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Kwon J, Mori K, Maoka T, Sano T, Nakahara KS. Induction of necrosis symptoms by potato virus X in AGO2-silenced tomato plants associates with reduced transcript accumulation of copper chaperon for superoxide dismutase gene. Virus Res 2024; 348:199436. [PMID: 38996815 PMCID: PMC11315226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a prominent antiviral defense mechanism in plants. When infected with a virus, RNA silencing-deficient plants tend to show exacerbated symptoms along with increased virus accumulation. However, how symptoms are exacerbated is little understood. Here, we investigated the role of the copper chaperon for superoxide dismutase (CCS) 1, in systemic necrosis observed in Argonaute (AGO)2-silenced tomato plants infected with potato virus X (PVX). While infection with the UK3 strain of PVX induced mosaic symptoms in tomato plants, systemic necrosis occurred when AGO2 was silenced. The CCS1 mRNA level was reduced and micro RNA398 (miR398), which potentially target CCS1, was increased in AGO2-knockdown tomato plants infected with PVX-UK3. Ectopic expression of CCS1 using recombinant PVX attenuated necrosis, suggesting that CCS1 alleviates systemic necrosis by activating superoxide dismutases to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Previous reports have indicated a decrease in the levels of CCS1 and superoxide dismutases along with an increased level of miR398 in plants infected with other viruses and viroids, and thus might represent shared regulatory mechanisms that exacerbate symptoms in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kwon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kento Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maoka
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIPP, NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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2
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Rathod V, Rathod K, Tomar RS, Tatamiya R, Hamid R, Jacob F, Munshi NS. Metabolic profiles of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to Puccinia arachidis fungal infection. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:630. [PMID: 37872498 PMCID: PMC10591357 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Puccinia arachidis fungus causes rust disease in the peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.), which leads to high yield loss. Metabolomic profiling of Arachis hypogaea was performed to identify the pathogen-induced production of metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of peanut plants. In this study, two peanut genotypes, one susceptible (JL-24) and one resistant (GPBD-4) were inoculated with Puccinia arachidis fungal pathogen. The metabolic response was assessed at the control stage (0 day without inoculation), 2 DAI (Day after inoculation), 4 DAI and 6 DAI by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results About 61 metabolites were identified by NIST library, comprising sugars, phenols, fatty acids, carboxylic acids and sugar alcohols. Sugars and fatty acids were predominant in leaf extracts compared to other metabolites. Concentration of different metabolites such as salicylic acid, mannitol, flavonoid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, linolenic acid and glucopyranoside were higher in resistant genotype than in susceptible genotype during infection. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and hypersensitive reaction (HR) components such as oxalic acid was elevated in resistant genotype during pathogen infection. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to GC-MS data for revealing metabolites profile between resistant and susceptible genotype during infection. Conclusion The phenol content and oxidative enzyme activity i.e. catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were found to be very high at 4 DAI in resistant genotype (p-value < 0.01). This metabolic approach provides information about bioactive plant metabolites and their application in crop protection and marker-assisted plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visha Rathod
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Khyati Rathod
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Rukam S Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Rasmieh Hamid
- Department of Plant Breeding, Cotton Research Institute of Iran (CRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
| | - Feba Jacob
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India
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3
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DeMell A, Alvarado V, Scholthof HB. Molecular perspectives on age-related resistance of plants to (viral) pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:80-91. [PMID: 37507820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age-dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward cataloging an understanding of underlying mechanisms, this review explores recent molecular studies and their relevance to the concept. Examples describe differences in genetic background, transcriptomics, hormonal balances, protein-mediated events, and the contribution by short RNA-controlled gene silencing events. Throughout, recent findings with viral systems are highlighted as an illustration of the complexity of the interactions. It will become apparent that instead of uncovering a unifying explanation, we unveiled only trends. Nevertheless, with a degree of confidence, we propose that the process of plant age-related defenses is actively regulated at multiple levels. The overarching goal of this control for plants is to avoid a constitutive waste of resources, especially at crucial metabolically draining early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- April DeMell
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Veria Alvarado
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Jiang T, Du K, Wang P, Wang X, Zang L, Peng D, Chen X, Sun G, Zhang H, Fan Z, Cao Z, Zhou T. Sugarcane mosaic virus orchestrates the lactate fermentation pathway to support its successful infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099362. [PMID: 36699858 PMCID: PMC9868461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses often establish their own infection by altering host metabolism. How viruses co-opt plant metabolism to support their successful infection remains an open question. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to reveal that lactate accumulates immediately before and after robust sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. Induction of lactate-involved anaerobic glycolysis is beneficial to SCMV infection. The enzyme activity and transcriptional levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were up-regulated by SCMV infection, and LDH is essential for robust SCMV infection. Moreover, LDH relocates in viral replicase complexes (VRCs) by interacting with SCMV-encoded 6K2 protein, a key protein responsible for inducing VRCs. Additionally, lactate could promote SCMV infection by suppressing plant defense responses. Taken together, we have revealed a viral strategy to manipulate host metabolism to support replication compartment but also depress the defense response during the process of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyi Zang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dezhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Pollari M, Sipari N, Poque S, Himanen K, Mäkinen K. Effects of Poty-Potexvirus Synergism on Growth, Photosynthesis and Metabolite Status of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 36680161 PMCID: PMC9867248 DOI: 10.3390/v15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed virus infections threaten crop production because interactions between the host and the pathogen mix may lead to viral synergism. While individual infections by potato virus A (PVA), a potyvirus, and potato virus X (PVX), a potexvirus, can be mild, co-infection leads to synergistic enhancement of PVX and severe symptoms. We combined image-based phenotyping with metabolite analysis of single and mixed PVA and PVX infections and compared their effects on growth, photosynthesis, and metabolites in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viral synergism was evident in symptom severity and impaired growth in the plants. Indicative of stress, the co-infection increased leaf temperature and decreased photosynthetic parameters. In contrast, singly infected plants sustained photosynthetic activity. The host's metabolic response differed significantly between single and mixed infections. Over 200 metabolites were differentially regulated in the mixed infection: especially defense-related metabolites and aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased compared to the control. Changes in the levels of methionine cycle intermediates and a low S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio suggested a decline in the methylation potential in co-infected plants. The decreased ratio between reduced glutathione, an important scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and its oxidized form, indicated that severe oxidative stress developed during co-infection. Based on the results, infection-associated oxidative stress is successfully controlled in the single infections but not in the synergistic infection, where activated defense pathways are not sufficient to counter the impact of the infections on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pollari
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Biocenter Finland, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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6
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More P, Agarwal P, Agarwal PK. The Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus on infection in Jatropha regulates the sugar and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic pathways. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:275. [PMID: 36110567 PMCID: PMC9468196 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha, a popular biodiesel crop, suffers severe losses due to Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus (JLCuGV) infection in Gujarat (India). Metabolite profiling can help to understand the plant's innate immune response to geminivirus infection. Our study aims to compare metabolic profiles of an infected and healthy plant to unravel the changes in biochemical pathways on geminivirus infection in Jatropha. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed in healthy and infected tissue of Jatropha field plants which were identified to be infected with geminivirus. GC-MS analysis revealed that the metabolites like sugars, polyols, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, polyphenols, and amino acids were regulated on JLCuGV infection. The sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) increased, while carboxylic acids (malic acid, citric acid and quinic acid) and polyols (galactinol, butanetriol, triethylene glycol, myo-inositol, erythritol) decreased remarkably in infected Jatropha tissue. All these metabolic variations indicated that sugar metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways are regulated as a defense response and a disease development response to geminivirus infection in Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
| | - Pradeep K. Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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7
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MicroRNA398: A Master Regulator of Plant Development and Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810803. [PMID: 36142715 PMCID: PMC9502370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses, and a growing number of studies suggest that miRNAs are promising targets for crop improvement because they participate in the regulation of diverse, important agronomic traits. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a conserved miRNA in plants and has been shown to control multiple stress responses and plant growth in a variety of species. There are many studies on the stress response and developmental regulation of miR398. To systematically understand its function, it is necessary to summarize the evolution and functional roles of miR398 and its target genes. In this review, we analyze the evolution of miR398 in plants and outline its involvement in abiotic and biotic stress responses, in growth and development and in model and non-model plants. We summarize recent functional analyses, highlighting the role of miR398 as a master regulator that coordinates growth and diverse responses to environmental factors. We also discuss the potential for fine-tuning miR398 to achieve the goal of simultaneously improving plant growth and stress tolerance.
