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Lafferty DJ, Robison TA, Gunadi A, Schafran PW, Gunn LH, Van Eck J, Li FW. Biolistics-mediated transformation of hornworts and its application to study pyrenoid protein localization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4760-4771. [PMID: 38779949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hornworts are a deeply diverged lineage of bryophytes and a sister lineage to mosses and liverworts. Hornworts have an array of unique features that can be leveraged to illuminate not only the early evolution of land plants, but also alternative paths for nitrogen and carbon assimilation via cyanobacterial symbiosis and a pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), respectively. Despite this, hornworts are one of the few plant lineages with limited available genetic tools. Here we report an efficient biolistics method for generating transient expression and stable transgenic lines in the model hornwort, Anthoceros agrestis. An average of 569 (±268) cells showed transient expression per bombardment, with green fluorescent protein expression observed within 48-72 h. A total of 81 stably transformed lines were recovered across three separate experiments, averaging six lines per bombardment. We followed the same method to transiently transform nine additional hornwort species, and obtained stable transformants from one. This method was further used to verify the localization of Rubisco and Rubisco activase in pyrenoids, which are central proteins for CCM function. Together, our biolistics approach offers key advantages over existing methods as it enables rapid transient expression and can be applied to widely diverse hornwort species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanner A Robison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Laura H Gunn
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joyce Van Eck
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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2
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Kumar A, Krausko M, Jásik J. SYNAPTOTAGMIN 4 is expressed mainly in the phloem and participates in abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1363555. [PMID: 39011301 PMCID: PMC11246894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1363555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant synaptotagmins structurally resemble animal synaptotagmins and extended-synaptotagmins. Animal synaptotagmins are well-characterized calcium sensors in membrane trafficking, and extended-synaptotagmins mediate lipid transfer at the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites. Here, we characterize SYNAPTOTAGMIN 4 (SYT4), which belongs to the six-member family in Arabidopsis. Fluorometric GUS assay showed that the SYT4 promoter was strongest in roots and the least active in rosettes and cauline leaves, which was confirmed by qPCR. In seedlings, promoter activity was influenced by several factors, such as plant growth regulators, mannitol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol and cold. GUS histochemistry revealed SYT4 promoter activity in the phloem of all organs and even almost exclusively in sieve element precursors and differentiating sieve elements. Accordingly, the SYT-GFP fusion protein also accumulated in these cells with maximal abundance in sieve element precursors. The protein formed a network in the cytoplasm, but during sieve tube differentiation, it deposited at the cell periphery and disappeared from mature tubes. Using photoconvertible fluorescence technology, we showed that a high abundance of SYT4 protein in meristematic protophloem cells was due to its extensive synthesis. SYT4 protein synthesis was interrupted in differentiating sieve elements, but protein degradation was also reduced. In addition to phloem, the fusion protein was detected in shoot and root stem cell niche as early as the late heart stage of the embryo. We isolated and molecularly and biologically characterized five syt4 T-DNA insertion alleles and subjected them to phenotype analysis. The allele with the C2B domain interrupted by an T-DNA insertion exhibits increased sensitivity to factors such as auxins, osmotics, salicylic acid, sodium chloride, and the absence of sucrose in the root growth test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Krausko
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Jásik
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Fuchs P, Feixes-Prats E, Arruda P, Feitosa-Araújo E, Fernie AR, Grefen C, Lichtenauer S, Linka N, de Godoy Maia I, Meyer AJ, Schilasky S, Sweetlove LJ, Wege S, Weber APM, Millar AH, Keech O, Florez-Sarasa I, Barreto P, Schwarzländer M. PLANT UNCOUPLING MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN 2 localizes to the Golgi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:623-628. [PMID: 37820040 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to its close homolog PLANT UNCOUPLING MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN 1 (UCP1), which is an abundant carrier protein in the mitochondria, UCP2 localizes to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fuchs
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisenda Feixes-Prats
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-875 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elias Feitosa-Araújo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Botany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan de Godoy Maia
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sören Schilasky
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Biology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Stefanie Wege
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Barreto
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
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4
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Yuen ELH, Shepherd S, Bozkurt TO. Traffic Control: Subversion of Plant Membrane Trafficking by Pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:325-350. [PMID: 37186899 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways play a prominent role in plant immunity. The endomembrane transport system coordinates membrane-bound cellular organelles to ensure that immunological components are utilized effectively during pathogen resistance. Adapted pathogens and pests have evolved to interfere with aspects of membrane transport systems to subvert plant immunity. To do this, they secrete virulence factors known as effectors, many of which converge on host membrane trafficking routes. The emerging paradigm is that effectors redundantly target every step of membrane trafficking from vesicle budding to trafficking and membrane fusion. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms adopted by plant pathogens to reprogram host plant vesicle trafficking, providing examples of effector-targeted transport pathways and highlighting key questions for the field to answer moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
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5
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Hu M, Li Y, Zhang X, Song W, Jin W, Huang W, Zhao H. Maize sterility gene DRP1 encodes a desiccation-related protein that is critical for Ubisch bodies and pollen exine development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6800-6815. [PMID: 35922377 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance is a remarkable feature of pollen, seeds, and resurrection-type plants. Exposure to desiccation stress can cause sporophytic defects, resulting in male sterility. Here, we report the novel maize sterility gene DRP1 (Desiccation-Related Protein 1), which was identified by bulked-segregant analysis sequencing and encodes a desiccation-related protein. Loss of function of DRP1 results in abnormal Ubisch bodies, defective tectum of the pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Our results suggest that DRP1 may facilitate anther dehydration to maintain appropriate water status. DRP1 is a secretory protein that is specifically expressed in the tapetum and microspore from the tetrad to the uninucleate microspore stage. Differentially expressed genes in drp1 are enriched in Gene Ontology terms for pollen exine formation, polysaccharide catabolic process, extracellular region, and response to heat. In addition, DRP1 is a target of selection that appears to have played an important role in the spread of maize from tropical/subtropical to temperate regions. Taken together, our results suggest that DRP1 encodes a desiccation-related protein whose loss of function causes male sterility. Our findings provide a potential genetic resource that may be used to design crops for heterosis utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Maricchiolo E, Panfili E, Pompa A, De Marchis F, Bellucci M, Pallotta MT. Unconventional Pathways of Protein Secretion: Mammals vs. Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895853. [PMID: 35573696 PMCID: PMC9096121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, many proteins contain an N-terminal signal peptide that allows their translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum followed by secretion outside the cell according to the classical secretory system. However, an increasing number of secreted proteins lacking the signal peptide sequence are emerging. These proteins, secreted in several alternative ways collectively known as unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways, exert extracellular functions including cell signaling, immune modulation, as well as moonlighting activities different from their well-described intracellular functions. Pathways for UPS include direct transfer across the plasma membrane, secretion from endosomal/multivesicular body-related components, release within plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, or use of elements of autophagy. In this review we describe the mammals and plants UPS pathways identified so far highlighting commonalities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maricchiolo
- Section of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Section of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Bellucci, ; Maria Teresa Pallotta,
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Bellucci, ; Maria Teresa Pallotta,
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7
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Chang M, Wu SZ, Ryken SE, O’Sullivan JE, Bezanilla M. COPII Sec23 proteins form isoform-specific endoplasmic reticulum exit sites with differential effects on polarized growth. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:333-350. [PMID: 34534343 PMCID: PMC8846183 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coat Protein complex II (COPII), a coat protein complex that forms vesicles on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mediates trafficking to the Golgi. While metazoans have few genes encoding each COPII component, plants have expanded these gene families, leading to the hypothesis that plant COPII has functionally diversified. In the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens, the Sec23/24 gene families are each composed of seven genes. Silencing Sec23/24 revealed isoform-specific contributions to polarized growth, with the closely related Sec23D/E and Sec24C/D essential for protonemal development. Focusing on Sec23, we discovered that Sec23D/E mediate ER-to Golgi transport and are essential for tip growth, with Sec23D localizing to presumptive ER exit sites. In contrast, Sec23A, B, C, F, and G are dispensable and do not quantitatively affect ER-to-Golgi trafficking. However, Δsec23abcfg plants exhibited reduced secretion of plasma membrane cargo. Of the four highly expressed protonemal Sec23 genes, Sec23F/G are members of a divergent Sec23 clade specifically retained in land plants. Notably, Sec23G accumulates on ER-associated foci that are significantly larger, do not overlap with, and are independent of Sec23D. While Sec23D/E form ER exit sites and function as bona fide COPII components essential for tip-growing protonemata, Sec23G and the closely related Sec23F have likely functionally diversified, forming separate and independent ER exit sites and participating in Golgi-independent trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Samantha E Ryken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Jacquelyn E O’Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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8
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He J, Rössner N, Hoang MTT, Alejandro S, Peiter E. Transport, functions, and interaction of calcium and manganese in plant organellar compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1940-1972. [PMID: 35235665 PMCID: PMC8890496 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within organelles, but share many transport mechanisms to cross organellar membranes. Despite their points of interaction, those elements are usually investigated and reviewed separately. This review takes them out of this isolation. It highlights our current mechanistic understanding and points to open questions of their functions, their transport, and their interplay in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicular compartments (Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, pre-vacuolar compartment), vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Complex processes demanding these cations, such as Mn2+-dependent glycosylation or systemic Ca2+ signaling, are covered in some detail if they have not been reviewed recently or if recent findings add to current models. The function of Ca2+ as signaling agent released from organelles into the cytosol and within the organelles themselves is a recurrent theme of this review, again keeping the interference by Mn2+ in mind. The involvement of organellar channels [e.g. glutamate receptor-likes (GLR), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC), mitochondrial conductivity units (MCU), and two-pore channel1 (TPC1)], transporters (e.g. natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), Ca2+ exchangers (CAX), metal tolerance proteins (MTP), and bivalent cation transporters (BICAT)], and pumps [autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACA) and ER Ca2+-ATPases (ECA)] in the import and export of organellar Ca2+ and Mn2+ is scrutinized, whereby current controversial issues are pointed out. Mechanisms in animals and yeast are taken into account where they may provide a blueprint for processes in plants, in particular, with respect to tunable molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ versus Mn2+ selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh T T Hoang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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9
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Kim S, Kim H, Park K, Cho DJ, Kim MK, Kwon C, Yun HS. Synaptotagmin 5 Controls SYP132-VAMP721/722 Interaction for Arabidopsis Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Mol Cells 2021; 44:670-679. [PMID: 34504049 PMCID: PMC8490205 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-associated membrane proteins 721 and 722 (VAMP721/722) are secretory vesicle-localized arginine-conserved soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (R-SNAREs) to drive exocytosis in plants. They are involved in diverse physiological processes in plants by interacting with distinct plasma membrane (PM) syntaxins. Here, we show that synaptotagmin 5 (SYT5) is involved in plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 by regulating SYP132-VAMP721/722 interactions. Calcium-dependent stimulation of in vitro SYP132-VAMP722 interaction by SYT5 and reduced in vivo SYP132-VAMP721/722 interaction in syt5 plants suggest that SYT5 regulates the interaction between SYP132 and VAMP721/722. We interestingly found that disease resistance to Pst DC3000 bacterium but not to Erysiphe pisi fungus is compromised in syt5 plants. Since SYP132 plays an immune function to bacteria, elevated growth of surface-inoculated Pst DC3000 in VAMP721/722-deficient plants suggests that SYT5 contributes to plant immunity to Pst DC3000 by promoting the SYP132-VAMP721/722 immune secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Keunchun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Da Jeong Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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10
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De Caroli M, Manno E, Piro G, Lenucci MS. Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:448-466. [PMID: 33932060 PMCID: PMC8453972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re-joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan-cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C-terminal functional domain (XET-C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR-truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress-, organ- and time-dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS-secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Elisa Manno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
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11
