1
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Wang S, Link F, Munker S, Wang W, Feng R, Liebe R, Li Y, Yao Y, Liu H, Shao C, Ebert MP, Ding H, Dooley S, Weng HL, Wang SS. Retinoic acid generates a beneficial microenvironment for liver progenitor cell activation in acute liver failure. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0483. [PMID: 39023343 PMCID: PMC11262820 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When massive necrosis occurs in acute liver failure (ALF), rapid expansion of HSCs called liver progenitor cells (LPCs) in a process called ductular reaction is required for survival. The underlying mechanisms governing this process are not entirely known to date. In ALF, high levels of retinoic acid (RA), a molecule known for its pleiotropic roles in embryonic development, are secreted by activated HSCs. We hypothesized that RA plays a key role in ductular reaction during ALF. METHODS RNAseq was performed to identify molecular signaling pathways affected by all-trans retinoid acid (atRA) treatment in HepaRG LPCs. Functional assays were performed in HepaRG cells treated with atRA or cocultured with LX-2 cells and in the liver tissue of patients suffering from ALF. RESULTS Under ALF conditions, activated HSCs secreted RA, inducing RARα nuclear translocation in LPCs. RNAseq data and investigations in HepaRG cells revealed that atRA treatment activated the WNT-β-Catenin pathway, enhanced stemness genes (SOX9, AFP, and others), increased energy storage, and elevated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in a RARα nuclear translocation-dependent manner. Further, atRA treatment-induced pathways were confirmed in a coculture system of HepaRG with LX-2 cells. Patients suffering from ALF who displayed RARα nuclear translocation in the LPCs had significantly better MELD scores than those without. CONCLUSIONS During ALF, RA secreted by activated HSCs promotes LPC activation, a prerequisite for subsequent LPC-mediated liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Link
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Munker
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Liver Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rilu Feng
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roman Liebe
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias P.A. Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hong-Lei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Czuba LC, Isoherranen N. LX-2 Stellate Cells Are a Model System for Investigating the Regulation of Hepatic Vitamin A Metabolism and Respond to Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Interleukin 1 β. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:442-454. [PMID: 38485281 PMCID: PMC11023816 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major site of vitamin A (retinol) esterification and subsequent storage as retinyl esters within lipid droplets. However, retinyl esters become depleted in many pathophysiological states, including acute and chronic liver injuries. Recently, using a liver slice culture system as a model of acute liver injury and fibrogenesis, a time-dependent increase and decrease in the apparent formation of the bioactive retinoid all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and retinyl palmitate was measured, respectively. This coincided with temporal changes in the gene expression of retinoid-metabolizing enzymes and binding proteins, that preceded HSC activation. However, the underlying mechanisms that promote early changes in retinoid metabolism remain unresolved. We hypothesized that LX-2 cells could be applied to investigate differences in quiescent and activated HSC retinoid metabolism. We demonstrate that the hypermetabolic state of activated stellate cells relative to quiescent stellate cells may be attributed to induction of STRA6, RBP4, and CYP26A1, thereby reducing intracellular concentrations of atRA. We further hypothesized that paracrine and autocrine cytokine signaling regulates HSC vitamin A metabolism in both quiescent and activated cells. In quiescent cells, tumor necrosis factor α dose-dependently downregulated LRAT and CRBP1 mRNA, with EC50 values of 30-50 pg/mL. Likewise, interleukin-1β decreased LRAT and CRBP1 gene expression but with less potency. In activated stellate cells, multiple enzymes were downregulated, suggesting that the full effects of altered hepatic vitamin A metabolism in chronic conditions require both paracrine and autocrine signaling events. Further, this study suggests the potential for cell type-specific autocrine effects in hepatic retinoid signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: HSCs are the major site of vitamin A storage and important determinants of retinol metabolism during liver fibrogenesis. Here, two LX-2 culture methods were applied as models of hepatic retinoid metabolism to demonstrate the effects of activation status and dose-dependent cytokine exposure on the expression of genes involved in retinoid metabolism. This study suggests that compared to quiescent cells, activated HSCs are hypermetabolic and have reduced apparent formation of retinoic acid, which may alter downstream retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (L.C.C., N.I.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky (L.C.C.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (L.C.C., N.I.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky (L.C.C.)
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3
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Dudgeon C, Casabianca A, Harris C, Ogier C, Bellina M, Fiore S, Bernet A, Ducarouge B, Goldschneider D, Su X, Pitarresi J, Hezel A, De S, Narrow W, Soliman F, Shields C, Vendramini-Costa DB, Prela O, Wang L, Astsaturov I, Mehlen P, Carpizo DR. Netrin-1 feedforward mechanism promotes pancreatic cancer liver metastasis via hepatic stellate cell activation, retinoid, and ELF3 signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113369. [PMID: 37922311 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biology of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is distinct from that of the primary tumor due to changes in cell plasticity governed by a distinct transcriptome. Therapeutic strategies that target this distinct biology are needed. We detect an upregulation of the neuronal axon guidance molecule Netrin-1 in PDAC liver metastases that signals through its dependence receptor (DR), uncoordinated-5b (Unc5b), to facilitate metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of Netrin-1 induction involves a feedforward loop whereby Netrin-1 on the surface of PDAC-secreted extracellular vesicles prepares the metastatic niche by inducing hepatic stellate cell activation and retinoic acid secretion that in turn upregulates Netrin-1 in disseminated tumor cells via RAR/RXR and Elf3 signaling. While this mechanism promotes PDAC liver metastasis, it also identifies a therapeutic vulnerability, as it can be targeted using anti-Netrin-1 therapy to inhibit metastasis using the Unc5b DR cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crissy Dudgeon
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony Casabianca
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chris Harris
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Charline Ogier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mélanie Bellina
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; Netris Pharma, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stephany Fiore
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Agnes Bernet
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; Netris Pharma, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason Pitarresi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Aram Hezel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wade Narrow
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Fady Soliman
- Rutgers Robert Wood-Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cory Shields
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Orjola Prela
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; Netris Pharma, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Darren R Carpizo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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4
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Calderon RM, Golczak M, Paik J, Blaner WS. Dietary Vitamin A Affects the Function of Incretin-Producing Enteroendocrine Cells in Male Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2023; 153:2901-2914. [PMID: 37648113 PMCID: PMC10613727 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) is an intracellular carrier for vitamin A in the absorptive enterocytes. Mice lacking RBP2 (Rbp2-/-) display an unexpected phenotype of obesity, glucose intolerance, and elevated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels. GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are incretin hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells (EECs). We recently demonstrated the presence of RBP2 and other retinoid-related proteins in EECs. OBJECTIVES Given RBP2's role in intracellular retinoid trafficking, we aimed to evaluate whether dietary vitamin A affects incretin-secreting cell function and gene expression. METHODS Male Rbp2-/- mice and sex- and age-matched controls (n = 6-9) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 wk containing normal (VAN, 4000 IU/kg of diet) or low (VAL, 25% of normal) vitamin A concentrations. Body weight was recorded biweekly. Plasma GIP and GLP-1 levels were obtained fasting and 30 min after an oral fat gavage at week 16. Glucose tolerance tests were also performed. Mice were killed at week 18, and blood and tissue samples were obtained. RESULTS Rbp2-/- mice displayed greater weight gain on the VAN compared with the VAL diet from week 7 of the intervention (P ≤ 0.01). Stimulated GIP levels were elevated in Rbp2-/- mice compared with their controls fed the VAN diet (P = 0.02), whereas their GIP response was lower when fed the VAL diet (P = 0.03). Although no differences in GLP-1 levels were observed in the VAN diet group, a lower GLP-1 response was seen in Rbp2-/- mice fed the VAL diet (P = 0.02). Changes in incretin gene expression and that of other genes associated with EEC lineage and function were consistent with these observations. Circulating and hepatic retinoid levels revealed no systemic vitamin A deficiency across dietary groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for RBP2 and dietary vitamin A in incretin secretion and gene expression in mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana M Calderon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Ventura AE, Pokorna S, Huhn N, Santos TCB, Prieto M, Futerman AH, Silva LC. Cell lipid droplet heterogeneity and altered biophysical properties induced by cell stress and metabolic imbalance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023:159347. [PMID: 37271251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are important regulators of lipid metabolism and are implicated in several diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the roles of LD in cell pathophysiology remain elusive. Hence, new approaches that enable better characterization of LD are essential. This study establishes that Laurdan, a widely used fluorescent probe, can be used to label, quantify, and characterize changes in cell LD properties. Using lipid mixtures containing artificial LD we show that Laurdan GP depends on LD composition. Accordingly, enrichment in cholesterol esters (CE) shifts Laurdan GP from ~0.60 to ~0.70. Moreover, live-cell confocal microscopy shows that cells present multiple LD populations with distinctive biophysical features. The hydrophobicity and fraction of each LD population are cell type dependent and change differently in response to nutrient imbalance, cell density, and upon inhibition of LD biogenesis. The results show that cellular stress caused by increased cell density and nutrient overload increased the number of LD and their hydrophobicity and contributed to the formation of LD with very high GP values, likely enriched in CE. In contrast, nutrient deprivation was accompanied by decreased LD hydrophobicity and alterations in cell plasma membrane properties. In addition, we show that cancer cells present highly hydrophobic LD, compatible with a CE enrichment of these organelles. The distinct biophysical properties of LD contribute to the diversity of these organelles, suggesting that the specific alterations in their properties might be one of the mechanisms triggering LD pathophysiological actions and/or be related to the different mechanisms underlying LD metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Ventura
