1
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Wang H, Liu YT, Ren YL, Guo XY, Wang Y. Association of peripheral immune activation with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 388:578290. [PMID: 38301596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed the link between immune activation and neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS By employing meta-analysis, we estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the groups. RESULTS According to the pre-set criteria, a total of 21 published articles including 2377 ALS patients and 1244 HCs, as well as 60 articles including 5111 PD patients and 4237 HCs, were identified. This study provided evidence of peripheral immune activation in the pathogenesis of ALS and PD. CONCLUSION Our results suggested monitoring changes in peripheral blood immune cell populations, particularly lymphocyte subsets, will benefit understanding the developments and exploring reliable and specific biomarkers of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi-Ti Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Mimic S, Aru B, Pehlivanoğlu C, Sleiman H, Andjus PR, Yanıkkaya Demirel G. Immunology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - role of the innate and adaptive immunity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1277399. [PMID: 38105925 PMCID: PMC10723830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1277399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the latest evidence about the role of innate and adaptive immunity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons, which involves essential cells of the immune system that play a basic role in innate or adaptive immunity, that can be neurotoxic or neuroprotective for neurons. However, distinguishing between the sole neurotoxic or neuroprotective function of certain cells such as astrocytes can be challenging due to intricate nature of these cells, the complexity of the microenvironment and the contextual factors. In this review, in regard to innate immunity we focus on the involvement of monocytes/macrophages, microglia, the complement, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and astrocytes, while regarding adaptive immunity, in addition to humoral immunity the most important features and roles of T and B cells are highlighted, specifically different subsets of CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells. The role of autoantibodies and cytokines is also discussed in distinct sections of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mimic
- Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Jean Giaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Başak Aru
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Pehlivanoğlu
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hadi Sleiman
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Pavle R. Andjus
- Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Jean Giaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Lv M, Zhang Z, Cui Y. Unconventional T cells in brain homeostasis, injury and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273459. [PMID: 37854609 PMCID: PMC10579804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between peripheral immune cells and the brain is an important component of the neuroimmune axis. Unconventional T cells, which include natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ T cells, and other poorly defined subsets, are a special group of T lymphocytes that recognize a wide range of nonpolymorphic ligands and are the connection between adaptive and innate immunity. Recently, an increasing number of complex functions of these unconventional T cells in brain homeostasis and various brain disorders have been revealed. In this review, we describe the classification and effector function of unconventional T cells, review the evidence for the involvement of unconventional T cells in the regulation of brain homeostasis, summarize the roles and mechanisms of unconventional T cells in the regulation of brain injury and neurodegeneration, and discuss immunotherapeutic potential as well as future research goals. Insight of these processes can shed light on the regulation of T cell immunity on brain homeostasis and diseases and provide new clues for therapeutic approaches targeting brain injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Wang C, Zhu D, Zhang D, Zuo X, Yao L, Liu T, Ge X, He C, Zhou Y, Shen Z. Causal role of immune cells in schizophrenia: Mendelian randomization (MR) study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:590. [PMID: 37582716 PMCID: PMC10428653 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex immune-brain interactions that affect neural development, survival and function might have causal and therapeutic implications for psychiatric illnesses. However, previous studies examining the association between immune inflammation and schizophrenia (SCZ) have yielded inconsistent findings. METHODS Comprehensive two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to determine the causal association between immune cell signatures and SCZ in this study. Based on publicly available genetic data, we explored causal associations between 731 immune cell signatures and SCZ risk. A total of four types of immune signatures (median fluorescence intensities (MFI), relative cell (RC), absolute cell (AC), and morphological parameters (MP)) were included. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were used to verify the robustness, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy of the results. RESULTS After FDR correction, SCZ had no statistically significant effect on immunophenotypes. It was worth mentioning some phenotypes with unadjusted low P-values, including FSC-A on NKT (β = 0.119, 95% CI = 0.044 ~ 0.194, P = 0.002), DN (CD4-CD8-) NKT %T cell (β = 0.131, 95% CI = 0.054 ~ 0.208, P = 9.03 × 10- 4), and SSC-A on lymphocytes (β = 0.136, 95% CI = 0.059 ~ 0.213, P = 5.43 × 10- 4). The causal effect of SCZ IgD on transitional was estimated to 0.127 (95% CI = 0.051 ~ 0.203, P = 1.09 × 10- 3). SCZ also had a causal effect on IgD+ %B cell (β = 0.130, 95% CI = 0.054 ~ 0.207, P = 8.69 × 10- 4), and DP (CD4+CD8+) %T cell (β = 0.131, 95% CI = 0.054 ~ 0.207, P = 8.05 × 10- 4). Furthermore, four immunophenotypes were identified to be significantly associated with SCZ risk: naive CD4+ %T cell (OR = 0.986, 95% CI = 0.979 ~ 0.992, P = 1.37 × 10- 5), HLA DR on CD14- CD16- (OR = 0.738 (95% CI = 0.642 ~ 0.849, P = 2.00 × 10- 5), CD33dim HLA DR+ CD11b- AC (OR = 0.631, 95% CI = 0.529 ~ 0.753, P = 3.40 × 10- 7) and activated & resting Treg % CD4 Treg (OR = 0.937, 95% CI = 0.906 ~ 0.970, P = 1.96 × 10- 4). CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated the close connection between immune cells and SCZ by genetic means, thus providing guidance for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Dongdong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Dongjun Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453005, China
| | - Xiaowei Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xiaodan Ge
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Chenlu He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ziyuan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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5
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Maksimovic K, Youssef M, You J, Sung HK, Park J. Evidence of Metabolic Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients and Animal Models. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050863. [PMID: 37238732 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventual death. Research from the past few decades has appreciated that ALS is not only a disease of the motor neurons but also a disease that involves systemic metabolic dysfunction. This review will examine the foundational research of understanding metabolic dysfunction in ALS and provide an overview of past and current studies in ALS patients and animal models, spanning from full systems to various metabolic organs. While ALS-affected muscle tissue exhibits elevated energy demand and a fuel preference switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation, adipose tissue in ALS undergoes increased lipolysis. Dysfunctions in the liver and pancreas contribute to impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. The central nervous system (CNS) displays abnormal glucose regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress. Importantly, the hypothalamus, a brain region that controls whole-body metabolism, undergoes atrophy associated with pathological aggregates of TDP-43. This review will also cover past and present treatment options that target metabolic dysfunction in ALS and provide insights into the future of metabolism research in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Maksimovic
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mohieldin Youssef
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Justin You
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeehye Park
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Garofalo S, Cocozza G, Bernardini G, Savage J, Raspa M, Aronica E, Tremblay ME, Ransohoff RM, Santoni A, Limatola C. Blocking immune cell infiltration of the central nervous system to tame Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:1-14. [PMID: 35688338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the main hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, peripheral immune cells were discovered as pivotal players that promptly participate in this process, speeding up neurodegeneration during progression of the disease. In particular, infiltrating T cells and natural killer cells release inflammatory cytokines that switch glial cells toward a pro-inflammatory/detrimental phenotype, and directly attack motor neurons with specific ligand-receptor signals. Here, we assessed the presence of lymphocytes in the spinal cord of sporadic ALS patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blocking the extravasation of immune cells in the central nervous system using Natalizumab (NAT), an antibody for the α4 integrin, reduces the level of interferon-γ in the spinal cord of ALS mouse models, such as the hSOD1G93A and TDP43A315T mice, modifying microglia and astrocytes phenotype, increasing motor neuron number and prolonging the survival time. Taken together, our results establish a central role for the immune cells as drivers of inflammation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Savage
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Italia.
