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Topaloğlu Ö, Uzun M, Topaloğlu SN, Sahin I. Isolated Maternal Hypothyroxinemia May be Associated with Insulin Requirement in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:245-250. [PMID: 36543248 DOI: 10.1055/a-2003-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An insulin regimen may be necessary for about 30% of the patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to investigate the association of free T4(fT4) levels with insulin requirement in pregnant women with GDM. We included pregnant women whose TSH levels were within the normal range and who were diagnosed with GDM, and excluded patients with thyroid dysfunction, chronic illnesses, or any previous history of antithyroid medication, levothyroxine, or antidiabetic medication use. The diagnosis and treatment of GDM were based on American Diabetes Association guidelines. Demographic features, previous history of GDM and gestational hypertension were recorded. Baseline (at diagnosis of GDM) fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels were analyzed. We grouped the patients according to their baseline fT4 levels: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia (IMH) (group A) vs. in the normal range (group B). We grouped those also based on insulin requirement in 3rd trimester. Of the patients (n=223), insulin requirement was present in 56, and IMH in 11. Insulin requirement was more frequent in group A than in group B (p=0,003). HbA1c (≥47,5 mmol/mol) and fT4 level (lower than normal range) were positive predictors for insulin requirement (OR:35,35, p=0,001; and OR:6,05, p=0,008; respectively). We showed that IMH was closely associated with insulin requirement in GDM. Pregnant women with IMH and GDM should be closely observed as regards to glycemic control. If supported by future large studies, levothyroxine treatment might be questioned as an indication for patients with GDM and IMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömercan Topaloğlu
- Endocrinology, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Uzun
- Oncology, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Nur Topaloğlu
- Internal Medicine, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sahin
- Endocrinology, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Malatya, Turkey
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2
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Yang B, Li J, Haller MJ, Schatz DA, Rong L. The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1070979. [PMID: 36619543 PMCID: PMC9812520 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has provided quantitative information consistent with experimental data, greatly improving our understanding of the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, diabetes is a complex metabolic disease and has been found to be involved in crosstalk interactions with diverse endocrine diseases. Mathematical models have also been developed to investigate the quantitative impact of various hormonal disorders on glucose imbalance, advancing the precision treatment for secondary diabetes. Here we review the models established for the study of dysglycemia induced by hormonal disorders, such as excessive glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and growth hormone. To investigate the influence of hyperthyroidism on the glucose regulatory system, we also propose a hyperthyroid-diabetes progression model. Model simulations indicate that timely thyroid treatment can halt the progression of hyperglycemia and prevent beta-cell failure. This highlights the diagnosis of hormonal disorders, together withblood sugar tests, as significant measures for the early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The work recapitulates updated biological research on the interactions between the glucose regulatory system and other endocrine axes. Further mathematical modeling of secondary diabetes is desired to promote the quantitative study of the disease and the development of individualized diabetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Michael J. Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Desmond A. Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Eom YS, Wilson JR, Bernet VJ. Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:239-256. [PMID: 35385635 PMCID: PMC8987680 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sil Eom
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jessica R. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Victor J. Bernet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Corresponding author: Victor J. Bernet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2477-5631 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA E-mail:
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Kondo Y, Ozawa A, Kohno D, Saito K, Buyandalai B, Yamada S, Horiguchi K, Nakajima Y, Shibusawa N, Harada A, Yokoo H, Akiyama H, Sasaki T, Kitamura T, Yamada M. The Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Is the Center of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis for Regulating Thyroid Hormone Levels. Thyroid 2022; 32:105-114. [PMID: 34726513 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was the first hypothalamic hormone isolated that stimulates pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) secretion. TRH was also later found to be a stimulator of pituitary prolactin and distributed throughout the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreatic β cells. We previously reported the development of TRH null mice (conventional TRHKO), which exhibit characteristic tertiary hypothyroidism and impaired glucose tolerance due to insufficient insulin secretion. Although in the past five decades many investigators, us included, have attempted to determine the hypothalamic nucleus responsible for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, it remained obscure because of the broad expression of TRH. Methods: To determine the hypothalamic region functionally responsible for the HPT axis, we established paraventricular nucleus (PVN)-specific TRH knockout (PVN-TRHKO) mice by mating Trh floxed mice and single-minded homolog 1 (Sim1)-Cre transgenic mice. We originally confirmed that most Sim1 was expressed in the PVN using Sim1-Cre/tdTomato mice. Results: These PVN-TRHKO mice exhibited tertiary hypothyroidism similar to conventional TRHKO mice; however, they did not show the impaired glucose tolerance observed in the latter, suggesting that TRH from non-PVN sources is essential for glucose regulation. In addition, a severe reduction in prolactin expression was observed in the pituitary of PVN-TRHKO mice compared with that in TRHKO mice. Conclusions: These findings are conclusive evidence that the PVN is the center of the HPT axis for regulation of serum levels of thyroid hormones and that the serum TSH levels are not decreased in tertiary hypothyroidism. We also noted that TRH from the PVN regulated prolactin, whereas TRH from non-PVN sources regulated glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kondo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ozawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohno