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarka Pokorna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Huhn
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia C B Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Prieto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liana C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Shmarakov IO, Gusarova GA, Islam MN, Marhuenda-Muñoz M, Bhattacharya J, Blaner WS. Retinoids stored locally in the lung are required to attenuate the severity of acute lung injury in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:851. [PMID: 36792627 PMCID: PMC9932169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are potent transcriptional regulators that act in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and other cellular processes. We carried out studies in male mice to establish the importance of local cellular retinoid stores within the lung alveolus for maintaining its health in the face of an acute inflammatory challenge induced by intranasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide. We also undertook single cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to identify roles for different alveolar cell populations involved in mediating these retinoid-dependent responses. Here we show that local retinoid stores and uncompromised metabolism and signaling within the lung are required to lessen the severity of an acute inflammatory challenge. Unexpectedly, our data also establish that alveolar cells other than lipofibroblasts, specifically microvascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells, are able to take up lipoprotein-transported retinoid and to accumulate cellular retinoid stores that are directly used to respond to an acute inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Galina A Gusarova
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mohammad N Islam
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - María Marhuenda-Muñoz
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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7
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Meurer SK, Weiskirchen S, Tag CG, Weiskirchen R. Isolation, Purification, and Culture of Primary Murine Hepatic Stellate Cells: An Update. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:1-32. [PMID: 37247051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the healthy liver, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are found in the perisinusoidal space (i.e., the space of Dissé) in close proximity to endothelial cells and hepatocytes. HSCs represent 5-8% of the total number of liver cells and are characterized by numerous fat vacuoles that store vitamin A in the form of retinyl esters. Upon liver injury caused by different etiologies, HSCs become activated and acquire a myofibroblast (MFB) phenotype in a process called transdifferentiation. In contrast to quiescent HSC, MFB become highly proliferative and are characterized by an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis, by producing an excess of collagen and blocking its turnover by synthesis of protease inhibitors. This leads to a net accumulation of ECM during fibrosis. In addition to HSC, there are fibroblasts in the portal fields (pF), which also have the potency to acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype (pMF). The contributions of these two fibrogenic cell types (i.e., MFB and pMF) vary based on the etiology of liver damage (parenchymal vs. cholestatic). Based on their importance to hepatic fibrosis, the isolation and purification protocols of these primary cells are in great demand. Moreover, established cell lines may offer only limited information about the in vivo behavior of HSC/MFB and pF/pMF.Here we describe a method for high-purity isolation of HSC from mice. In the first step, the liver is digested with pronase and collagenase, and the cells are dissociated from the tissue. In the second step, HSCs are enriched by density gradient centrifugation of the crude cell suspension using a Nycodenz gradient. The resulting cell fraction can be further optionally purified by flow cytometric enrichment to generate ultrapure HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carmen G Tag
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- IInstitut für Molekulare Pathobiochemie, Experimentelle Gentherapie und Klinische Chemie (IFMPEGKC), Universitätsklinikum Aachen AöR, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Ezhilarasan D, Najimi M. Intercellular communication among liver cells in the perisinusoidal space of the injured liver: Pathophysiology and therapeutic directions. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:70-81. [PMID: 36409708 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the perisinusoidal space are surrounded by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and other resident immune cells. In the normal liver, HSCs communicate with these cells to maintain normal liver functions. However, after chronic liver injury, injured hepatocytes release several proinflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, and damage-associated molecular patterns into the perisinusoidal space. Consequently, such alteration activates quiescent HSCs to acquire a myofibroblast-like phenotype and express high amounts of transforming growth factor-β1, angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factors, interleukins 6 and 8, fibril forming collagens, laminin, and E-cadherin. These phenotypic and functional transdifferentiation lead to hepatic fibrosis with a typical abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis and disorganization of the perisinusoidal space of the injured liver. Those changes provide a favorable environment that regulates tumor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and survival in the perisinusoidal space. Such tumor cells by releasing transforming growth factor-β1 and other cytokines, will, in turn, activate and deeply interact with HSCs via a bidirectional loop. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma-derived mediators convert HSCs and macrophages into protumorigenic cell populations. Thus, the perisinusoidal space serves as a critical hub for activating HSCs and their interactions with other cell types, which cause a variety of liver diseases such as hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and their complications, such as portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting the crosstalk between activated HSCs and tumor cells/immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may also support a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Yao H, Li P, Xin J, Liang X, Jiang J, Shi D, Li J, Hassan HM, Chen X, Li J. MiRNA/mRNA network topology in hepatitis virus B-related liver cirrhosis reveals miR-20a-5p/340-5p as hubs initiating fibrosis. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:240. [PMCID: PMC9661777 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The pathophysiology of hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the disease mechanisms using topological analysis of the miRNA/mRNA network.
Methods
Paired miRNA/mRNA sequencing was performed with thirty-three peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples (LC, n = 9; chronic hepatitis B, n = 12; normal controls, n = 12) collected from a prospective cohort to identify the miRNA/mRNA network. Topological features and functional implications of the network were analyzed to capture pathophysiologically important miRNAs/mRNAs, whose expression patterns were confirmed in the validation group (LC, n = 15; chronic hepatitis B, n = 15; normal controls, n = 10), and functional potentials initiating fibrogenesis were demonstrated in vitro.
Results
The miRNA/mRNA network contained 3121 interactions between 158 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and 442 DE-mRNAs. The topological analysis identified a core module containing 99 miRNA/mRNA interactions and two hub nodes (miR-20a-5p/miR-340-5p), which connected to 75 DE-mRNAs. The expression pattern along the disease progression of the core module was found associated with a continuous increase in wound healing, inflammation, and leukocyte migration but an inflection of immune response and lipid metabolic regulation, consistent with the pathophysiology of HBV-LC. MiR-20a-5p/miR-340-5p were found involved in macrophage polarization and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in vitro (THP-1, LX-2 cell lines), and their expression levels were confirmed in the validation group independently.
Conclusion
Topological analysis of the miRNA/mRNA network in HBV-LC revealed the association between fibrosis and miR-20a-5p/miR-340-5p involving initiating activations of macrophage and HSC. Further validations should be performed to confirm the HSC/macrophage activations and the interactions between miR-20a-5p/miR-340-5p and their potential targets, which may help to develop non-invasive prognostic markers or intervention targets for HBV-LC.
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10
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Monleón E, Lucía Ó, Güemes A, López-Alonso B, Arribas D, Sarnago H, Hernaez A, Burdío JM, Junquera C. Liver tissue remodeling following ablation with irreversible electroporation in a porcine model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014648. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a method of non-thermal focal tissue ablation characterized by irreversibly permeabilizing the cell membranes while preserving the extracellular matrix. This study aimed to investigate tissue remodeling after IRE in a porcine model, especially focusing on the extracellular matrix and hepatic stellate cells. IRE ablation was performed on 11 female pigs at 2,000 V/cm electric field strength using a versatile high-voltage generator and 3 cm diameter parallel-plate electrodes. The treated lobes were removed during surgery at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after IRE. Tissue remodeling and regeneration were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Throughout the treated area, IRE led to extensive necrosis with intact collagenous structures evident until day 1. From then on, the necrosis progressively diminished while reparative tissue gradually increased. During this process, the reticulin framework and the septal fibrillar collagen remained in the necrotic foci until they were invaded by the reparative tissue. The reparative tissue was characterized by a massive proliferation of myofibroblast-like cells accompanied by a complete disorganization of the extracellular matrix with the disappearance of hepatic architecture. Hepatic stellate cell markers were associated with the proliferation of myofibroblast-like cells and the reorganization of the extracellular matrix. Between 2 and 3 weeks after IRE, the lobular architecture was almost completely regenerated. The events described in the present study show that IRE may be a valid model to study the mechanisms underlying liver regeneration after extensive acute injury.