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Hu XL, Lu H, Hassan MM, Zhang J, Yuan G, Abraham PE, Shrestha HK, Villalobos Solis MI, Chen JG, Tschaplinski TJ, Doktycz MJ, Tuskan GA, Cheng ZMM, Yang X. Advances and perspectives in discovery and functional analysis of small secreted proteins in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:130. [PMID: 34059650 PMCID: PMC8167165 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted proteins (SSPs) are less than 250 amino acids in length and are actively transported out of cells through conventional protein secretion pathways or unconventional protein secretion pathways. In plants, SSPs have been found to play important roles in various processes, including plant growth and development, plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. Over the past 10 years, substantial progress has been made in the identification and functional characterization of SSPs in several plant species relevant to agriculture, bioenergy, and horticulture. Yet, there are potentially a lot of SSPs that have not been discovered in plant genomes, which is largely due to limitations of existing computational algorithms. Recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics research, as well as the development of new computational algorithms based on machine learning, provide unprecedented capabilities for genome-wide discovery of novel SSPs in plants. In this review, we summarize known SSPs and their functions in various plant species. Then we provide an update on the computational and experimental approaches that can be used to discover new SSPs. Finally, we discuss strategies for elucidating the biological functions of SSPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Hu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Him K Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zong-Ming Max Cheng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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12
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Li J, Yuan J, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang H. Arabidopsis COPPER TRANSPORTER 1 undergoes degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6174-6186. [PMID: 32720982 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The essential nutrient copper is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must tightly control copper uptake and distribution. Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity copper transporters (COPTs) mediate copper uptake, partitioning, and redistribution. Here we show that COPT1 localizes to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum in stably transgenic plants expressing a COPT1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, and the fusion protein is rapidly degraded upon plant exposure to excess copper. MG132 treatment largely abolished copper-induced degradation of COPT1, implying a link between the proteasome and COPT1 activity in modulating copper uptake. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that COPT1 cannot be ubiquitinated in the presence of excess copper and MG132. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we identified Lys159 in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of COPT1 as critical for copper acquisition, but not for copper-mediated down-regulation of COPT1, in plants. Furthermore, pharmacological analysis showed that treatment with a vesicle trafficking inhibitor or a V-ATPase inhibitor does not alter the subcellular dynamics of COPT1-GFP, consistent with the absence of a connection between the endosomal recycling/vacuolar system and COPT1 degradation. Together, our data suggest that proteasomal degradation rather than vacuolar proteolysis is important for the regulation of copper transport to maintain copper homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Luo Y, Zhang L, Li W, Xu M, Zhang C, Wang L. HS1 Is Involved in Hygromycin Resistance Through Facilitating Hygromycin Phosphotransferase Transportation From Cytosol to Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613. [PMID: 32528495 PMCID: PMC7266939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transportation of proteins encoded by nuclear genes from plant cytosol to chloroplast is essential for chloroplast functions. Proteins that have a chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) are imported into chloroplasts via translocases on the outer and inner chloroplast envelope. How proteins lacking transit sequence are imported into chloroplast remains largely unknown. During screening of an Arabidopsis population transformed with a hairpin RNA gene-silencing library, we identified some transgenic plants that had active expression of the selectable marker gene, hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), but were sensitive to the selection agent, hygromycin B (HyB). Mutant and complementation analysis showed that this HyB sensitivity of transgenic plants was due to silencing of the HS1 (Hygromycin-Sensitive 1) gene. HS1 is localized in the chloroplast and interacts physically with HPT in yeast cells and in planta. Fluorescence and immunoblotting analysis showed that HPT could not be transported effectively into chloroplasts in Aths1, which resulted in Aths1 is sensitivity to hygromycin on higher HyB-containing medium. These data revealed that HS1 is involved in HyB resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis through facilitating cytosol-chloroplast transportation of HPT. Our findings provide novel insights on transportation of chloroplast cTP-less proteins.
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14
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Dubiel M, De Coninck T, Osterne VJS, Verbeke I, Van Damme D, Smagghe G, Van Damme EJM. The ArathEULS3 Lectin Ends up in Stress Granules and Can Follow an Unconventional Route for Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1659. [PMID: 32121292 PMCID: PMC7084908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules are cytoplasmic compartments, which serve as mRNA storage units during stress, therefore regulating translation. The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin ArathEULS3 has been widely described as a stress inducible gene. This study aimed to examine in detail the localization of ArathEULS3 lectin in normal and stressed cells. Colocalization experiments revealed that the nucleo-cytoplasmic lectin ArathEULS3 relocates to stress granules after stress. The ArathEULS3 sequence encodes a protein with a EUL lectin domain and an N-terminal domain with unknown structure and function. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the N-terminal domain sequence contains intrinsically disordered regions and likely does not exhibit a stable protein fold. Plasmolysis experiments indicated that ArathEULS3 also localizes to the apoplast, suggesting that this protein might follow an unconventional route for secretion. As part of our efforts we also investigated the interactome of ArathEULS3 and identified several putative interaction partners important for the protein translation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Dubiel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratório de Moléculas Biologicamente Ativas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, José Aurelio Camara, S/N, 61440-970, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Hu S, Li Y, Shen J. A Diverse Membrane Interaction Network for Plant Multivesicular Bodies: Roles in Proteins Vacuolar Delivery and Unconventional Secretion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32425960 PMCID: PMC7203423 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking between the membrane-bound organelles in plant cells plays crucial roles in the precise transportation of various materials, and thus supports cell proliferation and cellular polarization. Conventionally, plant prevacuolar compartments (PVCs), identified as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), play important roles in both the secretory pathway as intermediate compartments and the endocytic pathway as late endosomes. In recent years, the PVC/MVBs have been proposed to play important roles in both protein vacuolar delivery and unconventional secretion, but several important questions on the new regulators and environmental cues that coordinate the PVC/MVB-organelle membrane interactions and their biological significances remain. In this review, we first summarize the identity and nature of the plant PVC/MVBs, and then we present an update on our current understanding on the interaction of PVC/MVBs with other organelles in the plant endomembrane system with focus on the vacuole, autophagosome, and plasma membrane (PM) in plant development and stress responses. Finally, we raise some open questions and present future perspectives in the study of PVC/MVB-organelle interactions and associated biological functions.