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuma Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Battsetseg Buyandalai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Ha J, Lee J, Lim DJ, Lee JM, Chang SA, Kang MI, Kim MH. Association of serum free thyroxine and glucose homeostasis: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:S170-S179. [PMID: 32506867 PMCID: PMC8009147 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Thyroid hormones are involved in wide range of glucose metabolism functions. Overt thyroid dysfunctions are related to altered glucose homeostasis. However, it is not conclusive as to whether subtle changes in thyroid hormones within normal ranges can induce alterations in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between thyroid hormone and glucose homeostasis parameters in subjects without overt thyroid dysfunction based on nationwide population data. METHODS In the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015 (n = 7,380), data were collected from subjects with insulin and thyroid function measurements who were older than 19-years-old. After the exclusion of 5,837 subjects, a total of 1,543 patients were included in the analysis. Subjects were categorized into the quartiles of the free thyroxine (FT4). Fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were considered to be glucose homeostasis parameters. RESULTS Subjects with the highest FT4 quartile showed significantly lower fasting insulin and HbA1c levels. A significant inverse correlation FT4 and HbA1c levels was observed (β = -0.261, p = 0.025). In the logistic regression analysis, the highest quartile of FT4 was demonstrated to lower the risk of HbA1c to a greater degree than the median by approximately 40%, after adjusting for confounders, compared to the lowest quartile (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION We demonstrated subjects with a lower FT4 quartile exhibited high risk of HbA1c levels above the median value in a representative Korean population. Subjects with the lowest FT4 quartile should be cautiously managed in terms of altered glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo-Il Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Min-Hee Kim, M.D. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021 Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03312, Korea Tel: +82-2-961-4537 Fax: +82-2-968-7250 E-mail:
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6
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Chen X, Teng M, Zhang J, Qian L, Duan M, Cheng Y, Zhao F, Zheng J, Wang C. Tralopyril induces developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) by disrupting the thyroid system and metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141860. [PMID: 33027873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tralopyril, an antifouling biocide, widely used in antifouling systems to prevent underwater equipment from biological contamination, which can pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms and human health. However, there is little information available on the toxicity of tralopyril to aquatic organisms. Herein, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to investigate the toxicity mechanisms of tralopyril and a series of developmental indicators, thyroid hormones, gene expression and metabolomics were measured. Results showed that tralopyril significantly decreased the heart-beat and body length of zebrafish embryos-larvae exposed to 4.20 μg/L or higher concentrations of tralopyril and also induced developmental defects including pericardial hemorrhage, spine deformation, pericardial edema, tail malformation and uninflated gas bladder. Tralopyril decreased the thyroid hormone concentrations in embryos and changed the transcriptions of the related genes (TRHR, TSHβ, TSHR, Nkx2.1, Dio1, TRα, TRβ, TTR and UGT1ab). Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed that tralopyril affected the metabolism of amino acids, energy and lipids, which was associated with regulation of thyroid system. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that alterations of endogenous metabolites induced the thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish following the tralopyril treatment. Therefore, the results showed that tralopyril can induce adverse developmental effects on zebrafish embryos by disrupting the thyroid system and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Le Qian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyue Zheng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Teixeira PDFDS, dos Santos PB, Pazos-Moura CC. The role of thyroid hormone in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820917869. [PMID: 32489580 PMCID: PMC7238803 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820917869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid dysfunction are common in clinical practice. The objectives of this review are to discuss some proposed mechanisms by which thyroid dysfunctions may lead to MetS, to describe the bidirectional relationship between thyroid hormones (THs) and adiposity and finally, to resume a list of recent studies in humans that evaluated possible associations between thyroid hormone status and MetS or its clinical components. Not solely THs, but also its metabolites regulate metabolic rate, influencing adiposity. The mechanisms enrolled are related to its direct effect on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) utilization, uncoupling synthesis of ATP, mitochondrial biogenesis, and its inotropic and chronotropic effects. THs also act controlling core body temperature, appetite, and sympathetic activity. In a bidirectional way, thyroid function is affected by adiposity. Leptin is one of the hallmarks, but the pro-inflammatory cytokines and also insulin resistance impact thyroid function and perhaps its structure. MetS development and weight gain have been positively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in several studies. Adverse glucose metabolism may be related to hyperthyroidism, but also to reduction of thyroid function or higher serum TSH, as do abnormal serum triglyceride levels. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism have been related to higher blood pressure (BP), that may be consequence of genomic or nongenomic action of THs on the vasculature and in the heart. In summary, the interaction between THs and components of MetS is complex and not fully understood. More longitudinal studies controlling each of all confounding variables that interact with endpoints or exposure factors are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Fátima dos Santos Teixeira
- Endocrine Clinic, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Rocco, 255 – Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Borges dos Santos
- Research Fellow, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Endocrinologist, Instituto Estadual de Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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da Silva LA, Wouk J, Weber VMR, de Almeida P, Martins JC, Malfatti CR, Osiecki R. Correlation Between Insulin Levels and Thyroid Hormones in Diabetic Animals After Caffeine Consumption Associated with Exercise. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666181211144036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:
Thyroid hormones (TH) are important determinants of glucose homeostasis,
and in contrast, insulin is the first hormone responsible for glycemic control.
Objective:
The objective of the present study was to correlate the levels of insulin and thyroid hormones
in diabetic animals after caffeine consumption associated with physical exercise.
Methods:
A total of 48 animals, 60 days old were allocated in eight experimental groups: Control,
Diabetic, Exercise, Diabetes + exercise, Caffeine, Diabetes + Caffeine, Caffeine + Exercise, and Diabetes
+ Exercise + Caffeine. Diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 120
mg/kg of alloxan. On the test day, 6 mg/kg of caffeine was administrated 30 minutes before physical
exercise. After, animals performed a 60 minutes’ session of predominantly aerobic exercise, using an
overload of 6% of their body’s weight. Blood has been collected by a caudal puncture to future insulin,
TSH, T3, and T4 analyses.
Results:
After caffeine treatment and training, insulin values were higher for the control groups
(231%) when compared to the diabetic groups. A significant increase in plasmatic insulin concentration
was found in caffeine group (95%) and Exercise+Caffeine group (56%) when compared to Control
and Exercise groups. TSH values were increased for Diabetes, Diabetes+Caffeine and Diabetes+
Exercise+Caffeine groups (30%) compared to the other groups. A reduction in T4 values occurred
in the animals of groups Diabetes+Exercise and Diabetes +Caffeine (66%) compared to the
Control group. T3 values were significantly increased for the Diabetes+Exercise group (70%) when
compared to the Diabetes+Exercise+Caffeine group.
