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Fan C, Xu J, Tong H, Fang Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Chen R, Chen F, Wu G. Gut-brain communication mediates the impact of dietary lipids on cognitive capacity. Food Funct 2024; 15:1803-1824. [PMID: 38314832 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, as a prevalent symptom of nervous system disorders, poses one of the most challenging aspects in the management of brain diseases. Lipids present in the cell membranes of all neurons within the brain and dietary lipids can regulate the cognition and memory function. In recent years, the advancements in gut microbiome research have enabled the exploration of dietary lipids targeting the gut-brain axis as a strategy for regulating cognition. This present review provides an in-depth overview of how lipids modulate cognition via the gut-brain axis depending on metabolic, immune, neural and endocrine pathways. It also comprehensively analyzes the effects of diverse lipids on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, thereby affecting the central nervous system and cognitive capacity. Moreover, comparative analysis of the positive and negative effects is presented between beneficial and detrimental lipids. The former encompass monounsaturated fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, phytosterols, fungal sterols and bioactive lipid-soluble vitamins, as well as lipid-derived gut metabolites, whereas the latter (detrimental lipids) include medium- or long-chain fatty acids, excessive proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, industrial trans fatty acids, and zoosterols. To sum up, the focus of this review is on how gut-brain communication mediates the impact of dietary lipids on cognitive capacity, providing a novel theoretical foundation for promoting brain cognitive health and scientific lipid consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhan Fan
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Haoxiang Tong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yucheng Fang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yiming Chen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yangzhuo Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Fuhao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Quan Z, Xiao P, Duan JA. New Insights into Antioxidant Peptides: An Overview of Efficient Screening, Evaluation Models, Molecular Mechanisms, and Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:203. [PMID: 38397801 PMCID: PMC10886007 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant peptides are currently a hotspot in food science, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In different fields, the screening, activity evaluation, mechanisms, and applications of antioxidant peptides are the pivotal areas of research. Among these topics, the efficient screening of antioxidant peptides stands at the forefront of cutting-edge research. To this end, efficient screening with novel technologies has significantly accelerated the research process, gradually replacing the traditional approach. After the novel antioxidant peptides are screened and identified, a time-consuming activity evaluation is another indispensable procedure, especially in in vivo models. Cellular and rodent models have been widely used for activity evaluation, whilst non-rodent models provide an efficient solution, even with the potential for high-throughput screening. Meanwhile, further research of molecular mechanisms can elucidate the essence underlying the activity, which is related to several signaling pathways, including Keap1-Nrf2/ARE, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, TGF-β/SMAD, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and NF-κB. Last but not least, antioxidant peptides have broad applications in food manufacture, therapy, and the cosmetics industry, which requires a systematic review. This review introduces novel technologies for the efficient screening of antioxidant peptides, categorized with a new vision. A wide range of activity evaluation assays, encompassing cellular models, as well as rodent and non-rodent models, are provided in a comprehensive manner. In addition, recent advances in molecular mechanisms are analyzed with specific cases. Finally, the applications of antioxidant peptides in food production, therapy, and cosmetics are systematically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ping Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
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Makowska K, Fagundes KRC, Gonkowski S. Influence of bisphenol A and its analog bisphenol S on cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-positive enteric neurons in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1234841. [PMID: 37675141 PMCID: PMC10477371 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1234841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in large quantities for the production of plastics and is present in various everyday objects. It penetrates living organisms and shows multidirectional adverse influence on many internal organs. For this reason, BPA is often replaced in plastic production by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), whose effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have not been explained. Methods Therefore, the present study compares the influence of BPA and BPS on the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide located in the ENS of the stomach, jejunum and colon with the use of double immunofluorescence method. Results The obtained results have shown that both bisphenols studied induced an increase in the number of CART-positive enteric neurons, and the severity of changes depended on the type of enteric ganglion, the dose of bisphenols and the segment of the digestive tract. The most visible changes were noted in the myenteric ganglia in the colon. Moreover, in the colon, the changes submitted by BPS are more noticeable than those observed after BPA administration. In the stomach and jejunum, bisphenol-induced changes were less visible, and changes caused by BPS were similar or less pronounced than those noted under the impact of BPA, depending on the segment of the gastrointestinal tract and ganglion type studied. Discussion The results show that BPS affects the enteric neurons containing CART in a similar way to BPA, and the BPS impact is even stronger in the colon. Therefore, BPS is not neutral for the gastrointestinal tract and ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kainã R. C. Fagundes