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16
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Zhang L, Xing J, Lin J. At the intersection of exocytosis and endocytosis in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1479-1489. [PMID: 31230354 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis control the activities and turnover of plasma membrane proteins required for signaling triggering or attenuating at the cell surface. In recent years, the diverse exocytic and endocytic trafficking pathways have been uncovered in plants. The balance between conventional and unconventional protein secretion provides an efficient strategy to respond to stress conditions. Similarly, clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis cooperatively regulate the dynamics of membrane proteins in response to environmental cues. In fact, many aspects of plant growth and development, such as tip growth, immune response, and protein polarity establishment, involve the tight deployment of exo-endocytic trafficking. However, our understanding of their intersection is limited. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular factors coupling plant exo-endocytic trafficking and the biological significance of balance between exocytosis and endocytosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457001, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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17
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Zhu D, Zhang M, Gao C, Shen J. Protein trafficking in plant cells: Tools and markers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:343-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Li J, Han G, Sun C, Sui N. Research advances of MYB transcription factors in plant stress resistance and breeding. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1613131. [PMID: 31084451 PMCID: PMC6619938 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1613131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants face various stresses during the growth and development processes. The specific transcription factors bind to the cis-acting elements upstream of the stress resistance genes, specifically regulating the expression of the gene in plants and increasing the adaptability of plants to environmental stress. The transcription factor-mediated gene expression regulatory networks play an important role in plant stress response pathways. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) transcription factor is one of the largest members of the transcription factor family in plants. It participates and has a great influence on all aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in plant secondary metabolic regulation, hormone and environmental factor responses, cell differentiation, organ morphogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. This review mainly introduces the characteristics, structure, and classification of MYB transcription factors, as well as the abiotic stress resistance to drought, salt, temperature, and other functions in breeding, and provides a reference for the research and utilization of transcription factors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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19
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Yin M, Zhang Y, Li H. Advances in Research on Immunoregulation of Macrophages by Plant Polysaccharides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30804942 PMCID: PMC6370632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are among the most important members of the biopolymer family. They are natural macromolecules composed of monosaccharides. To date, more than 300 kinds of natural polysaccharide compounds have been identified. They are present in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and they engage in a variety of physiological functions. In the 1950s, due to the discovery of their immunoregulatory and anti-tumor activities, polysaccharides became a popular topic of research in pharmacology, especially in immunopharmacology. Plants are an important source of natural polysaccharides. Pharmacological and clinical studies have shown that plant polysaccharides have many functions, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-viral functions, anti-radiation functions, and a hypoglycaemic effect. The immunomodulatory effects of plant polysaccharides have received much attention. Polysaccharides with these effects are also referred to as biological response modifiers (BRMs), and research on them is one of the most active areas of polysaccharide research. Thus, we summarize immunomodulatory effects of botanical polysaccharides isolated from different species of plants on the macrophage. The primary effect of botanical polysaccharides is to enhance and/or activate macrophage immune responses, including increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and enhancing secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, it is believed that botanical polysaccharides have significant therapeutic potential, and represent a new method for discovery and development of novel immunomodulatory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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20
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Xie W, Zhou J. Aberrant regulation of autophagy in mammalian diseases. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2017.0540. [PMID: 29321247 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major cellular metabolic pathway that facilitates degradation of a subset of long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. This pathway plays a vital role in preserving the cellular homeostasis of the cells themselves, in addition to maintaining the normal physiological state of cell renewal. Many stressors, such as starvation, ischaemia and oxidative stress can induce autophagy. In addition to its physiological roles, autophagy also occurs in a wide variety of pathological processes, including tumour progression, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative and lung diseases. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that autophagy also plays a key role in the development of mammalian diseases, a function that has garnered substantial attention and study. An in-depth understanding of the molecular role that autophagy plays in pathological settings is vital for both the diagnosis and treatment of mammalian diseases and will aid in the search for novel targets for therapeutic drug intervention. Here, we provide an integrated review of recent studies implicating autophagy dysfunction in the progression of mammalian disorders and summarize research suggesting that the molecular pathways involved in autophagy could serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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21
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Sun X, Lin L, Sui N. Regulation mechanism of microRNA in plant response to abiotic stress and breeding. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1447-1457. [PMID: 30465132 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants are a class of small RNAs consisting of approximately 21-24 nucleotides. The mature miRNA binds to the target mRNA through the formation of a miRNA-induced silencing complex (MIRISC), and cleaves or inhibits translation, thereby achieving negative regulation of the target gene. Based on miRNA plays an important role in regulating plant gene expression, studies on the prediction, identification, function and evolution of plant miRNAs have been carried out. In addition, many researches prove that miRNAs are also involved in many kinds of abiotic and biotic stress, under abiotic stress, plants can express some miRNA, and act on stress-related target genes, which can make plants adapt to stress in physiological response. In this review, the synthetic pathway and mechanism of plant miRNA are briefly described, and we discuss the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs responding to abiotic stresses including low temperature, salt, drought stress and breeding to lay the foundation for further exploring the mechanism of action of miRNAs in stress resistance of plant. And analyze its utilization prospects in plant stress resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Water Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Xie S, Liu M. Survival Mechanisms to Selective Pressures and Implications. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:340-347. [PMID: 33817102 PMCID: PMC7874742 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms have evolved a spectrum of strategies that facilitate survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In order to make full use of the unfavorable resources of nature, human beings usually impose selective pressures to breed phenotypic traits that can survive in adverse environments. Animals are frequently under attack by biotic stress, such as bacterial and viral infections, while plants are more often subjected to abiotic stress, including high salinity, drought, and cold. In response to these diverse stresses, animals and plants initiate wide-ranging changes in gene expression by altering regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional activities. Recent studies have identified a number of key responsive components that promote survival of animals and plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Importantly, with recent developments in genome-editing technology based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, manipulation of genetic elements to generate stress-resistant animals and plants has become both feasible and cost-effective. Herein, we review important mechanisms that govern the response of organisms to biotic and abiotic stresses with the aim of applying our understanding to the agriculture and animal husbandry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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23