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7
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Gong Z, Liu Y, Ding F, Ba L, Zhang M. Natural killer cells-related immune traits and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981371. [PMID: 36248644 PMCID: PMC9562140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundObservational studies have suggested that peripheral immune disorders are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous studies predominantly focused on changes in adaptive immunity. However, emerging evidence showed natural killer (NK) cells, an essential component of innate immunity, were involved in the degeneration of motor neurons. However, the causal relationship between dysregulated NK cells-related immune traits and ALS remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the causal relationship between NK cells-related immune traits and the risk of ALS.Materials and methodsSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with NK cells-related immune traits were selected as instrumental variables to estimate their causal effects on ALS. SNPs from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on NK cells-related immune traits were used as exposure instruments, including an absolute NK-cells count, absolute HLA-DR+ NK-cells count, NK cells/lymphocytes, NK cells/CD3– lymphocytes, HLA DR+ NK cells/NK cells, HLA DR+ NK cells/CD3– lymphocytes, and the median fluorescence intensities of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells. Summary-level GWAS statistics of ALS were used as the outcome data. Exposure and outcome data were analyzed using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.ResultsEach one standard deviation increase in the expression levels of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells were associated with a lower risk of ALS in both the MR-Egger and inverse variance weighted methods (P < 0.05). The results proved robust under all sensitivity analyses. Neither instrumental outliers nor heterogeneity were detected.ConclusionOur results suggest that higher expression levels of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells are associated with a lower risk of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Gong
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ba
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Ba,
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Ba,
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8
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Yu W, He J, Cai X, Yu Z, Zou Z, Fan D. Neuroimmune Crosstalk Between the Peripheral and the Central Immune System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890958. [PMID: 35592701 PMCID: PMC9110796 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by the degeneration and death of motor neurons. Systemic neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS. The proinflammatory milieu depends on the continuous crosstalk between the peripheral immune system (PIS) and central immune system (CIS). Central nervous system (CNS) resident immune cells interact with the peripheral immune cells via immune substances. Dysfunctional CNS barriers, including the blood–brain barrier, and blood–spinal cord barrier, accelerate the inflammatory process, leading to a systemic self-destructive cycle. This review focuses on the crosstalk between PIS and CIS in ALS. Firstly, we briefly introduce the cellular compartments of CIS and PIS, respectively, and update some new understanding of changes specifically occurring in ALS. Then, we will review previous studies on the alterations of the CNS barriers, and discuss their crucial role in the crosstalk in ALS. Finally, we will review the moveable compartments of the crosstalk, including cytokines, chemokines, and peripheral immune cells which were found to infiltrate the CNS, highlighting the interaction between PIS and CIS. This review aims to provide new insights into pathogenic mechanisms and innovative therapeutic approaches for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji He
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiying Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan,
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9
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Figueroa-Romero C, Monteagudo A, Murdock BJ, Famie JP, Webber-Davis IF, Piecuch CE, Teener SJ, Pacut C, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. Tofacitinib Suppresses Natural Killer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773288. [PMID: 35197969 PMCID: PMC8859451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disease with few therapeutic options. However, the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, is linked to ALS progression and may constitute a viable therapeutic ALS target. Tofacitinib is an FDA-approved immunomodulating small molecule which suppresses immune cell function by blocking proinflammatory cytokine signaling. This includes the cytokine IL-15 which is the primary cytokine associated with NK cell function and proliferation. However, the impact of tofacitinib on NK activation and cytotoxicity has not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in ALS. We therefore tested the ability of tofacitinib to suppress cytotoxicity and cytokine production in an NK cell line and in primary NK cells derived from control and ALS participants. We also investigated whether tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell cytotoxicity. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive pharmacokinetic study of tofacitinib in mice and tested the feasibility of administration formulated in chow. Success was assessed through the impact of tofacitinib on peripheral NK cell levels in mice. We found tofacitinib suppressed IL-15-induced activation as measured by STAT1 phosphorylation, cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in both an NK cell line and primary NK cells. Furthermore, tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In mice, we found tofacitinib bioavailability was 37% in both male and female mice; using these data we formulated mouse containing low and high doses of tofacitinib and found that the drug suppressed peripheral NK cell levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that tofacitinib can suppress NK cell function and may be a viable therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Monteagudo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin J Murdock
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua P Famie
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ian F Webber-Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Caroline E Piecuch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel J Teener
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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10
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Park HR, Yang EJ. Combined Treatment with Herbal Medicine and Drug Ameliorates Inflammation and Metabolic Abnormalities in the Liver of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010173. [PMID: 35052677 PMCID: PMC8773307 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no effective drugs exist for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although riluzole (RZ) and edaravone have been approved for treatment. We previously reported that Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT) improved motor activity through anti-inflammatory effects in the muscle and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Therefore, whether combined treatment with BJIGT and RZ synergistically affects liver function in hSOD1G93A mice was investigated. Two-month-old male hSOD1G93A mice were treated with BJIGT (1 mg/g) and RZ (8 μg/g) administered orally for 5 weeks. Drug metabolism and liver function tests of serum and liver homogenates were conducted. mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, inflammatory cytokines, metabolic factors, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits were examined using qPCR and Western blotting. Combined administration of BJIGT and RZ did not alter mRNA expression levels of drug-metabolism-related isozymes (CYP1A2 and CYP3A4) but significantly decreased the activity of liver-function-related enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH). Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and of intracellular stress-related proteins (Bax, AMPKα, JNK, and p38) was reduced by the combined treatment in hSOD1G93A mice compared to that in control mice. Combined administration reduced the mRNA expression of metabolism-related factors and the expression of OXPHOS subunits. Elevated ATP levels and mitochondrial-fusion-associated protein were decreased after co-administration. Co-administration of BJIGT and RZ did not cause liver damage or toxicity but rather restored liver function in hSOD1G93A mice. This suggests that this combination can be considered a candidate therapeutic agent for ALS.
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11
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Lotti F, Przedborski S. Motoneuron Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:323-352. [PMID: 36066831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) represent a heterogeneous group of progressive paralytic disorders, mainly characterized by the loss of upper (corticospinal) motoneurons, lower (spinal) motoneurons or, often both. MNDs can occur from birth to adulthood and have a highly variable clinical presentation, even within gene-positive forms, suggesting the existence of environmental and genetic modifiers. A combination of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms contributes to motoneuron degeneration in MNDs, suggesting multifactorial pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lotti
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Melo AM, Taher NAB, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. The role of lymphocytes in neonatal encephalopathy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100380. [PMID: 34755125 PMCID: PMC8560973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy is a syndrome characterised by abnormal neurological function often caused by a hypoxic insult during childbirth. Triggers such as hypoxia-ischaemia result in the release of cytokines and chemokines inducing the infiltration of neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, T cells and innate T cells into the brain. However, the role of these cells in the development of the brain injury is poorly understood. We review the mechanisms by which lymphocytes contribute to brain damage in NE. NK, T and innate T cells release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to the neurodegeneration in the secondary and tertiary phase of injury, whereas B cells and regulatory T cells produce IL-10 protecting the brain in NE. Targeting lymphocytes may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of NE in terms of management of inflammation and brain damage, particularly in the tertiary or persistent phases.
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Key Words
- Blood-brain barrier, BBB
- Hypoxia-ischaemia encephalopathy, HIE
- Hypoxia-ischaemia, HI
- Hypoxic-ischaemia
- Immune response
- Lymphocytes
- Neonatal encephalopathy
- Neonatal encephalopathy, NE
- Regulatory T cells, Tregs
- T cell receptors, TCRs
- T helper, Th
- Therapeutic hypothermia, TH
- White Matter Injury, WMI
- activating transcription factor-6, ATF6
- central nervous system, CNS
- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF
- interleukin, IL
- major histocompatibility complex, MHC
- natural killer, NK cells
- tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanty M. Melo
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nawal AB. Taher
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J. Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght & Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Neonatology & National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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De Marchi F, Munitic I, Amedei A, Berry JD, Feldman EL, Aronica E, Nardo G, Van Weehaeghe D, Niccolai E, Prtenjaca N, Sakowski SA, Bendotti C, Mazzini L. Interplay between immunity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Clinical impact. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:958-978. [PMID: 34153344 PMCID: PMC8428677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating and rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease. Despite decades of research and many new insights into disease biology over the 150 years since the disease was first described, causative pathogenic mechanisms in ALS remain poorly understood, especially in sporadic cases. Our understanding of the role of the immune system in ALS pathophysiology, however, is rapidly expanding. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the recent advances regarding the immune system involvement in ALS, with particular attention to clinical translation. We focus on the potential pathophysiologic mechanism of the immune system in ALS, discussing local and systemic factors (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and microbiota) that influence ALS onset and progression in animal models and people. We also explore the potential of Positron Emission Tomography to detect neuroinflammation in vivo, and discuss ongoing clinical trials of therapies targeting the immune system. With validation in human patients, new evidence in this emerging field will serve to identify novel therapeutic targets and provide realistic hope for personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola De Marchi
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James D Berry
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 600, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milanm, 20156, Italy
| | - Donatienne Van Weehaeghe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nikolina Prtenjaca
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milanm, 20156, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy.
