of Ischemic Stroke among Middle-Aged Danish Men and Women. J Nutr 2018; 148:952-958. [PMID: 29767732 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of the plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Objective We have investigated the associations between dietary intake of ALA and the risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke subtypes. Methods This was a follow-up study. A total of 57,053 participants aged 50-64 y were enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. Intake of ALA was assessed by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Potential incident cases of ischemic stroke were identified in the Danish National Patient Register, validated, and classified into subtypes based on assumed etiology. Statistical analyses were performed via Cox proportional hazard regression with adjustment for established ischemic stroke risk factors. Results A total of 1859 ischemic stroke cases were identified during a median of 13.5 y of follow-up. In multivariable analyses using restricted cubic splines adjusting for traditional risk factors for ischemic stroke, we observed no clear associations between dietary intake of ALA and the risk of total ischemic stroke or any of its subtypes including ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke due to small-vessel occlusion, and ischemic stroke due to cardio-embolism. Conclusion Dietary intake of ALA was neither consistently nor appreciably associated with the risk of ischemic stroke or ischemic stroke subtypes among middle-aged Danish men and women. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03258983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Bork
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine K Venø
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, and Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne U Jakobsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Erik B Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, and Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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The association and dose–response relationship between dietary intake of α-linolenic acid and risk of CHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:83-89. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious studies show inconsistent associations between α-linolenic acid (ALA) and risk of CHD. We aimed to examine an aggregate association between ALA intake and risk of CHD, and assess for any dose–response relationship. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for prospective cohort studies examining associations between ALA intake and CHD, including composite CHD and fatal CHD. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models, comparing the highest category of ALA intake with the lowest across studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on study design, geographic region, age and sex. For dose–response analyses, we used two-stage random-effects dose–response models. In all, fourteen studies of thirteen cohorts were identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that higher ALA intake was associated with modest reduced risk of composite CHD (risk ratios (RR)=0·91; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·97) and fatal CHD (RR=0·85; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·96). The analysis showed a J-shaped relationship between ALA intake and relative risk of composite CHD (χ2=21·95, P<0·001). Compared with people without ALA intake, only people with ALA intake <1·4 g/d showed reduced risk of composite CHD. ALA intake was linearly associated with fatal CHD – every 1 g/d increase in ALA intake was associated with a 12 % decrease in fatal CHD risk (95 % CI −0·21, −0·04). Though a higher dietary ALA intake was associated with reduced risk of composite and fatal CHD, the excess composite CHD risk at higher ALA intakes warrants further investigation, especially through randomised controlled trials.
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Insight into the contribution of isoprostanoids to the health effects of omega 3 PUFAs. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:111-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nguyen HN, Miyagawa N, Miura K, Okuda N, Yoshita K, Arai Y, Nakagawa H, Sakata K, Ojima T, Kadota A, Takashima N, Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Abbott RD, Okamura T, Okayama A, Ueshima H. Dietary tofu intake and long-term risk of death from stroke in a general population. Clin Nutr 2016; 37:182-188. [PMID: 27979412 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Although dietary soy intake is linked with health benefits, a relation with stroke has not been established. The present study examined the association between the intake of tofu, the richest source of dietary soy, with stroke mortality in a general population cohort of Japanese men and women. METHODS Data comprise 9244 Japanese enrolled in the National Nutrition Survey of Japan in 1980. Participants were free of cardiovascular disease and followed for 24 years. Dietary intake was estimated from 3-day weighed food records. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios across levels of tofu intake. RESULTS During follow-up, there were 417 deaths due to stroke (88 cerebral hemorrhage [CH], 245 cerebral infarction [CI], and 84 of other subtypes). Among all men, and in women aged 65 years or more, tofu intake was unrelated to each form of stroke. For young women (<65 years of age), a significantly lower risk of CH in the top versus bottom quartile of tofu intake was observed (Multivariable-adjusted HR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.85). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study with long follow-up of Japanese men and women, consumption of tofu was unrelated to the risk of stroke except for CH in women <65 years of age. Whether the association in younger women is real or due to chance alone warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho N Nguyen
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nagako Okuda
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yoshita
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arai
- Department of Nutrition, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakata
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ojima
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert D Abbott
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Okayama
- Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Bork CS, Jakobsen MU, Lundbye-Christensen S, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K. Dietary intake and adipose tissue content of α-linolenic acid and risk of myocardial infarction: a Danish cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:41-8. [PMID: 27169831 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of the plant-derived ω-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3; n-3) may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but the results of previous studies have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake of ALA, adipose tissue content of ALA, and risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI). DESIGN A total of 57,053 participants, aged 50-64 y, were enrolled in the prospective Danish cohort study Diet, Cancer and Health between 1993 and 1997. Dietary intake of ALA was assessed with the use of a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in the full cohort, whereas the adipose tissue content of ALA was determined with the use of gas chromatography in all incident MI cases and in a random sex-stratified sample of the total cohort (n = 3500). RESULTS During a median of 17 y of follow-up, we identified 2177 male and 912 female cases of MI. After appropriate exclusions, we included 2124 men and 854 women for analyses of dietary intake of ALA, whereas 1994 men and 770 women were included in the analysis of the adipose tissue content of ALA. In multivariate analyses that were conducted with the use of restricted cubic splines and adjusted for established CHD risk factors, weak positive associations in men and weak U-shaped associations in women were shown between both dietary intake and the adipose tissue content of ALA and risk of MI, but these associations were not statistically significant. Additional adjustments for dietary factors did not influence the observed associations numerically. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ALA has no appreciable association with risk of incident MI in either men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne U Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Aalborg AF Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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Associations of serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA and hair mercury with the risk of incident stroke in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD). Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1851-9. [PMID: 26991769 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PUFA have been associated with lower risk of CVD, but less is known about their association with stroke risk. Fish, a major source of n-3 PUFA, may also contain methylmercury, which has been associated with higher risk of CVD and attenuation of the benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA. We investigated the associations of serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA and hair Hg with risk of stroke in men. A total of 1828 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42-60 years and free of CVD at baseline in 1984-1989 were studied. Cox regression models were used for the analyses. During the mean follow-up of 21·2 years, 202 stroke cases occurred, of which 153 were ischaemic strokes. After adjustment for age and examination year, the only statistically significant association among the n-3 and n-6 PUFA was observed between the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid and risk of haemorrhagic stroke (hazard ratio in the highest v. the lowest quartile 0·33; 95 % CI 0·13, 0·86; P trend=0·03). However, further adjustments attenuated the association to statistically non-significant. Hair Hg was not associated with stroke risk, but among those with hair Hg above the median level, higher serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentrations were associated with a higher risk of ischaemic stroke. In our cohort of men, serum n-3 or n-6 PUFA or hair Hg were not associated with stroke risk; however, the interaction between Hg and long-chain n-3 PUFA with regard to ischaemic stroke risk warrants further investigation.
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Morris MC, Brockman J, Schneider JA, Wang Y, Bennett DA, Tangney CC, van de Rest O. Association of Seafood Consumption, Brain Mercury Level, and APOE ε4 Status With Brain Neuropathology in Older Adults. JAMA 2016; 315:489-97. [PMID: 26836731 PMCID: PMC5460535 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.19451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Seafood consumption is promoted for its many health benefits even though its contamination by mercury, a known neurotoxin, is a growing concern. OBJECTIVE To determine whether seafood consumption is correlated with increased brain mercury levels and also whether seafood consumption or brain mercury levels are correlated with brain neuropathologies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analyses of deceased participants in the Memory and Aging Project clinical neuropathological cohort study, 2004-2013. Participants resided in Chicago retirement communities and subsidized housing. The study included 286 autopsied brains of 554 deceased participants (51.6%). The mean (SD) age at death was 89.9 (6.1) years, 67% (193) were women, and the mean (SD) educational attainment was 14.6 (2.7) years. EXPOSURES Seafood intake was first measured by a food frequency questionnaire at a mean of 4.5 years before death. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Dementia-related pathologies assessed were Alzheimer disease, Lewy bodies, and the number of macroinfarcts and microinfarcts. Dietary consumption of seafood and n-3 fatty acids was annually assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in the years before death. Tissue concentrations of mercury and selenium were measured using instrumental neutron activation analyses. RESULTS Among the 286 autopsied brains of 544 participants, brain mercury levels were positively correlated with the number of seafood meals consumed per week (ρ = 0.16; P = .02). In models adjusted for age, sex, education, and total energy intake, seafood consumption (≥ 1 meal[s]/week) was significantly correlated with less Alzheimer disease pathology including lower density of neuritic plaques (β = -0.69 score units [95% CI, -1.34 to -0.04]), less severe and widespread neurofibrillary tangles (β = -0.77 score units [95% CI, -1.52 to -0.02]), and lower neuropathologically defined Alzheimer disease (β = -0.53 score units [95% CI, -0.96 to -0.10]) but only among apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) carriers. Higher intake levels of α-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) were correlated with lower odds of cerebral macroinfarctions (odds ratio for tertiles 3 vs 1, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.27 to 0.94]). Fish oil supplementation had no statistically significant correlation with any neuropathologic marker. Higher brain concentrations of mercury were not significantly correlated with increased levels of brain neuropathology. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In cross-sectional analyses, moderate seafood consumption was correlated with lesser Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Although seafood consumption was also correlated with higher brain levels of mercury, these levels were not correlated with brain neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Clare Morris
- Section on Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois4Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois5Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yamin Wang
- Section on Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois4Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christy C Tangney
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Blondeau N. The nutraceutical potential of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid in reducing the consequences of stroke. Biochimie 2015; 120:49-55. [PMID: 26092420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a worldwide major cause of mortality and morbidity. Preclinical studies have identified over 1000 molecules with brain-protective properties. More than 200 clinical trials have evaluated neuroprotective candidates for ischemic stroke yet, to date almost all failed, leading to a re-analysis of treatment strategies against stroke. An emerging view is to seek combinatory therapy, or discovering molecules able to stimulate multiple protective and regenerative mechanisms. A pertinent experimental approach to identify such candidates is the study of brain preconditioning, which refers to how the brain protects itself against ischemia and others stress-inducing stimuli. The recent discovery that nutrients like alpha-linolenic acid (ALA is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid required as part of our daily diet), may be an efficient brain preconditionner against stroke fosters the novel concept of brain preconditioning by nutraceuticals. This review stresses the underestimated role of nutrition in preventing and combating stroke. Although there is a consensus that increased consumption of salt, fatty foods and alcoholic beverages may promote pathologies like hypertension, obesity and alcoholism - all of which are well known risk factors of stroke - few risk factors are attributed to a deficiency in an essential nutrient in the diet. The ALA deficiency observed in the Western modern diets may itself constitute a risk factor. This review outlines how ALA supplementation by modification of the daily diet prevented mortality and cerebral damage in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. It also describes the pleiotropic ability of ALA to trigger responses that are multicellular, mechanistically diverse, resulting in neuronal protection, stimulation of neuroplasticity, and brain artery vasodilation. Overall, this review proposes a promising therapeutic opportunity by integrating a nutritional-based approach focusing on enriching the daily diet in ALA to prevent the devastating damage caused by stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France; CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France.