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Cabanillas DG, Jiang J, Movahed N, Germain H, Yamaji Y, Zheng H, Laliberté JF. Turnip Mosaic Virus Uses the SNARE Protein VTI11 in an Unconventional Route for Replication Vesicle Trafficking. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2594-2615. [PMID: 30150314 PMCID: PMC6241277 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection of plant cells by RNA viruses leads to the generation of organelle-like subcellular structures that contain the viral replication complex. During Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana, the viral membrane protein 6K2 plays a key role in the release of motile replication vesicles from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we demonstrate that 6K2 contains a GxxxG motif within its predicted transmembrane domain that is vital for TuMV infection. Replacement of the Gly with Val within this motif inhibited virus production, and this was due to a relocation of the viral protein to the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This indicated that passage of 6K2 through the Golgi apparatus is a dead-end avenue for virus infection. Impairing the fusion of transport vesicles between the ER and the Golgi apparatus by overexpression of the SNARE Sec22 protein resulted in enhanced intercellular virus movement. Likewise, expression of nonfunctional, Golgi-located synaptotagmin during infection enhanced TuMV intercellular movement. 6K2 copurified with VTI11, a prevacuolar compartment SNARE protein. An Arabidopsis thaliana vti11 mutant was completely resistant to TuMV infection. We conclude that TuMV replication vesicles bypass the Golgi apparatus and take an unconventional pathway that may involve prevacuolar compartments/multivesicular bodies for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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24
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Regulation mechanism of long non-coding RNA in plant response to stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:402-407. [PMID: 30055799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a non-coding RNA greater than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs can regulate gene expression at transcription and post-transcription, epigenetic level, and plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes such as genomic imprinting, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference and cell cycle. It becomes the current hot topics in the study of molecular biology and genetics. Emerging evidence proposed that lncRNAs play important roles in response to both abiotic and biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs in drought resistance, salt resistance, disease resistance, and immunity of plants, providing strong evidence for exploring the important role of lncRNAs in plant resistance, in order to explore new ideas and new targets for prevention and control.
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25
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Sun S, Zhou J. Molecular mechanisms underlying stress response and adaptation. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:218-227. [PMID: 29278299 PMCID: PMC5792716 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses are ubiquitous and unavoidable to all living things. Organisms respond and adapt to stresses through defined regulatory mechanisms that drive changes in gene expression, organismal morphology, or physiology. Immune responses illustrate adaptation to bacterial and viral biotic stresses in animals. Dysregulation of the genotoxic stress response system is frequently associated with various types of human cancer. With respect to plants, especially halophytes, complicated systems have been developed to allow for plant growth in high salt environments. In addition, drought, waterlogging, and low temperatures represent other common plant stresses. In this review, we summarize representative examples of organismal response and adaptation to various stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the above phenomena with a focus on the improvement of organismal tolerance to unfavorable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
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26
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Zhang H, Yu P, Zhao J, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhu Y, Botella MA, Šamaj J, Li C, Lin J. Expression of tomato prosystemin gene in Arabidopsis reveals systemic translocation of its mRNA and confers necrotrophic fungal resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:799-812. [PMID: 29105094 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemin (SYS), an octadecapeptide hormone processed from a 200-amino-acid precursor (prosystemin, PS), plays a central role in the systemic activation of defense genes in tomato in response to herbivore and pathogen attacks. However, whether PS mRNA is transferable and its role in systemic defense responses remain unknown. We created the transgenic tomato PS gene tagged with the green fluorescent protein (PS-GFP) using a shoot- or root-specific promoter, and the constitutive 35S promoter in Arabidopsis. Subcellular localization of PS-/SYS-GFP was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and gene transcripts were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. In Arabidopsis, PS protein can be processed and SYS is secreted. Shoot-/root-specific expression of PS-GFP in Arabidopsis, and grafting experiments, revealed that the PS mRNA moves in a bi-directional manner. We also found that ectopic expression of PS improves Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, consistent with substantial upregulation of the transcript levels of specific pathogen-responsive genes. Our results provide novel insights into the multifaceted mechanism of SYS signaling transport and its potential application in genetic engineering for increasing pathogen resistance across diverse plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Pengli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jiuhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06411, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Malaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Wang X, Chung KP, Lin W, Jiang L. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:21-37. [PMID: 28992209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane domain are delivered through the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This feature is conserved in yeast, animals, and plants. In contrast, the transport of leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) from the cytosol to the cell exterior is accomplished via the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. So far, the CPS pathway has been well characterized in plants, with several recent studies providing new information about the regulatory mechanisms involved. On the other hand, studies on UPS pathways in plants remain descriptive, although a connection between UPS and the plant defense response is becoming more and more apparent. In this review, we present an update on CPS and UPS. With the emergence of new techniques, a more comprehensive understanding of protein secretion in plants can be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Weili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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28