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8
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Foliar Applications of Bacillus subtilis HA1 Culture Filtrate Enhance Tomato Growth and Induce Systemic Resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus Infection. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of microbial products as natural biocontrol agents for inducing systemic resistance against plant viral infections represents a promising strategy for sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural applications. Under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy of the culture filtrate of Bacillus subtilis strain HA1 (Acc# OM286889) for protecting tomato plants from Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection was assessed. The results showed that the dual foliar application of this culture filtrate (HA1-CF) 24 h before and 24 h after TMV inoculation was the most effective treatment for enhancing tomato plant development, with substantial improvements in shoot and root parameters. Furthermore, compared to non-treated plants, HA1-CF-treated tomato had a significant increase in total phenolic and flavonoid contents of up to 27% and 50%, respectively. In addition, a considerable increase in the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes (PPO, SOD, and POX) and a significant decrease in non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) were reported. In comparison to untreated control plants, all HA1-CF-treated plants showed a significant reduction in TMV accumulation in systemically infected tomato leaves, up to a 91% reduction at 15 dpi. The qRT-PCR results confirmed that HA1-CF stimulated the transcription of several defense-related tomato genes (PR-1, PAL, CHS, and HQT), pointing to their potential role in induced resistance against TMV. GC–MS analysis showed that phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- and eicosane are the primary ingredient compounds in the HA1-CF ethyl acetate extract, suggesting that these molecules take part in stimulating induced systemic resistance in tomato plants. Our results imply that HA1-CF is a potential resistance inducer to control plant viral infections, a plant growth promoter, and a source of bioactive compounds for sustainable disease management.
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9
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Lin KY, Wu SY, Hsu YH, Lin NS. MiR398-regulated antioxidants contribute to Bamboo mosaic virus accumulation and symptom manifestation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:593-607. [PMID: 34695209 PMCID: PMC9040666 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections that cause mosaic or mottling in leaves commonly also induce increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how ROS contributes to symptoms is less well documented. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) causes chlorotic mosaic symptoms in both Brachypodium distachyon and Nicotiana benthamiana. The BaMV △CPN35 mutant with an N-terminal deletion of its coat protein gene exhibits asymptomatic infection independently of virus titer. Histochemical staining of ROS in mock-, BaMV-, and BaMV△CPN35-infected leaves revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulated solely in BaMV-induced chlorotic spots. Moreover, exogenous H2O2 treatment enhanced yellowish chlorosis in BaMV-infected leaves. Both BaMV and BaMV△CPN35 infection could induce the expression of Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase (CSD) antioxidants at messenger RNA and protein level. However, BaMV triggered the abundant accumulation of full-length NbCSD2 preprotein (prNbCSD2, without transit peptide cleavage), whereas BaMV△CPN35 induced a truncated prNbCSD2. Confocal microscopy showed that majority of NbCSD2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) predominantly localized in the cytosol upon BaMV infection, but BaMV△CPN35 infection tended to cause NbCSD2-GFP to remain in chloroplasts. By 5'-RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we validated CSDs are the targets of miR398 in vivo. Furthermore, BaMV infection increased the level of miR398, while the level of BaMV titer was regulated positively by miR398 but negatively by CSD2. In contrast, overexpression of cytosolic form NbCSD2, impairing the transport into chloroplasts, greatly enhanced BaMV accumulation. Taken together, our results indicate that induction of miR398 by BaMV infection may facilitate viral titer accumulation, and cytosolic prNbCSD2 induction may contribute to H2O2 accumulation, resulting in the development of BaMV chlorotic symptoms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yao Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Hossain R, Quispe C, Saikat ASM, Jain D, Habib A, Janmeda P, Islam MT, Radha, Daştan SD, Kumar M, Butnariu M, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J, Kipchakbayeva A, Calina D. Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Based on the Regulation of MicroRNAs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9349897. [PMID: 35281611 PMCID: PMC8916866 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9349897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA), a noncoding ribonucleic acid, is considered to be important for the progression of gene expression in plants and animals by rupture or translational repression of targeted mRNAs. Many types of miRNA regulate plant metabolism, growth, and response to biotic and abiotic factors. miRNA characterization helps to expose its function in regulating the process of post-transcriptional genetic regulation. There are a lot of factors associated with miRNA function, but the function of miRNA in the organic synthesis of by-products by natural products is not yet fully elucidated. The current review is aimed at observing and characterizing miRNAs and identifying those involved in the functioning of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, with their use in controlled manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Hossain
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- 2Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Divya Jain
- 4Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arslan Habib
- 5Lab of Infectious and Molecular Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pracheta Janmeda
- 4Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Radha
- 6School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- 7Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
- 8Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- 9Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Monica Butnariu
- 10Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- 11Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Aliya Kipchakbayeva
- 13Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniela Calina
- 14Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
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11
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Manacorda CA, Gudesblat G, Sutka M, Alemano S, Peluso F, Oricchio P, Baroli I, Asurmendi S. TuMV triggers stomatal closure but reduces drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1399-1416. [PMID: 33554358 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant viral infections are a common cause of agricultural losses worldwide. Characterization of the physiological responses controlling plant water management under combined stresses is of great interest in the current climate change scenario. We studied the outcome of TuMV infection on stomatal closure and water balance, hormonal balance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. TuMV infection reduced stomatal aperture concomitantly with diminished gas exchange rate, daily water consumption and rosette initial dehydration rate. Infected plants overaccumulated salicylic acid and abscisic acid and showed altered expression levels of key ABA homeostasis genes including biosynthesis and catabolism. Also the expression of ABA signalling gene ABI2 was induced and ABCG40 (which imports ABA into guard cells) was highly induced upon infection. Hypermorfic abi2-1 mutant plants, but no other ABA or SA biosynthetic, signalling or degradation mutants tested abolished both stomatal closure and low stomatal conductance phenotypes caused by TuMV. Notwithstanding lower relative water loss during infection, plants simultaneously subjected to drought and viral stresses showed higher mortality rates than mock-inoculated drought stressed controls, alongside downregulation of drought-responsive gene RD29A. Our findings indicate that despite stomatal closure triggered by TuMV, additional phenomena diminish drought tolerance upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Manacorda
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Gudesblat
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Profesor Héctor Maldonado"- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Translacional (IB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moira Sutka
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Franco Peluso
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Patricio Oricchio
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Irene Baroli
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
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12