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No positive influence of ingesting chia seed oil on human running performance. Nutrients 2015; 7:3666-76. [PMID: 25988762 PMCID: PMC4446772 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Runners (n = 24) reported to the laboratory in an overnight fasted state at 8:00 am on two occasions separated by at least two weeks. After providing a blood sample at 8:00 am, subjects ingested 0.5 liters flavored water alone or 0.5 liters water with 7 kcal kg−1 chia seed oil (random order), provided another blood sample at 8:30 am, and then started running to exhaustion (~70% VO2max). Additional blood samples were collected immediately post- and 1-h post-exercise. Despite elevations in plasma alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) during the chia seed oil (337%) versus water trial (35%) (70.8 ± 8.6, 20.3 ± 1.8 μg mL−1, respectively, p < 0.001), run time to exhaustion did not differ between trials (1.86 ± 0.10, 1.91 ± 0.13 h, p = 0.577, respectively). No trial differences were found for respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (0.92 ± 0.01), oxygen consumption, ventilation, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and plasma glucose and blood lactate. Significant post-run increases were measured for total leukocyte counts, plasma cortisol, and plasma cytokines (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Tumor necrosis factors-α (TNF-α)), with no trial differences. Chia seed oil supplementation compared to water alone in overnight fasted runners before and during prolonged, intensive running caused an elevation in plasma ALA, but did not enhance run time to exhaustion, alter RER, or counter elevations in cortisol and inflammatory outcome measures.
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Alpha-linolenic acid: an omega-3 fatty acid with neuroprotective properties-ready for use in the stroke clinic? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:519830. [PMID: 25789320 PMCID: PMC4350958 DOI: 10.1155/2015/519830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is plant-based essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet. This could explain in part why the severe deficiency in omega-3 intake pointed by numerous epidemiologic studies may increase the brain's vulnerability representing an important risk factor in the development and/or deterioration of certain cardio- and neuropathologies. The roles of ALA in neurological disorders remain unclear, especially in stroke that is a leading cause of death. We and others have identified ALA as a potential nutraceutical to protect the brain from stroke, characterized by its pleiotropic effects in neuroprotection, vasodilation of brain arteries, and neuroplasticity. This review highlights how chronic administration of ALA protects against rodent models of hypoxic-ischemic injury and exerts an anti-depressant-like activity, effects that likely involve multiple mechanisms in brain, and may be applied in stroke prevention. One major effect may be through an increase in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a widely expressed protein in brain that plays critical roles in neuronal maintenance, and learning and memory. Understanding the precise roles of ALA in neurological disorders will provide the underpinnings for the development of new therapies for patients and families who could be devastated by these disorders.
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Sarikaya H, Ferro J, Arnold M. Stroke Prevention - Medical and Lifestyle Measures. Eur Neurol 2015; 73:150-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000367652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fleming JA, Kris-Etherton PM. The evidence for α-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease benefits: Comparisons with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:863S-76S. [PMID: 25398754 PMCID: PMC4224228 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) has advanced markedly during the past decade. It is now evident that ALA benefits CVD risk. The expansion of the ALA evidence base has occurred in parallel with ongoing research on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and CVD. The available evidence enables comparisons to be made for ALA vs. EPA + DHA for CVD risk reduction. The epidemiologic evidence suggests comparable benefits of plant-based and marine-derived n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs. The clinical trial evidence for ALA is not as extensive; however, there have been CVD event benefits reported. Those that have been reported for EPA + DHA are stronger because only EPA + DHA differed between the treatment and control groups, whereas in the ALA studies there were diet differences beyond ALA between the treatment and control groups. Despite this, the evidence suggests many comparable CVD benefits of ALA vs. EPA + DHA. Thus, we believe that it is time to revisit what the contemporary dietary recommendation should be for ALA to decrease the risk of CVD. Our perspective is that increasing dietary ALA will decrease CVD risk; however, randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to confirm this and to determine what the recommendation should be. With a stronger evidence base, the nutrition community will be better positioned to revise the dietary recommendation for ALA for CVD risk reduction.