Conclusion:
Physical exercise and caffeine consumption were able to promote hormonal changes in
diabetic animals after 30 days of training. The study showed a reduction in the serum concentration
of thyroid hormones, but insulin levels were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Wouk
- Post-graduation of Pharmaceutical Science, Midwest State University of Parana, Guarapuava, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo de Almeida
- Post-graduation of Pharmaceutical Science, Midwest State University of Parana, Guarapuava, Parana, Brazil
| | - Julio C.L. Martins
- Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras - AMAN, Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R.M. Malfatti
- Post-graduation of Pharmaceutical Science, Midwest State University of Parana, Guarapuava, Parana, Brazil
| | - Raul Osiecki
- Post-graduation of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Ucci S, Renzini A, Russi V, Mangialardo C, Cammarata I, Cavioli G, Santaguida MG, Virili C, Centanni M, Adamo S, Moresi V, Verga-Falzacappa C. Thyroid Hormone Protects from Fasting-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Promoting Metabolic Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225754. [PMID: 31731814 PMCID: PMC6888244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate a wide range of cellular responses, via non-genomic and genomic actions, depending on cell-specific thyroid hormone transporters, co-repressors, or co-activators. Skeletal muscle has been identified as a direct target of thyroid hormone T3, where it regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as myofiber metabolism. However, the effects of T3 in muscle-wasting conditions have not been yet addressed. Being T3 primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism, we challenged mice with fasting and found that T3 counteracted starvation-induced muscle atrophy. Interestingly, T3 did not prevent the activation of the main catabolic pathways, i.e., the ubiquitin-proteasome or the autophagy-lysosomal systems, nor did it stimulate de novo muscle synthesis in starved muscles. Transcriptome analyses revealed that T3 mainly affected the metabolic processes in starved muscle. Further analyses of myofiber metabolism revealed that T3 prevented the starvation-mediated metabolic shift, thus preserving skeletal muscle mass. Our study elucidated new T3 functions in regulating skeletal muscle homeostasis and metabolism in pathological conditions, opening to new potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarassunta Ucci
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Valentina Russi
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Claudia Mangialardo
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Giorgia Cavioli
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Maria Giulia Santaguida
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Viviana Moresi
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cecilia Verga-Falzacappa
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
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10
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Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Robertson RP. Thyroid Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus: Two Closely Associated Disorders. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:789-824. [PMID: 30649221 PMCID: PMC6507635 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus are closely linked. Several studies have documented the increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. This review critically discusses the different underlying mechanisms linking type 1 and 2 diabetes and thyroid dysfunction to demonstrate that the association of these two common disorders is unlikely a simple coincidence. We assess the current state of knowledge on the central and peripheral control of thyroid hormone on food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism in target tissues (such as liver, white and brown adipose tissue, pancreatic β cells, and skeletal muscle) to explain the mechanism linking overt and subclinical hypothyroidism to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We also elucidate the common susceptibility genes and the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to the autoimmune mechanism involved in the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disorders. An untreated thyroid dysfunction can impair the metabolic control of diabetic patients, and this association can have important repercussions on the outcome of both of these disorders. Therefore, we offer recommendations for the diagnosis, management, and screening of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus, including the treatment of diabetic patients planning a pregnancy. We also discuss the major causes of failure to achieve an optimal management of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients and provide recommendations for assessing and treating these disorders during therapy with antidiabetic drugs. An algorithm for a correct approach of these disorders when linked is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - R Paul Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Venditti P, Reed TT, Victor VM, Di Meo S. Insulin resistance and diabetes in hyperthyroidism: a possible role for oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:248-268. [PMID: 30843740 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1590567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to insulin, glycemic control involves thyroid hormones. However, an excess of thyroid hormone can disturb the blood glucose equilibrium, leading to alterations of carbohydrate metabolism and, eventually, diabetes. Indeed, experimental and clinical hyperthyroidism is often accompanied by abnormal glucose tolerance. A common characteristic of hyperthyroidism and type 2 diabetes is the altered mitochondrial efficiency caused by the enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is known that an excess of thyroid hormone leads to increased oxidant production and mitochondrial oxidative damage. It can be hypothesised that these species represent the link between hyperthyroidism and development of insulin resistance and diabetes, even though direct evidence of this relationship is lacking. In this review, we examine the literature concerning the effects of insulin and thyroid hormones on glucose metabolism and discuss alterations of glucose metabolism in hyperthyroid conditions and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underline them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Venditti
- a Dipartimento di Biologia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Tanea T Reed
- b Department of Chemistry , Eastern Kentucky University , Richmond , KY , USA
| | - Victor M Victor
- c Service of Endocrinology, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO) , Valencia , Spain.,d Department of Physiology , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Sergio Di Meo
- a Dipartimento di Biologia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
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12
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Teng M, Zhu W, Wang D, Yan J, Qi S, Song M, Wang C. Acute exposure of zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) to flutolanil reveals its developmental mechanism of toxicity via disrupting the thyroid system and metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1157-1165. [PMID: 30114598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flutolanil, an amide fungicide, had been detected frequently in aquatic environments; it is thus potentially a great risk to aquatic organisms and human health. Therefore, we investigated the developmental toxicity and the potential mechanism of thyroid endocrine disruption induced by flutolanil based on 1H NMR metabolomics analysis using a zebrafish model. Hatching of zebrafish embryo exposed to flutolanil was inhibited at 72 hpf (hour post-fertilization) and survival and body length at 96 hpf. In addition, increased teratogenic effects on embryos were observed, including pericardial edema, spine deformation, and tail malformation. Furthermore, flutolanil induced slower heartbeat and larger pericardial area in the treated groups than control group. Transcription levels of TRH, TSHR, TPO, Dio1, TRα, and UGT1ab were significantly altered after flutolanil exposure. Metabolomics analysis further indicated that flutolanil induced alterations of energy, amino acids, nucleotide, lipids, and fatty acid metabolism. Our study also indicated that flutolanil exposure led to alterations of endogenous metabolites, which induced the thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish. Ultimately, embryonic developmental toxicity was caused by flutolanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Teng