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More P, Agarwal P, Anand A, Sanan-Mishra N, Agarwal PK. Artificial miRNA mediated resistance in tobacco against Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus by targeting RNA silencing suppressors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:890. [PMID: 33441589 PMCID: PMC7806619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf curl disease of Jatropha caused by geminiviruses results in heavy economic losses. In the present study, we report the identification of a new strain of a Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus (JLCuGV), which encodes six ORFs with each one having RNA silencing suppressor activity. Therefore, three artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs; C1/C4, C2/C3 and V1/V2) were designed employing overlapping regions, each targeting two ORFs of JLCuGV genomic DNA and transformed in tobacco. The C1/C4 and C2/C3 amiRNA transgenics were resistant while V1/V2 amiRNA transgenics were tolerant against JLCuGV. The relative level of amiRNA inversely related to viral load indicating a correlation with disease resistance. The assessment of photosynthetic parameters suggests that the transgenics perform significantly better in response to JLCuGV infiltration as compared to wild type (WT). The metabolite contents were not altered remarkably in amiRNA transgenics, but sugar metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle showed noticeable changes in WT on virus infiltration. The overall higher methylation and demethylation observed in amiRNA transgenics correlated with decreased JLCuGV accumulation. This study demonstrates that amiRNA transgenics showed enhanced resistance to JLCuGV while efficiently maintaining normalcy in their photosynthesis and metabolic pathways as well as homeostasis in the methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Abhishek Anand
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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13
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Tahmasebi A, Khahani B, Tavakol E, Afsharifar A, Shahid MS. Microarray analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to single and mixed infections with Cucumber mosaic virus and turnip viruses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:11-27. [PMID: 33627959 PMCID: PMC7873207 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) are important plant infecting viruses. In the present study, whole transcriptome alteration of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to CMV, TuMV and TCV, individual as well as mixed infections of CMV and TuMV/CMV and TCV were investigated using microarray data. In response to CMV, TuMV and TCV infections, a total of 2517, 3985 and 277 specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated, while 2615, 3620 and 243 specific DEGs were down-regulated, respectively. The number of 1222 and 30 common DEGs were up-regulated during CMV and TuMV as well as CMV and TCV infections, while 914 and 24 common DEGs were respectively down-regulated. Genes encoding immune response mediators, signal transducer activity, signaling and stress response functions were among the most significantly upregulated genes during CMV and TuMV or CMV and TCV mixed infections. The NAC, C3H, C2H2, WRKY and bZIP were the most commonly presented transcription factor (TF) families in CMV and TuMV infection, while AP2-EREBP and C3H were the TF families involved in CMV and TCV infections. Moreover, analysis of miRNAs during CMV and TuMV and CMV and TCV infections have demonstrated the role of miRNAs in the down regulation of host genes in response to viral infections. These results identified the commonly expressed virus-responsive genes and pathways during plant-virus interaction which might develop novel antiviral strategies for improving plant resistance to mixed viral infections. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00925-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminallah Tahmasebi
- Department of Agriculture, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, 7916193145 Iran
- Plant Protection Research Group, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Bahman Khahani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Tavakol
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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14
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Yin Z, Xie F, Michalak K, Zhang B, Zimnoch-Guzowska E. Reference gene selection for miRNA and mRNA normalization in potato in response to potato virus Y. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 55:101691. [PMID: 33358935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This was the first report on evaluating candidate reference genes for quantifying the expression profiles of both coding (e.g., mRNA) and non-coding (e.g., miRNA) genes in potato response to potato virus Y (PVY) inoculation. The reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method was employed to quantify the expression profiles of eight selected candidate reference genes; their expression stability was analyzed by four statistical algorithms, i.e., geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder and RefFinder. The most stable reference genes were sEF1a, sTUBb and seIF5 with a high stability. The least stable ones were sPP2A, sSUI1 and sGAPDH. The same reference gene allows for normalization of both miRNA and mRNA levels from a single RNA sample using cDNAs synthesized in a single RT reaction, in which a stem-loop primer was used for miRNAs and the oligo (dT) for mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yin
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, Młochów, PL-05-831, Poland.
| | - Fuliang Xie
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, Młochów, PL-05-831, Poland
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Ewa Zimnoch-Guzowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, Młochów, PL-05-831, Poland
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15
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Leone M, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi A, Asurmendi S. RdDM pathway components differentially modulate Tobamovirus symptom development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:467-481. [PMID: 32813230 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crop yield losses induced by phytoviruses are mainly associated with the symptoms of the disease. DNA modifications as methylation can modulate the information coded by the sequence, process named epigenetics. Viral infection can change the expression patterns of different genes linked to defenses and symptoms. This work represents the initial step to expose the role of epigenetic process, in the production of symptoms associated with plants-virus interactions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules for gene regulation in plants and play an essential role in plant-pathogen interactions. Researchers have evaluated the relationship between viral infections as well as the endogenous accumulation of sRNAs and the transcriptional changes associated with the production of symptoms, but little is known about a possible direct role of epigenetics, mediated by 24-nt sRNAs, in the induction of these symptoms. Using different RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway mutants and a triple demethylase mutant; here we demonstrate that the disruption of RdDM pathway during viral infection produce alterations in the plant transcriptome and in consequence changes in plant symptoms. This study represents the initial step in exposing that DNA methylation directed by endogenous sRNAs has an important role, uncoupled to defense, in the production of symptoms associated with plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Mediated by Mentha Spicata Extract Induce Plant Systemic Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Globally, plant viral infection is one of the most difficult challenges of food security, where considerable losses in crop production occur. Nanoparticles are an effective control agent against numerous plant pathogens. However, there is limited knowledge concerning their effects against viral infection. In the present study, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Mentha spicata was achieved. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the prepared ZnO NPs. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the resultant ZnO NPs were spherical in shape with a particle size ranged from 11 to 88 nm. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy detected different functional groups, capping and stability agents, and showed Zn-O bond within wavenumber of 487 cm−1. Under greenhouse conditions, the antiviral activity of biological synthesized ZnO NPs (100 µg/mL) against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was evaluated. The double foliar application of the prepared ZnO NPs, 24 h before and 24 h after TMV-inoculation, was the most effective treatment that showed a 90.21% reduction of viral accumulation level and disease severity. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of PAL, PR-1 (salicylic acid marker gene), CHS, and POD genes were induced and up-regulated in all ZnO NPs treated plants. Notably, the results exhibited that aqueous extract of Mentha spicata was an effective reducing agent for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, which showed significant antiviral activity. Finally, the detected protective and curative activity of ZnO NPs against TMV can encourage us to recommend its application for plant viral disease management. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antiviral activity of the green synthesized ZnO NPs.