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14
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Murdock BJ, Famie JP, Piecuch CE, Pawlowski KD, Mendelson FE, Pieroni CH, Iniguez SD, Zhao L, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. NK cells associate with ALS in a sex- and age-dependent manner. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147129. [PMID: 33974561 PMCID: PMC8262328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells implicated in ALS; whether NK cells impact ALS in a sex- and age-specific manner was investigated. Herein, NK cells were depleted in male and female SOD1G93A ALS mice, survival and neuroinflammation were assessed, and data were stratified by sex. NK cell depletion extended survival in female but not male ALS mice with sex-specific effects on spinal cord microglia. In humans, NK cell numbers, NK cell subpopulations, and NK cell surface markers were examined in prospectively blood collected from subjects with ALS and control subjects; longitudinal changes in these metrics were correlated to revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) slope and stratified by sex and age. Expression of NK cell trafficking and cytotoxicity markers was elevated in subjects with ALS, and changes in CXCR3+ NK cells and 7 trafficking and cytotoxicity markers (CD11a, CD11b, CD38, CX3CR1, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46) correlated with disease progression. Age affected the associations between ALSFRS-R and markers NKG2D and NKp46, whereas sex impacted the NKp30 association. Collectively, these findings suggest that NK cells contribute to ALS progression in a sex- and age-specific manner and demonstrate that age and sex are critical variables when designing and assessing ALS immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Non-neuronal cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:333-348. [PMID: 33927394 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing motor neuron-centric view of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis could be an important factor in the failure to identify disease-modifying therapy for this neurodegenerative disorder. Non-neuronal cells have crucial homeostatic functions within the CNS and evidence of involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, is accumulating. Microglia and astrocytes, in crosstalk with peripheral immune cells, can exert both neuroprotective and adverse effects, resulting in a highly nuanced range of neuronal and non-neuronal cell interactions. This Review provides an overview of the diverse roles of non-neuronal cells in relation to the pathogenesis of ALS and the emerging potential of non-neuronal cell biomarkers to advance therapeutic development.
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16
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Clark CM, Clark RM, Hoyle JA, Dickson TC. Pathogenic or protective? Neuropeptide Y in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2020; 156:273-289. [PMID: 32654149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous peptide of the central and enteric nervous systems which has gained significant interest as a potential neuroprotective agent for treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor deficits and motor neuron loss. In ALS, recent evidence from ALS patients and animal models has indicated that NPY may have a role in the disease pathogenesis. Increased NPY levels were found to correlate with disease progression in ALS patients. Similarly, NPY expression is increased in the motor cortex of ALS mice by end stages of the disease. Although the functional consequence of increased NPY levels in ALS is currently unknown, NPY has been shown to exert a diverse range of neuroprotective roles in other neurodegenerative diseases; through modulation of potassium channel activity, increased production of neurotrophins, inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, reduction of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability. Several of these mechanisms and signalling pathways are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS. Therefore, in this review, we discuss possible effects of NPY and NPY-receptor signalling in the ALS disease context, as determining NPY's contribution to, or impact on, ALS disease mechanisms will be essential for future studies investigating the NPY system as a therapeutic strategy in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Rosemary M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Joshua A Hoyle
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tracey C Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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17
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McCombe PA, Lee JD, Woodruff TM, Henderson RD. The Peripheral Immune System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32373052 PMCID: PMC7186478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease that is defined by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, associated with accumulation of protein aggregates in cells. There is also pathology in extra-motor areas of the brain, Possible causes of cell death include failure to deal with the aggregated proteins, glutamate toxicity and mitochondrial failure. ALS also involves abnormalities of metabolism and the immune system, including neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Strikingly, there are also abnormalities of the peripheral immune system, with alterations of T lymphocytes, monocytes, complement and cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with ALS. The precise contribution of the peripheral immune system in ALS pathogenesis is an active area of research. Although some trials of immunomodulatory agents have been negative, there is strong preclinical evidence of benefit from immune modulation and further trials are currently underway. Here, we review the emerging evidence implicating peripheral immune alterations contributing to ALS, and their potential as future therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Natural killer cells modulate motor neuron-immune cell cross talk in models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1773. [PMID: 32286313 PMCID: PMC7156729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), immune cells and glia contribute to motor neuron (MN) degeneration. We report the presence of NK cells in post-mortem ALS motor cortex and spinal cord tissues, and the expression of NKG2D ligands on MNs. Using a mouse model of familial-ALS, hSOD1G93A, we demonstrate NK cell accumulation in the motor cortex and spinal cord, with an early CCL2-dependent peak. NK cell depletion reduces the pace of MN degeneration, delays motor impairment and increases survival. This is confirmed in another ALS mouse model, TDP43A315T. NK cells are neurotoxic to hSOD1G93A MNs which express NKG2D ligands, while IFNγ produced by NK cells instructs microglia toward an inflammatory phenotype, and impairs FOXP3+/Treg cell infiltration in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Together, these data suggest a role of NK cells in determining the onset and progression of MN degeneration in ALS, and in modulating Treg recruitment and microglia phenotype. Neuroimmune interactions are important in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here the authors characterize the role of NK cells in mouse models of ALS, and in patient tissue.
