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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK, S A. Therapeutic implications of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:603-619. [PMID: 36178363 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2130297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely popular neurodegenerative condition associated with dementia, responsible for around 70% of the cases. There are presently 50 million people living with dementia in the world, but this number is anticipated to increase to 152 million by 2050, posing a substantial socioeconomic encumbrance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms that cause AD remain unidentified, and currently, no therapy is available. Numerous signalling paths related to AD neuropathology, including glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), have been investigated as potential targets for the treatment of AD in current years.GSK-3β is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is linked to a variety of biological activities, comprising glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. GSK-3β is also involved in the pathophysiology of sporadic as well as familial types of AD, which has led to the development of the GSK3 theory of AD. GSK-3β is a critical performer in the pathology of AD because dysregulation of this kinase affects all the main symbols of the disease such as amyloid formation, tau phosphorylation, neurogenesis and synaptic and memory function. The current review highlights present-day knowledge of GSK-3β-related neurobiology, focusing on its role in AD pathogenesis signalling pathways. It also explores the possibility of targeting GSK-3β for the management of AD and offers an overview of the present research work in preclinical and clinical studies to produce GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Arulmozhi S
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
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2
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Moreno-Jiménez EP, Flor-García M, Hernández-Vivanco A, Terreros-Roncal J, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Toni N, Méndez P, Llorens-Martín M. GSK-3β orchestrates the inhibitory innervation of adult-born dentate granule cells in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:225. [PMID: 37481766 PMCID: PMC10363517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis enhances brain plasticity and contributes to the cognitive reserve during aging. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in neurological disorders, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating the maturation and synaptic integration of new neurons have not been fully elucidated. GABA is a master regulator of adult and developmental neurogenesis. Here we engineered a novel retrovirus encoding the fusion protein Gephyrin:GFP to longitudinally study the formation and maturation of inhibitory synapses during adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo. Our data reveal the early assembly of inhibitory postsynaptic densities at 1 week of cell age. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3β) emerges as a key regulator of inhibitory synapse formation and maturation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis. GSK-3β-overexpressing newborn neurons show an increased number and altered size of Gephyrin+ postsynaptic clusters, enhanced miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, shorter and distanced axon initial segments, reduced synaptic output at the CA3 and CA2 hippocampal regions, and impaired pattern separation. Moreover, GSK-3β overexpression triggers a depletion of Parvalbumin+ interneuron perineuronal nets. These alterations might be relevant in the context of neurological diseases in which the activity of GSK-3β is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Toni
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Méndez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Roy A, Sharma S, Nag TC, Katyal J, Gupta YK, Jain S. Cognitive Dysfunction and Anxiety Resulting from Synaptic Downscaling, Hippocampal Atrophy, and Ventricular Enlargement with Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Injection in Male Wistar Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2179-2202. [PMID: 36069980 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-resistant brain state is proposed to be the early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can be studied in the intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) rodent model. ICV-STZ is reported to induce sporadic AD with the majority of the disease hallmarks as phenotype. On the other hand, available experimental evidence has used varying doses of STZ (< 1 to 3 mg/kg) and studied its effect for different study durations, ranging from 14 to 270 days. Though these studies suggest 3 mg/kg of ICV-STZ to be the optimum dose for progressive pathogenesis, the reason for such is elusive. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanism of action of 3 mg/kg ICV-STZ on cognitive and non-cognitive aspects at a follow-up interval of 2 weeks for 2 months. On the 60th day, we examined the layer thickness, cell density, ventricular volume, spine density, protein expression related to brain metabolism, and mitochondrial function by histological examination. The findings suggest a progressive loss of a spatial, episodic, and avoidance memory with an increase in anxiety in a span of 2 months. Furthermore, hippocampal neurodegeneration, ventricular enlargement, diffused amyloid plaque deposition, loss of spine in the dentate gyrus, and imbalance in energy homeostasis were found on the 60th day post-injection. Interestingly, AD rats showed a uniform fraction of time spent in four quadrants of the water maze with a change in strategy when they were exposed to height. Our findings reveal that ICV-STZ injection at a dose of 3 mg/kg can cause cognitive and neuropsychiatric abnormalities due to structural loss both at the neuronal as well as the synaptic level, which is tightly associated with the change in neuronal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Roy