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17
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Nagai A, Torres PB, Duarte LML, Chaves ALR, Macedo AF, Floh EIS, de Oliveira LF, Zuccarelli R, Dos Santos DYAC. Signaling pathway played by salicylic acid, gentisic acid, nitric oxide, polyamines and non-enzymatic antioxidants in compatible and incompatible Solanum-tomato mottle mosaic virus interactions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110274. [PMID: 31779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a vast array of pathogens. The interaction between them may be classified in compatible and incompatible. Polyamines (PAs) are involved in defense responses, as well as salicylic acid (SA), gentisic acid (GA) and nitric oxide (NO), which can increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a harsh environment to the pathogen. ROS can also damage the host cell and they can be controlled by ascorbate and glutathione. Among phytopathogens, one of the major threats to tomato crops is tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV). Resistance against this virus probably involves the Tm-22 gene. This work aimed to analyze signaling and antioxidant molecules in the defense response against ToMMV in Solanum pimpinellifolium and in S. lycopersicum 'VFNT'. In S. pimpinellifolium plants inoculated with ToMMV, an increase in NO, SA, GA, ascorbate and oxidized glutathione and a decrease in the content of PAs were observed. Characteristic symptoms of diseased plants and high absorbance values in PTA-ELISA indicated a compatible interaction. In VFNT-inoculated plants, less significant differences were noticed. Symptoms and viral concentration were not detected, indicating an incompatible interaction, possibly associated with the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nagai
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Bezerra Torres
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Ferreira Macedo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Francisco de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Zuccarelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Farahbakhsh F, Hamzehzarghani H, Massah A, Tortosa M, Yassaie M, Rodriguez VM. Comparative metabolomics of temperature sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 237:30-42. [PMID: 31005806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate wheat resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) at low temperature and resistance breakdown at high temperature, metabolic profile of WSMV-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) wheat cultivars were analyzed. Metabolites were detected by UPLC-QTOF/MS in leaves of R and S plants challenged with WSMV at 20 °C and 32 °C, 24, 48 and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). WSMV and mock inoculated plants were used for discriminating the most significant metabolites and metabolic pathways affected at those temperatures. At 24 hpi/20 °C and 48 hpi/20 °C, the most important metabolites in R plants were coumarins, a limited number of lipids, and unknown compounds, while at 72 hpi/20 °C, in addition to coumarins, alkaloids and several amino acids were increased. Compared to 24 and 48 hpi, at 72hpi, in R plants most metabolic pathways were up-regulated at 20 °C. These resistance-related specific pathways included amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and alkaloids pathways. Also, several pathways were up-regulated at 32 °C.These combined heat stress and pathogen related pathways, included lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Some carbohydrate metabolism pathways were considered as heat stress related pathways and could be associated with resistance breakdown. On the other hand, the increased expression of lipid compounds, especially 24 hpi at 32 °C in R plant, can be attributed to plant adaptation to combined stressors such as pathogen and high temperature. Increased susceptibility of R plants at 32 °C coincided with a down-regulated expression of components of signal transduction pathways or in a decreased level of metabolites related to this pathway, especially at a later time after infection, leading to decreased metabolite signaling. Decrease of signaling compounds under combined stress is a possible outcome of deactivating WSMV specific signaling networks leading to compatible response in R plants. The significance of these findings considering the recent increase of global temperature and the challenge of breakdown of temperature sensitive resistance to some plant viruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farahbakhsh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Hamzehzarghani
- Plant Protection Department, Shiraz University, Bajgah, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - A Massah
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M Yassaie
- Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
| | - V M Rodriguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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19
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Sheng Y, Yang L, Li C, Wang Y, Guo H. Transcriptomic changes in Nicotiana tabacum leaves during mosaic virus infection. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:220. [PMID: 31114744 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide a detailed insight into the early biological process of tobacco mosaic disease, transcriptomic changes in tobacco leaves were surveyed at 1, 3 and 5 days after mono-infected by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and co-infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and TMV. At the three different stages, there were 2372, 3168 and 2045 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mono-infected leaves, and 2388, 3281 and 3417 DEGs were identified in co-infected leaves. There were 836, 1538 and 1185 common DEGs between the mono-infection and co-infection at the three time points, respectively. These common DEGs were enriched in the pathways, such as photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Photosynthesis pathway was observably down-regulated, and defense response pathways were markedly up-regulated. These pathways have been found to be related to tobacco mosaic disease. Of these common DEGs, the changes in expression of argonaute proteins, thioredoxins and peroxidases showed that the activation of RNA silencing and the destruction of redox balance can be induced by tobacco mosaic virus infection, resulting in the reset of biology process and damage in tobacco plants. Additionally, the occurrence of symptoms in co-infected tobacco plants was more early and serious than mono-infection, indicating that there is synergy between TMV and CMV in co-infected tobacco plants. The timely usage of antiviral agents and plant resistance inducers can decrease the incidence of tobacco mosaic disease through changing the expression of some DEGs, indicating that these genes can be used to screen novel plant resistance inducers and antiviral agents. Overall, our results were helpful in clarifying the mechanism of tobacco mosaic disease and provided novel strategies for the prevention of tobacco mosaic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sheng
- 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Zhumadian Branch of Henan Province Tobacco Company, Zhumadian, 463000 Henan China
| | - Chunfu Li
- 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Yuping Wang
- 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
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20
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Yin Z, Murawska Z, Xie F, Pawełkowicz M, Michalak K, Zhang B, Lebecka R. microRNA response in potato virus Y infected tobacco shows strain-specificity depending on host and symptom severity. Virus Res 2019; 260:20-32. [PMID: 30423361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates how different potato virus Y (PVY) strains affect the miRNA balance in tobacco cv. Samsun. The two prevalent strains PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi caused severe and mild veinal necrosis (VN) respectively, and the unique PVYZ-NTN strain induced milder vein clearing (VCl) in the upper non-inoculated leaves. A single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) I252V and a Q412 to R412 substitution in the HC-Pro cistron of the PVYZ-NTN strain might relate to the loss of VN in tobacco. The abundance of 18 out of the 26 tested miRNAs was increased upon infection by the severe strains PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi. Expression of a group of defense related transcripts were increased accordingly. Two miRNAs, nta-miR6020a-5p and nta-miR6164a/b, which target the TIR-NBS-LRR type resistant TMV N genes involving in signal transduction, might correlate with the PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi induced VN. The down-regulated mRNAs, e.g., RAP2-7 and TOE3, PXC3, LRR-RLK, ATHB-14 and TCP4 targeted by nta-miR172, nta-miR390, nta-miR482, nta-miR166 and nta-miR319/159 respectively, were related to regulation of transcription, protein phosphorylation and cell differentiation. The observed strain-specific alteration of miRNAs and their targets are host dependent and corresponds to the symptom severity and the viral HC-Pro RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yin
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, PL-05-831, Młochów, Poland.