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Plattner H. Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:255-289. [PMID: 28719054 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the cell as a fine-tuned machine had to undergo permanent adjustments to match changes in its environment, while "closed for repair work" was not possible. Evolution from protists (protozoa and unicellular algae) to multicellular organisms may have occurred in basically two lineages, Unikonta and Bikonta, culminating in mammals and angiosperms (flowering plants), respectively. Unicellular models for unikont evolution are myxamoebae (Dictyostelium) and increasingly also choanoflagellates, whereas for bikonts, ciliates are preferred models. Information accumulating from combined molecular database search and experimental verification allows new insights into evolutionary diversification and maintenance of genes/proteins from protozoa on, eventually with orthologs in bacteria. However, proteins have rarely been followed up systematically for maintenance or change of function or intracellular localization, acquirement of new domains, partial deletion (e.g. of subunits), and refunctionalization, etc. These aspects are discussed in this review, envisaging "evolutionary cell biology." Protozoan heritage is found for most important cellular structures and functions up to humans and flowering plants. Examples discussed include refunctionalization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cilia and replacement by other types during evolution. Altogether components serving Ca2+ signaling are very flexible throughout evolution, calmodulin being a most conservative example, in contrast to calcineurin whose catalytic subunit is lost in plants, whereas both subunits are maintained up to mammals for complex functions (immune defense and learning). Domain structure of R-type SNAREs differs in mono- and bikonta, as do Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases. Unprecedented selective expansion of the subunit a which connects multimeric base piece and head parts (V0, V1) of H+ -ATPase/pump may well reflect the intriguing vesicle trafficking system in ciliates, specifically in Paramecium. One of the most flexible proteins is centrin when its intracellular localization and function throughout evolution is traced. There are many more examples documenting evolutionary flexibility of translation products depending on requirements and potential for implantation within the actual cellular context at different levels of evolution. From estimates of gene and protein numbers per organism, it appears that much of the basic inventory of protozoan precursors could be transmitted to highest eukaryotic levels, with some losses and also with important additional "inventions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P. O. Box M625, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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29
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Pérez-Sancho J, Tilsner J, Samuels AL, Botella MA, Bayer EM, Rosado A. Stitching Organelles: Organization and Function of Specialized Membrane Contact Sites in Plants. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:705-717. [PMID: 27318776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of multiple metabolic activities in plants relies on an interorganelle communication network established through membrane contact sites (MCS). The MCS are maintained in transient or durable configurations by tethering structures which keep the two membranes in close proximity, and create chemical microdomains that allow localized and targeted exchange of small molecules and possibly proteins. The past few years have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of the structural and molecular organization of plant interorganelle MCS, and their crucial roles in plant specialized functions including stress responses, cell to cell communication, and lipid transport. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular components, structural organization, and functions of different plant-specific MCS architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pérez-Sancho
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, BMS Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon CEDEX, France
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Hafidh S, Potěšil D, Fíla J, Čapková V, Zdráhal Z, Honys D. Quantitative proteomics of the tobacco pollen tube secretome identifies novel pollen tube guidance proteins important for fertilization. Genome Biol 2016; 17:81. [PMID: 27139692 PMCID: PMC4853860 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in animals, cell-cell communication plays a pivotal role in male-female recognition during plant sexual reproduction. Prelaid peptides secreted from the female reproductive tissues guide pollen tubes towards ovules for fertilization. However, the elaborate mechanisms for this dialogue have remained elusive, particularly from the male perspective. RESULTS We performed genome-wide quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of a pistil-stimulated pollen tube secretome and identified 801 pollen tube-secreted proteins. Interestingly, in silico analysis reveals that the pollen tube secretome is dominated by proteins that are secreted unconventionally, representing 57 % of the total secretome. In support, we show that an unconventionally secreted protein, translationally controlled tumor protein, is secreted to the apoplast. Remarkably, we discovered that this protein could be secreted by infiltrating through the initial phases of the conventional secretory pathway and could reach the apoplast via exosomes, as demonstrated by co-localization with Oleisin1 exosome marker. We demonstrate that translationally controlled tumor protein-knockdown Arabidopsis thaliana plants produce pollen tubes that navigate poorly to the target ovule and that the mutant allele is poorly transmitted through the male. Further, we show that regulators of the endoplasmic reticulum-trans-Golgi network protein secretory pathway control secretion of Nicotiana tabacum Pollen tube-secreted cysteine-rich protein 2 and Lorelei-like GPI-anchor protein 3 and that a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-trans-Golgi protein translocation is essential for pollen tube growth, pollen tube guidance and ovule-targeting competence. CONCLUSIONS This work, the first study on the pollen tube secretome, identifies novel genome-wide pollen tube-secreted proteins with potential functions in pollen tube guidance towards ovules for sexual reproduction. Functional analysis highlights a potential mechanism for unconventional secretion of pollen tube proteins and reveals likely regulators of conventional pollen tube protein secretion. The association of pollen tube-secreted proteins with marker proteins shown to be secreted via exosomes in other species suggests exosome secretion is a possible mechanism for cell-cell communication between the pollen tube and female reproductive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Hafidh
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - David Potěšil
- Research group Proteomics, CEITEC-MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fíla
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Čapková
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Research group Proteomics, CEITEC-MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) describes secretion pathways that bypass one or several of the canonical secretion pit-stops on the way to the plasma membrane, and/or involve the secretion of leaderless proteins. So far, alternatives to conventional secretion were primarily observed and studied in yeast and animal cells. The sessile lifestyle of plants brings with it unique restraints on how they adapt to adverse conditions and environmental challenges. Recently, attention towards unconventional secretion pathways in plant cells has substantially increased, with the large number of leaderless proteins identified through proteomic studies. While UPS pathways in plants are certainly not yet exhaustively researched, an emerging notion is that induction of UPS pathways is correlated with pathogenesis and stress responses. Given the multitude UPS events observed, comprehensively organizing the routes proteins take to the apoplast in defined UPS categories is challenging. With the establishment of a larger collection of studied plant proteins taking these UPS pathways, a clearer picture of endomembrane trafficking as a whole will emerge. There are several novel enabling technologies, such as vesicle proteomics and chemical genomics, with great potential for dissecting secretion pathways, providing information about the cargo that travels along them and the conditions that induce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Center for Organelle Biogenesis and Function, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angelo S Heringer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Wang H, Han S, Siao W, Song C, Xiang Y, Wu X, Cheng P, Li H, Jásik J, Mičieta K, Turňa J, Voigt B, Baluška F, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhao H. Arabidopsis Synaptotagmin 2 Participates in Pollen Germination and Tube Growth and Is Delivered to Plasma Membrane via Conventional Secretion. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1737-50. [PMID: 26384245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 2 (SYT2) has been reported to participate in an unconventional secretory pathway in somatic cells. Our results showed that SYT2 was expressed mainly in the pollen of Arabidopsis thaliana. The pollen of syt2 T-DNA and RNA interference mutant lines exhibited reduced total germination and impeded pollen tube growth. Analysis of the expression of SYT2-GFP fusion protein in the pollen tube indicates that SYT2 was localized to distinct, patchy compartments but could co-localize with the Golgi markers, BODIPY TR C5 ceramide and GmMan1-mCherry. However, SYT2-DsRed-E5 was localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis suspension cells, in addition to the Golgi apparatus. The localization of SYT2 at the plasma membrane was further supported by immunofluorescence staining in pollen tubes. Moreover, brefeldin A treatment inhibited the transport of SYT2 to the plasma membrane and caused SYT2 to aggregate and form enlarged compartments. Truncation of the SYT2-C2AB domains also resulted in retention of SYT2 in the Golgi apparatus. An in vitro phospholipid-binding assay showed that SYT2-C2AB domains bind to the phospholipid membrane in a calcium-dependent manner. Take together, our results indicated that SYT2 was required for pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and was involved in conventional exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Siao