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Plasma phospholipid and dietary α-linolenic acid, mortality, CHD and stroke: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1206-13. [PMID: 25159901 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that long-chain n-3 fatty acids derived from seafood are associated with a lower risk of mortality, CHD and stroke. Whether α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 : 3n-3), a plant-derived long-chain essential n-3 fatty acid, is associated with a lower risk of these outcomes is unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of plasma phospholipid and dietary ALA with the risk of mortality, CHD and stroke among older adults who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a cohort study of adults aged ≥ 65 years. A total of 2709 participants were included in the plasma phospholipid ALA analysis and 2583 participants were included in the dietary ALA analysis. Cox regression was used to assess the associations of plasma phospholipid and dietary ALA with the risk of mortality, incident CHD and stroke. In minimally and multivariable-adjusted models, plasma phospholipid ALA was found to be not associated with the risk of mortality, incident CHD or stroke. After adjustment for age, sex, race, enrolment site, education, smoking status, diabetes, BMI, alcohol consumption, treated hypertension and total energy intake, higher dietary ALA intake was found to be associated with a lower risk of total and non-cardiovascular mortality; on comparing the highest quintiles of dietary ALA with the lowest quintiles, the HR for total mortality and non-cardiovascular mortality were found to be 0·73 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·88) and 0·64 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·80), respectively. Dietary ALA was found to be not associated with the risk of cardiovascular mortality, incident CHD or stroke. In conclusion, the results of the present suggest study that dietary ALA, but not plasma phospholipid ALA, is associated with a lower risk of total and non-cardiovascular mortality in older adults.
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Schwab U, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Haldorsson TI, Riserus U, Uusitupa M, Becker W. Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer: a systematic review. Food Nutr Res 2014; 58:25145. [PMID: 25045347 PMCID: PMC4095759 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of both the amount and quality of dietary fat have been studied intensively during the past decades. Previously, low-fat diets were recommended without much attention to the quality of fat, whereas there is general emphasis on the quality of fat in current guidelines. The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to assess the evidence of an effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on body weight (BW), risk factors, and risk of non-communicable diseases, that is, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and cancer in healthy subjects or subjects at risk for these diseases. This work was performed in the process of updating the fourth edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations from 2004. The literature search was performed in October 2010 covering articles published since January 2000. A complementary search was done in February 2012 covering literature until December 2011. Two authors independently selected articles for inclusion from a total of about 16,000 abstracts according to predefined criteria. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and prospective cohort studies (PCS) were included as well as nested case-control studies. A few retrospective case-control studies were also included when limited or no data were available from other study types. Altogether 607 articles were quality graded and the observed effects in these papers were summarized. Convincing evidence was found that partial replacement of saturated fat (SFA) with polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) or monounsaturated fat (MUFA) lowers fasting serum/plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The evidence was probable for a decreasing effect of fish oil on concentration of serum/plasma total triglycerides as compared with MUFA. Beneficial effect of MUFA both on insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma/serum insulin concentration was considered as probable in comparisons of MUFA and carbohydrates versus SFA, whereas no effect was found on fasting glucose concentration in these comparisons. There was probable evidence for a moderate direct association between total fat intake and BW. Furthermore, there was convincing evidence that partial replacement of SFA with PUFA decreases the risk of CVD, especially in men. This finding was supported by an association with biomarkers of PUFA intake; the evidence of a beneficial effect of dietary total PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and linoleic acid (LA) on CVD mortality was limited suggestive. Evidence for a direct association between total fat intake and risk of T2DM was inconclusive, whereas there was limited-suggestive evidence from biomarker studies that LA is inversely associated with the risk of T2DM. However, there was limited-suggestive evidence in biomarker studies that odd-chain SFA found in milk fat and fish may be inversely related to T2DM, but these associations have not been supported by controlled studies. The evidence for an association between dietary n-3 PUFA and T2DM was inconclusive. Evidence for effects of fat on major types of cancer was inconclusive regarding both the amount and quality of dietary fat, except for prostate cancer where there was limited-suggestive evidence for an inverse association with intake of ALA and for ovarian cancer for which there was limited-suggestive evidence for a positive association with intake of SFA. This SR reviewed a large number of studies focusing on several different health outcomes. The time period covered by the search may not have allowed obtaining the full picture of the evidence in all areas covered by this SR. However, several SRs and meta-analyses that covered studies published before year 2000 were evaluated, which adds confidence to the results. Many of the investigated questions remain unresolved, mainly because of few studies on certain outcomes, conflicting results from studies, and lack of high quality-controlled studies. There is thus an evident need of highly controlled RCT and PCS with sufficient number of subjects and long enough duration, specifically regarding the effects of the amount and quality of dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, T2DM, low-grade inflammation, and blood pressure. New metabolic and other potential risk markers and utilization of new methodology in the area of lipid metabolism may provide new insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Tholstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorhallur I. Haldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland & University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Riserus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
The intake of the mainly plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of CHD. However, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD. Potential effect modification by the intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) was also investigated. Data from eight American and European prospective cohort studies including 148 675 women and 80 368 men were used. The outcome measure was incident CHD (CHD event and death). During 4-10 years of follow-up, 4493 CHD events and 1751 CHD deaths occurred. Among men, an inverse association (not significant) between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD events and deaths was observed. For each additional gram of ALA consumed, a 15 % lower risk of CHD events (hazard ratios (HR) 0·85, 95 % CI 0·72, 1·01) and a 23 % lower risk of CHD deaths (HR 0·77, 95 % CI 0·58, 1·01) were observed. No consistent association was observed among women. No effect modification by the intake of n-3 LCPUFA was observed.