| | - Zofia Murawska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, PL-05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Fuliang Xie
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Magdalena Pawełkowicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, PL-02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, PL-05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Renata Lebecka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, PL-05-831, Młochów, Poland
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21
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Wang S, Cui W, Wu X, Yuan Q, Zhao J, Zheng H, Lu Y, Peng J, Lin L, Chen J, Yan F. Suppression of nbe-miR166h-p5 attenuates leaf yellowing symptoms of potato virus X on Nicotiana benthamiana and reduces virus accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2384-2396. [PMID: 30011130 PMCID: PMC6638021 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in plant development. There is increasing evidence that changed expression of miRNAs in virus-infected plants contributes to the development of viral symptoms. Here, we analysed the altered expression of miRNAs of Nicotiana benthamiana in response to Potato virus X (PVX) by Illumina Solexa sequencing. One of the 21 miRNAs significantly affected, nbe-miR166h-p5, was closely associated with viral symptoms. Using the Tobacco rattle virus-based miRNA suppression (VbMS) system, we found that the suppression of nbe-miR166h-p5 in plants caused leaves to turn dark green with increased chlorophyll. When PVX was inoculated on nbe-miR166h-p5-suppressed plants, the leaf yellowing symptom of PVX was largely attenuated with less reduction in chlorophyll content, and the accumulation of PVX was decreased. nbe-miR166h-p5 was also up-regulated in plants infected by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), and its suppression attenuated the leaf yellowing symptom of TuMV and decreased viral accumulation. Three potential targets of nbe-miR166h-p5 were identified. The results indicate the association of nbe-miR166h-p5 with symptoms of PVX and also with those of TuMV, providing useful information on the relationship between miRNA and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Weijun Cui
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Xinyang Wu
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Quan Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A & F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Lin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
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22
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Kang W, Zhu X, Wang Y, Chen L, Duan Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that bacteria promote plant defense during infection of soybean cyst nematode in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:86. [PMID: 29751738 PMCID: PMC5948838 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most devastating pathogen of soybean. Our previous study showed that the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus simplex strain Sneb545 promotes soybean resistance to SCN. Here, we conducted a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis to gain information regarding the biological mechanism of defence enhancement against SCN in Sneb545-treated soybean. To this end, we compared the transcriptome and metabolome of Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis showed that 6792 gene transcripts were common in Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans. However, Sneb545-treated soybeans showed a higher concentration of various nematicidal metabolites, including 4-vinylphenol, methionine, piperine, and palmitic acid, than non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results validated and expanded the existing models regarding the co-regulation of gene expression and metabolites in plants, indicating the advantage of integrated system-oriented analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Kang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
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23
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Genome-Wide Analysis of DCL, AGO, and RDR Gene Families in Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041038. [PMID: 29601523 PMCID: PMC5979589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates variety of cellular processes in plants. Argonaute protein (AGO), Dicer-like protein (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) are critical components of RNA silencing. These efficient and indispensable components of the RNAi pathway have not been identified and characterized in pepper. In this study, we identified 12 CaAGO, 4 CaDCL and 6 CaRDR genes in pepper and compared them with those of Arabidopsis, tobacco, potato and tomato. Detailed phylogenetic analyses revealed that each CaAGO, CaDCL and CaRDR protein family were classified into four clades. The tissue specific expression and respond to abiotic or biotic stress were studied. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated that CaAGO2, CaAGO10b, CaDCL2 and CaDCL4 were upregulated with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infections, whereas they showed difference expression patterns in response to abiotic stress. In addition, we found that many of the candidate genes were induced by phytohormones and H2O2 treatment. Our results provide useful information for further elucidation of gene silencing pathways and RNAi-mediated host immunity in pepper.
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24
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Guo S, Hsueh YC, Tucker-Kellogg G, Wong SM. Differential expression of novel microRNAs in response to the infection of a TMV mutant with an internal poly(A) tract in N. benthamiana. Virus Res 2017; 239:143-171. [PMID: 28668702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We first constructed small RNA libraries of TMV- and TMV-43A-infected N. benthamiana for high throughput sequencing. A total number of 181 novel microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified through an improved miRNAs analysis pipeline. We were able to identify consistent miRNA expression changes induced in TMV and TMV-43A-infected plants, as well as differences associated with the UPD substitution in the TMV-43A viral genome. Virally induced miRNAs are associated with distinct processes and functions of predicted mRNA targets, including relation to host target defense. This study suggests an approach for functional genomics miRNAs in incompletely assembled genomes. These findings provide valuable information for further characterization of miRNAs by two genomic similar viruses, and provide clues to the study of TMV-UPD to find potential defense-related host genes targeted by miRNAs (126 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; National University of Singapore Research Institute in Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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25
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Fausto AKS, Silva TDF, Romanel E, Vaslin MFS. microRNAs as reference genes for quantitative PCR in cotton. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174722. [PMID: 28414734 PMCID: PMC5393557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most important non-food plant in the world. Studies concerning the fiber quality and plant fitness of cotton at molecular level depend on high sensitive and reproducible gene-expression assays. However, only a few reports have described genes suitable for normalizing gene expression data. In this study, we report for the first time that microRNAs (miRNAs) are reliable reference genes (RGs) for cotton gene expression normalization in quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The stability of cotton miRNAs was assayed in root, stem, leaf and flower samples from three different cultivars [FiberMax (FM966), Delta Opal (DO) and Cedro] and under conditions of biotic stress caused by infection with Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV). The stability of mRNAs already described as reference genes in cotton was also assessed. The geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt algorithms were used to select the best reference genes. In 8 of the 12 sets tested, miRNAs (miR172, 168 and 390) were found to be the best RGs. To validate the best selected RGs, miR159, miR164, miR2118, miR2910, miR3476, GhDCL2 and GhDCL4 expression levels were evaluated under biotic stress conditions, and miR164 and a putative myo-inositol oxigenase gene (GhMIOX) were assessed in leaves and flowers. The RGs selected in this work proved to be excellent reference genes in the two cases studied. Our results support the use of miRNAs as reference genes for miRNA and protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karoline Silva Fausto
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tatiane da Franca Silva
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Maite F. S. Vaslin
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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26
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Conti G, Rodriguez MC, Venturuzzi AL, Asurmendi S. Modulation of host plant immunity by Tobamovirus proteins. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:737-747. [PMID: 27941090 PMCID: PMC5378186 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish successful infection, plant viruses produce profound alterations of host physiology, disturbing unrelated endogenous processes and contributing to the development of disease. In tobamoviruses, emerging evidence suggests that viral-encoded proteins display a great variety of functions beyond the canonical roles required for virus structure and replication. Among these, their modulation of host immunity appears to be relevant in infection progression. SCOPE In this review, some recently described effects on host plant physiology of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-encoded proteins, namely replicase, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP), are summarized. The discussion is focused on the effects of each viral component on the modulation of host defense responses, through mechanisms involving hormonal imbalance, innate immunity modulation and antiviral RNA silencing. These effects are described taking into consideration the differential spatial distribution and temporality of viral proteins during the dynamic process of replication and spread of the virus. CONCLUSION In discussion of these mechanisms, it is shown that both individual and combined effects of viral-encoded proteins contribute to the development of the pathogenesis process, with the host plant's ability to control infection to some extent potentially advantageous to the invading virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - A. L. Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | - S. Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Conti G, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi AL, Rodriguez MC, Crespi M, Asurmendi S. TMV induces RNA decay pathways to modulate gene silencing and disease symptoms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:73-84. [PMID: 27599263 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA decay pathways comprise a combination of RNA degradation mechanisms that are implicated in gene expression, development and defense responses in eukaryotes. These mechanisms are known as the RNA Quality Control or RQC pathways. In plants, another important RNA degradation mechanism is the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mediated by small RNAs (siRNAs). Notably, the RQC pathway antagonizes PTGS by preventing the entry of dysfunctional mRNAs into the silencing pathway to avoid global degradation of mRNA by siRNAs. Viral transcripts must evade RNA degrading mechanisms, thus viruses encode PTGS suppressor proteins to counteract viral RNA silencing. Here, we demonstrate that tobacco plants infected with TMV and transgenic lines expressing TMV MP and CP (coat protein) proteins (which are not linked to the suppression of silencing) display increased transcriptional levels of RNA decay genes. These plants also showed accumulation of cytoplasmic RNA granules with altered structure, increased rates of RNA decay for transgenes and defective transgene PTGS amplification. Furthermore, knockdown of RRP41 or RRP43 RNA exosome components led to lower levels of TMV accumulation with milder symptoms after infection, several developmental defects and miRNA deregulation. Thus, we propose that TMV proteins induce RNA decay pathways (in particular exosome components) to impair antiviral PTGS and this defensive mechanism would constitute an additional counter-defense strategy that lead to disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Andrea L Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | | | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
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28
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Dynamic cross-talk between host primary metabolism and viruses during infections in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:50-5. [PMID: 27442236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection plant viruses modulate cellular functions and resources to survive and reproduce. Plant cells in which the virus is replicating are transformed into strong metabolic sinks. This conversion gives rise to a massive reprogramming of plant primary metabolism. Such a metabolic shift involves perturbations in carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids that eventually lead to increase respiration rates, and/or decrease in photosynthetic activity. By doing so, plants provide metabolic acclimation against cellular stress and meet the increased demand for energy needed to sustain virus multiplication and defense responses against viruses. This review will highlight our current knowledge pertaining to the contribution of primary metabolism to the outcome of viral infections in plants.