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11
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Vanherle S, Jorissen W, Dierckx T, Loix M, Grajchen E, Mingneau F, Guns J, Gervois P, Lambrichts I, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Mulder MT, Remaley AT, Haidar M, Hendriks JJ, Bogie JJ. The ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A enhances remyelination by promoting clearance and degradation of myelin debris. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Sharma A, Kudira R, Wang J, Miethke A, Gandhi CR. Differential recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages in control and stellate cell-depleted mice during recurrent carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4215-4225. [PMID: 36098042 PMCID: PMC11296225 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Liver depleted of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is resistant to ischemia/reperfusion-, concanavalin A-, and acetaminophen-induced acute injury. Whether HSCs regulate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced acute liver injury is not known. CCl4 treatment damages pericentral hepatocytes that express CCl4 -metabolizing Cyp2E1 and activates HSCs. We investigated whether HSC-depletion in mice transgenic for thymidine kinase under the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAP-TK-Tg) confers resistance to injury and inflammation due to CCl4 rechallenge. GFAP-TK-Tg or wild type (WT) mice were administered 0.16 ml/kg CCl4 (3× at 3 days intervals), then 40 μg/g/day ganciclovir for 10 days. The treatment depletes ~70%-75% HSCs from GFAP-TK-Tg but not WT mice while the liver recovers from earlier CCl4 -induced injury. Mice were then administered CCl4 , and liver injury and inflammation were determined at 24 h. HSC-depleted and HSC-sufficient mice showed similar CCl4 -induced hepatocyte necrosis and oxidative stress. However, increase in F4/80+ macrophages, but not CD68+ cells, was greater in CCl4 rechallenged HSC-depleted compared to HSC-sufficient mice. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCL2, and CXCL1 increased similarly, whereas increase in interleukin-6 (IL6), IL1β, and IL10 expression was higher in CCl4 rechallenged HSC-depleted compared to HSC-sufficient mice. CCl4 rechallenge of HSC-sufficient mice rapidly activated HSCs causing significant fibrosis with increased expression of Col1a1, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1); increase in TIPM1 was much lower and metalloproteinases 13 (MMP13) greater in CCl4 rechallenged HSC-depleted mice. Interestingly, hepatic recruitment of both profibrogenic (Ly6Chi ) and antifibrogenic restorative (Ly6Clo ) macrophages, and neutrophils was significantly greater in CCl4 rechallenged HSC-depleted mice. These data suggest that CCl4 directly damages hepatocytes but HSCs regulate inflammation. Rapid fibrogenesis in CCl4 rechallenged HSC-sufficient mice recovered from earlier injury indicates that even transiently activated HSCs that had reverted to the quiescent phenotype remain primed to become reactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramesh Kudira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander Miethke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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13
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Steinhoff JS, Wagner C, Taschler U, Wulff S, Kiefer MF, Petricek KM, Wowro SJ, Oster M, Flores RE, Yang N, Li C, Meng Y, Sommerfeld M, Weger S, Henze A, Raila J, Lass A, Schupp M. Acute retinol mobilization by retinol-binding protein 4 in mouse liver induces fibroblast growth factor 21 expression. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100268. [PMID: 36030930 PMCID: PMC9493389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes secrete retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) into circulation, thereby mobilizing vitamin A from the liver to provide retinol for extrahepatic tissues. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with elevated RBP4 levels in the blood. However, in a previous study, we observed that chronically increased RBP4 by forced Rbp4 expression in the liver does not impair glucose homeostasis in mice. Here, we investigated the effects of an acute mobilization of hepatic vitamin A stores by hepatic overexpression of RBP4 in mice. We show that hepatic retinol mobilization decreases body fat content and enhances fat turnover. Mechanistically, we found that acute retinol mobilization increases hepatic expression and serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is regulated by retinol mobilization and retinoic acid in primary hepatocytes. Moreover, we provide evidence that the insulin-sensitizing effect of FGF21 is associated with organ-specific adaptations in retinoid homeostasis. Taken together, our findings identify a novel crosstalk between retinoid homeostasis and FGF21 in mice with acute RBP4-mediated retinol mobilization from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie F Kiefer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Oster
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto E Flores
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Na Yang
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yueming Meng
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weger
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany; Junior Research Group ProAID, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Satilmis B, Cicek GS, Cicek E, Akbulut S, Sahin TT, Yilmaz S. Adipose-derived stem cells in the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases and sepsis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4348-4356. [PMID: 35663078 PMCID: PMC9125284 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the mesenchymal stem cells is one of the greatest and most exciting achievements that tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have achieved. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) are easily isolated and cultured for a long time before losing their stem cell characteristics, which are self-renewal and pluripotency. AD-MSC are mesenchymal stem cells that have pluripotent lineage characteristics. They are easily accessible, and the fraction of stem cells in the adipose tissue lysates is highest among all other sources of mesenchymal stem cells. It is also HLA-DR negative and can be transplanted allogenically without the need for immunosuppression. These advantages have popularized its use in many fields including plastic reconstructive surgery. However, in the field of hepatology and liver transplantation, the progress is slower. AD-MSC have the potential to modulate inflammation, ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury, and support liver and biliary tract regeneration. These are very important for the treatment of various hepatobiliary diseases. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential of these cells has paramount importance in the treatment of sepsis. We need alternative therapeutic approaches to treat end-stage liver failure. AD-MSC can provide a means of therapy to bridge to definitive therapeutic alternatives such as liver transplantation. Here we propose to review theoretic applications of AD-MSC in the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basri Satilmis
- Hepatology Research Laboratory, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
| | - Gizem Selen Cicek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya 44000, Yesilyurt, Turkey
| | - Egemen Cicek
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
| | - Sami Akbulut
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Tolga Sahin
- Hepatology Research Laboratory, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Hepatology Research Laboratory, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Battalgazi, Turkey
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15
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Optimized Isolation and Characterization of C57BL/6 Mouse Hepatic Stellate Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091379. [PMID: 35563686 PMCID: PMC9102395 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain meaningful results of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) function, it is crucial to use highly pure HSC populations. Our aim was to optimize HSC isolation from mice livers without exploiting the characteristically transient vitamin A autofluorescence of HSC. HSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 mice using a two-step collagenase digestion and Nycodenz gradient separation followed by CD11b-negative sorting step in order to remove contaminating macrophages and dendritic cells. Isolated cells were analyzed for yield, viability, purity, and potential new markers using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We obtained a yield of 350,595 ± 100,773 HSC per mouse liver and a viability of isolated cells of 92.4 ± 3.1%. We observed a low macrophage/dendritic cell contamination of 1.22 ± 0.54%. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that CD38 was expressed at the surface of HSC subpopulations and that all expressed intracellular markers specific for HSC in the liver. This isolation method, avoiding fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), allowed isolation of HSCs with high purity. Further, flow cytometry analysis suggests that CD38 may be a reliable marker of HSCs and may include subpopulations of HSCs without retinoid droplets.
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16
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Vargas-Pozada EE, Ramos-Tovar E, Acero-Hernández C, Cardoso-Lezama I, Galindo-Gómez S, Tsutsumi V, Muriel P. Caffeine mitigates experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the progression of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis by blocking the MAPK and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathways. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100671. [PMID: 35065262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Caffeine consumption is associated with beneficial effects on hepatic disorders. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of caffeine on experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced with a high-fat, high-sucrose, high-cholesterol diet (HFSCD), as well as to evaluate the ability of caffeine to prevent the progression of experimental liver fibrosis induced by the administration of thioacetamide (TAA) in rats and explore the mechanisms of action. METHODS NASH and fibrosis were induced in rats by the administration of an HFSCD for 15 weeks, and liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg TAA 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. Caffeine was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. The effects of diet, TAA, and caffeine on fibrosis were evaluated by biochemical and histological examinations. The profibrotic pathways were analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Rats exhibited liver fibrosis after HFSCD feeding and the administration of TAA. Caffeine could reduce the hepatic level of collagen and the fibrotic area in the liver. Caffeine prevented the progression of liver fibrosis by decreasing transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and by inhibiting the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Smad3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine attenuates NASH and the progression of liver fibrosis due to its antifibrotic effects and modulating the MAPK and TGF-β pathways. Therefore, caffeine could be a suitable candidate for treating liver diseases associated with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E Vargas-Pozada
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Ramos-Tovar
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, School of Higher Education in Medicine-IPN, Apartado 11340 Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Acero-Hernández
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irina Cardoso-Lezama
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Galindo-Gómez
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado 14-740 Mexico City, Mexico.
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17
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Wu X, Roberto JB, Knupp A, Greninger AL, Truong CD, Hollingshead N, Kenerson HL, Tuefferd M, Chen A, Koelle DM, Horton H, Jerome KR, Polyak SJ, Yeung RS, Crispe IN. Response of Human Liver Tissue to Innate Immune Stimuli. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811551. [PMID: 35355993 PMCID: PMC8959492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut human liver slice cultures (PCLS) have become an important alternative immunological platform in preclinical testing. To further evaluate the capacity of PCLS, we investigated the innate immune response to TLR3 agonist (poly-I:C) and TLR4 agonist (LPS) using normal and diseased liver tissue. Pathological liver tissue was obtained from patients with active chronic HCV infection, and patients with former chronic HCV infection cured by recent Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) drug therapy. We found that hepatic innate immunity in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists was not suppressed but enhanced in the HCV-infected tissue, compared with the healthy controls. Furthermore, despite recent HCV elimination, DAA-cured liver tissue manifested ongoing abnormalities in liver immunity: sustained abnormal immune gene expression in DAA-cured samples was identified in direct ex vivo measurements and in TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation assays. Genes that were up-regulated in chronic HCV-infected liver tissue were mostly characteristic of the non-parenchymal cell compartment. These results demonstrated the utility of PCLS in studying both liver pathology and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jessica B Roberto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Camtu D Truong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole Hollingshead
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Antony Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Helen Horton
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian N Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Ferdouse A, Agrawal RR, Gao MA, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Clugston RD. Alcohol induced hepatic retinoid depletion is associated with the induction of multiple retinoid catabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261675. [PMID: 35030193 PMCID: PMC8759667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption leads to a spectrum of liver disease that is associated with significant global mortality and morbidity. Alcohol is known to deplete hepatic vitamin A content, which has been linked to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. It has been suggested that induction of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) contributes to alcohol-induced hepatic vitamin A depletion, but the possible contributions of other retinoid-catabolizing CYPs have not been well studied. The main objective of this study was to better understand alcohol-induced hepatic vitamin A depletion and test the hypothesis that alcohol-induced depletion of hepatic vitamin A is due to CYP-mediated oxidative catabolism. This hypothesis was tested in a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption, including wild type and Cyp2e1 -/- mice. Our results show that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with decreased levels of hepatic retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoic acid. Moreover, the depletion of hepatic retinoid is associated with the induction of multiple retinoid catabolizing CYPs, including CYP26A1, and CYP26B1 in alcohol fed wild type mice. In Cyp2e1 -/- mice, alcohol-induced retinol decline is blunted but retinyl esters undergo a change in their acyl composition and decline upon alcohol exposure like WT mice. In conclusion, the alcohol induced decline in hepatic vitamin A content is associated with increased expression of multiple retinoid-catabolizing CYPs, including the retinoic acid specific hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Ferdouse
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rishi R. Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Madeleine A. Gao
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William S. Blaner
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Clugston
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Larsen AK, Simón-Santamaría J, Elvevold K, Ericzon BG, Mortensen KE, McCourt P, Smedsrød B, Sørensen KK. Autofluorescence in freshly isolated adult human liver sinusoidal cells. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34897295 PMCID: PMC8696389 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autofluorescent granules of various sizes were observed in primary human liver endothelial cells (LSECs) upon laser irradiation using a wide range of wavelengths. Autofluorescence was detected in LAMP-1 positive vesicles, suggesting lysosomal location. Confocal imaging of freshly prepared cultures and imaging flow cytometry of non-cultured cells revealed fluorescence in all channels used. Treatment with a lipofuscin autofluorescence quencher reduced autofluorescence, most efficiently in the near UV-area. These results, combined with the knowledge of the very active blood clearance function of LSECs support the notion that lysosomally located autofluorescent material reflected accumulation of lipofuscin in the intact liver. These results illustrate the importance of careful selection of fluorophores, especially when labelling of live cells where the quencher is not compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kjetil Elvevold
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø.