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19
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Pennuto M, Pandey UB, Polanco MJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in motor neuron and polyglutamine diseases: From molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100821. [PMID: 32006533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic peptide insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) regulates human body homeostasis and cell growth. IGF-I activates two major signaling pathways, namely phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which contribute to brain development, metabolism and function as well as to neuronal maintenance and survival. In this review, we discuss the general and tissue-specific effects of the IGF-I pathways. In addition, we present a comprehensive overview examining the role of IGF-I in neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal and muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and polyglutamine diseases. In each disease, we analyze the disturbances of the IGF-I pathway, the modification of the disease protein by IGF-I signaling, and the therapeutic strategies based on the use of IGF-I developed to date. Lastly, we highlight present and future considerations in the use of IGF-I for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), 35131 Padova, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - María José Polanco
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Health Science, University San Pablo CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Li S, Hayden EY, Garcia VJ, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Daley DA, Rentsendorj A, Torbati T, Black KL, Rutishauser U, Teplow DB, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Activated Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Eradicate Alzheimer's-Related Aβ 42 Oligomers and Protect Synapses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32082319 PMCID: PMC7005081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired synaptic integrity and function due to accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) oligomers is thought to be a major contributor to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the exact role of Aβ42 oligomers in synaptotoxicity and the ability of peripheral innate immune cells to rescue synapses remain poorly understood due to the metastable nature of oligomers. Here, we utilized photo-induced cross-linking to stabilize pure oligomers and study their effects vs. fibrils on synapses and protection by Aβ-phagocytic macrophages. We found that cortical neurons were more susceptible to Aβ42 oligomers than fibrils, triggering additional neuritic arborization retraction, functional alterations (hyperactivity and spike waveform), and loss of VGluT1- and PSD95-excitatory synapses. Co-culturing neurons with bone marrow-derived macrophages protected synapses against Aβ42 fibrils; moreover, immune activation with glatiramer acetate (GA) conferred further protection against oligomers. Mechanisms involved increased Aβ42 removal by macrophages, amplified by GA stimulation: fibrils were largely cleared through intracellular CD36/EEA1+-early endosomal proteolysis, while oligomers were primarily removed via extracellular/MMP-9 enzymatic degradation. In vivo studies in GA-immunized or CD115+-monocyte-grafted APPSWE/PS1ΔE9-transgenic mice followed by pre- and postsynaptic analyses of entorhinal cortex and hippocampal substructures corroborated our in vitro findings of macrophage-mediated synaptic preservation. Together, our data demonstrate that activated macrophages effectively clear Aβ42 oligomers and rescue VGluT1/PSD95 synapses, providing rationale for harnessing macrophages to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Chemistry, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y. Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Veronica J. Garcia
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David A. Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tania Torbati
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David B. Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Goodus MT, McTigue DM. Hepatic dysfunction after spinal cord injury: A vicious cycle of central and peripheral pathology? Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113160. [PMID: 31863731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is essential for numerous physiological processes, including filtering blood from the intestines, metabolizing fats, proteins, carbohydrates and drugs, and regulating iron storage and release. The liver is also an important immune organ and plays a critical role in response to infection and injury throughout the body. Liver functions are regulated by autonomic parasympathetic innervation from the brainstem and sympathetic innervation from the thoracic spinal cord. Thus, spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above thoracic levels disrupts major regulatory mechanisms for hepatic functions. Work in rodents and humans shows that SCI induces liver pathology, including hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation characteristic of a serious form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This hepatic pathology is associated with and likely contributes to indices of metabolic dysfunction often noted in SCI individuals, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. These occur at greater rates in the SCI population and can negatively impact health and quality of life. In this review, we will: 1) Discuss acute and chronic changes in human and rodent liver pathology and function after SCI; 2) Describe how these hepatic changes affect systemic inflammation, iron regulation and metabolic dysfunction after SCI; 3) Describe how disruption of the hepatic autonomic nervous system may be a key culprit in post-injury chronic liver pathology; and 4) Preview ongoing and future research that aims to elucidate mechanisms driving liver and metabolic dysfunction after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Dana M McTigue
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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22
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Figueroa-Romero C, Guo K, Murdock BJ, Paez-Colasante X, Bassis CM, Mikhail KA, Pawlowski KD, Evans MC, Taubman GF, McDermott AJ, O'Brien PD, Savelieff MG, Hur J, Feldman EL. Temporal evolution of the microbiome, immune system and epigenome with disease progression in ALS mice. Dis Model Mech 2019; 13:dmm041947. [PMID: 31597644 PMCID: PMC6906635 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neurodegenerative disease. Genetic predisposition, epigenetic changes, aging and accumulated life-long environmental exposures are known ALS risk factors. The complex and dynamic interplay between these pathological influences plays a role in disease onset and progression. Recently, the gut microbiome has also been implicated in ALS development. In addition, immune cell populations are differentially expanded and activated in ALS compared to healthy individuals. However, the temporal evolution of both the intestinal flora and the immune system relative to symptom onset in ALS is presently not fully understood. To better elucidate the timeline of the various potential pathological factors, we performed a longitudinal study to simultaneously assess the gut microbiome, immunophenotype and changes in ileum and brain epigenetic marks relative to motor behavior and muscle atrophy in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) familial ALS mouse model. We identified alterations in the gut microbial environment early in the life of SOD1G93A animals followed by motor dysfunction and muscle atrophy, and immune cell expansion and activation, particularly in the spinal cord. Global brain cytosine hydroxymethylation was also altered in SOD1G93A animals at disease end-stage compared to control mice. Correlation analysis confirmed interrelationships with the microbiome and immune system. This study serves as a starting point to more deeply comprehend the influence of gut microorganisms and the immune system on ALS onset and progression. Greater insight may help pinpoint novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions to improve diagnosis and treatment for ALS patients.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Benjamin J Murdock
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Christine M Bassis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen A Mikhail
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Andrew J McDermott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Phillipe D O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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Deguise M, Baranello G, Mastella C, Beauvais A, Michaud J, Leone A, De Amicis R, Battezzati A, Dunham C, Selby K, Warman Chardon J, McMillan HJ, Huang Y, Courtney NL, Mole AJ, Kubinski S, Claus P, Murray LM, Bowerman M, Gillingwater TH, Bertoli S, Parson SH, Kothary R. Abnormal fatty acid metabolism is a core component of spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1519-1532. [PMID: 31402618 PMCID: PMC6689695 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder leading to paralysis and subsequent death in young children. Initially considered a motor neuron disease, extra-neuronal involvement is increasingly recognized. The primary goal of this study was to investigate alterations in lipid metabolism in SMA patients and mouse models of the disease. METHODS We analyzed clinical data collected from a large cohort of pediatric SMA type I-III patients as well as SMA type I liver necropsy data. In parallel, we performed histology, lipid analysis, and transcript profiling in mouse models of SMA. RESULTS We identify an increased susceptibility to developing dyslipidemia in a cohort of 72 SMA patients and liver steatosis in pathological samples. Similarly, fatty acid metabolic abnormalities were present in all SMA mouse models studied. Specifically, Smn2B/- mice displayed elevated hepatic triglycerides and dyslipidemia, resembling non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Interestingly, this phenotype appeared prior to denervation. INTERPRETATION This work highlights metabolic abnormalities as an important feature of SMA, suggesting implementation of nutritional and screening guidelines in patients, as such defects are likely to increase metabolic distress and cardiovascular risk. This study emphasizes the need for a systemic therapeutic approach to ensure maximal benefits for all SMA patients throughout their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc‐Olivier Deguise
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanadaK1H 8M5
| | - Giovanni Baranello
- UO Neurologia dello SviluppoFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular CentreNIHR BRC University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Chiara Mastella
- SAPRE‐UONPIA, Fondazione IRCCS Cà' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Ariane Beauvais
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Division of Anatomic PathologyChildren's and Women's Health Centre of B.CVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kathryn Selby
- Division of Neurology, Department of PediatricsBC Children's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jodi Warman Chardon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanadaK1H 8M5
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Eastern OntarioOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Hugh J. McMillan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Yu‐Ting Huang
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- College of Medicine & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Natalie L. Courtney
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- College of Medicine & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Alannah J. Mole
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- College of Medicine & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell BiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Center of Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell BiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Center of Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Lyndsay M. Murray
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- College of Medicine & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- School of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineStoke‐on‐TrentUnited Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular DiseaseRJAH Orthopaedic HospitalOswestryUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- College of Medicine & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Simon H. Parson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUnited Kingdom
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanadaK1H 8M5
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes with the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) and NK cell lineage receptors. These cells can rapidly release large quantities of cytokines and function as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. To date, multiple reports have investigated the role of NKT cells under various pathological conditions, such as cancer, autoimmune disease, and infection. Knowledge about NKT cells in neurological diseases is increasing, albeit limited. Here, we review evidence for the involvement of NKT cells in neurological diseases, and discuss immunotherapeutic potential and future study goals. As the development and function of NKT cells become increasingly well understood, the next few years should yield many new insights into NKT cell function, and mechanistic regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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La Bella V, Iannitto E, Cuffaro L, Spataro R. A rapidly progressive motor neuron disease associated to a natural killer cells leukaemia. J Neurol Sci 2019; 398:117-118. [PMID: 30708207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Center, BioNeC, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Emilio Iannitto
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospital "P Giaccone", 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Cuffaro
- ALS Clinical Research Center, BioNeC, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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26
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iNKT Cell Activation Exacerbates the Development of Huntington's Disease in R6/2 Transgenic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3540974. [PMID: 30766446 PMCID: PMC6350536 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3540974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by a mutation of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the pathogenesis of HD has been associated with inflammatory responses, if and how the immune system contributes to the onset of HD is largely unknown. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a group of innate-like regulatory T lymphocytes that can rapidly produce various cytokines such as IFNγ and IL4 upon stimulation with the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). By employing both R6/2 Tg mice (murine HD model) and Jα18 KO mice (deficient in iNKT cells), we investigated whether alterations of iNKT cells affect the development of HD in R6/2 Tg mice. We found that Jα18 KO R6/2 Tg mice showed disease progression comparable to R6/2 Tg mice, indicating that the absence of iNKT cells did not have any significant effects on HD development. However, repeated activation of iNKT cells with α-GalCer facilitated HD progression in R6/2 Tg mice, and this was associated with increased infiltration of iNKT cells in the brain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that repeated α-GalCer treatment of R6/2 Tg mice accelerates HD progression, suggesting that immune activation can affect the severity of HD pathogenesis.