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29
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Heiling S, Khanal S, Barsch A, Zurek G, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Using the knowns to discover the unknowns: MS-based dereplication uncovers structural diversity in 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside production in the Solanaceae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:561-77. [PMID: 26749139 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the diversity of plant secondary metabolism requires efficient methods to obtain sufficient structural insights to discriminate previously known from unknown metabolites. De novo structure elucidation and confirmation of known metabolites (dereplication) remain a major bottleneck for mass spectrometry-based metabolomic workflows, and few systematic dereplication strategies have been developed for the analysis of entire compound classes across plant families, partly due to the complexity of plant metabolic profiles that complicates cross-species comparisons. 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) are abundant defensive secondary metabolites whose malonyl and glycosyl decorations are induced by jasmonate signaling in the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata. The multiple labile glycosidic bonds of HGL-DTGs result in extensive in-source fragmentation (IS-CID) during ionization. To reconstruct these IS-CID clusters from profiling data and identify precursor ions, we applied a deconvolution algorithm and created an MS/MS library from positive-ion spectra of purified HGL-DTGs. From this library, 251 non-redundant fragments were annotated, and a workflow to characterize leaf, flower and fruit extracts of 35 solanaceous species was established. These analyses predicted 105 novel HGL-DTGs that were restricted to Nicotiana, Capsicum and Lycium species. Interestingly, malonylation is a highly conserved step in HGL-DTG metabolism, but is differentially affected by jasmonate signaling among Nicotiana species. This MS-based workflow is readily applicable for cross-species re-identification/annotation of other compound classes with sufficient fragmentation knowledge, and therefore has the potential to support hypotheses regarding secondary metabolism diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aiko Barsch
- Bruker Daltonics, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Zurek
- Bruker Daltonics, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Plant Defense Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Pathways Are Regulated in Potato as a Response to Potato virus Y Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146135. [PMID: 26727123 PMCID: PMC4738437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato production is one of the most important agricultural sectors, and it is challenged by various detrimental factors, including virus infections. To control losses in potato production, knowledge about the virus—plant interactions is crucial. Here, we investigated the molecular processes in potato plants as a result of Potato virus Y (PVY) infection, the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We performed an integrative study that links changes in the metabolome and gene expression in potato leaves inoculated with the mild PVYN and aggressive PVYNTN isolates, for different times through disease development. At the beginning of infection (1 day post-inoculation), virus-infected plants showed an initial decrease in the concentrations of metabolites connected to sugar and amino-acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, the GABA shunt, ROS scavangers, and phenylpropanoids, relative to the control plants. A pronounced increase in those metabolites was detected at the start of the strong viral multiplication in infected leaves. The alterations in these metabolic pathways were also seen at the gene expression level, as analysed by quantitative PCR. In addition, the systemic response in the metabolome to PVY infection was analysed. Systemic leaves showed a less-pronounced response with fewer metabolites altered, while phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites were strongly accumulated. There was a more rapid onset of accumulation of ROS scavengers in leaves inoculated with PVYN than those inoculated with PVYNTN. This appears to be related to the lower damage observed for leaves of potato infected with the milder PVYN strain, and at least partially explains the differences between the phenotypes observed.
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31
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Sánchez F, Manrique P, Mansilla C, Lunello P, Wang X, Rodrigo G, López-González S, Jenner C, González-Melendi P, Elena SF, Walsh J, Ponz F. Viral Strain-Specific Differential Alterations in Arabidopsis Developmental Patterns. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1304-1315. [PMID: 26646245 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-15-0111-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infections affect many Arabidopsis developmental traits. This paper analyzes, at different levels, the development-related differential alterations induced by different strains of TuMV, represented by isolates UK 1 and JPN 1. The genomic sequence of JPN 1 TuMV isolate revealed highest divergence in the P1 and P3 viral cistrons, upon comparison with the UK 1 sequence. Infectious viral chimeras covering the whole viral genome uncovered the P3 cistron as a major viral determinant of development alterations, excluding the involvement of the PIPO open reading frame. However, constitutive transgenic expression of P3 in Arabidopsis did not induce developmental alterations nor modulate the strong effects induced by the transgenic RNA silencing suppressor HC-Pro from either strain. This highlights the importance of studying viral determinants within the context of actual viral infections. Transcriptomic and interactomic analyses at different stages of plant development revealed large differences in the number of genes affected by the different infections at medium infection times but no significant differences at very early times. Biological functions affected by UK 1 (the most severe strain) included mainly stress response and transport. Most cellular components affected cell-wall transport or metabolism. Hubs in the interactome were affected upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Sánchez
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Manrique
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mansilla
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lunello
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- 2 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia López-González
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Jenner
- 3 University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, U.K.; and
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- 2 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
- 4 The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A
| | - John Walsh
- 3 University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, U.K.; and
| | - Fernando Ponz
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Zavallo D, Debat HJ, Conti G, Manacorda CA, Rodriguez MC, Asurmendi S. Differential mRNA Accumulation upon Early Arabidopsis thaliana Infection with ORMV and TMV-Cg Is Associated with Distinct Endogenous Small RNAs Level. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134719. [PMID: 26237414 PMCID: PMC4597857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in plant development and host-pathogen interactions. Several studies have highlighted the relationship between viral infections, endogenous sRNA accumulation and transcriptional changes associated with symptoms. However, few studies have described a global analysis of endogenous sRNAs by comparing related viruses at early stages of infection, especially before viral accumulation reaches systemic tissues. An sRNA high-throughput sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf samples infected either with Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) or crucifer-infecting Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-Cg) with slightly different symptomatology at two early stages of infection (2 and 4dpi) was performed. At early stages, both viral infections strongly alter the patterns of several types of endogenous sRNA species in distal tissues with no virus accumulation suggesting a systemic signaling process foregoing to virus spread. A correlation between sRNAs derived from protein coding genes and the associated mRNA transcripts was also detected, indicating that an unknown recursive mechanism is involved in a regulatory circuit encompassing this sRNA/mRNA equilibrium. This work represents the initial step in uncovering how differential accumulation of endogenous sRNAs contributes to explain the massive alteration of the transcriptome associated with plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Humberto Julio Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Cecilia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Mauck KE, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Infection of host plants by Cucumber mosaic virus increases the susceptibility of Myzus persicae aphids to the parasitoid Aphidius colemani. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10963. [PMID: 26043237 PMCID: PMC4455285 DOI: 10.1038/srep10963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses can profoundly alter the phenotypes of their host plants, with potentially far-reaching implications for ecology. Yet few studies have explored the indirect, host-mediated, effects of plant viruses on non-vector insects. We examined how infection of Cucurbita pepo plants by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) impacted the susceptibility of aphids (Myzus persicae) to attack by the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani. In semi-natural foraging assays, we observed higher rates of aphid parasitism on infected plants compared to healthy plants. Subsequent experiments revealed that this difference is not explained by different attack rates on plants differing in infection status, but rather by the fact that parasitoid larvae successfully complete their development more often when aphid hosts feed on infected plants. This suggests that the reduced nutritional quality of infected plants as host for aphids--documented in previous studies--compromises their ability to mount effective defenses against parasitism. Furthermore, our current findings indicate that the aphid diet during parasitoid development (rather than prior to wasp oviposition) is a key factor influencing resistance. These findings complement our previous work showing that CMV-induced changes in host plant chemistry alter patterns of aphid recruitment and dispersal in ways conducive to virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E. Mauck