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,UMR-5297, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neurosciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Jatinder Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Parent MB, Ferreira-Neto HC, Kruemmel AR, Althammer F, Patel AA, Keo S, Whitley KE, Cox DN, Stern JE. Heart failure impairs mood and memory in male rats and down-regulates the expression of numerous genes important for synaptic plasticity in related brain regions. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113452. [PMID: 34274373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (HF) is a serious disorder that afflicts more than 26 million patients worldwide. HF is comorbid with depression, anxiety and memory deficits that have serious implications for quality of life and self-care in patients who have HF. Still, there are few studies that have assessed the effects of severely reduced ejection fraction (≤40 %) on cognition in non-human animal models. Moreover, limited information is available regarding the effects of HF on genetic markers of synaptic plasticity in brain areas critical for memory and mood regulation. We induced HF in male rats and tested mood and anxiety (sucrose preference and elevated plus maze) and memory (spontaneous alternation and inhibitory avoidance) and measured the simultaneous expression of 84 synaptic plasticity-associated genes in dorsal (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH), basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also included the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is implicated in neurohumoral activation in HF. Our results show that rats with severely reduced ejection fraction recapitulate behavioral symptoms seen in patients with chronic HF including, increased anxiety and impaired memory in both tasks. HF also downregulated several synaptic-plasticity genes in PFC and PVN, moderate decreases in DH and CeA and minimal effects in BLA and VH. Collectively, these findings identify candidate brain areas and molecular mechanisms underlying HF-induced disturbances in mood and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sreinick Keo
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Tomczyk M, Glaser T, Slominska EM, Ulrich H, Smolenski RT. Purine Nucleotides Metabolism and Signaling in Huntington's Disease: Search for a Target for Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126545. [PMID: 34207177 PMCID: PMC8234552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a multi-system disorder that is caused by expanded CAG repeats within the exon-1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene that translate to the polyglutamine stretch in the HTT protein. HTT interacts with the proteins involved in gene transcription, endocytosis, and metabolism. HTT may also directly or indirectly affect purine metabolism and signaling. We aimed to review existing data and discuss the modulation of the purinergic system as a new therapeutic target in HD. Impaired intracellular nucleotide metabolism in the HD affected system (CNS, skeletal muscle and heart) may lead to extracellular accumulation of purine metabolites, its unusual catabolism, and modulation of purinergic signaling. The mechanisms of observed changes might be different in affected systems. Based on collected findings, compounds leading to purine and ATP pool reconstruction as well as purinergic receptor activity modulators, i.e., P2X7 receptor antagonists, may be applied for HD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (T.G.); (H.U.)
| | - Ewa M. Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (T.G.); (H.U.)
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.T.S.)
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Region-dependent regulation of acute ethanol on γ oscillation in the rat hippocampal slices. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2959-2966. [PMID: 32700022 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol use disorders are a serious medical and public health problem in the world today. Acute ethanol intoxication can lead to cognitive dysfunction such as learning and memory impairment. Gamma oscillations (γ, 30-80 Hz) are synchronized rhythmic activity generated by population of neurons within local network, and closely related to learning and memory function. The hippocampus is a critical anatomic structure that supports learning and memory. On the grounds of structure and function, hippocampus can be divided into the intermediate (IH), the dorsal (DH), and ventral hippocampus (VH). The current study is the first to investigate the effects of acute ethanol on γ oscillations in these sub-regions of rat hippocampal slices. METHODS The sustained γ oscillations were induced by 200 nM kainate (KA) in the CA3c of IH, DH, and VH. When KA-induced γ oscillation reached the steady state, ethanol (50 mM or 100 mM) was applied and the effects of ethanol on γ oscillation power was measured in the slices sequentially sectioned from ventral to dorsal hippocampus of adult rats. RESULTS In the intermediate hippocampal slices, compared with control (KA only), ethanol (50 mM) caused 36.1 ± 3.9% decrease in γ power (p < 0.05, n = 10), while ethanol (100 mM) caused 55.3 ± 5.5% decrease in γ power (p < 0.001, n = 14). In the dorsal hippocampus, only ethanol (100 mM) caused 18.1 ± 8.6% decrease in γ power (p < 0.05, n = 12). However, in the ventral hippocampus, neither 50 mM nor 100 mM ethanol affected γ oscillation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ethanol may produce the differential suppression of γ oscillations in a dose-dependent manner in different sub-regions of hippocampus, suggesting that the modulation of ethanol on hippocampal γ oscillation is region-dependent.