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Bereman MS, Beri J, Enders JR, Nash T. Machine Learning Reveals Protein Signatures in CSF and Plasma Fluids of Clinical Value for ALS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16334. [PMID: 30397248 PMCID: PMC6218542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We use shotgun proteomics to identify biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value in individuals diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Matched cerebrospinal and plasma fluids were subjected to abundant protein depletion and analyzed by nano-flow liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Label free quantitation was used to identify differential proteins between individuals with ALS (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 30) in both fluids. In CSF, 118 (p-value < 0.05) and 27 proteins (q-value < 0.05) were identified as significantly altered between ALS and controls. In plasma, 20 (p-value < 0.05) and 0 (q-value < 0.05) proteins were identified as significantly altered between ALS and controls. Proteins involved in complement activation, acute phase response and retinoid signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the CSF from ALS patients. Subsequently various machine learning methods were evaluated for disease classification using a repeated Monte Carlo cross-validation approach. A linear discriminant analysis model achieved a median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 with an interquartile range of 0.88–1.0. Three proteins composed a prognostic model (p = 5e-4) that explained 49% of the variation in the ALS-FRS scores. Finally we investigated the specificity of two promising proteins from our discovery data set, chitinase-3 like 1 protein and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, using targeted proteomics in a separate set of CSF samples derived from individuals diagnosed with ALS (n = 11) and other neurological diseases (n = 15). These results demonstrate the potential of a panel of targeted proteins for objective measurements of clinical value in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Joshua Beri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Enders
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Tara Nash
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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D'Ambrosi N, Cozzolino M, Carrì MT. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Role of Redox (dys)Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:15-36. [PMID: 28895473 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is due to degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and in the motor cortex. Mechanisms leading to motor neuron death are complex and currently the disease is untreatable. Recent Advances: Work in genetic models of ALS indicates that an imbalance in the cross talk that physiologically exists between motor neurons and the surrounding cells is eventually detrimental to motor neurons. In particular, the cascade of events collectively known as neuroinflammation and mainly characterized by a reactive phenotype of astrocytes and microglia, moderate infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators has been consistently observed in motor regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in sporadic and familial ALS, constituting a hallmark of the disease. Resident glial cells and infiltrated immune cells are considered among the major producers of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen in pathological conditions of the CNS, including motor neuron diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES The timing and exact role of oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation and damage to motor neurons in ALS are still not fully elucidated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is clear that a major challenge in the next future will be to envisage effective strategies to modulate the neuroinflammatory response in the symptomatic stage of disease, to prevent progression of neurodegeneration through the propagation of oxidative damage. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 15-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia D'Ambrosi
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- 2 Institute of Translational Pharmacology , CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Carrì
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,3 Fondazione Santa Lucia , IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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29
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Kjældgaard AL, Pilely K, Olsen KS, Pedersen SW, Lauritsen AØ, Møller K, Garred P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The complement and inflammatory hypothesis. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:14-25. [PMID: 29933890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. The aetiology of ALS remains an enigma which hinders the design of an effective treatment to prevent, postpone, or reverse the pathophysiological changes occurring during the aggressive progression of this disease. During the last decade, basic research within the innate immune system, and in particular the complement system, has revealed new, important roles of the innate immune system during development, homeostasis, and ageing within as well as outside the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence indicate that aberrant activation of the complement system locally in the central nervous system as well as systemically may be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. This exciting new knowledge could point towards the innate immune system as a potential target of medical intervention in ALS. Recently, the historic perception of ALS as a central neurodegenerative disease has been challenged due to the significant amount of evidence of a dying-back mechanism causing the selective destruction of the motor neurons, indicating that disease onset occurs outside the borders of the blood-brain-barrier. This review addresses the function of the innate immune system during ALS. We emphasize the role of the complement system and specifically suggest the involvement of ficolin-3 from the lectin pathway in the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lene Kjældgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631; Department of Neuroanaesthesiology.
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
| | | | - Stephen Wørlich Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
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30
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Liberman AC, Trias E, da Silva Chagas L, Trindade P, Dos Santos Pereira M, Refojo D, Hedin-Pereira C, Serfaty CA. Neuroimmune and Inflammatory Signals in Complex Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:246-270. [PMID: 30517945 DOI: 10.1159/000494761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive microglial-astrocyte-monocyte-neuronal cross talk seems to be crucial for normal brain function, development, and recovery. However, under certain conditions neuroinflammatory interactions between brain cells and neuroimmune cells influence disease outcome and brain pathology. Microglial cells express a range of functional states with dynamically pleomorphic profiles from a surveilling status of synaptic transmission to an active player in major events of development such as synaptic elimination, regeneration, and repair. Also, inflammation mediates a series of neurotoxic roles in neuropsychiatric conditions and neurodegenerative diseases. The present review discusses data on the involvement of neuroinflammatory conditions that alter neuroimmune interactions in four different pathologies. In the first section of this review, we discuss the ability of the early developing brain to respond to a focal lesion with a rapid compensatory plasticity of intact axons and the role of microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines in brain repair. In the second section, we present data of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders and discuss the role of reactive astrocytes in motor neuron toxicity and the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the third section, we discuss major depressive disorders as the consequence of dysfunctional interactions between neural and immune signals that result in increased peripheral immune responses and increase proinflammatory cytokines. In the last section, we discuss autism spectrum disorders and altered brain circuitries that emerge from abnormal long-term responses of innate inflammatory cytokines and microglial phenotypic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
| | - Emiliano Trias
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Pablo Trindade
- D'OR Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marissol Dos Santos Pereira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Cellular NeuroAnatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Damian Refojo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Cellular NeuroAnatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- VPPCB, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Serfaty
- Neuroscience Program, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
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31
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Murdock BJ, Zhou T, Kashlan SR, Little RJ, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. Correlation of Peripheral Immunity With Rapid Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Progression. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1446-1454. [PMID: 28973548 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has an immune component, but previous human studies have not examined immune changes over time. Objectives To assess peripheral inflammatory markers in participants with ALS and healthy control individuals and to track immune changes in ALS and determine whether these changes correlate with disease progression. Design, Setting, and Participants In this longitudinal cohort study, leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood samples from 35 controls and 119 participants with ALS at the ALS Clinic of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, from June 18, 2014, through May 26, 2016. Follow-up visits occurred every 6 to 12 months. Fifty-one participants with ALS provided samples at multiple points. Immune cell populations were measured and compared between control and ALS groups. Surface marker expression of CD11b+ myeloid cells was also assessed. Changes over time were correlated with disease progression using multivariate regression. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of immune cells per milliliter of blood and the fold expression of cell surface markers. Multivariate regression models were used to correlate changes in immune metrics with changes on the Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). Results Thirty-five controls (17 women [48.6%] and 18 men [51.4%]; mean [SD] age, 63.5 [9.9] years) and 119 participants with ALS (50 women [42.0%] and 69 men [68.0%]; mean [SD] age, 61.4 [11.5] years) were enrolled. Compared with controls, participants with ALS had increased mean (SEM) counts ( × 106/mL) of total leukocytes (4.57 [0.29; 95% CI, 3.94-5.11] vs 5.53 [0.16; 95% CI, 5.21-5.84]), neutrophils (2.87 [0.23; 95% CI, 2.40-3.35] vs 3.80 [0.12; 95% CI, 3.56-4.04]), CD16+ monocytes (0.03 [0.003; 95% CI, 0.02-0.04] vs 0.04 [0.002; 95% CI, 0.03-0.04]), CD16- monocytes (0.25 [0.02; 95% CI, 0.21-0.30] vs 0.29 [0.01; 95% CI, 0.27-0.31]), and natural killer cells (0.13 [0.02; 95% CI, 0.10-0.17] vs 0.18 [0.01; 95% CI, 0.16-0.21]). We also observed an acute, transient increase in a population of CD11b+ myeloid cells expressing HLA-DR, CD11c, and CX3CR1. Finally, early changes in immune cell numbers had a significant correlation with disease progression measured by change in ALSFRS-R score, particularly neutrophils (-4.37 [95% CI, -6.60 to -2.14] per 11.47 × 104/mL [SD, 58.04 × 104/mL] per year) and CD4 T cells (-30.47 [95% CI, -46.02 to -14.94] per -3.72 × 104/mL [SD, 26.21 × 104/mL] per year). Conclusions and Relevance Changes in the immune system occur during ALS and may contribute to the pathologic features of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Samy R Kashlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Roderick J Little