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark C. Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Scandiani MM, Luque AG, Razori MV, Ciancio Casalini L, Aoki T, O'Donnell K, Cervigni GDL, Spampinato CP. Metabolic profiles of soybean roots during early stages of Fusarium tucumaniae infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:391-402. [PMID: 25336687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean germplasm exhibits various levels of resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae, the main causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean in Argentina. In this study, two soybean genotypes, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae. Disease symptoms were scored at 7, 10, 14, and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi). The greatest difference in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values among genotypes was observed at 25 dpi. In order to detect early metabolic markers that could potentially discriminate between susceptible and resistant genotypes, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of root samples were performed. These analyses show higher levels of several amino acids and the polyamine cadaverine in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar at 7 dpi. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the metabolic profile of roots harvested at the earliest time points from the inoculated susceptible genotype was clearly differentiated from the rest of the samples. Furthermore, variables associated with the first principal component were mainly amino acids. Taken together, the results indicate that the pathogen induced the susceptible plant to accumulate amino acids in roots at early time points after infection, suggesting that GC-MS-based metabolomics could be used for the rapid characterization of cultivar response to SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Scandiani
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alicia G Luque
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V Razori
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucila Ciancio Casalini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Takayuki Aoki
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Genetic Resources Center, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604-3999, USA
| | - Gerardo D L Cervigni
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Spampinato
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Fernández-Calvino L, Osorio S, Hernández ML, Hamada IB, del Toro FJ, Donaire L, Yu A, Bustos R, Fernie AR, Martínez-Rivas JM, Llave C. Virus-induced alterations in primary metabolism modulate susceptibility to Tobacco rattle virus in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1821-38. [PMID: 25358898 PMCID: PMC4256867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During compatible virus infections, plants respond by reprogramming gene expression and metabolite content. While gene expression studies are profuse, our knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in the presence of the virus is limited. Here, we combine gene expression and metabolite profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in order to investigate the influence of primary metabolism on virus infection. Our results revealed that primary metabolism is reconfigured in many ways during TRV infection, as reflected by significant changes in the levels of sugars and amino acids. Multivariate data analysis revealed that these alterations were particularly conspicuous at the time points of maximal accumulation of TRV, although infection time was the dominant source of variance during the process. Furthermore, TRV caused changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in infected leaves. We found that several Arabidopsis mutants deficient in branched-chain amino acid catabolism or fatty acid metabolism possessed altered susceptibility to TRV. Finally, we showed that increments in the putrescine content in TRV-infected plants correlated with enhanced tolerance to freezing stress in TRV-infected plants and that impairment of putrescine biosynthesis promoted virus multiplication. Our results thus provide an interesting overview for a better understanding of the relationship between primary metabolism and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Ignacio B Hamada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Francisco J del Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Livia Donaire
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Agnés Yu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Regla Bustos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - César Llave
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
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Gismondi MI, Ortiz XP, Currá AP, Asurmendi S, Taboga O. Artificial microRNAs as antiviral strategy to FMDV: structural implications of target selection. J Virol Methods 2014; 199:1-10. [PMID: 24406623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) appears as a promising strategy to control virus replication. While the antiviral power of short-hairpin RNAs or small-interfering RNAs against FMDV has been demonstrated widely, safer RNAi effectors such as artificial microRNAs (amiRs) have not been evaluated extensively. In this work, transgenic monoclonal cell lines constitutively expressing different amiRs targeting FMDV 3D-coding region or 3'UTR were established. Certain cell lines showed an effective, sequence-specific amiR-mediated silencing activity that was accomplished by degradation of the target mRNA, as demonstrated in co-transfection experiments of reporter genes fused to FMDV target sequences. However, FMDV replication in these amiR-expressing cells was affected barely. Experiments aimed at elucidating the cause of RNAi failure demonstrated limited accessibility of the targeted region in the molecular environment of the viral RNA. Since RNAi is mediated by large-dimension silencing complexes containing the siRNA and not simply by a linear oligonucleotide, we propose that target selection should consider not only the local RNA structure but also the global conformation of target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Gismondi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Xoana P Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Anabella P Currá
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Oscar Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, CP 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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37
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Manacorda CA, Mansilla C, Debat HJ, Zavallo D, Sánchez F, Ponz F, Asurmendi S. Salicylic acid determines differential senescence produced by two Turnip mosaic virus strains involving reactive oxygen species and early transcriptomic changes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1486-1498. [PMID: 23945002 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-13-0190-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Losses produced by virus diseases depend mostly on symptom severity. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most damaging and widespread potyvirus infecting members of the family Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana. We used JPN1 and UK1 TuMV strains to characterize viral infections regarding symptom development, senescence progression, antioxidant response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and transcriptional profiling. Both isolates, despite accumulating similar viral titers, induced different symptomatology and strong differences in oxidative status. Early differences in several senescence-associated genes linked to the ORE1 and ORS1 regulatory networks as well as persistent divergence in key ROS production and scavenging systems of the plant were detected. However, at a later stage, both strains induced nutrient competition, indicating that senescence rates are influenced by different mechanisms upon viral infections. Analyses of ORE1 and ORS1 levels in infected Brassica juncea plants showed a similar pattern, suggesting a conserved differential response to both strains in Brassicaceae spp. Transcriptional analysis of the ORE1 and ORS1 regulons showed similarities between salicylic acid (SA) response and the early induction triggered by UK1, the most severe strain. By means of SA-defective NahG transgenic plants, we found that differential senescence progression and ROS accumulation between strains rely on an intact SA pathway.