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7
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Campos-Ordonez T, Zarate-Lopez D, Ibarra-Castaneda N, Buritica J, Gonzalez-Perez O. Cyclohexane Inhalation Produces Long-Lasting Alterations in the Hippocampal Integrity and Reward-Seeking Behavior in the Adult Mouse. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:435-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Ochalek A, Mihalik B, Avci HX, Chandrasekaran A, Téglási A, Bock I, Giudice ML, Táncos Z, Molnár K, László L, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Freude K, Hyttel P, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Neurons derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease iPSCs reveal elevated TAU hyperphosphorylation, increased amyloid levels, and GSK3B activation. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:90. [PMID: 29191219 PMCID: PMC5709977 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting one in eight adults over 65 years of age. The majority of AD cases are sporadic, with unknown etiology, and only 5% of all patients with AD present the familial monogenic form of the disease. In the present study, our aim was to establish an in vitro cell model based on patient-specific human neurons to study the pathomechanism of sporadic AD. METHODS We compared neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines of patients with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD), all caused by mutations in the PSEN1 gene; patients with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD); and three control individuals without dementia. The iPSC lines were differentiated toward mature cortical neurons, and AD pathological hallmarks were analyzed by RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting methods. RESULTS Neurons from patients with fAD and patients with sAD showed increased phosphorylation of TAU protein at all investigated phosphorylation sites. Relative to the control neurons, neurons derived from patients with fAD and patients with sAD exhibited higher levels of extracellular amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ1-40) and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42). However, significantly increased Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios, which is one of the pathological markers of fAD, were observed only in samples of patients with fAD. Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. Moreover, elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress, as induced by amyloid oligomers or peroxide, was detected in both fAD- and sAD-derived neurons. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the experiments we performed, we can conclude there is no evident difference except secreted Aβ1-40 levels in phenotype between fAD and sAD samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein has been compared in fAD and sAD iPSC-derived neurons. Our findings demonstrate that iPSC technology is suitable to model both fAD and sAD and may provide a platform for developing new treatment strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ochalek
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6700, Szeged, Hungary.,Present address: University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - István Bock
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Maria Lo Giudice
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Táncos
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julianna Kobolák
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Dinnyés
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary. .,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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Pallas-Bazarra N, Kastanauskaite A, Avila J, DeFelipe J, Llorens-Martín M. GSK-3β Overexpression Alters the Dendritic Spines of Developmentally Generated Granule Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:18. [PMID: 28344548 PMCID: PMC5344922 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) plays a crucial role in hippocampal-related memory. The most abundant cellular type in the DG, namely granule neurons, are developmentally generated around postnatal day P6 in mice. Moreover, a unique feature of the DG is the occurrence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process that gives rise to newborn granule neurons throughout life. Adult-born and developmentally generated granule neurons share some maturational aspects but differ in others, such as in their positioning within the granule cell layer. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis encompasses a series of plastic changes that modify the function of the hippocampal trisynaptic network. In this regard, it is known that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) regulates both synaptic plasticity and memory. By using a transgenic mouse overexpressing GSK-3β in hippocampal neurons, we previously demonstrated that the overexpression of this kinase has deleterious effects on the maturation of newborn granule neurons. In the present study, we addressed the effects of GSK-3β overexpression on the morphology and number of dendritic spines of developmentally generated granule neurons. To this end, we performed intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow in developmentally generated granule neurons of wild-type and GSK-3β-overexpressing mice and analyzed the number and morphologies of dendritic spines (namely, stubby, thin and mushroom). GSK-3β overexpression led to a general reduction in the number of dendritic spines. In addition, it caused a slight reduction in the percentage, head diameter and length of thin spines, whereas the head diameter of mushroom spines was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Pallas-Bazarra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain; Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centro de Tecnologá Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain; Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centro de Tecnologá Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain; Cajal Institute - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasMadrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