| | - Bo Göran Ericzon
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm.
| | | | - Peter McCourt
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø.
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø.
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20
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Vacani-Martins N, Meuser-Batista M, dos Santos CDLP, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Henriques-Pons A. The Liver and the Hepatic Immune Response in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, a Historical and Updated View. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091074. [PMID: 34578107 PMCID: PMC8465576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease was described more than a century ago and, despite great efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cardiac and digestive manifestations in chronic patients, much remains to be clarified. The disease is found beyond Latin America, including Japan, the USA, France, Spain, and Australia, and is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease in 1909 in Brazil, and hepatomegaly was among the clinical signs observed. Currently, hepatomegaly is cited in most papers published which either study acutely infected patients or experimental models, and we know that the parasite can infect multiple cell types in the liver, especially Kupffer cells and dendritic cells. Moreover, liver damage is more pronounced in cases of oral infection, which is mainly found in the Amazon region. However, the importance of liver involvement, including the hepatic immune response, in disease progression does not receive much attention. In this review, we present the very first paper published approaching the liver's participation in the infection, as well as subsequent papers published in the last century, up to and including our recently published results. We propose that, after infection, activated peripheral T lymphocytes reach the liver and induce a shift to a pro-inflammatory ambient environment. Thus, there is an immunological integration and cooperation between peripheral and hepatic immunity, contributing to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vacani-Martins
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Depto de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil;
| | - Carina de Lima Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | | | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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You H, Wang L, Bu F, Meng H, Pan X, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang A, Yin N, Huang C, Li J. The miR-455-3p/HDAC2 axis plays a pivotal role in the progression and reversal of liver fibrosis and is regulated by epigenetics. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21700. [PMID: 34105828 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002319rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs), especially HDAC2, play a role in alleviating liver fibrosis; however, the specific upstream regulation mechanism is unknown. Herein, TargetScan was used to predict the potential upstream targets of HDAC2, and the role of miR-455-3p was explored. The dual luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-455-3p binds to the 3' UTR of HDAC2 mRNA. Additionally, miR-455-3p was downregulated in the liver tissues of patients with cirrhosis and mice with liver fibrosis, as well as in primary HSCs isolated from fibrotic mouse livers and TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells. In contrast, it is highly expressed in the reversal stage of hepatic fibrosis and MDI-cultured LX-2 cells. Our functional analyses showed that miR-455-3p overexpression facilitated apoptosis and reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic markers and the proliferation of activated LX-2 cells. On the contrary, miR-455-3p inhibition converted inactivated LX-2 cells into activated, proliferative, fibrogenic cells. Interestingly, restoration of HDAC2 expression partially blocked the function of miR-455-3p. Downregulated miR-455-3p expression can be restored by DNA methyltransferases in activated LX-2 cells. Methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the methylation level of miR-455-3p promoter CpG islands was elevated in TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells and that miR-455-3p was downregulated in activated LX-2 cells by DNA hypermethylation, which is mediated by DNMT3b and DNMT1. In conclusion, miR-455-3p acts as a liver fibrosis suppressor by targeting HDAC2, and its deficiency further aggravates the reversal phase of fibrosis. Thus, the epigenetics mediated miR-455-3p/HDAC2 axis may serve as a novel potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei You
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangtian Bu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwu Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueyin Pan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nana Yin
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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22
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Acharya P, Chouhan K, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671640. [PMID: 34025430 PMCID: PMC8134740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ in the human body, coordinating several key metabolic roles. The structure of the liver which consists of the distinctive arrangement of hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, the hepatic artery, portal vein and the central vein, is critical for its function. Due to its unique position in the human body, the liver interacts with components of circulation targeted for the rest of the body and in the process, it is exposed to a vast array of external agents such as dietary metabolites and compounds absorbed through the intestine, including alcohol and drugs, as well as pathogens. Some of these agents may result in injury to the cellular components of liver leading to the activation of the natural wound healing response of the body or fibrogenesis. Long-term injury to liver cells and consistent activation of the fibrogenic response can lead to liver fibrosis such as that seen in chronic alcoholics or clinically obese individuals. Unidentified fibrosis can evolve into more severe consequences over a period of time such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is well recognized now that in addition to external agents, genetic predisposition also plays a role in the development of liver fibrosis. An improved understanding of the cellular pathways of fibrosis can illuminate our understanding of this process, and uncover potential therapeutic targets. Here we summarized recent aspects in the understanding of relevant pathways, cellular and molecular drivers of hepatic fibrosis and discuss how this knowledge impact the therapy of respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chouhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Payen VL, Lavergne A, Alevra Sarika N, Colonval M, Karim L, Deckers M, Najimi M, Coppieters W, Charloteaux B, Sokal EM, El Taghdouini A. Single-cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals hepatic stellate cell heterogeneity. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100278. [PMID: 34027339 PMCID: PMC8121977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The multiple vital functions of the human liver are performed by highly specialised parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells organised in complex collaborative sinusoidal units. Although crucial for homeostasis, the cellular make-up of the human liver remains to be fully elucidated. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing was used to unravel the heterogeneity of human liver cells, in particular of hepatocytes (HEPs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Method The transcriptome of ~25,000 freshly isolated human liver cells was profiled using droplet-based RNA-sequencing. Recently published data sets and RNA in situ hybridisation were integrated to validate and locate newly identified cell populations. Results In total, 22 cell populations were annotated that reflected the heterogeneity of human parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. More than 20,000 HEPs were ordered along the portocentral axis to confirm known, and reveal previously undescribed, zonated liver functions. The existence of 2 subpopulations of human HSCs with unique gene expression signatures and distinct intralobular localisation was revealed (i.e. portal and central vein-concentrated GPC3+ HSCs and perisinusoidally located DBH+ HSCs). In particular, these data suggest that, although both subpopulations collaborate in the production and organisation of extracellular matrix, GPC3+ HSCs specifically express genes involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans, whereas DBH+ HSCs display a gene signature that is reminiscent of antigen-presenting cells. Conclusions This study highlights metabolic zonation as a key determinant of HEP transcriptomic heterogeneity and, for the first time, outlines the existence of heterogeneous HSC subpopulations in the human liver. These findings call for further research on the functional implications of liver cell heterogeneity in health and disease. Lay summary This study resolves the cellular landscape of the human liver in an unbiased manner and at high resolution to provide new insights into human liver cell biology. The results highlight the physiological heterogeneity of human hepatic stellate cells. A cell atlas from the near-native transcriptome of >25,000 human liver cells is presented. Hepatocytes were ordered along the portocentral axis to reveal previously undescribed gene expression patterns and zonated liver functions. Two subpopulations of human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are reported, characterised by different spatial distribution in the native tissue. Characteristic gene signatures of HSC subpopulations are suggestive of far-reaching functional differences.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CC, cholangiocyte
- CV, central vein
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- EC, endothelial cell
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- FFPE, formaldehyde-fixed paraffin embedded
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GO, gene ontology
- HEP, hepatocyte
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocyte
- ISH, in situ hybridisation
- KLR, killer lectin-like receptor
- LP, lymphoid cell
- Liver cell atlas
- MP, macrophage
- MZ, midzonal
- PC, pericentral
- PP, periportal
- PV, portal vein
- TBS, Tris buffered saline
- TSA, tyramide signal amplification
- UMAP, uniform manifold approximation and projection
- UMI, unique molecular identifier
- VIM, vimentin
- Zonation
- scRNA-seq, single-cell RNA-sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry L. Payen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials (ADDB), LDRI Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lavergne
- Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Niki Alevra Sarika
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials (ADDB), LDRI Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Megan Colonval
- Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Latifa Karim
- Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Manon Deckers
- Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding authors. Address: Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52 Box B1.52.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Adil El Taghdouini
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding authors. Address: Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy (PEDI), IREC Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52 Box B1.52.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Kitto LJ, Henderson NC. Hepatic Stellate Cell Regulation of Liver Regeneration and Repair. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:358-370. [PMID: 33681672 PMCID: PMC7917274 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic mesenchyme has been studied extensively in the context of liver fibrosis; however, much less is known regarding the role of mesenchymal cells during liver regeneration. As our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving hepatic regeneration deepens, the key role of the mesenchymal compartment during the regenerative response has been increasingly appreciated. Single-cell genomics approaches have recently uncovered both spatial and functional zonation of the hepatic mesenchyme in homeostasis and following liver injury. Here we discuss how the use of preclinical models, from in vivo mouse models to organoid-based systems, are helping to shape our understanding of the role of the mesenchyme during liver regeneration, and how these approaches should facilitate the precise identification of highly targeted, pro-regenerative therapies for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kitto
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics UnitInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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25
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Park JH, Kim J, Choi SY, Lee B, Lee JE, Park H, Moon JW, Park SH, Lee JM, Lee HS, Oh J. Albumin inhibits the nuclear translocation of Smad3 via interleukin-1beta signaling in hepatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3196. [PMID: 33542418 PMCID: PMC7862402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts plays a key role in liver fibrosis. We had previously shown that albumin and its derivative, R-III (a retinol-binding protein—albumin domain III fusion protein), inhibited HSC activation by sequestering retinoic acid (RA) and that R-III administration reduced carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of albumin downstream of RA sequestration. Nuclear factor-κB p65 was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm in activated mouse HSCs, whereas albumin expression or R-III treatment (albumin/R-III) caused the nuclear translocation of p65, probably via RA sequestration, resulting in a dramatic increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) expression. Albumin/R-III in turn induced the phosphorylation of Smad3 at the linker region, inhibiting its nuclear import in an IL-1β-dependent manner. Consistent with the in vitro results, the level of IL-1β mRNA expression was higher in CCl4/R-III-treated livers than in CCl4-treated livers. These findings reveal that albumin/R-III inhibits the transforming growth factor-β-Smad3 signaling as well as the retinoic acid receptor-mediated pathway, which probably contributes to the inhibition of HSC activation, and suggest that R-III may be an anti-fibrotic drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Protein Drug Team at New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, 28160, Korea
| | - Janghyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Protein Drug Team at New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, 28160, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Heekyung Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ji Wook Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hong Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Junseo Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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26
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are resident non-parenchymal liver pericytes whose plasticity enables them to regulate a remarkable range of physiologic and pathologic responses. To support their functions in health and disease, HSCs engage pathways regulating carbohydrate, mitochondrial, lipid, and retinoid homeostasis. In chronic liver injury, HSCs drive hepatic fibrosis and are implicated in inflammation and cancer. To do so, the cells activate, or transdifferentiate, from a quiescent state into proliferative, motile myofibroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix, which demands rapid adaptation to meet a heightened energy need. Adaptations include reprogramming of central carbon metabolism, enhanced mitochondrial number and activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liberation of free fatty acids through autophagy-dependent hydrolysis of retinyl esters that are stored in cytoplasmic droplets. As an archetype for pericytes in other tissues, recognition of the HSC's metabolic drivers and vulnerabilities offer the potential to target these pathways therapeutically to enhance parenchymal growth and modulate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Trivedi
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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27
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Meijer EM, van Dijk CGM, Kramann R, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. Implementation of Pericytes in Vascular Regeneration Strategies. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:1-21. [PMID: 33231500 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the survival and integration of complex large-sized tissue-engineered (TE) organ constructs that exceed the maximal nutrients and oxygen diffusion distance required for cell survival, graft (pre)vascularization to ensure medium or blood supply is crucial. To achieve this, the morphology and functionality of the microcapillary bed should be mimicked by incorporating vascular cell populations, including endothelium and mural cells. Pericytes play a crucial role in microvascular function, blood vessel stability, angiogenesis, and blood pressure regulation. In addition, tissue-specific pericytes are important in maintaining specific functions in different organs, including vitamin A storage in the liver, renin production in the kidneys and maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier. Together with their multipotential differentiation capacity, this makes pericytes the preferred cell type for application in TE grafts. The use of a tissue-specific pericyte cell population that matches the TE organ may benefit organ function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature for graft (pre)-vascularization strategies and highlight the possible advantages of using tissue-specific pericytes for specific TE organ grafts. Impact statement The use of a tissue-specific pericyte cell population that matches the tissue-engineered (TE) organ may benefit organ function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature for graft (pre)vascularization strategies and highlight the possible advantages of using tissue-specific pericytes for specific TE organ grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana M Meijer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian G M van Dijk
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Playing Jekyll and Hyde-The Dual Role of Lipids in Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102244. [PMID: 33036257 PMCID: PMC7601321 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play Jekyll and Hyde in the liver. On the one hand, the lipid-laden status of hepatic stellate cells is a hallmark of healthy liver. On the other hand, the opposite is true for lipid-laden hepatocytes—they obstruct liver function. Neglected lipid accumulation in hepatocytes can progress into hepatic fibrosis, a condition induced by the activation of stellate cells. In their resting state, these cells store substantial quantities of fat-soluble vitamin A (retinyl esters) in large lipid droplets. During activation, these lipid organelles are gradually degraded. Hence, treatment of fatty liver disease is treading a tightrope—unsophisticated targeting of hepatic lipid accumulation might trigger problematic side effects on stellate cells. Therefore, it is of great importance to gain more insight into the highly dynamic lipid metabolism of hepatocytes and stellate cells in both quiescent and activated states. In this review, part of the special issue entitled “Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms underlying the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Fibrosis 2020”, we discuss current and highly versatile aspects of neutral lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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29
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Hepatic stellate cell hypertrophy is associated with metabolic liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3850. [PMID: 32123215 PMCID: PMC7052210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a major consequence of chronic liver disease such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is undergoing a dramatic evolution given the obesity progression worldwide, and has no treatment to date. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the fibrosis process, because in chronic liver damage, they transdifferentiate from a “quiescent” to an “activated” phenotype responsible for most the collagen deposition in liver tissue. Here, using a diet-induced liver fibrosis murine model (choline-deficient amino acid-defined, high fat diet), we characterized a specific population of HSCs organized as clusters presenting simultaneously hypertrophy of retinoid droplets, quiescent and activated HSC markers. We showed that hypertrophied HSCs co-localized with fibrosis areas in space and time. Importantly, we reported the existence of this phenotype and its association with collagen deposition in three other mouse fibrosis models, including CCl4-induced fibrosis model. Moreover, we have also shown its relevance in human liver fibrosis associated with different etiologies (obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis C and alcoholism). In particular, we have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the stage of liver fibrosis and HSC hypertrophy in a cohort of obese patients with hepatic fibrosis. These results lead us to conclude that hypertrophied HSCs are closely associated with hepatic fibrosis in a metabolic disease context and may represent a new marker of metabolic liver disease progression.