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Min Song
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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López-Noriega L, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Narbona-Pérez ÁJ, Araujo-Garrido JL, Lorenzo PI, Mellado-Gil JM, Moreno JC, Gauthier BR, Martín-Montalvo A. Levothyroxine enhances glucose clearance and blunts the onset of experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3795-3810. [PMID: 28800677 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thyroid hormones induce several changes in whole body metabolism that are known to improve metabolic homeostasis. However, adverse side effects have prevented its use in the clinic. In view of the promising effects of thyroid hormones, we investigated the effects of levothyroxine supplementation on glucose homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6 mice were treated with levothyroxine from birth to 24 weeks of age, when mice were killed. The effects of levothyroxine supplementation on metabolic health were determined. C57BL/6 mice treated with levothyroxine for 2 weeks and then challenged with streptozotocin to monitor survival. Mechanistic experiments were conducted in the pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle. RIP-B7.1 mice were treated with levothyroxine for 2 weeks and were subsequently immunized to trigger experimental autoimmune diabetes (EAD). Metabolic tests were performed. Mice were killed and metabolic tissues were extracted for immunohistological analyses. KEY RESULTS Long-term levothyroxine supplementation enhanced glucose clearance and reduced circulating glucose in C57BL/6 mice. Levothyroxine increased simultaneously the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells, promoting the maintenance of a highly insulin-expressing beta cell population. Levothyroxine increased circulating insulin levels, inducing sustained activation of IRS1-AKT signalling in insulin-target tissues. Levothyroxine-treated C57BL/6 mice challenged with streptozotocin exhibited extended survival. Levothyroxine blunted the onset of EAD in RIP-B7.1 mice by inducing beta cell proliferation and preservation of insulin-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Interventions based on the use of thyroid hormones or thyromimetics could be explored to provide therapeutic benefit in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia López-Noriega
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Álvaro Jesús Narbona-Pérez
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Araujo-Garrido
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Petra Isabel Lorenzo
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Manuel Mellado-Gil
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Carlos Moreno
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology, Centro Andaluz de Biologı́a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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14
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Shpakov AO. [Pharmacological approaches for correction of thyroid dysfunctions in diabetes mellitus]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:219-231. [PMID: 28781255 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases are closely associated with the development of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and as a consequence, the development of effective approaches for their treatment is one of the urgent problems of endocrinology. Traditionally, thyroid hormones (TH) are used to correct functions of the thyroid system. However, they are characterized by many side effects, such as their negative effect on the cardiovascular system as well as the ability of TH to enhance insulin resistance and to disturb insulin-producing function of pancreas, exacerbating thereby diabetic pathology. Therefore, the analogues of TH, selective for certain types of TH receptors, that do not have these side effects, are being developed. The peptide and low-molecular weight regulators of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, which regulate the activity of the thyroid axis at the stage of TH synthesis and secretion in thyrocytes, are being created. Systemic and intranasal administration of insulin, metformin therapy and drugs with antioxidant activity are effective for the treatment of thyroid pathology in types 1 and 2 DM. In the review, the literature data and the results of own investigations on pharmacological approaches for the treatment and prevention of thyroid diseases in patients with types 1 and 2 DM are summarized and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Shpakov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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15
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Jun JE, Jee JH, Bae JC, Jin SM, Hur KY, Lee MK, Kim TH, Kim SW, Kim JH. Association Between Changes in Thyroid Hormones and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study. Thyroid 2017; 27:29-38. [PMID: 27809684 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are important regulators of glucose homeostasis. However, the association between thyroid hormones within the reference range and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the incidence of T2DM according to the baseline levels and changes of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones (free thyroxine and triiodothyronine) in euthyroid subjects. METHODS Among the participants who consecutively underwent thyroid function tests between 2006 and 2012 through a yearly health checkup program, 6235 euthyroid subjects (3619 men and 2616 women) without T2DM were enrolled in the study. The change in each hormone was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the level at the end of follow-up or one year before the diagnosis of diabetes. RESULTS During 25,692 person-years of follow-up, there were 229 new cases of T2DM. After full adjustment for potential confounders including HbA1c and fasting glucose in Cox proportional hazards models, the individuals in the highest tertile of TSH change (2.5-4.2 μIU/mL) had a greater risk of incident T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44 [confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.98], p = 0.027) in comparison with individuals in the lowest tertile (-4.1 to -0.5 μIU/mL). Simultaneously, the highest tertile of triiodothyronine change (16.3-104.7 ng/dL) and free thyroxine change (0.2-1.6 ng/dL) conferred protective effects against diabetes (HR = 0.60 [CI 0.43-0.85], p = 0.002, and HR = 0.34 [CI 0.24-0.48], p < 0.001, respectively) compared with those in the lowest tertile (-76.5 to -1.8 ng/dL and -0.6 to 0.0 ng/dL, respectively). These associations remained significant when each of the hormones was analyzed as a continuous variable. However, baseline levels or tertiles of TSH and thyroid hormones were not associated with the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Individual changes in TSH and thyroid hormones, even within the normal reference range, were an additional risk factor of incident T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Jun
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jee
- 2 Department of Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- 3 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Jaspers RT, Zillikens MC, Friesema ECH, Paoli G, Bloch W, Uitterlinden AG, Goglia F, Lanni A, Lange P. Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations? FASEB J 2016; 31:14-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for MyologyMove Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Edith C. H. Friesema
- Division of PharmacologyVascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Paoli
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport MedicineGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Sannio Benevento Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Pieter Lange
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
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17