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10
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Ketamine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines but not stressor induced neurochemical changes. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:210-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti‐Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 Inhibitor (PF‐04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Marc D. Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jeanne S. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - George C. Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Christine K. Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Mark S. Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Kimberly S. Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lori Lopresti‐Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - James M. Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Karl E. G. Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Charlie E. Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Joel B. Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley E. Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Nicolas J. Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute 415 Main Street Cambridge MA o2142 USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Ravi G. Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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12
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Liang SH, Chen JM, Normandin MD, Chang JS, Chang GC, Taylor CK, Trapa P, Plummer MS, Para KS, Conn EL, Lopresti-Morrow L, Lanyon LF, Cook JM, Richter KEG, Nolan CE, Schachter JB, Janat F, Che Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Lefker BA, Enerson BE, Livni E, Wang L, Guehl NJ, Patnaik D, Wagner FF, Perlis R, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, El Fakhri G, Kurumbail RG, Vasdev N. Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor (PF-04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9601-5. [PMID: 27355874 PMCID: PMC4983481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates multiple cellular processes in diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (PF-04802367 or PF-367) has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective antagonists of GSK-3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF-367 binding in brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the pharmacokinetic profile of PF-367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals for GSK-3 in the central nervous system. A (11) C-isotopologue of PF-367 was synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non-human primates confirmed that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK-3, namely, reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jinshan Michael Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeanne S Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - George C Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Christine K Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark S Plummer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Kimberly S Para
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Edward L Conn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lori Lopresti-Morrow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Karl E G Richter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Charlie E Nolan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Joel B Schachter
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Fouad Janat
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Bruce A Lefker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley E Enerson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Elijahu Livni
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, o2142, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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13
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Watanabe Y, Müller MK, von Engelhardt J, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH, Monyer H. Age-Dependent Degeneration of Mature Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells Following NMDA Receptor Ablation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 26793056 PMCID: PMC4709453 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in all hippocampal areas play an essential role in distinct processes of memory formation as well as in sustaining cell survival of postnatally generated neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast to the beneficial effects, over-activation of NMDARs has been implicated in many acute and chronic neurological diseases, reason why therapeutic approaches and clinical trials involving receptor blockade have been envisaged for decades. Here we employed genetically engineered mice to study the long-term effect of NMDAR ablation on selective hippocampal neuronal populations. Ablation of either GluN1 or GluN2B causes degeneration of the DG. The neuronal demise affects mature neurons specifically in the dorsal DG and is NMDAR subunit-dependent. Most importantly, the degenerative process exacerbates with increasing age of the animals. These results lead us to conclude that mature granule cells in the dorsal DG undergo neurodegeneration following NMDAR ablation in aged mouse. Thus, caution needs to be exerted when considering long-term administration of NMDAR antagonists for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela K Müller
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonn, Germany; Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Cancer Research Center HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonn, Germany; Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Cancer Research Center HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeburg