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Kim KB, Nam YA, Kim HS, Hayes AW, Lee BM. α-Linolenic acid: nutraceutical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:163-78. [PMID: 24859185 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA), a carboxylic acid with 18 carbons and three cis double bonds, is an essential fatty acid needed for human health and can be acquired via regular dietary intake of foods that contain ALA or dietary supplementation of foods high in ALA, for example flaxseed. ALA has been reported to have cardiovascular-protective, anti-cancer, neuro-protective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. ALA is the precursor of longer chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but its beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are still inconclusive. The recommended intake of ALA for cardiovascular health is reported to be 1.1-2.2g/day. Although there are limited toxicological data for ALA, no serious adverse effects have been reported. The evidence on an increased prostate cancer risk in association with dietary ALA is not conclusive. Based on the limited data currently available, it may be concluded that ALA may be beneficial as a nutraceutical/pharmaceutical candidate and is safe for use as a food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon A Nam
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Koh AS, Pan A, Wang R, Odegaard AO, Pereira MA, Yuan JM, Koh WP. The association between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular death: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 22:364-72. [PMID: 24343844 DOI: 10.1177/2047487313517576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids intake may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk, few studies have differentiated dietary eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and epidemiological research in Asian populations is limited. METHODS The Singapore Chinese Health Study is a population-based cohort that recruited 63,257 Chinese adults aged 45-74 years from 1993 to 1998. Usual diet was measured at recruitment using a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and mortality information was identified via registry linkage up to 31 December 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS We documented 4780 cardiovascular deaths (including 2697 coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths and 1298 stroke deaths) during 890,473 person-years of follow up. Omega-3 fatty acids intake was monotonically associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality. Compared to the lowest quartile, the HR was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.81-0.96), 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.97), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.92) for the second, third, and highest quartile, respectively (p-trend = 0.003). Both EPA/DHA and ALA were independently associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality: HR comparing extreme quartiles was 0.86 (95% CI 0.77-0.96, p-trend = 0.002) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.90, p-trend < 0.001), respectively. The associations were similar for deaths from CHD and stroke and persisted in participants who were free of CVD at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of marine (EPA/DHA) and plant (ALA) omega-3 fatty acids are both associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew O Odegaard
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark A Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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Vascular aspects of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1696-706. [PMID: 24022624 PMCID: PMC3824191 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension and stroke are highly prevalent risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia, and both conditions are preceded by a stage of cognitive impairment. Stroke is a major risk factor for the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and VaD; however, stroke may also predispose to AD. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, thus linking hypertension to VCI and VaD, but hypertension is also an important risk factor for AD. Reducing these two major, but modifiable, risk factors-hypertension and stroke-could be a successful strategy for reducing the public health burden of cognitive impairment and dementia. Intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n3-FA) and the manipulation of factors involved in the renin-angiotensin system (e.g. angiotensin II or angiotensin-converting enzyme) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing hypertension and stroke, thereby reducing dementia risk. This paper will review the research conducted on the relationship between hypertension, stroke, and dementia and also on the impact of LC-n3-FA or antihypertensive treatments on risk factors for VCI, VaD, and AD.