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Bruin JE, Saber N, O'Dwyer S, Fox JK, Mojibian M, Arora P, Rezania A, Kieffer TJ. Hypothyroidism Impairs Human Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Progenitor Cell Maturation in Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1297-309. [PMID: 26740603 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a potential source of transplantable cells for treating diabetes and are currently being tested in clinical trials. Yet, how the milieu of pancreatic progenitor cells, including exposure to different factors after transplant, may influence their maturation remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of thyroid dysregulation on the development of hESC-derived progenitor cells in vivo. Hypothyroidism was generated in SCID-beige mice using an iodine-deficient diet containing 0.15% propyl-2-thiouracil, and hyperthyroidism was generated by addition of L-thyroxine (T4) to drinking water. All mice received macroencapsulated hESC-derived progenitor cells, and thyroid dysfunction was maintained for the duration of the study ("chronic") or for 4 weeks posttransplant ("acute"). Acute hyperthyroidism did not affect graft function, but acute hypothyroidism transiently impaired human C-peptide secretion at 16 weeks posttransplant. Chronic hypothyroidism resulted in severely blunted basal human C-peptide secretion, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and elevated plasma glucagon levels. Grafts from chronic hypothyroid mice contained fewer β-cells, heterogenous MAFA expression, and increased glucagon(+) and ghrelin(+) cells compared to grafts from euthyroid mice. Taken together, these data suggest that long-term thyroid hormone deficiency may drive the differentiation of human pancreatic progenitor cells toward α- and ε-cell lineages at the expense of β-cell formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antithyroid Agents/poisoning
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cells, Immobilized/cytology
- Cells, Immobilized/pathology
- Cells, Immobilized/transplantation
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heterografts/cytology
- Heterografts/metabolism
- Heterografts/pathology
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/pathology
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/transplantation
- Humans
- Hyperthyroidism/chemically induced
- Hyperthyroidism/complications
- Hypothyroidism/complications
- Hypothyroidism/etiology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/transplantation
- Iodine/deficiency
- Male
- Mice, SCID
- Propylthiouracil/poisoning
- Random Allocation
- Thyroxine/poisoning
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Bruin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelly Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon O'Dwyer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica K Fox
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Payal Arora
- BetaLogics Venture, Janssen R&D, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | | | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Type 1 5′-deiodinase activity is inhibited by oxidative stress and restored by alpha-lipoic acid in HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Yang C, Fei Y, Qin Y, Luo D, Yang S, Kou X, Zi Y, Deng T, Jin M. Bacterial Flora Changes in Conjunctiva of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133021. [PMID: 26176548 PMCID: PMC4503457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiota of both humans and animals plays an important role in their health and the development of disease. Therefore, the bacterial flora of the conjunctiva may also be associated with some diseases. However, there are no reports on the alteration of bacterial flora in conjunctiva of diabetic rats in the literature. Therefore, we investigated the changes in bacterial flora in bulbar conjunctiva of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes. Methods A high dose of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to induce type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The diabetic rats were raised in the animal laboratory and at 8 months post-injection of STZ swab samples were taken from the bulbar conjunctiva for cultivation of aerobic bacteria. The bacterial isolates were identified by Gram staining and biochemical features. The identified bacteria from both diabetic and healthy rats were then compared. Results The diabetic and healthy rats had different bacterial flora present in their bulbar conjunctiva. In total, 10 and 8 bacterial species were found in the STZ and control groups, respectively, with only three species (Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum and Escherichia coli) shared between the two groups. Gram-positive bacteria were common in both groups and the most abundant was Enterococcus faecium. However, after the development of T1DM, the bacterial flora in the rat bulbar conjunctiva changed considerably, with a reduced complexity evident. Conclusions STZ-induced diabetes caused alterations of bacterial flora in the bulbar conjunctiva in rats, with some bacterial species disappearing and others emerging. Our results indicate that the conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetic humans should be surveyed for potential diagnostic markers or countermeasures to prevent eye infections in T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yuda Fei
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Yali Qin
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shufei Yang
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyun Kou
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxin Zi
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Rodríguez-Castelán J, Nicolás L, Morimoto S, Cuevas E. The Langerhans islet cells of female rabbits are differentially affected by hypothyroidism depending on the islet size. Endocrine 2015; 48:811-7. [PMID: 25213470 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effects of hypothyroidism on the glucose and insulin levels are controversial, and its impact on the Langerhans islet morphology of adult subjects has been poorly addressed. In spite of hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus are more frequent in females than in males, most studies using animal models have been done in males. The effect of hypothyroidism on the immunolabeling of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) of islet cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hypothyroidism on the glucose and insulin concentrations, morphometry of islets, and immunostaining of TRs α1-2 and β1 and TSHR of islet cells in female rabbits. Control and hypothyroid (0.02% of methimazole for 30 days) animals were used to quantify blood levels of glucose and insulin, density of islets, cross-sectional area (CSA) of islets, number of cells per islet, cell proliferation, and the immunolabeling of TRs α1-2, TRβ1, and TSHR. Student's t or Mann-Whitney-U tests, two-way ANOVAs, and Fischer's tests were applied. Concentrations of glucose and insulin, as well as the insulin resistance were similar between groups. Hypothyroidism did not affect the density or the CSA of islets. The analysis of islets by size showed that hypothyroidism reduced the cell number in large and medium islets, but not in small ones. In small islets, cell proliferation was increased. The immunoreactivity of TRα1-2, TRβ1, and TSHR was increased by hypothyroidism in all islet sizes. Our results show that hypothyroidism affects differentially the islet cells depending on the size of islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Castelán
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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Hübner NS, Merkle A, Jung B, von Elverfeldt D, Harsan LA. Analysis of left ventricular function of the mouse heart during experimentally induced hyperthyroidism and recovery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:116-123. [PMID: 25394338 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are due to the ability of thyroid hormones to alter myocardial contractility and cardiovascular hemodynamics, leading to cardiovascular impairment. In contrast, recent studies highlight also the potential beneficial effects of thyroid hormone administration for clinical or preclinical treatment of different diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes or as a new therapeutic approach in demyelinating disorders. In these contexts and in the view of developing thyroid hormone-based therapeutic strategies, it is, however, important to analyze undesirable secondary effects on the heart. Animal models of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism therefore represent important tools for investigating and monitoring changes of cardiac function. In our present study we use high-field cardiac MRI to monitor and follow-up longitudinally the effects of prolonged thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine) administration focusing on murine left ventricular function. Using a 9.4 T small horizontal bore animal scanner, cinematographic MRI was used to analyze changes in ejection fraction, wall thickening, systolic index and fractional shortening. Cardiac MRI investigations were performed after sustained cycles of triiodothyronine administration and treatment arrest in adolescent (8 week old) and adult (24 week old) female C57Bl/6 N mice. Triiodothyronine supplementation of 3 weeks led to an impairment of cardiac performance with a decline in ejection fraction, wall thickening, systolic index and fractional shortening in both age groups but with a higher extent in the group of adolescent mice. However, after a hormonal treatment cessation of 3 weeks, only young mice are able to partly restore cardiac performance in contrast to adult mice lacking this recovery potential and therefore indicating a presence of chronically developed heart pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Saskia Hübner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Akiyama S, Ogiwara T, Aoki T, Tsunekawa K, Araki O, Murakami M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulates type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase expression in a mouse insulinoma cell line. Life Sci 2014; 115:22-8. [PMID: 25241124 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The pathophysiological roles of thyroid hormones in glucose metabolism remain uncertain. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) converts thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2), respectively, inactivating thyroid hormones in a cell-specific fashion. In the present study, we identified D3 expression in MIN6 cells derived from a mouse insulinoma cell line and examined the mechanisms regulating D3 expression in these cells. MAIN METHODS We characterized D3 activity using HPLC analysis, and examined the effect of GLP-1 or exendin-4 on D3 expression and cAMP accumulation in MIN6 cells. We also measured insulin secretion from MIN6 cells exposed to GLP-1 and T3. KEY FINDINGS We identified enzyme activity that catalyzes the conversion of T3 to T2 in MIN6 cells, which showed characteristics compatible with those for D3. D3 mRNA was identified in these cells using RT-PCR analysis. Forskolin rapidly stimulated D3 mRNA and D3 activity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increased D3 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, also stimulated D3 expression in MIN6 cells. These results suggest that a cAMP-PKA-mediated pathway participates in GLP-1-stimulated D3 expression in MIN6 cells. Furthermore, GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion was suppressed by the addition of T3 in MIN6 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that GLP-1 regulates intracellular T3 concentration in pancreatic β cells via a cAMP-PKA-D3-mediated pathway that may also regulate β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Akiyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Alsawy BM, El-Damarawi MA. Effect of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Control on Myocardial Contractile Function in Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2014.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This work was done to study the effect of both types of diabetes mellitus (DM) on myocardial contractility in rats. Also, we investigated the role of treatment of DM with insulin and rosiglitazone (used as treatment for type 1 and type 2 DM respectively) in improvement of myocardial dysfunction in diabetic rats.METHODS: The study included 50 male Wistar albino rats, divided into 5 groups: control (group I), streptozotocin induced type 1 DM (group II), fructose induced type 2 DM (group III), insulin treated type 1 diabetic rats (group IV) and rosiglitazone treated type 2 diabetic rats (group V). At the end of the study, retro-orbital blood samples were withdrawn and blood glucose, plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and thyroid hormones levels were measured. Rats were then anesthetized and their hearts were excised and connected to Langendorff apparatus to perform mechanical cardiac performance tests including heart rate (HR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum rate of pressure rise (+dp/dt).RESULTS: Data of the study showed that relative to control group, there was significant increase in blood glucose, plasma TG and TC levels while, thyroid hormones and myocardial performance parameters showed significant decrease in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. Treatment of type 1 diabetic rats with insulin and type 2 with rosiglitazone resulted in significant decrease in blood glucose, plasma TG and TC levels associated with significant improvement in thyroid hormones and myocardial performance parameters. The results also showed that insulin treatment of type 1 was more effective in ameliorating all parameters than treatment of type 2 by rosiglitazone.CONCLUSION: We concluded that the induction of both types of diabetes resulted in decreased myocardial performance parameters. The treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by insulin and oral rosiglitazone respectively improved to a great extent the altered metabolism and mechanical myocardial parameters, with more improving effect of insulin in type 1 than rosiglitazone in type 2 DM.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
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Zuo Z, Wu T, Lin M, Zhang S, Yan F, Yang Z, Wang Y, Wang C. Chronic exposure to tributyltin chloride induces pancreatic islet cell apoptosis and disrupts glucose homeostasis in male mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5179-5186. [PMID: 24693970 DOI: 10.1021/es404729p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that organotin compounds such as triphenyltin or tributyltin (TBT) induce diabetes and insulin resistance. However, histopathological effects of organotin compounds on the Islets of Langerhans and exocrine pancreas are still unclear. In the present study, male KM mice were orally administered with TBT (0.5, 5, and 50 μg/kg) once every 3 days. The fasting plasma glucose levels significantly elevated, and the levels of serum insulin or glucagon decreased in the animals treated with TBT for 60 days. In animals treated for 45 days, the number of apoptotic cells in the islets and exocrine pancreas was elevated in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of proliferating (PCNA-positive) cells was decreased in the islets, while it was increased in exocrine acinar cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) were present in vascular endothelium, ductal cells, and islet cells, but absent from pancreatic exocrine cells. TBT exposure decreased the production of estradiol and triiodothyronine and elevated the concentration of testosterone, and resulted in a decrease of ERα expression and an elevation of AR in the pancreas measured by Western boltting. The results suggested that TBT inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of islet cells via multipathways, causing a decrease of relative islet area in the animals treated for 60 days, which could result in a disruption of glucose homeostasis. The different presence of ERs and AR between the islets and exocrine pancreas might be one of reasons causing different effects on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University , Xiamen, PR China
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Lichti-Kaiser K, ZeRuth G, Jetten AM. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GLI-SIMILAR 3 (GLIS3): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, DIABETES & OBESITY 2014; 2:1024. [PMID: 25133201 PMCID: PMC4131692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent endocrine disorder in neonates. While several genetic mutations have been identified that result in developmental defects of the thyroid gland or thyroid hormone synthesis, genetic factors have yet to be identified in many CH patients along with the mechanisms underlying their pathophysiology. Mutations in the gene encoding the Krüppel-like transcription factor, GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) have been associated with the development of a syndrome characterized by congenital hypothyroidism and neonatal diabetes and similar phenotypes were observed in mouse knockout models of Glis3. Patients with GLIS3-mediated CH exhibit diminished serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroglobulin (TG). However, the inconsistent presentation of clinical features associated with this CH has made it difficult to ascertain a causative mechanism. Future elucidation of the biological functions of GLIS3 in the thyroid will be crucial to the discovery of new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lichti-Kaiser
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gary ZeRuth