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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32
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Bowerman M, Murray LM, Scamps F, Schneider BL, Kothary R, Raoul C. Pathogenic commonalities between spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Converging roads to therapeutic development. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:685-698. [PMID: 29313812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are the two most common motoneuron disorders, which share typical pathological hallmarks while remaining genetically distinct. Indeed, SMA is caused by deletions or mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene whilst ALS, albeit being mostly sporadic, can also be caused by mutations within genes, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72). However, it has come to light that these two diseases may be more interlinked than previously thought. Indeed, it has recently been found that FUS directly interacts with an Smn-containing complex, mutant SOD1 perturbs Smn localization, Smn depletion aggravates disease progression of ALS mice, overexpression of SMN in ALS mice significantly improves their phenotype and lifespan, and duplications of SMN1 have been linked to sporadic ALS. Beyond genetic interactions, accumulating evidence further suggests that both diseases share common pathological identities such as intrinsic muscle defects, neuroinflammation, immune organ dysfunction, metabolic perturbations, defects in neuron excitability and selective motoneuron vulnerability. Identifying common molecular effectors that mediate shared pathologies in SMA and ALS would allow for the development of therapeutic strategies and targeted gene therapies that could potentially alleviate symptoms and be equally beneficial in both disorders. In the present review, we will examine our current knowledge of pathogenic commonalities between SMA and ALS, and discuss how furthering this understanding can lead to the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches with wide-reaching impact on multiple motoneuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom; Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- The Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, Univ Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, Univ Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
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33
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Gasco S, Zaragoza P, García-Redondo A, Calvo AC, Osta R. Inflammatory and non-inflammatory monocytes as novel prognostic biomarkers of survival in SOD1G93A mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184626. [PMID: 28886177 PMCID: PMC5591000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) has lately become a suitable scenario to study the interplay between the hematopoietic system and disease progression. Recent studies in C9orf72 null mice have demonstrated that C9orf72 is necessary for the normal function of myeloid cells. In this study, we aimed to analyze in depth the connection between the hematopoietic system and secondary lymphoid (spleen) and non-lymphoid (liver and skeletal muscle) organs and tissues along the disease progression in the transgenic SOD1G93A mice. Our findings suggested that the inflammatory response due to the neurodegeneration in this animal model affected all three organs and tissues, especially the liver and the skeletal muscle. However, the liver was able to compensate this inflammatory response by means of the action of non-inflammatory monocytes, while in the skeletal muscle inflammatory monocytes prompted a further inflammation process until the terminal state of the animals. Interestingly, in blood, a positive correlation was found between non-inflammatory monocytes and survival of the transgenic SOD1G93A mice, while the contrary (a negative correlation) was found in the case of inflammatory monocytes, supporting their potential role as biomarkers of disease progression and survival in this animal model. These findings could prompt future translational studies in ALS patients, promoting the identification of new reliable biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Gasco
- LAGENBIO, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (I2A), CITA, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS). University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- LAGENBIO, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (I2A), CITA, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS). University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- Biochemistry Department, CIBERER U-723. Health Research Institute, October 12th Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana C. Calvo
- LAGENBIO, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (I2A), CITA, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS). University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (I2A), CITA, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS). University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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34
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Liu J, Wang F. Role of Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1005. [PMID: 28871262 PMCID: PMC5567007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects upper motor neurons (MNs) comprising the corticospinal tract and lower MNs arising from the brain stem nuclei and ventral roots of the spinal cord, leading to fatal paralysis. Currently, there are no effective therapies for ALS. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays an important role in ALS pathogenesis. The neuroinflammation in ALS is characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, activation of microglia and reactive astrocytes, as well as the involvement of complement. In this review, we focus on the key cellular players of neuroinflammation during the pathogenesis of ALS by discussing not only their detrimental roles but also their immunomodulatory actions. We will summarize the pharmacological therapies for ALS that target neuroinflammation, as well as recent advances in the field of stem cell therapy aimed at modulating the inflammatory environment to preserve the remaining MNs in ALS patients and animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Rauskolb S, Dombert B, Sendtner M. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 97:103-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sakiyama H, Fujiwara N, Yoneoka Y, Yoshihara D, Eguchi H, Suzuki K. Cu,Zn-SOD deficiency induces the accumulation of hepatic collagen. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:666-77. [PMID: 26981929 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1164856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, and results in the development of fibrosis. Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the underlying causes of NAFLD. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a primary antioxidative enzyme that scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Although SOD1 knockout (KO) mice have been reported to develop fatty livers, it is not known whether this lack of SOD1 leads to the development of fibrosis. Since the accumulation of collagen typically precedes liver fibrosis, we assessed the balance between the synthesis and degradation of collagen in liver tissue from SOD1 KO mice. We found a higher accumulation of collagen in the livers of SOD1 KO mice compared to wild type mice. The level of expression of HSP47, a chaperone of collagen, and a tissue inhibitor (TIMP1) of matrix metalloproteinases (a collagen degradating enzyme) was also increased in SOD1 KO mice livers. These results indicate that collagen synthesis is increased but that its degradation is inhibited in SOD1 KO mice livers. Moreover, SOD1 KO mice liver sections were extensively modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which suggest that collagen in SOD1 KO mice liver might be also modified with AGEs and then would be more resistant to the action of collagen degrading enzymes. These findings clearly show that oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Sakiyama
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Noriko Fujiwara
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Yuka Yoneoka
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Daisaku Yoshihara
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Hironobu Eguchi
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
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Jeyachandran A, Mertens B, McKissick EA, Mitchell CS. Type I Vs. Type II Cytokine Levels as a Function of SOD1 G93A Mouse Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease Progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:462. [PMID: 26648846 PMCID: PMC4664727 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron disease that is characterized by the degradation of neurons throughout the central nervous system. Inflammation have been cited a key contributor to ALS neurodegeneration, but the timeline of cytokine upregulation remains unresolved. The goal of this study was to temporally examine the correlation between the varying levels of pro-inflammatory type I cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-12, TNF-α, and GFAP) and anti-inflammatory type II cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) throughout the progression of ALS in the SOD1 G93A mouse model. Cytokine level data from high copy SOD1 G93A transgenic mice was collected from 66 peer-reviewed studies. For each corresponding experimental time point, the ratio of transgenic to wild type (TG/WT) cytokine was calculated. One-way ANOVA and t-tests with Bonferonni correction were used to analyze the data. Meta-analysis was performed for four discrete stages: early, pre-onset, post-onset, and end stage. A significant increase in TG cytokine levels was found when compared to WT cytokine levels across the entire SOD1 G93A lifespan for majority of the cytokines. The rates of change of the individual cytokines, and type I and type II were not significantly different; however, the mean fold change of type I was expressed at significantly higher levels than type II levels across all stages with the difference between the means becoming more pronounced at the end stage. An overexpression of cytokines occurred both before and after the onset of ALS symptoms. The trend between pro-inflammatory type I and type II cytokine mean levels indicate a progressive instability of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as anti-inflammatory cytokines fail to mediate the pronounced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Very early immunoregulatory treatment is necessary to successfully interrupt ALS-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilia Jeyachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Mertens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A McKissick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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The interplay between metabolic homeostasis and neurodegeneration: insights into the neurometabolic nature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CELL REGENERATION 2015; 4:5. [PMID: 26322226 PMCID: PMC4551561 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the selective degeneration of upper motor neurons and lower spinal motor neurons, resulting in the progressive paralysis of all voluntary muscles. Approximately 10 % of ALS cases are linked to known genetic mutations, with the remaining 90 % of cases being sporadic. While the primary pathology in ALS is the selective death of upper and lower motor neurons, numerous studies indicate that an imbalance in whole body and/or cellular metabolism influences the rate of progression of disease. This review summarizes current research surrounding the impact of impaired metabolic physiology in ALS. We extend ideas to consider prospects that lie ahead in terms of how metabolic alterations may impact the selective degeneration of neurons in ALS and how targeting of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels may represent a promising approach for obtaining neuroprotection in ALS.