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Sapin E, Peyron C, Roche F, Gay N, Carcenac C, Savasta M, Levy P, Dematteis M. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Chronic Low-Grade Neuroinflammation in the Dorsal Hippocampus of Mice. Sleep 2015; 38:1537-46. [PMID: 26085297 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) induces cognitive impairment that involves intermittent hypoxia (IH). Because OSA is recognized as a low-grade systemic inflammatory disease and only some patients develop cognitive deficits, we investigated whether IH-related brain consequences shared similar pathophysiology and required additional factors such as systemic inflammation to develop. DESIGN Nine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1 day, 6 or 24 w of IH (alternating 21-5% FiO2 every 30 sec, 8 h/day) or normoxia. Microglial changes were assessed in the functionally distinct dorsal (dH) and ventral (vH) regions of the hippocampus using Iba1 immunolabeling. Then the study concerned dH, as vH only tended to be lately affected. Seven proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) were assessed at all time points using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Similar mRNA analysis was performed after 6 w IH or normoxia associated for the past 3 w with repeated intraperitoneal low-dose lipopolysaccharide or saline. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Chronic (6, 24 w) but not acute IH induced significant microglial changes in dH only, including increased density and morphological features of microglia priming. In dH, acute but not chronic IH increased IL-1β and RANTES/CCL5 mRNA, whereas the other cytokines remained unchanged. In contrast, chronic IH plus lipopolysaccharide increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL10 mRNA whereas lipopolysaccharide alone did not affect these cytokines. CONCLUSION The obstructive sleep apnea component intermittent hypoxia (IH) causes low-grade neuroinflammation in the dorsal hippocampus of mice, including early but transient cytokine elevations, delayed but long-term microglial changes, and cytokine response alterations to lipopolysaccharide inflammatory challenge. These changes may contribute to IH-induced cognitive impairment and pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Sapin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,INSERM U1042, Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Christelle Peyron
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team SLEEP, F-69372, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69372, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- CHU, Hôpital Nord, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Saint-Etienne, F-42270, France.,Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Nadine Gay
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team SLEEP, F-69372, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69372, France
| | - Carole Carcenac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, équipe 10, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Marc Savasta
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, équipe 10, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Patrick Levy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,INSERM U1042, Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,CHU, Hôpital Michallon, Laboratoires du Sommeil et EFCR, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Maurice Dematteis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,INSERM U1042, Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble, F-38042, France.,CHU, Hôpital Michallon, Addictologie, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, Grenoble F-38043, France
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15
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Gidyk DC, Deibel SH, Hong NS, McDonald RJ. Barriers to developing a valid rodent model of Alzheimer's disease: from behavioral analysis to etiological mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:245. [PMID: 26283893 PMCID: PMC4518326 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of age-related dementia. As such, great effort has been put forth to investigate the etiology, progression, and underlying mechanisms of the disease. Countless studies have been conducted, however, the details of this disease remain largely unknown. Rodent models provide opportunities to investigate certain aspects of AD that cannot be studied in humans. These animal models vary from study to study and have provided some insight, but no real advancements in the prevention or treatment of the disease. In this Hypothesis and Theory paper, we discuss what we perceive as barriers to impactful discovery in rodent AD research and we offer potential solutions for moving forward. Although no single model of AD is capable of providing the solution to the growing epidemic of the disease, we encourage a comprehensive approach that acknowledges the complex etiology of AD with the goal of enhancing the bidirectional translatability from bench to bedside and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl C. Gidyk
- *Correspondence: Darryl C. Gidyk, Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6W4, Canada
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16
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17
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Llorens-Martín M, Jurado J, Hernández F, Avila J. GSK-3β, a pivotal kinase in Alzheimer disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:46. [PMID: 24904272 PMCID: PMC4033045 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia. The etiology of AD is considered to be multifactorial as only a negligible percentage of cases have a familial or genetic origin. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is regarded as a critical molecular link between the two histopathological hallmarks of the disease, namely senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we summarize current data regarding the involvement of this kinase in several aspects of AD development and progression, as well as key observations highlighting GSK-3 as one of the most relevant targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerónimo Jurado