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Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Lemaitre RN, Longstreth WT, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, King IB, Mozaffarian D. Circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000305. [PMID: 24113325 PMCID: PMC3835236 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish, is associated with fewer subclinical brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the association between plasma phospholipid omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), objective biomarkers of exposure, and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI. Methods and Results In the community‐based Cardiovascular Health Study, 3660 participants aged ≥65 underwent brain MRI in 1992–1994, and 2313 were rescanned 5 years later. MRIs were centrally read by neuroradiologists in a standardized, blinded manner. Participants with recognized transient ischemic attacks or stroke were excluded. Phospholipid PUFAs were measured in stored plasma collected in 1992–1993 and related to cross‐sectional and longitudinal MRI findings. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratio for having a prevalent subclinical infarct was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.82; P for trend=0.001) in the highest versus lowest long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA quartile. Higher long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA content was also associated with better white matter grade, but not with sulcal or ventricular grades, markers of brain atrophy, or with incident subclinical infarcts. The phospholipid intermediate‐chain omega‐3 PUFA alpha‐linolenic acid was associated only with modestly better sulcal and ventricular grades. However, this finding was not supported in the analyses with alpha‐linolenic acid intake. Conclusions Among older adults, higher phospholipid long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA content was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and better white matter grade on MRI. Our results support the beneficial effects of fish consumption, the major source of long‐chain omega‐3 PUFAs, on brain health in later life. The role of plant‐derived alpha‐linolenic acid in brain health requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
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Foroughi M, Akhavanzanjani M, Maghsoudi Z, Ghiasvand R, Khorvash F, Askari G. Stroke and nutrition: a review of studies. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:S165-79. [PMID: 23776719 PMCID: PMC3678213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and certainly the major cause of disability in the world. Diet and nutrient has an effective role in prevention and control of the risk of stroke. The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between dietary intake and stroke incidence. METHODS In this study, the terms of "Fat", "cholesterol", "antioxidant", "vitamins", "salt", "potassium", "calcium", "carbohydrate", "vegetables", "fruits", "meat", "tea", "whole grains", "sugar-sweetened beverages", "Mediterranean diet", "dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet (DASH diet)", "Western diet", and "stroke" were searched in Pubmed search engine. The observational studies, cohort studies, clinical trial studies, systemic review, and meta-analysis reviews are also included in this study. RESULTS The study revealed that adherence to theimprovements in nutrition and diet canreducethe incidence ofstroke. Higher antioxidant, vitamins, potassium, calcium, vegetables, fruits, whole grain intake, and adherence to the Mediterranean dietor DASH diet can lower stroke incidence. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to Mediterranean diet or DASH diet and increasing the consumption of antioxidant, vitamins, potassium, calcium food sources, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains intake can lower the risk of stroke. Healthy diet is effective in reducing risk of stroke, however, more studies need to be carried out in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
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Darvishi L, Hariri M, Hajishafiei M, Ghasemi S, Maghsoudi Z, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, khorvash F, Iraj B. Comparison of fat intake between patients with stroke and normal population. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:S59-61. [PMID: 23961288 PMCID: PMC3743322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke happens when blood flow to parts of brain stops. Stroke is sometimes called "brain attack." Risk factor is something that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for stroke cannot be changed, but some can be altered. The chance of stroke is higher in people who live an unhealthy lifestyle by: Being overweight as a result of over-eating, eating too much fat, smoking, etc., Therefore, we compared the fat intake between patients with stroke and normal population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty nine patients with stroke (46 men and 23 women) as cases and 60 subjects (30 men and 30 women) as controls during April 2009 and May 2010 from Alzzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran were evaluated. Dietary intakes were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) through their close relatives such as spouse, daughter or mother. Also, anthropometry measurements such as weight, height and waist extracted from their medical files, however, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. RESULT The intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) both in men and women with stroke were significantly higher than controls (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03 for men and P = 0.05 and P = 0.02 for women, respectively). Also, the mean intake of hydrogenated fats, butter, cream, mayonnaise sauce and nuts were higher in men with stroke with respect in control group; while, women with stroke consumed more hydrogenated fats, vegetable oils, cream and mayonnaise sauce than controls. CONCLUSION Increased fat intake was observed in patients with stroke compared with normal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Darvishi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mitra Hariri
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hajishafiei
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shekoofe Ghasemi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Maghsoudi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Reza Ghiasvand, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81745, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Fariborz khorvash
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Iraj