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Lee SH, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Bee Venom Acupuncture Augments Anti-Inflammation in the Peripheral Organs of hSOD1G93A Transgenic Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2835-44. [PMID: 26230709 PMCID: PMC4549727 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) includes progressively degenerated motor neurons in the brainstem, motor cortex, and spinal cord. Recent reports demonstrate the dysfunction of multiple organs, including the lungs, spleen, and liver, in ALS animals and patients. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) has been used for treating inflammatory diseases in Oriental Medicine. In a previous study, we demonstrated that BV prevented motor neuron death and increased anti-inflammation in the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. In this study, we examined whether BVA's effects depend on acupuncture point (ST36) in the organs, including the liver, spleen and kidney, of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We found that BV treatment at ST36 reduces inflammation in the liver, spleen, and kidney compared with saline-treatment at ST36 and BV injected intraperitoneally in symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. Those findings suggest that BV treatment combined with acupuncture stimulation is more effective at reducing inflammation and increasing immune responses compared with only BV treatment, at least in an ALS animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Executive Director of R&D, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
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Immunization with a Myelin-Derived Antigen Activates the Brain's Choroid Plexus for Recruitment of Immunoregulatory Cells to the CNS and Attenuates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of ALS. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6381-93. [PMID: 25904790 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3644-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating fatal motor neuron disease, for which there is currently no cure or effective treatment. In this disease, local neuroinflammation develops along the disease course and contributes to its rapid progression. In several models of CNS pathologies, circulating immune cells were shown to display an indispensable role in the resolution of the neuroinflammatory response. The recruitment of such cells to the CNS involves activation of the choroid plexus (CP) of the brain for leukocyte trafficking, through a mechanism that requires IFN-γ signaling. Here, we found that in the mutant SOD1(G93A) (mSOD1) mouse model of ALS, the CP does not support leukocyte trafficking during disease progression, due to a local reduction in IFN-γ levels. Therapeutic immunization of mSOD1 mice with a myelin-derived peptide led to CP activation, and was followed by the accumulation of immunoregulatory cells, including IL-10-producing monocyte-derived macrophages and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, and elevation of the neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and GDNF in the diseased spinal cord parenchyma. The immunization resulted in the attenuation of disease progression and an increased life expectancy of the mSOD1 mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that recruitment of immunoregulatory cells to the diseased spinal cord in ALS, needed for fighting off the pathology, can be enhanced by transiently boosting peripheral immunity to myelin antigens.
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Jones KJ, Lovett-Racke AE, Walker CL, Sanders VM. CD4 + T Cells and Neuroprotection: Relevance to Motoneuron Injury and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:587-94. [PMID: 26148561 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established a physiologically relevant mechanism of CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection involving axotomized wildtype (WT) mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) with significance in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal MN disease. Use of the transgenic mouse model of ALS involving expression of human mutant superoxide dismutase genes (SOD1(G93A); abbreviated here as mSOD1) has accelerated basic ALS research. Superimposition of facial nerve axotomy (FNA) on the mSOD1 mouse during pre-symptomatic stages indicates that they behave like immunodeficient mice in terms of increased FMN loss and decreased functional recovery, through a mechanism that, paradoxically, is not inherent within the MN itself, but, instead, involves a defect in peripheral immune: CNS glial cell interactions. Our goal is to utilize our WT mouse model of immune-mediated neuroprotection after FNA as a template to elucidate how a malfunctioning peripheral immune system contributes to motoneuron cell loss in the mSOD1 mouse. This review will discuss potential immune defects in ALS, as well as provide an up-to-date understanding of how the CD4+ effector T cells provide neuroprotection to motoneurons through regulation of the central microglial and astrocytic response to injury. We will discuss an IL-10 cascade within the facial nucleus that requires a functional CD4+ T cell trigger for activation. The review will discuss the role of T cells in ALS, and our recent reconstitution experiments utilizing our model of T cell-mediated neuroprotection in WT vs mSOD1 mice after FNA. Identification of defects in neural:immune interactions could provide targets for therapeutic intervention in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Jones
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pfohl SR, Halicek MT, Mitchell CS. Characterization of the Contribution of Genetic Background and Gender to Disease Progression in the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:137-150. [PMID: 26594635 PMCID: PMC4652798 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequently used model to examine ALS pathophysiology. There is a lack of homogeneity in usage of the SOD1 G93A mouse, including differences in genetic background and gender, which could confound the field’s results. Objective: In an analysis of 97 studies, we characterized the ALS progression for the high transgene copy control SOD1 G93A mouse on the basis of disease onset, overall lifespan, and disease duration for male and female mice on the B6SJL and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds and quantified magnitudes of differences between groups. Methods: Mean age at onset, onset assessment measure, disease duration, and overall lifespan data from each study were extracted and statistically modeled as the response of linear regression with the sex and genetic background factored as predictors. Additional examination was performed on differing experimental onset and endpoint assessment measures. Results: C57BL/6 background mice show delayed onset of symptoms, increased lifespan, and an extended disease duration compared to their sex-matched B6SJL counterparts. Female B6SJL generally experience extended lifespan and delayed onset compared to their male counterparts, while female mice on the C57BL/6 background show delayed onset but no difference in survival compared to their male counterparts. Finally, different experimental protocols (tremor, rotarod, etc.) for onset determination result in notably different onset means. Conclusions: Overall, the observed effect of sex on disease endpoints was smaller than that which can be attributed to the genetic background. The often-reported increase in lifespan for female mice was observed only for mice on the B6SJL background, implicating a strain-dependent effect of sex on disease progression that manifests despite identical mutant SOD1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Pfohl
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin T Halicek
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kim RB, Irvin CW, Tilva KR, Mitchell CS. State of the field: An informatics-based systematic review of the SOD1-G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mouse model. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2015; 17:1-14. [PMID: 25998063 PMCID: PMC4724331 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2015.1047455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous sub-cellular through system-level disturbances have been identified in over 1300 articles examining the superoxide dismutase-1 guanine 93 to alanine (SOD1-G93A) transgenic mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathophysiology. Manual assessment of such a broad literature base is daunting. We performed a comprehensive informatics-based systematic review or 'field analysis' to agnostically compute and map the current state of the field. Text mining of recaptured articles was used to quantify published data topic breadth and frequency. We constructed a nine-category pathophysiological function-based ontology to systematically organize and quantify the field's primary data. Results demonstrated that the distribution of primary research belonging to each category is: systemic measures an motor function, 59%; inflammation, 46%; cellular energetics, 37%; proteomics, 31%; neural excitability, 22%; apoptosis, 20%; oxidative stress, 18%; aberrant cellular chemistry, 14%; axonal transport, 10%. We constructed a SOD1-G93A field map that visually illustrates and categorizes the 85% most frequently assessed sub-topics. Finally, we present the literature-cited significance of frequently published terms and uncover thinly investigated areas. In conclusion, most articles individually examine at least two categories, which is indicative of the numerous underlying pathophysiological interrelationships. An essential future path is examination of cross-category pathophysiological interrelationships and their co-correspondence to homeostatic regulation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaid B Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Cameron W Irvin
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Keval R Tilva