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Biology Faculty, Autónoma University Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
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18
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Maruszak A, Thuret S. Why looking at the whole hippocampus is not enough-a critical role for anteroposterior axis, subfield and activation analyses to enhance predictive value of hippocampal changes for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:95. [PMID: 24744700 PMCID: PMC3978283 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the earliest affected brain regions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its dysfunction is believed to underlie the core feature of the disease-memory impairment. Given that hippocampal volume is one of the best AD biomarkers, our review focuses on distinct subfields within the hippocampus, pinpointing regions that might enhance the predictive value of current diagnostic methods. Our review presents how changes in hippocampal volume, shape, symmetry and activation are reflected by cognitive impairment and how they are linked with neurogenesis alterations. Moreover, we revisit the functional differentiation along the anteroposterior longitudinal axis of the hippocampus and discuss its relevance for AD diagnosis. Finally, we indicate that apart from hippocampal subfield volumetry, the characteristic pattern of hippocampal hyperactivation associated with seizures and neurogenesis changes is another promising candidate for an early AD biomarker that could become also a target for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maruszak
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
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19
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González-López A, López-Alonso I, Aguirre A, Amado-Rodríguez L, Batalla-Solís E, Astudillo A, Tomás-Zapico C, Fueyo A, dos Santos CC, Talbot K, Albaiceta GM. Mechanical ventilation triggers hippocampal apoptosis by vagal and dopaminergic pathways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:693-702. [PMID: 23962032 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201304-0691oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Critically ill patients frequently develop neuropsychological disturbances including acute delirium or memory impairment. The need for mechanical ventilation is a risk factor for these adverse events, but a mechanism that links lung stretch and brain injury has not been identified. OBJECTIVES To identify the mechanisms that lead to brain dysfunction during mechanical ventilation. METHODS Brains from mechanically ventilated mice were harvested, and signals of apoptosis and alterations in the Akt survival pathway were studied. These measurements were repeated in vagotomized or haloperidol-treated mice, and in animals intracerebroventricularly injected with selective dopamine-receptor blockers. Hippocampal slices were cultured and treated with micromolar concentrations of dopamine, with or without dopamine receptor blockers. Last, levels of dysbindin, a regulator of the membrane availability of dopamine receptors, were assessed in the experimental model and in brain samples from ventilated patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mechanical ventilation triggers hippocampal apoptosis as a result of type 2 dopamine receptor activation in response to vagal signaling. Activation of these receptors blocks the Akt/GSK3β prosurvival pathway and activates the apoptotic cascade, as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Vagotomy, systemic haloperidol, or intracerebroventricular raclopride (a type 2 dopamine receptor blocker) ameliorated this effect. Moreover, ventilation induced a concomitant change in the expression of dysbindin-1C. These results were confirmed in brain samples from ventilated patients. CONCLUSIONS These results prove the existence of a pathogenic mechanism of lung stretch-induced hippocampal apoptosis that could explain the neurological changes in ventilated patients and may help to identify novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián González-López
- 1 Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, and
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20
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Medina M, Avila J. New insights into the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:69-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.843670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Kumar M, Haridas S, Trivedi R, Khushu S, Manda K. Early cognitive changes due to whole body γ-irradiation: A behavioral and diffusion tensor imaging study in mice. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Llorens-Martín M, Fuster-Matanzo A, Teixeira CM, Jurado-Arjona J, Ulloa F, Defelipe J, Rábano A, Hernández F, Soriano E, Avila J. GSK-3β overexpression causes reversible alterations on postsynaptic densities and dendritic morphology of hippocampal granule neurons in vivo. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:451-60. [PMID: 23399915 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is crucial for the maintenance of hippocampal function. Several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are accompanied by memory deficits that could be related to alterations in AHN. Here, we took advantage of a conditional mouse model to study the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) overexpression (OE) in AHN. By injecting GFP- and PSD95-GFP-expressing retroviruses, we have determined that hippocampal GSK-3β-OE causes dramatic alterations in both dendritic tree morphology and post-synaptic densities in newborn neurons. Alterations in previously damaged neurons were reverted by switching off the transgenic system and also by using a physiological approach (environmental enrichment) to increase hippocampal plasticity. Furthermore, comparative morphometric analysis of granule neurons from patients with AD and from GSK-3β overexpressing mice revealed shared morphological alterations. Taken together, these data indicate that GSK-3β is crucial for hippocampal function, thereby supporting this kinase as a relevant target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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23