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current epidemiologic evidence regarding the associations of dietary fat and other nutrients with risk of stroke. RECENT FINDINGS Recent epidemiologic studies show no association of total fat intake or absolute intakes of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat with risk of stroke. Data on long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to stroke risk are inconclusive but may favor fewer strokes in women. Insufficient evidence exists for trans fatty acids, other fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol intake. Present evidence indicates that high dietary magnesium and potassium intakes may lower the risk of stroke, whereas a high sodium (salt) intake and a low dietary vitamin D intake likely increase stroke risk. Calcium does not prevent stroke in populations with moderate-to-high calcium intakes but might play a role in populations with low calcium intakes. Supplementation with single vitamins likely has no protective effect on stroke in well nourished populations. SUMMARY Available epidemiologic evidence indicates that diets high in magnesium and potassium may play a role in the prevention of stroke, whereas a high sodium intake is a risk factor. It remains unclear whether specific fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, and combinations of vitamins affect the risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pan A, Chen M, Chowdhury R, Wu JHY, Sun Q, Campos H, Mozaffarian D, Hu FB. α-Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1262-73. [PMID: 23076616 PMCID: PMC3497923 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have generated inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of ALA and CVD risk. DESIGN We searched multiple electronic databases through January 2012 for studies that reported the association between ALA (assessed as dietary intake or as a biomarker in blood or adipose tissue) and CVD risk in prospective and retrospective studies. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted RRs comparing the top with the bottom tertile of ALA using random-effects meta-analysis, which allowed for between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS Twenty-seven original studies were identified, including 251,049 individuals and 15,327 CVD events. The overall pooled RR was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.97; I² = 71.3%). The association was significant in 13 comparisons that used dietary ALA as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99; I² = 49.0%), with similar but nonsignificant trends in 17 comparisons in which ALA biomarkers were used as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.03; I² = 79.8%). An evaluation of mean participant age, study design (prospective compared with retrospective), exposure assessment (self-reported diet compared with biomarker), and outcome [fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), nonfatal CHD, total CHD, or stroke] showed that none were statistically significant sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In observational studies, higher ALA exposure is associated with a moderately lower risk of CVD. The results were generally consistent for dietary and biomarker studies but were not statistically significant for biomarker studies. However, the high unexplained heterogeneity highlights the need for additional well-designed observational studies and large randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of ALA on CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Substitution of TAG oil with diacylglycerol oil in food items improves the predicted 10 years cardiovascular risk score in healthy, overweight subjects. J Nutr Sci 2012; 1:e17. [PMID: 25191546 PMCID: PMC4153080 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat is normally in TAG form, but diacylglycerol (DAG) is a natural component of
edible oils. Studies have shown that consumption of DAG results in metabolic
characteristics that are distinct from those of TAG, which may be beneficial in preventing
and managing obesity. The objective of the present study was to investigate if food items
in which part of the TAG oil is replaced with DAG oil combined with high α-linolenic acid
(ALA) content would influence metabolic markers. A 12-week double-blinded randomised
controlled parallel-design study was conducted. The participants (n 23)
were healthy, overweight men and women, aged 37–67 years, BMI 27–35 kg/m2, with
waist circumference >94 cm (men) and >88 cm (women). The two groups received
20 g margarine, 11 g mayonnaise and 12 g oil per d, containing either high ALA and
sn-1,3-DAG or high ALA and TAG. Substitution of TAG oil with DAG oil in
food items for 12 weeks led to an improvement of the predicted 10 years cardiovascular
risk score in overweight subjects by non-significantly improving markers of health such as
total body fat percentage, trunk fat mass, alanine aminotransferase, systolic blood
pressure, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and total fat-free mass. This may
suggest that replacing TAG oil with DAG oil in healthy, overweight individuals may have
beneficial metabolic effects.
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Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ASAT, aspartame aminotransferase
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diacylglycerol
- FFM, fat-free mass
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
- Liver markers
- Overweight human subjects
- TAG
- hsCRP, high-sensitivity CRP
- γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transferase
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Vedtofte MS, Jakobsen MU, Lauritzen L, Heitmann BL. The role of essential fatty acids in the control of coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:592-6. [PMID: 23037902 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283596834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence from various research paradigms supports the cardiovascular benefits of a high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the long-chain, marine-derived n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acids and docosahexaenoic acids. The effect of the plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is, however, not clear. Concerns about a high n-6 PUFA intake has been raised, because n-6 PUFA may weaken the effects of n-3 PUFA. RECENT FINDINGS Most previous observational studies on the intake of PUFA and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) did not specify the replacement nutrient. A recent meta-analysis of cohort studies suggested that replacing saturated fatty acids with PUFA may lower the risk of CHD. On the other hand, recently published studies do not suggest that higher linoleic acid intake is associated to a lower risk of CHD or to give support for a negative association between ALA and CHD. Furthermore, recent studies do not suggest that the association between ALA and CHD is modified by linoleic acid. SUMMARY Recent meta-analyses of cohort studies have reported a lower risk of CHD when PUFA replaces SFA in the diet. However, recent studies do not suggest that a higher linoleic acid intake is related to a lower risk of CHD. The effect of ALA on the risk of CHD is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S Vedtofte