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30
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Maguire M, Larsen MC, Vezina CM, Quadro L, Kim YK, Tanumihardjo SA, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 directs Srebp-mediated cholesterol and retinoid synthesis in perinatal liver; Association with retinoic acid activity during fetal development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228436. [PMID: 32027669 PMCID: PMC7004353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) deletion and dietary retinol deficiency during pregnancy (GVAD) affect perinatal liver functions regulated by Srebp. Cyp1b1 is not expressed in perinatal liver but appears in the E9.5 embryo, close to sites of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Hypothesis Parallel effects of Cyp1b1 and retinol on postnatal Srebp derive from effects in the developing liver or systemic signaling. Approach Cluster postnatal increases in hepatic genes in relation to effects of GVAD or Cyp1b1 deletion. Sort expression changes in relation to genes regulated by Srebp1 and Srebp2.Test these treatments on embryos at E9.5, examining changes at the site of liver initiation. Use in situ hybridization to resolve effects on mRNA distributions of Aldh1a2 and Cyp26a1 (RA homeostasis); Hoxb1 and Pax6 (RA targets). Assess mice lacking Lrat and Rbp4 (DKO mice) that severely limits retinol supply to embryos. Results At birth, GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion stimulate gene markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation but also suppress Hamp. These treatments then selectively prevent the postnatal onset of genes that synthesize cholesterol (Hmgcr, Sqle) and fatty acids (Fasn, Scd1), but also direct cholesterol transport (Ldlr, Pcsk9, Stard4) and retinoid synthesis (Aldh1a1, Rdh11). Extensive support by Cyp1b1 is implicated, but with distinct GVAD interventions for Srebp1 and Srebp2. At E9.5, Cyp1b1 is expressed in the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) with β-carotene oxygenase (Bco1) that generates retinaldehyde. STM provides progenitors for the HSC and supports liver expansion. GVAD and Cyp1b1-/- do not affect RA-dependent Hoxb1 and Pax6. In DKO embryos, RA-dependent Cyp26a1 is lost but Hoxb1 is sustained with Cyp1b1 at multiple sites. Conclusion Cyp1b1-/- suppresses genes supported by Srebp. GVAD effects distinguish Srebp1 and Srebp2 mediation. Srebp regulation overlaps appreciably in cholesterol and retinoid homeostasis. Bco1/Cyp1b1 partnership in the STM may contribute to this later liver regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Colin R. Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- * E-mail:
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Sanchez-Taltavull D, Perkins TJ, Dommann N, Melin N, Keogh A, Candinas D, Stroka D, Beldi G. Bayesian correlation is a robust gene similarity measure for single-cell RNA-seq data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa002. [PMID: 33575552 PMCID: PMC7671344 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing similarity is highly important for bioinformatics algorithms to determine correlations between biological information. A common problem is that similarity can appear by chance, particularly for low expressed entities. This is especially relevant in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data because read counts are much lower compared to bulk RNA-seq. Recently, a Bayesian correlation scheme that assigns low similarity to genes that have low confidence expression estimates has been proposed to assess similarity for bulk RNA-seq. Our goal is to extend the properties of the Bayesian correlation in scRNA-seq data by considering three ways to compute similarity. First, we compute the similarity of pairs of genes over all cells. Second, we identify specific cell populations and compute the correlation in those populations. Third, we compute the similarity of pairs of genes over all clusters, by considering the total mRNA expression. We demonstrate that Bayesian correlations are more reproducible than Pearson correlations. Compared to Pearson correlations, Bayesian correlations have a smaller dependence on the number of input cells. We show that the Bayesian correlation algorithm assigns high similarity values to genes with a biological relevance in a specific population. We conclude that Bayesian correlation is a robust similarity measure in scRNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sanchez-Taltavull
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1H8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Noelle Dommann
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Melin
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Blériot C, Ginhoux F. Understanding the Heterogeneity of Resident Liver Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2694. [PMID: 31803196 PMCID: PMC6877662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident tissue macrophages (RTMs) are cells with a high functional plasticity assuming pleiotropic roles in their tissue of residence, from clearance of dead cells and metabolic sensing in steady state to cytokine production and tissue repair during inflammation. The liver has long been considered as only populated by Kupffer cells (KCs), a macrophage population assumed to be in charge of all of these functions. However, we know now that KCs are not the only macrophage population in the liver, that recently was shown to contain also capsular macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages as well as recruited peritoneal macrophages inherited from previous inflammatory events. These macrophages exhibit different origins, time of establishing residence and locations in the liver, with both ontogenical and environmental factors shaping their identity and functions. Furthermore, liver macrophages reside in a complex environment with a pronounced metabolic zonation. Here, we briefly discuss how these intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence macrophage biology and liver physiology in general. We notably focus on how the recent advances of single cell transcriptomic approaches are changing our understanding of liver macrophages and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Moscoso CG, Steer CJ. "Let my liver rather heat with wine" - a review of hepatic fibrosis pathophysiology and emerging therapeutics. Hepat Med 2019; 11:109-129. [PMID: 31565001 PMCID: PMC6731525 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s213397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterized by extensive hepatic fibrosis, and it is the 14th leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous contributing conditions have been implicated in its development, including infectious etiologies, medication overdose or adverse effects, ingestible toxins, autoimmunity, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease and primary biliary cholangitis to list a few. It is associated with portal hypertension and its stigmata (varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, combined coagulopathy and thrombophilia), and it is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation has been the only curative modality to treat cirrhosis, and the scarcity of donors results in many people waiting years for a transplant. Identification of novel targets for pharmacologic therapy through elucidation of key mechanistic components to induce fibrosis reversal is the subject of intense research. Development of robust models of hepatic fibrosis to faithfully characterize the interplay between activated hepatic stellate cells (the principal fibrogenic contributor to fibrosis initiation and perpetuation), hepatocytes and extracellular matrix components has the potential to identify critical components and mechanisms that can be exploited for targeted treatment. In this review, we will highlight key cellular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from extracellular ligands, effectors and receptors, to nuclear receptors, epigenetic mechanisms, energy homeostasis and cytokines. Further, molecular pathways of hepatic stellate cell deactivation are discussed, including apoptosis, senescence and reversal or transdifferentiation to an inactivated state resembling quiescence. Lastly, clinical evidence of fibrosis reversal induced by biologics and small molecules is summarized, current compounds under clinical trials are described and efforts for treatment of hepatic fibrosis with mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted. An enhanced understanding of the rich tapestry of cellular processes identified in the initiation, perpetuation and resolution of hepatic fibrosis, driven principally through phenotypic switching of hepatic stellate cells, should lead to a breakthrough in potential therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Moscoso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Hu C, Zhao L, Li L. Current understanding of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies in liver diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 31287024 PMCID: PMC6613269 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest organ with multiple synthetic and secretory functions in mammals, consists of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells (KCs), and immune cells, among others. Various causative factors, including viral infection, toxins, autoimmune defects, and genetic disorders, can impair liver function and result in chronic liver disease or acute liver failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various tissues have emerged as a potential candidate for cell transplantation to promote liver regeneration. Adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) with high multi-lineage potential and self-renewal capacity have attracted great attention as a promising means of liver regeneration. The abundance source and minimally invasive procedure required to obtain ADMSCs makes them superior to bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs). In this review, we comprehensively analyze landmark studies that address the isolation, proliferation, and hepatogenic differentiation of ADMSCs and summarize the therapeutic effects of ADMSCs in animal models of liver diseases. We also discuss key points related to improving the hepatic differentiation of ADMSCs via exposure of the cells to cytokines and growth factors (GFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), and various physical parameters in in vitro culture. The optimization of culturing methods and of the transplantation route will contribute to the further application of ADMSCs in liver regeneration and help improve the survival rate of patients with liver diseases. To this end, ADMSCs provide a potential strategy in the field of liver regeneration for treating acute or chronic liver injury, thus ensuring the availability of ADMSCs for research, trial, and clinical applications in various liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- 0000 0004 1759 700Xgrid.13402.34Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- 0000 0004 1759 700Xgrid.13402.34Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- 0000 0004 1759 700Xgrid.13402.34Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Control of Drosophila Growth and Survival by the Lipid Droplet-Associated Protein CG9186/Sturkopf. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3726-3740.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Shmarakov IO, Jiang H, Liu J, Fernandez EJ, Blaner WS. Hepatic stellate cell activation: A source for bioactive lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:629-642. [PMID: 30735856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are non-parenchymal liver cells that characteristically contain multiple retinoid (vitamin A)-containing lipid droplets. In this study, we addressed the metabolic fate of non-retinoid lipids originating from lipid droplet loss during HSCs activation. UPLC/MS/MS and qRT-PCR were used to monitor the lipid composition and mRNA expression of selected genes regulating lipid metabolism in freshly isolated, overnight-, 3- and 7-day cultures or primary mouse HSCs. A preferential accumulation of specific C20-C24 fatty acid species, especially arachidonic (C20:4) and docosahexaenoic acids (C22:6), was revealed in culture-activated HSCs along with an upregulation of transcription of fatty acid desaturases (Scd1, Scd2) and elongases (Elovl5, Elovl6). This was accompanied with an enrichment of activated HSCs with 36:4 and 38:4 phosphatidylcholine species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and associated accumulation of selective lipid mediators, including endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamides, as well as ceramides. An increase in 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachydonoylethanolamide concentrations was observed along with an upregulation of Daglα mRNA expression in HSCs during culture activation. N-palmitoylethanolamide was identified as the most abundant endocannabinoid-like species in activated HSCs. An increase in total ceramide levels and enrichment with N-palmitoyl (C16:0), N-tetracosenoyl (C24:1), N-tetracosanoyl (C24:0) and N-docosanoyl (C22:0) ceramides was detected in activated HSC cultures and was preceded by increased mRNA expression of ceramide synthesizing enzymes (CerS2, CerS5 and Smpd1). Our data suggest an active redistribution of non-retinoid lipids in HSCs underlying the formation of low abundance, highly bioactive lipid species that may affect signaling during HSC activation, as well as extracellularly within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elias J Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Jophlin LL, Koutalos Y, Chen C, Shah V, Rockey DC. Hepatic stellate cells retain retinoid-laden lipid droplets after cellular transdifferentiation into activated myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G713-G721. [PMID: 30024770 PMCID: PMC6293250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00251.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss of retinyl ester (RE)-rich lipid droplets (LDs) from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is cited as a key event in their cellular transdifferentiation to activated, pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts; however, it remains unclear if changes in LD morphology or RE content are causal for transdifferentiation. To better understand LD dynamics in vitro within a common model of HSC activation, we used novel approaches preserving LD morphology and allowing for quantitation of RE. The size and quantity of LDs within in vitro and in vivo bile duct ligation (BDL)-activated HSCs were quantitated using adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) labeling and oil red o (ORO) staining (gold standard), and RE content was determined using fluorescence microscopy. We found during HSC activation in vitro that LD number differed significantly when measured by ADRP and ORO, respectively ( day 1: 56 vs. 5, P = 0.03; day 4: 101 vs. 39, P = 0.03; day 14: 241 vs. 12, P = 0.02). Ex vivo HSCs activated in vivo contained the same number of LDs as day 4 in vitro activated HSCs (118 vs. 101, P = 0.54). Decline in LD RE occurred beyond day 4 in vitro and day 1 ex vivo , after HSC transdifferentiation was underway. Lastly, in situ HSCs examined using electron microscopy show LDs tend to be smaller but are ultimately retained in BDL injured livers. Therefore, we conclude that during HSC transdifferentiation, LDs are not lost but are retained, decreasing in size. Additionally, RE content declines after transdifferentiation is underway. These data suggest that these LD changes are not causal for HSC transdifferentiation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loss of retinoid-laden lipid droplets from hepatic stellate cells has long been held as a hallmark of their transdifferentiation into activated myofibroblasts, the dominant cells that drive hepatic fibrosis. This study demonstrates that stellate cells activated in culture and after liver injury in vivo retain their lipid droplets and that these droplets become smaller and more numerous, with decreases in droplet retinoid concentration occurring only after cellular transdifferentiation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta L. Jophlin