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Fuster-Matanzo A, Llorens-Martín M, Sirerol-Piquer MS, García-Verdugo JM, Avila J, Hernández F. Dual effects of increased glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity on adult neurogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1300-15. [PMID: 23257288 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons during the adulthood, is a process controlled by several kinases and phosphatases among which GSK3β exerts important functions. This protein is particularly abundant in the central nervous system, and its activity deregulation is believed to play a key role in chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Previously, we reported that in vivo overexpression of GSK3β (Tet/GSK3β mice) causes alterations in adult neurogenesis, leading to a depletion of the neurogenic niches. Here, we have further characterized those alterations, finding a delay in the switching-off of doublecortin marker as well as changes in the survival and death rates of immature precursors and a decrease in the total number of mature neurons. Besides, we have highlighted the importance of the inflammatory environment, identifying eotaxin as a possible modulator of the detrimental effects on adult neurogenesis. Taking advantage of the conditional system, we have also explored whether these negative consequences of increasing GSK3 activity are susceptible to revert after doxycycline treatment. We show that transgene shutdown in symptomatic mice reverts microgliosis, abnormal eotaxin levels as well as the aforementioned alterations concerning immature neurons. Unexpectedly, the decrease in the number of mature neurons and neuronal precursor cells of the subgranular zone of Tet/GSK3β mice could not be reverted. Thus, alterations in adult neurogenesis and likely in neurodegenerative disorders can be restored in part, although neurogenic niche depletion represents a non-reversible damage persisting during lifetime with a remarkable impact in adult mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fuster-Matanzo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UniversidadAutónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Choe Y, Pleasure SJ. Wnt signaling regulates intermediate precursor production in the postnatal dentate gyrus by regulating CXCR4 expression. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:502-14. [PMID: 23257686 PMCID: PMC7962862 DOI: 10.1159/000345353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the role of diverse signaling pathways in dentate neurogenesis, but how these signaling pathways are integrated remains unknown. Using mice that allow genetic manipulation of type 1 radial progenitors in the dentate, we show that forced induction of Wnt signaling leads to expansion of the intermediate progenitor cell (IPC) pool while selective activation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling drives neurogenesis without significant expansion of IPCs. Thus, both Wnt and Shh signaling are proneurogenic, but they act in distinct manners when their signaling is forced in subgranular zone radial progenitors. We examined potential targets of the Wnt pathway in these cells and found that Cxcr4 is a direct target of Lef1 in dentate gyrus progenitors and that loss of Cxcr4 in postnatal neurogenesis decreases the production of IPCs. This suggests that Wnt activation of dentate gyrus progenitors induces Cxcl12 signaling by regulating receptor expression. This study provides evidence that distinct morphogenic pathways have notably different roles in regulating ongoing dentate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - Samuel J. Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
- Programs in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
- Programs in Developmental Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
- Programs in Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
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Tomi M, Zhao Y, Thamotharan S, Shin BC, Devaskar SU. Early life nutrient restriction impairs blood-brain metabolic profile and neurobehavior predisposing to Alzheimer's disease with aging. Brain Res 2012; 1495:61-75. [PMID: 23228723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nutrient restriction (NR) culminating in intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) with postnatal catch up growth leads to diabesity. In contrast, postnatal NR with growth restriction (PNGR) superimposed on IUGR (IPGR) protects young and aging adults from this phenotype. We hypothesized that PNGR/IPGR will compromise the blood-brain metabolic profile impairing neurobehavior and predisposing to Alzheimer's disease (AD). NR (50%) in late gestation followed by cross-fostering of rat pups to either ad lib fed (CON) or NR (50%) lactating mothers generated CON, IUGR, PNGR and IPGR male (M) and female (F) offspring that were examined through the life span. In PNGR/IPGR plasma/CSF glucose and lactate decreased while ketones increased in (M) and (F) (PN21, PN50). In addition increased brain glucose transporters, Glut1 & Glut3, greater brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduced Glut4, with unchanged serotonin transporter concentrations were noted in (F) (PN50-60). While (F) displayed more hyperactivity, both (F) and (M) exhibited anxiety although socially and cognitively unimpaired (PN25-28&50). Aging (15-17 m) (F) not (M), expressed low plasma insulin, reduced brain IRS-2, pAkt, and pGSK-3β(Ser9), unchanged pPDK1, pTau or lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1), higher glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and spinophilin but a 10-fold increased amyloid-β42. We conclude that therapeutically superimposing PNGR on IUGR (IPGR) should be carefully weighed in light of unintended consequences related to perturbed neurobehavior and potential predilection for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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