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunqing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengyu Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ján Jásik
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Karol Mičieta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, 811 02 Bratislava 1, Slovakia
| | - Ján Turňa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, pavilion B-2, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Deng W, Wang L, Xiong Y, Li J, Wang Y, Shi T, Ma D. The novel secretory protein CGREF1 inhibits the activation of AP-1 transcriptional activity and cell proliferation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:32-9. [PMID: 26022276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor AP-1 plays an important role in inflammation and cell survival. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system and a library of 940 candidate human secretory protein cDNA clones, we identified that CGREF1 can inhibit the transcriptional activity of AP-1. We demonstrated that CGREF1 is secreted via the classical secretory pathway through the ER-to-Golgi apparatus. Functional investigations revealed that overexpression of CGREF1 can significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK, and suppress the proliferation of HEK293T and HCT116 cells. Conversely, specific siRNAs against CGREF1 can increase the transcriptional activity of AP-1. These results clearly indicated that CGREF1 is a novel secretory protein, and plays an important role in regulation of AP-1 transcriptional activity and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Deng
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing 100176, China; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Li
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing 100176, China; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taiping Shi
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing 100176, China; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Dalong Ma
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing 100176, China; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China
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Heard W, Sklenář J, Tomé DFA, Robatzek S, Jones AME. Identification of Regulatory and Cargo Proteins of Endosomal and Secretory Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by Proteomic Dissection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1796-813. [PMID: 25900983 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell's endomembranes comprise an intricate, highly dynamic and well-organized system. In plants, the proteins that regulate function of the various endomembrane compartments and their cargo remain largely unknown. Our aim was to dissect subcellular trafficking routes by enriching for partially overlapping subpopulations of endosomal proteomes associated with endomembrane markers. We selected RABD2a/ARA5, RABF2b/ARA7, RABF1/ARA6, and RABG3f as markers for combinations of the Golgi, trans-Golgi network (TGN), early endosomes (EE), secretory vesicles, late endosomes (LE), multivesicular bodies (MVB), and the tonoplast. As comparisons we used Golgi transport 1 (GOT1), which localizes to the Golgi, clathrin light chain 2 (CLC2) labeling clathrin-coated vesicles and pits and the vesicle-associated membrane protein 711 (VAMP711) present at the tonoplast. We developed an easy-to-use method by refining published protocols based on affinity purification of fluorescent fusion constructs to these seven subcellular marker proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We present a total of 433 proteins, only five of which were shared among all enrichments, while many proteins were common between endomembrane compartments of the same trafficking route. Approximately half, 251 proteins, were assigned to one enrichment only. Our dataset contains known regulators of endosome functions including small GTPases, SNAREs, and tethering complexes. We identify known cargo proteins such as PIN3, PEN3, CESA, and the recently defined TPLATE complex. The subcellular localization of two GTPase regulators predicted from our enrichments was validated using live-cell imaging. This is the first proteomic dataset to discriminate between such highly overlapping endomembrane compartments in plants and can be used as a general proteomic resource to predict the localization of proteins and identify the components of regulatory complexes and provides a useful tool for the identification of new protein markers of the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Heard
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenář
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel F A Tomé
- §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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35
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Ding Y, Robinson DG, Jiang L. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways in plants. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 29:107-15. [PMID: 24949560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
As in yeast and mammalian cells, novel unconventional protein secretion (UPS) or unconventional membrane trafficking pathways are now known to operate in plants. UPS in plants is generally associated with stress conditions such as pathogen attack, but little is known about its underlying mechanism and function. Here, we present an update on the current knowledge of UPS in the plants in terms of its transport pathways, possible functions and its relationship to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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36
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Ávila-Castañeda A, Juárez-Díaz JA, Rodríguez-Sotres R, Bravo-Alberto CE, Ibarra-Sánchez CP, Zavala-Castillo A, Cruz-Zamora Y, Martínez-Castilla LP, Márquez-Guzmán J, Cruz-García F. A novel motif in the NaTrxh N-terminus promotes its secretion, whereas the C-terminus participates in its interaction with S-RNase in vitro. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:147. [PMID: 24886483 PMCID: PMC4065587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NaTrxh, a thioredoxin type h, shows differential expression between self-incompatible and self-compatible Nicotiana species. NaTrxh interacts in vitro with S-RNase and co-localizes with it in the extracellular matrix of the stylar transmitting tissue. NaTrxh contains N- and C-terminal extensions, a feature shared by thioredoxin h proteins of subgroup 2. To ascertain the function of these extensions in NaTrxh secretion and protein-protein interaction, we performed a deletion analysis on NaTrxh and fused the resulting variants to GFP. RESULTS We found an internal domain in the N-terminal extension, called Nβ, that is essential for NaTrxh secretion but is not hydrophobic, a canonical feature of a signal peptide. The lack of hydrophobicity as well as the location of the secretion signal within the NaTrxh primary structure, suggest an unorthodox secretion route for NaTrxh. Notably, we found that the fusion protein NaTrxh-GFP(KDEL) is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and that treatment of NaTrxh-GFP-expressing cells with Brefeldin A leads to its retention in the Golgi, which indicates that NaTrxh uses, to some extent, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus for secretion. Furthermore, we found that Nβ contributes to NaTrxh tertiary structure stabilization and that the C-terminus functions in the protein-protein interaction with S-RNase. CONCLUSIONS The extensions contained in NaTrxh sequence have specific functions on the protein. While the C-terminus directly participates in protein-protein interaction, particularly on its interaction with S-RNase in vitro; the N-terminal extension contains two structurally different motifs: Nα and Nβ. Nβ, the inner domain (Ala-17 to Pro-27), is essential and enough to target NaTrxh towards the apoplast. Interestingly, when it was fused to GFP, this protein was also found in the cell wall of the onion cells. Although the biochemical features of the N-terminus suggested a non-classical secretion pathway, our results provided evidence that NaTrxh at least uses the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and also vesicles for secretion. Therefore, the Nβ domain sequence is suggested to be a novel signal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ávila-Castañeda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rogelio Rodríguez-Sotres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Carlos E Bravo-Alberto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alejandra Zavala-Castillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Yuridia Cruz-Zamora