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Mastracci TL, Evans-Molina C. Pancreatic and Islet Development and Function: The Role of Thyroid Hormone. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, DIABETES & OBESITY 2014; 2:1044. [PMID: 25506600 PMCID: PMC4261639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A gradually expanding body of literature suggests that Thyroid Hormone (TH) and Thyroid Hormone Receptors (TRs) play a contributing role in pancreatic and islet cell development, maturation, and function. Studies using a variety of model systems capable of exploiting species-specific developmental paradigms have revealed the contribution of TH to cellular differentiation, lineage decisions, and endocrine cell specification. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that TH is involved in islet β cell proliferation and maturation; however, the signaling pathway(s) connected with this function of TH/TR are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current literature that has defined the effects of TH and TRs on pancreatic and islet cell development and function, describe the impact of hyper- and hypothyroidism on whole body metabolism, and highlight future and potential applications of TH in novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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Perrotta C, Buldorini M, Assi E, Cazzato D, De Palma C, Clementi E, Cervia D. The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine controls macrophage maturation and functions: protective role during inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:230-47. [PMID: 24215914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system participates in regulating macrophage maturation, although little is known about the modulating role of the thyroid hormones. In vitro results demonstrate a negative role of one such hormone, triiodothyronine (T3), in triggering the differentiation of bone marrow-derived monocytes into unpolarized macrophages. T3-induced macrophages displayed a classically activated (M1) signature. A T3-induced M1-priming effect was also observed on polarized macrophages because T3 reverses alternatively activated (M2) activation, whereas it enhances that of M1 cells. In vivo, circulating T3 increased the content of the resident macrophages in the peritoneal cavity, whereas it reduced the content of the recruited monocyte-derived cells. Of interest, T3 significantly protected mice against endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide i.p. injection; in these damaged animals, decreased T3 levels increased the recruited (potentially damaging) cells, whereas restoring T3 levels decreased recruited and increased resident (potentially beneficial) cells. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of T3 is coupled to the modulation of peritoneal macrophage content, in a context not fully explained by the M1/M2 framework. Thyroid hormone receptor expression analysis and the use of different thyroid hormone receptor antagonists suggest thyroid hormone receptor β1 as the major player mediating T3 effects on macrophages. The novel homeostatic link between thyroid hormones and the pathophysiological role of macrophages opens new perspectives on the interactions between the endocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emma Assi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; E. Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Davide Cervia
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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Mourouzis I, Giagourta I, Galanopoulos G, Mantzouratou P, Kostakou E, Kokkinos AD, Tentolouris N, Pantos C. Thyroid hormone improves the mechanical performance of the post-infarcted diabetic myocardium: a response associated with up-regulation of Akt/mTOR and AMPK activation. Metabolism 2013; 62:1387-93. [PMID: 23773982 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone (TH) is shown to be protective against cardiac and pancreatic injury. Thus, this study explored the potential effects of TH treatment on the functional status of the postinfarcted diabetic myocardium. Diabetic patients have worse prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). MATERIALS/METHODS AMI was induced by left coronary ligation in rats previously treated with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), (DM-AMI). TH treatment was initiated at 2 weeks after AMI and continued for 6 weeks (DM-AMI+TH), while sham-operated animals served as control (DM-SHAM). RESULTS TH treatment increased cardiac mass, improved wall stress and favorably changed cardiac geometry. TH significantly increased echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF%): [54.2 (6.5) for DM-AMI+TH vs 37 (2.0) for DM-AMI, p<0.05]. TH treatment resulted in significantly increased insulin and decreased glucose levels in serum. The ratios of phosphorylated (p)-Akt/total Akt and p-mTOR/total mTOR were increased 2.0 fold and 2.7 fold in DM-AMI+TH vs DM-AMI respectively, p<0.05. Furthermore, the ratio of p-AMPK/total AMPK was found to be increased 1.6 fold in DM-AMI+TH vs DM-AMI, p<0.05. CONCLUSION TH treatment improved the mechanical performance of the post-infarcted myocardium in rats with STZ-induced diabetes, an effect which was associated with Akt/mTOR and AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Ave., 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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The role of insulin-thyroid hormone interaction on β-adrenoceptor-mediated cardiac responses. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:533-43. [PMID: 23811535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
β-adrenoceptor-mediated responses are known to be attenuated in diabetic rat hearts, related to decreased receptor sensitivity and density. These impaired responses were improved with insulin in diabetic rats, but not in thyroidectomized diabetic rats. We aimed to investigate the possible interaction between insulin and thyroid hormones to restore diabetes-induced alterations on β-adrenoceptor-mediated responses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: control (C), diabetic (D), insulin-treated diabetic (DI), thyroidectomized diabetic (TxD), insulin-treated thyroidectomized diabetic (TxDI), insulin+low dose 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) treated (TxDIT2.5) or insulin+high dose T3 (TxDIT5) treated thyroidectomized diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced with 38 mg/kg streptozotocin. Cardiac function was assessed through pressure-volume analysis and papillary muscle experiments. QPCR and western blot experiments were performed to evaluate cardiac gene expressions. Hemodynamic parameters were impaired in diabetes, and were mostly corrected in DI and TxDIT5 groups. Isoprenaline- and BRL37344-induced contractile responses were also decreased in diabetes. Isoprenaline responses were improved significantly in DI and TxDIT5 groups, whereas BRL 37344-mediated responses were increased slightly. Reduced β1-adrenoceptor and SERCA 2A mRNA levels in diabetes were corrected in DI and TxDIT5 groups. Decreased SERCA 2A and increased β3-adrenoceptor protein levels in diabetes were improved in DI and TxDIT5 groups. No significant changes were found in phospholamban or endothelial nitricoxide synthase protein levels. These results show that the beneficial effects of insulin on β-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in diabetic rats are dependent upon adequate concentrations of thyroid hormones.
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Polymyxin B Induces Apoptosis in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4329-4335. [PMID: 23796937 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02587-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephrotoxicity of polymyxins is a major dose-limiting factor for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. The mechanism(s) of polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity is not clear. This study aimed to investigate polymyxin B-induced apoptosis in kidney proximal tubular cells. Polymyxin B-induced apoptosis in NRK-52E cells was examined by caspase activation, DNA breakage, and translocation of membrane phosphatidylserine using Red-VAD-FMK [Val-Ala-Asp(O-Me) fluoromethyl ketone] staining, a terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and double staining with annexin V-propidium iodide (PI). The concentration dependence (50% effective concentration [EC50]) and time course for polymyxin B-induced apoptosis were measured in NRK-52E and HK-2 cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with annexin V and PI. Polymyxin B-induced apoptosis in NRK-52E cells was confirmed by positive labeling from Red-VAD-FMK staining, TUNEL assay, and annexin V-PI double staining. The EC50 (95% confidence interval [CI]) of polymyxin B for the NRK-52E cells was 1.05 (0.91 to 1.22) mM and was 0.35 (0.29 to 0.42) mM for HK-2 cells. At lower concentrations of polymyxin B, minimal apoptosis was observed, followed by a sharp rise in the apoptotic index at higher concentrations in both cell lines. After treatment of NRK-52E cells with 2.0 mM polymyxin B, the percentage of apoptotic cells (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) was 10.9% ± 4.69% at 6 h and reached plateau (>80%) at 24 h, whereas treatment with 0.5 mM polymyxin B for 24 h led to 93.6% ± 5.57% of HK-2 cells in apoptosis. Understanding the mechanism of polymyxin B-induced apoptosis will provide important information for discovering less nephrotoxic polymyxin-like lipopeptides.