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a dreadful, devastating and incurable motor neuron disease. Aetiologically, it is a multigenic, multifactorial and multiorgan disease. Despite intense research, ALS pathology remains unexplained. Following extensive literature review, this paper posits a new integrative explanation. This framework proposes that ammonia neurotoxicity is a main player in ALS pathogenesis. According to this explanation, a combination of impaired ammonia removal- mainly because of impaired hepatic urea cycle dysfunction-and increased ammoniagenesis- mainly because of impaired glycolytic metabolism in fast twitch skeletal muscle-causes chronic hyperammonia in ALS. In the absence of neuroprotective calcium binding proteins (calbindin, calreticulin and parvalbumin), elevated ammonia-a neurotoxin-damages motor neurons. Ammonia-induced motor neuron damage occurs through multiple mechanisms such as macroautophagy-endolysosomal impairment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, CDK5 activation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the regional pattern of calcium binding proteins' loss, owing to either ER stress and/or impaired oxidative metabolism, determines clinical variability of ALS. Most importantly, this new framework can be generalised to explain other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease and Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Baruch K, Kertser A, Porat Z, Schwartz M. Cerebral nitric oxide represses choroid plexus NFκB-dependent gateway activity for leukocyte trafficking. EMBO J 2015; 34:1816-28. [PMID: 25940071 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is evident in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders and is often associated with excessive nitric oxide (NO) production within the central nervous system (CNS). Under such conditions, increased NO levels are observed at the choroid plexus (CP), an epithelial layer that forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) and serves as a selective gateway for leukocyte entry to the CNS in homeostasis and following injury. Here, we hypothesized that elevated cerebral NO levels interfere with CP gateway activity. We found that induction of leukocyte trafficking determinants by the CP and sequential leukocyte entry to the CSF are dependent on the CP epithelial NFκB/p65 signaling pathway, which was inhibited upon exposure to NO. Examining the CP in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD-Tg) revealed impaired ability to mount an NFκB/p65-dependent response. Systemic administration of an NO scavenger in AD-Tg mice alleviated NFκB/p65 suppression at the CP and augmented its gateway activity. Together, our findings identify cerebral NO as a negative regulator of CP gateway activity for immune cell trafficking to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Kertser
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Beneficial effects of canagliflozin in combination with pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity in rodent models of obese type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116851. [PMID: 25615826 PMCID: PMC4304810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its insulin sensitizing effects, pioglitazone may induce weight gain leading to an increased risk of development of insulin resistance. A novel sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, canagliflozin, provides not only glycemic control but also body weight reduction through an insulin-independent mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of these agents on body weight control and insulin sensitivity. METHODS Effects of combination therapy with canagliflozin and pioglitazone were evaluated in established diabetic KK-Ay mice and prediabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. RESULTS In the KK-Ay mice, the combination therapy further improved glycemic control compared with canagliflozin or pioglitazone monotherapy. Furthermore, the combination significantly attenuated body weight and fat gain induced by pioglitazone and improved hyperinsulinemia. In the ZDF rats, early intervention with pioglitazone monotherapy almost completely prevented the progressive development of hyperglycemia, and no further improvement was observed by add-on treatment with canagliflozin. However, the combination significantly reduced pioglitazone-induced weight gain and adiposity and improved the Matsuda index, suggesting improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that combination therapy with canagliflozin and pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity partly by preventing glucotoxicity and, at least partly, by attenuating pioglitazone-induced body weight gain in two different obese diabetic animal models. This combination therapy may prove to be a valuable option for the treatment and prevention of obese type 2 diabetes.
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Nodera H, Takamatsu N, Muguruma N, Ukimoto K, Nishio S, Oda M, Izumi Y, Kaji R. Frequent hepatic steatosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implication for systemic involvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ncn3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nodera
- Department of Neurology; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - Naoko Takamatsu
- Department of Neurology; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
- Department of Neurology; Vihara Hananosato Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ukimoto
- Department of Neurology; Vihara Hananosato Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Susumu Nishio
- Sonography Center; Tokushima University Hospital; Tokushima Japan
| | - Masaya Oda
- Department of Neurology; Vihara Hananosato Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Neurology; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
- Department of Neurology; Vihara Hananosato Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Neurology; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
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Chen X, Feng W, Huang R, Guo X, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Shang H. Evidence for peripheral immune activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:90-5. [PMID: 25312013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence of the activity of immune system in the spinal cords of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), however; few studies to date have explored the status of peripheral immune response in ALS patients. Blood samples from 284 ALS patients and 217 aged-match controls were evaluated, and parameters of T cell subset, humoral immunity, and complement system activation were observed. CD4+ T lymphocytes and circulating immune complexes (CICs) were significantly decreased, and component C3 was significantly increased in ALS patients compared with normal controls. Patients with severe or moderate impairment had a higher CD4+ T cell percentage and a lower IgG levels when compared to those with mild impairment. There was an inverse correlation between CD4 T cell percentage and both revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score and disease duration, but the correlation was positive between IgG level and both ALSFRS-R score and disease duration among ALS patients. These correlations were gender-specific. This investigation demonstrated the existence of peripheral immune abnormalities in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Feng
- Division of Clinical Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt B:111-20. [PMID: 24859452 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For more than twenty years glial cells have been implicated in the pathogenetic cascades for genetic and sporadic forms of ALS. The biological role of glia, including the principal CNS glia, astroglia and oligodendroglia, as well as the myeloid derived microglia, has uniformly led to converging data sets that implicate these diverse cells in the degeneration of neurons in ALS. Originating as studies in postmortem human brain implicating astroglia, the research progressed to strongly implicate microglia and contributors to CNS injury in all forms of ALS. Most recently and unexpectedly, oligodendroglia have also been shown in animal model systems and human brain to play an early role in the dysfunction and death of ALS neurons. These studies have identified a number of diverse cellular cascades that could be, or have already been, the target of therapeutic interventions. Understanding the temporal and regional role of these cells and the magnitude of their contribution will be important for future interventions. Employing markers of these cell types may also allow for future important patient subgrouping and pharmacodynamic drug development tools.
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50
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Lee SH, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Melittin ameliorates the inflammation of organs in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis animal model. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:86-92. [PMID: 24737943 PMCID: PMC3984960 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex, leading to weakness of the limb and bulbar muscles. Although the immediate cause of death in ALS is the destruction of motor neurons, ALS is a multi-organ disease that also affects the lungs, spleen, and liver. Melittin is one of components of bee venom and has anti-neuroinflammatory effects in the spinal cord, as shown in an ALS animal model. To investigate the effects of melittin on inflammation in the lungs and spleen, we used hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice that are mimic for ALS. Melittin treatment reduced the expression of inflammatory proteins, including Iba-1 and CD14 by 1.9- and 1.3-fold (p<0.05), respectively, in the lungs of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In the spleen, the expression of CD14 and COX2 that are related to inflammation were decreased by 1.4 fold (p<0.05) and cell survival proteins such as pERK and Bcl2 were increased by 1.3- and 1.5-fold (p<0.05) in the melittin-treated hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. These findings suggest that melittin could be a candidate to regulate the immune system in organs affected by ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
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