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - León P Martínez-Castilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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37
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Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. The plant secretory pathway: an essential factory for building the plant cell wall. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:687-93. [PMID: 24401957 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For building and maintaining the complex structure of the surrounding wall throughout their life, plant cells rely on the endomembrane system, which functions as the main provider and transporter of cell wall constituents. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of synthesis and transport of cell wall materials have been generating valuable information for diverse practical applications. Nonetheless, the identity of the endomembrane components necessary for the transport of cell wall enzymes and polysaccharides is not well known. Evidence indicates that plant cells can accomplish secretion of cell wall constituents through multiple pathways during development or under stress conditions and, that compared with other eukaryotes, they rely on a highly diversified toolkit of proteins for membrane traffic. This suggests that production of the cell wall in plants consists of intricate and highly regulated pathways. In this review, we summarize important discoveries that have allowed the activities of the plant secretory pathway to be linked to the production and deposition of cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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38
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Brandizzi F, Wasteneys GO. Cytoskeleton-dependent endomembrane organization in plant cells: an emerging role for microtubules. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:339-49. [PMID: 23647215 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Movement of secretory organelles is a fascinating yet largely mysterious feature of eukaryotic cells. Microtubule-based endomembrane and organelle motility utilizing the motor proteins dynein and kinesin is commonplace in animal cells. In contrast, it has been long accepted that intracellular motility in plant cells is predominantly driven by myosin motors dragging organelles and endomembrane-bounded cargo along actin filament bundles. Consistent with this, defects in the acto-myosin cytoskeleton compromise plant growth and development. Recent findings, however, challenge the actin-centric view of the motility of critical secretory organelles and distribution of associated protein machinery. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on actin-mediated organelle movement within the secretory pathway of plant cells, and report on recent and exciting findings that support a critical role of microtubules in plant cell development, in fine-tuning the positioning of Golgi stacks, as well as their involvement in cellulose synthesis and auxin polar transport. These emerging aspects of the biology of microtubules highlight adaptations of an ancestral machinery that plants have specifically evolved to support the functioning of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton, and mark new trends in our global appreciation of the complexity of organelle movement within the plant secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
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39
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Ruiz-May E, Rose JKC. Progress toward the tomato fruit cell wall proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:159. [PMID: 23755055 PMCID: PMC3665905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) compartment, or apoplast, is host to a highly dynamic proteome, comprising large numbers of both enzymatic and structural proteins. This reflects its importance as the interface between adjacent cells and the external environment, the presence of numerous extracellular metabolic and signaling pathways, and the complex nature of wall structural assembly and remodeling during cell growth and differentiation. Tomato fruit ontogeny, with its distinct phases of rapid growth and ripening, provides a valuable experimental model system for CW proteomic studies, in that it involves substantial wall assembly, remodeling, and coordinated disassembly. Moreover, diverse populations of secreted proteins must be deployed to resist microbial infection and protect against abiotic stresses. Tomato fruits also provide substantial amounts of biological material, which is a significant advantage for many types of biochemical analyses, and facilitates the detection of lower abundance proteins. In this review, we describe a variety of orthogonal techniques that have been applied to identify CW localized proteins from tomato fruit, including approaches that: target the proteome of the CW and the overlying cuticle; functional "secretome" screens; lectin affinity chromatography; and computational analyses to predict proteins that enter the secretory pathway. Each has its merits and limitations, but collectively they are providing important insights into CW proteome composition and dynamics, as well as some potentially controversial issues, such as the prevalence of non-canonical protein secretion.
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40
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Krause C, Richter S, Knöll C, Jürgens G. Plant secretome - from cellular process to biological activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2429-41. [PMID: 23557863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that plants secrete a large number of proteins and peptides into the extracellular space. Secreted proteins play a crucial role in stress response, communication and development of organisms. Here we review the current knowledge of the secretome of more than ten plant species, studied in natural conditions or during (a)biotic stress. This review not only deals with the classical secretory route via endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi followed by proteins containing a known N-terminal signal peptide, but also covers new findings about unconventional secretion of leaderless proteins. We describe alternative secretion pathways and the involved compartments like the recently discovered EXPO. The well characterized secreted peptides that function as ligands of receptor proteins exemplify the biological significance and activity of the secretome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Krause
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Drakakaki G, Dandekar A. Protein secretion: how many secretory routes does a plant cell have? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:74-8. [PMID: 23415330 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional protein secretion is mediated by the endomembrane system. Secreted proteins are inserted into the endomembrane system through a N-terminal signal peptide and follow the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi trafficking pathway en route to the plasma membrane or the extracellular apoplastic space. In mammalian and yeast cells, unconventional secretion has been identified and relatively well studied. Also in plants, evidence of unconventional secretion mechanisms is accumulating. The ever-increasing number of leaderless proteins identified in proteomic studies indicates the importance of unconventional protein secretion in plants. Novel approaches, such as chemical genomics and vesicle proteomics might be able to provide new insights into unconventional protein secretion in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Ding Y, Wang J, Wang J, Stierhof YD, Robinson DG, Jiang L. Unconventional protein secretion. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:606-15. [PMID: 22784825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that protein secretion or exocytosis is achieved via a conventional ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-Golgi-TGN (trans-Golgi network)-PM (plasma membrane) pathway in the plant endomembrane system. However, such signal peptide (SP)-dependent protein secretion cannot explain the increasing number of SP-lacking proteins which are found outside of the PM in plant cells. The process by which such leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) gain access to the cell exterior is termed unconventional protein secretion (UPS) and has been well-studied in animal and yeast cells, but largely ignored by the plant community. Here, we review the evidence for UPS in plants especially in regard to the recently discovered EXPO (exocyst-positive-organelle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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