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Shoemaker TJ, Kono T, Mariash CN, Evans-Molina C. Thyroid hormone analogues for the treatment of metabolic disorders: new potential for unmet clinical needs? Endocr Pract 2013; 18:954-64. [PMID: 22784847 DOI: 10.4158/ep12086.ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive review of the discovery and development of selective thyroid hormone receptor agonists and provide a discussion of their use in hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Preclinical and clinical English language literature from 1930 to present was reviewed and thematically summarized. RESULTS Human trials have shown that thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonists effectively lower low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) levels. In preclinical studies, TRβ agonists enhance reverse cholesterol transport and decrease atherosclerosis in selected models. While animal data suggest these drugs may have additional utility to modulate weight and improve glucose homeostasis, human studies have not shown similar results. CONCLUSION TRβ agonists are a novel therapeutic class for lipid management. Their mechanism of action for lipid lowering is distinct from statin drugs, suggesting a strong possibility for synergistic effects with combined therapy. The long-term effects of these drugs on cardiovascular outcomes, however, are unknown. Recently, the development of the most promising agent in this class, eprotirome, was halted over toxicology concerns following long-term canine studies. Consequently, the future of contemporary TRβ agonists is unclear. The creation of a next generation of TRβ agonists that provide additional tissue specific effects or bind TRβ with even higher selectivity may lead to improved safety and efficacy and allow for their application to other metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Shang G, Gao P, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Jiang T, Zhang N, Li H. 3,5-Diiodo-l-thyronine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:674-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Matsen ME, Thaler JP, Wisse BE, Guyenet SJ, Meek TH, Ogimoto K, Cubelo A, Fischer JD, Kaiyala KJ, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. In uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid hormone and sympathetic activators induce thermogenesis without increasing glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E734-46. [PMID: 23384771 PMCID: PMC3625754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in human brown adipose tissue (BAT) imaging technology have renewed interest in the identification of BAT activators for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. In uncontrolled diabetes (uDM), activation of BAT is implicated in glucose lowering mediated by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of leptin, which normalizes blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The potent effect of icv leptin to increase BAT glucose uptake in STZ-diabetes is accompanied by the return of reduced plasma thyroxine (T4) levels and BAT uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) mRNA levels to nondiabetic controls. We therefore sought to determine whether activation of thyroid hormone receptors is sufficient in and of itself to lower blood glucose levels in STZ-diabetes and whether this effect involves activation of BAT. We found that, although systemic administration of the thyroid hormone (TR)β-selective agonist GC-1 increases energy expenditure and induces further weight loss in STZ-diabetic rats, it neither increased BAT glucose uptake nor attenuated diabetic hyperglycemia. Even when GC-1 was administered in combination with a β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist to mimic sympathetic nervous system activation, glucose uptake was not increased in STZ-diabetic rats, nor was blood glucose lowered, yet this intervention potently activated BAT. Similar results were observed in animals treated with active thyroid hormone (T3) instead of GC-1. Taken together, our data suggest that neither returning normal plasma thyroid hormone levels nor BAT activation has any impact on diabetic hyperglycemia, and that in BAT, increases of Ucp1 gene expression and glucose uptake are readily dissociated from one another in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles E Matsen
- Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Thyroid hormone and tissue repair: new tricks for an old hormone? J Thyroid Res 2013; 2013:312104. [PMID: 23533950 PMCID: PMC3596953 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of thyroid hormone during embryonic development has long been recognized, its role later in adult life remains largely unknown. However, several lines of evidence show that thyroid hormone is crucial to the response to stress and to poststress recovery and repair. Along this line, TH administration in almost every tissue resulted in tissue repair after various injuries including ischemia, chemical insults, induction of inflammation, or exposure to radiation. This novel action may be of therapeutic relevance, and thyroid hormone may constitute a paradigm for pharmacologic-induced tissue repair/regeneration.
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Strollo F, Carucci I, Morè M, Marico G, Strollo G, Masini MA, Gentile S. Free Triiodothyronine and Cholesterol Levels in Euthyroid Elderly T2DM Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:420370. [PMID: 22973308 PMCID: PMC3438739 DOI: 10.1155/2012/420370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function regulates lipid metabolism. Despite the fact that T2DM is more prevalent in the elderly, often associates with thyroid dysfunction and increases cardiovascular risk both per se and via high TC and LDL-C levels, the association of the latter with FT(3) and FT(4) levels has not yet been fully investigated in T2DM. While trying to fill this gap in 296 elderly outpatients with T2DM, we found that TC and LDL-C correlated negatively with FT(4) and positively with FT(3). When divided according to treatment by oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) and insulin (IT), they reacted differently with respect to investigated associations: in the OHA's TC and LDL-C correlated negatively with FT(4) and showed no association with FT(3), whereas, in the IT's TC and LDL-C correlated positively with FT(3) and negatively with FT(4). When controlled for possible confounding factors, these associations did not change in the IT's but were missing in the OHA's. Recent literature reports upon complex hypothalamic and peripheral interactions between T2DM and thyroid, and suggests T(3) to enhance cholesterol synthesis and to have a role in insulin resistance states. Further investigations are needed to understand the intimate mechanisms of lipid metabolism in T2DM with respect to thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Strollo
- Endocrine Unit, INRCA, Via Cassia 1167, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - I. Carucci
- Endocrine Unit, INRCA, Via Cassia 1167, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Morè
- Endocrine Unit, INRCA, Via Cassia 1167, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Marico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - G. Strollo
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Service, FBF St. Peter's Hospital, Via Cassia 600, 001879 Rome, Italy
| | - M. A. Masini
- DipTeRis, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - S. Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- *S. Gentile:
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