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen Municipal Hospitals Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jump DB, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2525-45. [PMID: 22904344 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r027904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on Greenland Inuits in the 1970s and subsequent human studies have established an inverse relationship between the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids [C(20-22) ω 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)], blood levels of C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA, and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA have pleiotropic effects on cell function and regulate multiple pathways controlling blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and cellular events in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The hypolipemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic properties of these fatty acids confer cardioprotection. Accordingly, national heart associations and government agencies have recommended increased consumption of fatty fish or ω 3 PUFA supplements to prevent CVD. In addition to fatty fish, sources of ω 3 PUFA are available from plants, algae, and yeast. A key question examined in this review is whether nonfish sources of ω 3 PUFA are as effective as fatty fish-derived C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA at managing risk factors linked to CVD. We focused on ω 3 PUFA metabolism and the capacity of ω 3 PUFA supplements to regulate key cellular events linked to CVD. The outcome of our analysis reveals that nonfish sources of ω 3 PUFA vary in their capacity to regulate blood levels of C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA and CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, Deng Q, Yao P, Huang F, Liu L. Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:88. [PMID: 22768971 PMCID: PMC3459705 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The erythrocyte membrane lesion is a serious diabetic complication. A number of studies suggested that n-3 fatty acid could reduce lipid peroxidation and elevate α- or γ-tocopherol contents in membrane of erythrocytes. However, evidence regarding the protective effects of flaxseed oil, a natural product rich in n-3 fatty acid, on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative capacity and membrane deformation of erythrocytes exposed to high glucose is limited. METHODS Human peripheral blood erythrocytes were isolated and treated with 50 mM glucose to mimic hyperglycemia in the absence or presence of three different doses of flaxseed oil (50, 100 or 200 μM) in the culture medium for 24 h. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and L-glutathione (GSH) were measured by HPLC and LC/MS respectively. The phospholipids symmetry and membrane fatty acid composition of human erythrocytes were detected by flow cytometry and gas chromatograph (GC). The morphology of human erythrocyte was illuminated by ultra scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Flaxseed oil attenuated hyperglycemia-induced increase of MDA and decrease of GSH in human erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes treated with flaxseed oil contained higher C22:5 and C22:6 than those in the 50 mM glucose control group, indicating that flaxseed oil could reduce lipid asymmetric distribution and membrane perturbation. The ultra scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometer have also indicated that flaxseed oil could protect the membrane of human erythrocytes from deformation at high glucose level. CONCLUSION The flaxseed oil supplementation may prevent lipid peroxidation and membrane dysfunction of human erythrocytes in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
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Nieman DC, Gillitt N, Jin F, Henson DA, Kennerly K, Shanely RA, Ore B, Su M, Schwartz S. Chia Seed Supplementation and Disease Risk Factors in Overweight Women: A Metabolomics Investigation. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:700-8. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Nicholas Gillitt
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Fuxia Jin
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
| | - Krista Kennerly
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
| | - R. Andrew Shanely
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Brandon Ore
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - MingMing Su
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Sarah Schwartz
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC
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How can diet influence the risk of stroke? Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:763507. [PMID: 22693656 PMCID: PMC3369476 DOI: 10.1155/2012/763507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are the second cause of mortality in the world, and hypertension is considered a main risk factor for occurrence of stroke. The mechanisms responsible for the increased stroke risk remain unclear. However, dietary interventions have been applied in the management and treatment of their risk factors, which include increased blood pressure levels, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Further studies should be conducted to assess the effects of carotenoids, flavonoids, n-3 polyunsaturated fats, and lower salt and high glycemic index intake in risk of stroke.
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Naqvi AZ, Davis RB, Mukamal KJ. Dietary fatty acids and peripheral artery disease in adults. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:545-50. [PMID: 22552117 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a debilitating condition involving atherosclerosis. Although saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids have strong associations with atherosclerosis, it is unclear if diets high in these fatty acids affect PAD. METHODS We studied 6352 adults aged 40 years and older who participated in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was assessed by standardized blood pressure measurements, and we defined PAD as an ABI<0.9. Fatty acid intake was assessed by validated 24-h dietary recall. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression to estimate associations between intakes of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MFAs), marine omega-3 fatty acids (N-3), linolenic acid (LNA), and omega-6 fatty acids (N-6) and ABI/PAD. RESULTS The prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PAD was 5.2% (95% CI 4.6-5.8). There were no associations between ABI and intakes of marine N-3 (p=0.83) or N-6 (p=0.19) in adjusted models. In contrast, LNA was associated with higher ABI (p=0.04) and SFA tended to be associated with lower ABI (p=0.06) in adjusted models. In addition, higher SFA was associated with a higher prevalence of PAD: adjusted odds ratio 1.30 (95% CI 1.01-1.67; p=0.04) and a trend toward slower gait speed (p=0.08). CONCLUSION In this nationally representative sample, higher dietary intakes of LNA and SFAs were associated with higher and lower ABI, respectively. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the potential protective effects of dietary LNA and detrimental effects of dietary SFAs on PAD.
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Apostolopoulou M, Michalakis K, Miras A, Hatzitolios A, Savopoulos C. Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas 2012; 72:29-34. [PMID: 22406461 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a worldwide major health issue. As some of the risk factors are modifiable, it is of high importance to understand how we can minimize the risk for stroke. Multifactorial interventions should be provided to patients in the frame of primary and secondary prevention. Obesity is a well-established modifiable factor as well as the dietary pattern that mostly depends on the social environment, the lifestyle and the habits of each individual. So, dietary changes should be part of the holistic approach which includes improvements in the regulation of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. In the present review, we try to provide a global approach on how diet can influence the risk of stroke and especially the nutritional influence on lipid profile and vessel disease and the role of dietary modification in the secondary stroke prevention. The importance of salt restriction, DASH and Mediterranean diet low in saturated and high in polyunsaturated fats, and the management of obesity seem to be the most important dietary priorities.
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