- 1Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina,3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chunhe Chen
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Vijay Shah
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Don C. Rockey
- 1Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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38
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Bobowski-Gerard M, Zummo FP, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Eeckhoute J. Retinoids Issued from Hepatic Stellate Cell Lipid Droplet Loss as Potential Signaling Molecules Orchestrating a Multicellular Liver Injury Response. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090137. [PMID: 30217095 PMCID: PMC6162435 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) serve as the main body storage compartment for vitamin A through retinyl ester (RE)-filled lipid droplets (LDs). Upon liver injury, HSCs adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype characterized by an elevated expression of extracellular matrix proteins and a concomitant loss of LDs. On the one hand, LD breakdown has been suggested to provide the energy required for HSC activation into myofibroblast-like cells. On the other hand, this process could mitigate HSC activation following the transformation of released REs into retinoic acids (RAs), ligands for nuclear receptors exerting antifibrotic transcriptional regulatory activities in HSCs. Importantly, RAs may also constitute a means for HSCs to orchestrate the liver response to injury by triggering transcriptional effects in multiple additional surrounding liver cell populations. We envision that new approaches, such as single-cell technologies, will allow to better define how RAs are issued from LD loss in HSCs exert a multicellular control of the liver (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bobowski-Gerard
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, The University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Francesco Paolo Zummo
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, The University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, The University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, The University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jérôme Eeckhoute
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, The University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver (i.e., the space of Dissé). They represent 5-8% of the total number of liver cells. In normal liver, these cells have a quiescent phenotype and are characterized by numerous fat vacuoles that store vitamin A in a form of retinyl ester. In injured liver, these cells transdifferentiate into a myofibroblast phenotype, become highly proliferative and are responsible for excess collagen synthesis and deposition during fibrosis. Due to their exceptional pathophysiological relevance, several isolation and purification protocols of primary HSCs have been established that provide the basis for studying HSC biology in vitro. We here describe a method for high-purity isolation of HSCs from mice. This protocol includes the enzymatic digestion of the liver tissue by pronase and collagenase, cellular enrichment by centrifugation of the crude cell suspension through a Nycodenz density gradient, and a final (optional) flow cytometric enrichment that allows generating ultrapure HSC fractions.
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40
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Wu X, Roberto JB, Knupp A, Kenerson HL, Truong CD, Yuen SY, Brempelis KJ, Tuefferd M, Chen A, Horton H, Yeung RS, Crispe IN. Precision-cut human liver slice cultures as an immunological platform. J Immunol Methods 2018; 455:71-79. [PMID: 29408707 PMCID: PMC6689534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ in the human body, and also plays an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity. While mouse models offer significant insights into immune-inflammatory liver disease, human immunology differs in important respects. It is not easy to address those differences experimentally. Therefore, to improve the understanding of human liver immunobiology and pathology, we have established precision-cut human liver slices to study innate immunity in human tissue. Human liver slices collected from resected livers could be maintained in ex vivo culture over a two-week period. Although an acute inflammatory response accompanied by signs of tissue repair was observed in liver tissue following slicing, the expression of many immune genes stabilized after day 4 and remained stable until day 15. Remarkably, histological evidence of pre-existing liver diseases was preserved in the slices for up to 7 days. Following 7 days of culture, exposure of liver slices to the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, TLR3 ligand Poly-I:C and TLR4 ligand LPS, resulted in a robust activation of acute inflammation and cytokine genes. Moreover, Poly-I:C treatment induced a marked antiviral response including increases of interferons IFNB, IL-28B and a group of interferon-stimulated genes. Therefore, precision-cut liver slices emerge as a valuable tool to study human innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jessica B Roberto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camtu D Truong
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sebastian Y Yuen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Antony Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Helen Horton
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian N Crispe
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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41
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Belyaeva OV, Wu L, Shmarakov I, Nelson PS, Kedishvili NY. Retinol dehydrogenase 11 is essential for the maintenance of retinol homeostasis in liver and testis in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6996-7007. [PMID: 29567832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol dehydrogenase 11 (RDH11) is a microsomal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase that recognizes all-trans- and cis-retinoids as substrates and prefers NADPH as a cofactor. Previous work has suggested that RDH11 contributes to the oxidation of 11-cis-retinol to 11-cis-retinaldehyde during the visual cycle in the eye's retinal pigment epithelium. However, the role of RDH11 in metabolism of all-trans-retinoids remains obscure. Here, we report that microsomes isolated from the testes and livers of Rdh11-/- mice fed a regular diet exhibited a 3- and 1.7-fold lower rate of all-trans-retinaldehyde conversion to all-trans-retinol, respectively, than the microsomes of WT littermates. Testes and livers of Rdh11-/- mice fed a vitamin A-deficient diet had ∼35% lower levels of all-trans-retinol than those of WT mice. Furthermore, the conversion of β-carotene to retinol via retinaldehyde as an intermediate appeared to be impaired in the testes of Rdh11-/-/retinol-binding protein 4-/-(Rbp4-/-) mice, which lack circulating holo RBP4 and rely on dietary supplementation with β-carotene for maintenance of their retinoid stores. Together, these results indicate that in mouse testis and liver, RDH11 functions as an all-trans-retinaldehyde reductase essential for the maintenance of physiological levels of all-trans-retinol under reduced vitamin A availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Belyaeva
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Lizhi Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Igor Shmarakov
- the Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 21007
| | - Peter S Nelson
- the Departments of Urology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and.,the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Natalia Y Kedishvili
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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Lin J, Zheng S, Attie AD, Keller MP, Bernlohr DA, Blaner WS, Newberry EP, Davidson NO, Chen A. Perilipin 5 and liver fatty acid binding protein function to restore quiescence in mouse hepatic stellate cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:416-428. [PMID: 29317465 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation occurs along with decreased Perilipin5 (Plin5) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-Fabp) expression and coincident lipid droplet (LD) depletion. Conversely, the activated phenotype is reversible in WT HSCs upon forced expression of Plin5. Here, we asked if L-Fabp expression is required for Plin5-mediated rescue of the quiescent phenotype. Lentiviral Plin5 transduction of passaged L-Fabp-/- HSCs failed to reverse activation markers or restore lipogenic gene expression and LD formation. However, adenoviral L-Fabp infection of lentiviral Plin5 transduced L-Fabp-/- HSCs restored both the quiescent phenotype and LD formation, an effect also mediated by adenoviral intestine-Fabp or adipocyte-Fabp. Expression of exogenous Plin5 in activated WT HSCs induced a transcriptional program of lipogenic gene expression including endogenous L-Fabp, but none of the other FABPs. We further demonstrated that selective, small molecule inhibition of endogenous L-Fabp also eliminated the ability of exogenous Plin5 to rescue LD formation and reverse activation of WT HSCs. This functional coordination of L-Fabp with Plin5 was 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and was eliminated by AMPK inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that L-Fabp is required for Plin5 to activate a transcriptional program that restores LD formation and reverses HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Elizabeth P Newberry
- Gastroenterology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Gastroenterology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
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Loo CKC, Pearen MA, Pereira TN, Perry-Keene J, Payton D, Ramm GA. Lung and liver growth and retinoic acid status in human fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Early Hum Dev 2018; 116:17-23. [PMID: 29096166 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal retinoic acid (RA) signalling is considered a major cause of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in infants born with CDH. Experimental studies in animals have found that RA signalling is involved in lung and liver development, but animal models of CDH do not directly correlate with CDH in human fetuses. This study investigated if RA status is also linked to lung and liver growth in human fetuses with CDH. STUDY DESIGN AND PATIENTS Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in autopsy human fetal liver tissue were identified using cRBP-1 immunohistochemistry and the numbers of HSC manually counted. In mammals, RA is principally stored in HSC complexed to cRBP-1 and therefore cRBP-1+ HSC numbers were used as an indicator of fetal RA status. The number of HSCs was correlated with liver and lung weights, calculated relative to either normal biometric values or fetal body weight. RESULTS The number of cRBP-1+ HSCs correlated with lung weight contralateral to the side of the diaphragmatic hernia (r=0.82, p=0.025) and combined lung weight (r=0.78, p=0.039) but not with ipsilateral lung weight (r=0.43, p=0.33), in fetuses with right and left CDH and a case of giant omphalocoele. Liver growth was influenced by contact with diaphragm but not significantly correlated with cRBP-1 expression (r=0.52, p=0.056). CONCLUSION Fetal RA stores, reflected in the number of cRBP-1+ HSCs, influence lung growth as well as diaphragm development in human fetuses with CDH. Contact with diaphragm influenced liver growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K C Loo
- Dept of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A Pearen
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tamara N Pereira
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Diane Payton
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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44
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Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:27-42. [PMID: 28506744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive liver fibrosis, induced by chronic viral and metabolic disorders, leads to more than one million deaths annually via development of cirrhosis, although no antifibrotic therapy has been approved to date. Transdifferentiation (or "activation") of hepatic stellate cells is the major cellular source of matrix protein-secreting myofibroblasts, the major driver of liver fibrogenesis. Paracrine signals from injured epithelial cells, fibrotic tissue microenvironment, immune and systemic metabolic dysregulation, enteric dysbiosis, and hepatitis viral products can directly or indirectly induce stellate cell activation. Dysregulated intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes, and cellular stress response represent candidate targets to deactivate stellate cells by inducing reversion to inactivated state, cellular senescence, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells. Cell type- and target-specific pharmacological intervention to therapeutically induce the deactivation will enable more effective and less toxic precision antifibrotic therapies.