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Xian Z, Yang Y, Huang W, Tang N, Wang X, Li Z. Molecular cloning and characterisation of SlAGO family in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:126. [PMID: 24011258 PMCID: PMC3847217 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AGO (Argonaute) protein participates in plant developmental processes and virus defense as a core element of transcriptional regulator or/and post-transcriptional regulator in RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), which is guided by small RNAs to repress target genes expression. Previously, it was revealed that 15 putative AGO genes in tomato genome. RESULTS In present study, out of 15 detected SlAGO genes, only SlAGO4C and SlAGO15 couldn't be detected in roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruit of tomato by 30 cycles of PCR. SlAGO7 could be detected in early stage of fruit (-2 dpa, 0 dpa and 4 dpa), but it was significantly down-regulated in fruit collected on the 6 days post anthesis. Moreover, SlAGO5 could only be detected in reproductive tissues and SlAGO4D was specifically detected in fruit. According to blast result with miRNA database, three SlAGO genes harbored complementary sequences to miR168 (SlAGO1A and SlAGO1B) or miR403 (SlAGO2A). 5' RACE (Rapid amplification of cDNA ends) mapping was used to detect the 3' cleavage products of SlAGO mRNAs. In addition, subcellular localization of SlAGO proteins was detected. Our results showed that most SlAGO proteins localized to nucleus and cytoplasm. Importantly, nuclear membrane localization of AGO proteins was observed. Furthermore, mutated miR168 complementary site of SlAGO1A resulted in expanded localization of SlAGO1A, indicating that miR168 regulated localization of SlAGO1A. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to demonstration of potential roles of these newly isolated AGO family in tomato developmental processes and proved the conserved relationships between AGO genes and miRNAs in tomato, which might play important roles in tomato development and virus defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xian
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingwu Yang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Tang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
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Dawson WO, Garnsey SM, Tatineni S, Folimonova SY, Harper SJ, Gowda S. Citrus tristeza virus-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:88. [PMID: 23717303 PMCID: PMC3653117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited virus whose natural host range is restricted to citrus and related species. Although the virus has killed millions of trees, almost destroying whole industries, and continually limits production in many citrus growing areas, most isolates are mild or symptomless in most of their host range. There is little understanding of how the virus causes severe disease in some citrus and none in others. Movement and distribution of CTV differs considerably from that of well-studied viruses of herbaceous plants where movement occurs largely through adjacent cells. In contrast, CTV systemically infects plants mainly by long-distance movement with only limited cell-to-cell movement. The virus is transported through sieve elements and occasionally enters an adjacent companion or phloem parenchyma cell where virus replication occurs. In some plants this is followed by cell-to-cell movement into only a small cluster of adjacent cells, while in others there is no cell-to-cell movement. Different proportions of cells adjacent to sieve elements become infected in different plant species. This appears to be related to how well viral gene products interact with specific hosts. CTV has three genes (p33, p18, and p13) that are not necessary for infection of most of its hosts, but are needed in different combinations for infection of certain citrus species. These genes apparently were acquired by the virus to extend its host range. Some specific viral gene products have been implicated in symptom induction. Remarkably, the deletion of these genes from the virus genome can induce large increases in stem pitting (SP) symptoms. The p23 gene, which is a suppressor of RNA silencing and a regulator of viral RNA synthesis, has been shown to be the cause of seedling yellows (SY) symptoms in sour orange. Most isolates of CTV in nature are populations of different strains of CTV. The next frontier of CTV biology is the understanding how the virus variants in those mixtures interact with each other and cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. O. Dawson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - S. M. Garnsey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - S. Tatineni
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - S. Y. Folimonova
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - S. J. Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - S. Gowda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, FL, USA
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Rohn H, Junker A, Hartmann A, Grafahrend-Belau E, Treutler H, Klapperstück M, Czauderna T, Klukas C, Schreiber F. VANTED v2: a framework for systems biology applications. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:139. [PMID: 23140568 PMCID: PMC3610154 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental datasets are becoming larger and increasingly complex, spanning different data domains, thereby expanding the requirements for respective tool support for their analysis. Networks provide a basis for the integration, analysis and visualization of multi-omics experimental datasets. RESULTS Here we present VANTED (version 2), a framework for systems biology applications, which comprises a comprehensive set of seven main tasks. These range from network reconstruction, data visualization, integration of various data types, network simulation to data exploration combined with a manifold support of systems biology standards for visualization and data exchange. The offered set of functionalities is instantiated by combining several tasks in order to enable users to view and explore a comprehensive dataset from different perspectives. We describe the system as well as an exemplary workflow. CONCLUSIONS VANTED is a stand-alone framework which supports scientists during the data analysis and interpretation phase. It is available as a Java open source tool from http://www.vanted.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Rohn
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eva Grafahrend-Belau
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hendrik Treutler
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Matthias Klapperstück
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Tobias Czauderna
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christian Klukas
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- , Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Conti G, Rodriguez MC, Manacorda CA, Asurmendi S. Transgenic expression of Tobacco mosaic virus capsid and movement proteins modulate plant basal defense and biotic stress responses in Nicotiana tabacum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1370-84. [PMID: 22712510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-12-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause metabolic and physiological changes associated with symptomatic disease phenotypes. Symptoms involve direct and indirect effects, which result in disruption of host physiology. We used transgenic tobacco expressing a variant of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP(T42W)) or movement protein (MP), and a hybrid line (MP×CP(T42W)) that coexpresses both proteins, to study the plant response to individual viral proteins. Findings employing microarray analysis of MP×CP(T42W) plants and silenced mp×cp(T42W)* controls revealed that altered transcripts were mostly downregulated, suggesting a persistent shut-off due to MP×CP(T42W) expression. Next, we showed that MP triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, reduction of total ascorbate, and expression of ROS scavenging genes. These effects were enhanced when both proteins were coexpressed. MP and MP×CP(T42W) plants showed increased levels of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-responsive gene expression. Furthermore, these effects were partially reproduced in Nicotiana benthamiana when GMP1 transcript was silenced. CP(T42W) seems to be playing a negative role in the defense response by reducing the expression of PR-1 and RDR-1. MP and MP×CP(T42W) transgenic expression promoted a recovery-like phenotype in TMV RNA infections and enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The individual effects of viral proteins may reflect the ability of a virus to balance its own virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Marfil CF, Asurmendi S, Masuelli RW. Changes in micro RNA expression in a wild tuber-bearing Solanum species induced by 5-Azacytidine treatment. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1449-61. [PMID: 22484918 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is often postulated as a principal characteristic of tuber-bearing wild Solanum species. The hypotheses to explore this observation have been developed based on the presence of genetic variation. In this context, evolutionary changes and adaptation are impossible without genetic variation. However, epigenetic effects, which include DNA methylation and microRNAs expression control, could be another source of phenotypic variation in ecologically relevant traits. To achieve a detailed mechanistic understanding of these processes, it is necessary to separate epigenetic from DNA sequence-based effects and to evaluate their relative importance on phenotypic variability. We explored the potential relevance of epigenetic effects in individuals with the same genotype. For this purpose, a clone of the wild potato Solanum ruiz-lealii, a non-model species in which natural methylation variability has been demonstrated, was selected and its DNA methylation was manipulated applying 5-Azacytidine (AzaC), a demethylating agent. The AzaC treatment induced early flowering and changes in leaf morphology. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we identified four miRNAs up-regulated in the AzaC-treated plants. One of them, miRNA172, could play a role on the early flowering phenotype. In this work, we showed that the treatment with AzaC could provide meaningful results allowing to study both the phenotypic plasticity in tuber-bearing Solanum species and the inter-relation between DNA methylation and miRNA accumulations in a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Marfil
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola Mendoza-IBAM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, A. Brown 500, M5528AHB, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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