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Maguire M, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo S, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 deletion and retinol deficiency coordinately suppress mouse liver lipogenic genes and hepcidin expression during post-natal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:50-68. [PMID: 28583802 PMCID: PMC5985816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyp1b1 deletion and gestational vitamin A deficiency (GVAD) redirect adult liver gene expression. A matched sufficient pre- and post-natal diet, which has high carbohydrate and normal iron content (LF12), increased inflammatory gene expression markers in adult livers that were suppressed by GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion. At birth on the LF12 diet, Cyp1b1 deletion and GVAD each suppress liver expression of the iron suppressor, hepcidin (Hepc), while increasing stellate cell activation markers and suppressing post-natal increases in lipogenesis. Hepc was less suppressed in Cyp1b1-/- pups with a standard breeder diet, but was restored by iron supplementation of the LF12 diet. CONCLUSIONS The LF12 diet delivered low post-natal iron and attenuated Hepc. Hepc decreases in Cyp1b1-/- and GVAD mice resulted in stellate activation and lipogenesis suppression. Endothelial BMP6, a Hepc stimulant, is a potential coordinator and Cyp1b1 target. These neonatal changes in Cyp1b1-/- mice link to diminished adult obesity and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Sherry Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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Pancreatic Stellate Cells Have Distinct Characteristics From Hepatic Stellate Cells and Are Not the Unique Origin of Collagen-Producing Cells in the Pancreas. Pancreas 2017; 46:1141-1151. [PMID: 28902784 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The origin of collagen-producing myofibroblasts in pancreatic fibrosis is still controversial. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which have been recognized as the pancreatic counterparts of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), are thought to play an important role in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. However, sources of myofibroblasts other than PSCs may exist because extensive studies of liver fibrosis have uncovered myofibroblasts that did not originate from HSCs. This study aimed to characterize myofibroblasts in an experimental pancreatic fibrosis model in mice. METHODS We used transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein via the collagen type I α1 promoter and induced pancreatic fibrosis with repetitive injections of cerulein. RESULTS Collagen-producing cells that are negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (ie, not derived from PSCs) exist in the pancreas. Pancreatic stellate cells had different characteristics from those of HSCs in a very small possession of vitamin A using mass spectrometry and a low expression of lecithin retinol acyltransferase. The microstructure of PSCs was entirely different from that of HSCs using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that characteristics of PSCs are different from those of HSCs, and myofibroblasts in the pancreas might be derived not only from PSCs but also from other fibrogenic cells.
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Zhou CL, Kong DL, Liu JF, Lu ZK, Guo HF, Wang W, Qiu JF, Liu XJ, Wang Y. MHC II -, but not MHC II +, hepatic Stellate cells contribute to liver fibrosis of mice in infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1848-1857. [PMID: 28483578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are considered as the main effector cells in vitamin A metabolism and liver fibrosis, as well as in hepatic immune regulation. Recently, researches have revealed that HSCs have plasticity and heterogeneity, which depend on their lobular location and whether liver is normal or injured. This research aimed to explore the biological characteristics and heterogeneity of HSCs in mice with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection, and determine the subpopulation of HSCs in pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis caused by S. japonicum infection. Results revealed that HSCs significantly increased the expressions of MHC II and fibrogenic genes after S. japonicum infection, and could be classified into MHC II+ HSCs and MHC II- HSCs subsets. Both two HSCs populations suppressed the proliferation of activated CD4+T cells, whereas only MHC II- HSCs displayed a myofibroblast-like phenotype. In response to IFN-γ, HSCs up-regulated the expressions of MHC II and CIITA, while down-regulated the expression of fibrogenic gene Col1. In addition, praziquantel treatment decreased the expressions of fibrogenic genes in MHC II- HSCs. These results confirmed that HSCs from S. japonicum-infected mice have heterogeneity. The MHC II- α-SMA+ HSCs were major subsets of HSCs contributing to liver fibrosis and could be considered as a potential target of praziquantel anti-fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - De-Long Kong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Zhong-Kui Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Hong-Fei Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jing-Fan Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xin-Jian Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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48
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Maguire M, Bushkofsky JR, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo SA, Jefcoate CR. Diet-dependent retinoid effects on liver gene expression include stellate and inflammation markers and parallel effects of the nuclear repressor Shp. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:63-74. [PMID: 28570941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For mice, a maternal vitamin A (VA)-deficient diet initiated from midgestation (GVAD) produces serum retinol deficiency in mature offspring. We hypothesize that the effects of GVAD arise from preweaning developmental changes. We compare the effect of this GVAD protocol in combination with a postweaning high-fat diet (HFD) or high-carbohydrate diet (LF12). Each is compared to an equivalent VA-sufficient combination. GVAD extensively decreased serum retinol and liver retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoid homeostasis genes (Lrat, Cyp26b1 and Cyp26a1). These suppressions were each more effective with LF12 than with HFD. Postweaning initiation of VA deficiency with LF12 depleted liver retinoids, but serum retinol was unaffected. Liver retinoid depletion, therefore, precedes serum attenuation. Maternal LF12 decreased the obesity response to the HFD, which was further decreased by GVAD. LF12 fed to the mother and offspring extensively stimulated genes marking stellate activation (Col1a1, Timp2 and Cyp1b1) and novel inflammation markers (Ly6d, Trem2 and Nupr1). The GVAD with LF12 diet combination suppressed these responses. GVAD in combination with the HFD increased these same clusters. A further set of expression differences on the HFD when compared to a high-carbohydrate diet was prevented when GVAD was combined with HFD. Most of these GVAD gene changes match published effects from deletion of Nr0b2/Shp, a retinoid-responsive, nuclear co-repressor that modulates metabolic homeostasis. The stellate and inflammatory increases seen with the high-carbohydrate LF12 diet may represent postprandial responses. They depend on retinol and Shp, but the regulation reverses with an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Justin R Bushkofsky
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.
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49
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Kaffe E, Katsifa A, Xylourgidis N, Ninou I, Zannikou M, Harokopos V, Foka P, Dimitriadis A, Evangelou K, Moulas AN, Georgopoulou U, Gorgoulis VG, Dalekos GN, Aidinis V. Hepatocyte autotaxin expression promotes liver fibrosis and cancer. Hepatology 2017; 65:1369-1383. [PMID: 27981605 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic growth-factor-like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in various chronic inflammatory disorders and different types of cancer; however, little is known about its role and mode of action in liver fibrosis and cancer. Here, increased ATX expression was detected in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients of different etiologies, associated with shorter overall survival. In mice, different hepatotoxic stimuli linked with the development of different forms of CLDs were shown to stimulate hepatocyte ATX expression, leading to increased LPA levels, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and amplification of profibrotic signals. Hepatocyte-specific, conditional genetic deletion and/or transgenic overexpression of ATX established a liver profibrotic role for ATX/LPA, whereas pharmacological ATX inhibition studies suggested ATX as a possible therapeutic target in CLDs. In addition, hepatocyte ATX ablation and the consequent deregulation of lipid homeostasis was also shown to attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, thus implicating ATX/LPA in the causative link of cirrhosis and HCC. CONCLUSION ATX is a novel player in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cancer and a promising therapeutic target. (Hepatology 2017;65:1369-1383).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Xylourgidis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Evangelou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anargyros N Moulas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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50
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Abstract
Lipid droplets are the universal cellular organelles for the transient or long-term storage of lipids. The number, size and composition of lipid droplets vary greatly within cells in a homogenous population as well as in different cell types. The variability of intracellular lipid-storage organelles reflects the diversification of lipid droplet composition and function. Lipid droplet diversification results, for example, in two cellular lipid droplet populations that are prone to diminish and grow, respectively. The aberrant accumulation or depletion of lipids are hallmarks or causes of various human pathologies. Thus, a better understanding of the origins of lipid droplet diversification is not only a fascinating cell biology question but also potentially serves to improve comprehension of pathologies that entail the accumulation of lipids. This Commentary covers the lipid droplet life cycle and highlights the early steps during lipid droplet biogenesis, which we propose to be the potential driving forces of lipid droplet diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University; Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS; 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany .,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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