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Owe-Larsson M, Pawłasek J, Piecha T, Sztokfisz-Ignasiak A, Pater M, Janiuk IR. The Role of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9986. [PMID: 37373130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neuropeptide encoded by the CARTPT gene vary from modifying behavior and pain sensitivity to being an antioxidant. Putative CART peptide receptor GPR160 was implicated recently in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, the exact role of CART protein in the development of neoplasms remains unclear. This systematic review includes articles retrieved from the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Medline Complete databases. Nineteen publications that met the inclusion criteria and describe the association of CART and cancer were analyzed. CART is expressed in various types of cancer, e.g., in breast cancer and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The role of CART as a potential biomarker in breast cancer, stomach adenocarcinoma, glioma and some types of NETs was suggested. In various cancer cell lines, CARTPT acts an oncogene, enhancing cellular survival by the activation of the ERK pathway, the stimulation of other pro-survival molecules, the inhibition of apoptosis or the increase in cyclin D1 levels. In breast cancer, CART was reported to protect tumor cells from tamoxifen-mediated death. Taken together, these data support the role of CART activity in the pathogenesis of cancer, thus opening new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Owe-Larsson
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Pawłasek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piecha
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sztokfisz-Ignasiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Pater
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela R Janiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Khairnar RC, Parihar N, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Emerging targets signaling for inflammation in Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2143-2161. [PMID: 35536461 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients not only show motor features such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity but also non-motor features such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, memory loss, attention deficits, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal issues, and pain. Many pharmacological treatments are available for PD patients; however, these treatments are partially or transiently effective since they only decrease the symptoms. As these therapies are unable to restore dopaminergic neurons and stop the development of Parkinson's disease, therefore, the need for an effective therapeutic approach is required. The current review summarizes novel targets for PD, that can be utilized to identify disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhema Chandan Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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Mitra S, Basu S, Singh O, Lechan RM, Singru PS. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide- and dopamine-containing systems interact in the ventral tegmental area of the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, during dynamic changes in energy status. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2537-2559. [PMID: 34392422 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine (DA)-pathway regulates food-reward, feeding-related behaviour and energy balance. Evidence underscores the importance of feeding-related neuropeptides in modulating activity of these DA neurons. The neuropeptide, CART, a crucial regulator of energy balance, modulates DA-release, and influences the activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DAergic neurons in the mammalian brain. Whether CART- and DA-containing systems interact at the level of VTA to regulate energy balance, however, is poorly understood. We explored the interaction between CART- and DA-containing systems in midbrain of the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, an interesting model to study dynamic changes in energy balance due to higher BMR/daytime body temperature, and rapid responsiveness of the feeding-related neuropeptides to changes in energy state. Further, its midbrain DA-neurons share similarities with those in mammals. In the midbrain, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-i) neurons were seen in the substantia nigra (SN) and VTA [anterior (VTAa), mid (VTAm) and caudal (VTAc)]; those in VTA were smaller. In the VTA, CART-immunoreactive (CART-i)-fibers densely innervated TH-i neurons, and both CART-immunoreactivity (CART-ir) and TH-immunoreactivity (TH-ir) responded to energy status-dependent changes. Compared to fed and fasted birds, refeeding dramatically enhanced TH-ir and the percentage of TH-i neurons co-expressing FOS in the VTA. Increased prepro-CART-mRNA, CART-ir and a transient appearance of CART-i neurons was observed in VTAa of fasted, but not fed birds. To test the functional interaction between CART- and DA-containing systems, ex-vivo superfused midbrain-slices were treated with CART-peptide and changes in TH-ir analysed. Compared to control tissues, CART-treatment increased TH-ir in VTA but not SN. We propose that CART is a potential regulator of VTA DA-neurons and energy balance in T. guttata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarsi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sumela Basu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Ronald M Lechan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Chang KH, Chen CM. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070597. [PMID: 32650609 PMCID: PMC7402083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN). Studies have suggested the potential involvement of dopamine, iron, calcium, mitochondria and neuroinflammation in contributing to overwhelmed oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD. Function studies on PD-causative mutations of SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 further indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, it is reasonable that molecules involved in oxidative stress, such as DJ-1, coenzyme Q10, uric acid, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosin, homocysteine, retinoic acid/carotenes, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and products of lipid peroxidation, could be candidate biomarkers for PD. Applications of antioxidants to modulate oxidative stress could be a strategy in treating PD. Although a number of antioxidants, such as creatine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, pioglitazone, melatonin and desferrioxamine, have been tested in clinical trials, none of them have demonstrated conclusive evidence to ameliorate the neurodegeneration in PD patients. Difficulties in clinical studies may be caused by the long-standing progression of neurodegeneration, lack of biomarkers for premotor stage of PD and inadequate drug delivery across blood–brain barrier. Solutions for these challenges will be warranted for future studies with novel antioxidative treatment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8347); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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Zhang Z, Cao X, Bao X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Sha D. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protects synaptic structures in neurons after ischemic cerebral injury. Neuropeptides 2020; 81:102023. [PMID: 32005500 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine-regulated and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide with reported neuroprotective effects in ischemic cerebral injury. However, its mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the role and mechanism of CART in synaptic plasticity in neurons after ischemic cerebral stroke. We found that the survival rate of the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) neurons was increased after CART treatment. Moreover, CART treatment significantly attenuated ischemia-induced neuronal synaptic damage and increased synaptophysin expression. In addition, the number of presynaptic vesicles was increased and the postsynaptic density (PSD) was thickened after CART treatment. Mechanistically, CART treatment enhanced the expression of Arc mRNA in a cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) dependent manner in OGD neurons, and blockade of CREB by KG-501 eliminated the protective effect of CART. Collectively, CART protected the synaptic structure in neurons after ischemic cerebral injury by increasing the Arc expression via upregulating p-CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dujuan Sha
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Malboosi N, Nasehi M, Hashemi M, Vaseghi S, Zarrindast MR. The neuroprotective effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced amnesia with respect to the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART genes in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Gene 2020; 742:144601. [PMID: 32198124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is a natural alkaloid which derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Many studies have reported the effect of morphine on learning, memory and gene expression. CART (cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript)is an important neuropeptide which has a critical role in physiological processes including drug dependence and antioxidant activity. ΔfosB is a transcription factor which modulates synaptic plasticity and affects learning and memory. TFAM (the mitochondrial transcription factor A) and PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) are critically involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant pathways. NeuroAid is a Chinese medicine that induces neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced amnesia with respect to the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART in the rat's hippocampus. In this study, Morphine sulfate (at increasing doses), Naloxone hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg) and NeuroAid (2.5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneal and real-time PCR reactions were done to assess gene expression. The results showed, morphine impaired memory of step-through passive avoidance, while NeuroAid had no effect. NeuroAid attenuated (but not reversed) morphine-induced memory impairment in morphine-addicted rats. Morphine increased the expression of PGC-1α and decreased the expression of CART. However, NeuroAid increased the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART. NeuroAid restored the effect of morphine on the expression of CART and PGC-1α. In conclusion, morphine impaired memory of step-through passive avoidance and NeuroAid attenuated this effect. The effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced memory impairment/gene expression may be related to its anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Malboosi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A multifaceted neuropeptide. Peptides 2018; 110:56-77. [PMID: 30391426 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, the continuous discovery of novel neuropeptides has been the key to the better understanding of how the central nervous system has integrated with neuronal signals and behavioral responses. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was discovered in 1995 in the rat striatum but later was found to be highly expressed in the hypothalamus. The widespread distribution of CART peptide in the brain complicated the understanding of the role played by this neurotransmitter. The main objective of the current compact review is to piece together the fragments of available information about origin, expression, distribution, projection, and function of CART peptides. Accumulative evidence suggests CART as a neurotransmitter and neuroprotective agent that is mainly involved in regulation of feeding, addiction, stress, anxiety, innate fear, neurological disease, neuropathic pain, depression, osteoporosis, insulin secretion, learning, memory, reproduction, vision, sleep, thirst and body temperature. In spite of the vast number of studies about the CART, the overall pictures about the CART functions are sketchy. First, there is a lack of information about cloned receptor, specific agonist and antagonist. Second, CART peptides are detected in discrete sets of neurons that can modulate countless activities and third; CART peptides exist in several fragments due to post-translational processing. For these reasons the overall picture about the CART peptides are sketchy and confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Meng Q, Kim HC, Oh S, Lee YM, Hu Z, Oh KW. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide Plays Critical Role in Psychostimulant-Induced Depression. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:425-431. [PMID: 30157614 PMCID: PMC6131014 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is a widely distributed neurotransmitter expressed in the central nervous systems. Previously, several reports demonstrated that nucleus accumbal-injected CART peptide positively modulated behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants and regulated the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway. It is confirmed that CART peptide exerted inhibitory effect on psychostimulant-enhanced dopamine receptors signaling, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling and crucial transcription factors expression. Besides modulation of dopamine receptors-related pathways, CART peptide also exhibited elaborated interactions with other neurotransmitter receptors, such as glutamate receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, which further account for attribution of CART peptide to inhibition of psychostimulant-potentiated locomotor activity. Recently, CART peptide has been shown to have anxiolytic functions on the aversive mood and uncontrolled drug-seeking behaviors following drug withdrawal. Moreover, microinjection of CART peptide has been shown to have an anti-depressant effect, which suggests its potential utility in the mood regulation and avoidance of depression-like behaviors. In this review, we discuss CART pathways in neural circuits and their interactions with neurotransmitters associated with psychostimulant-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Queen Mary Institute, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
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Acupuncture Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia via Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in Pitx3-Deficient aphakia and 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2408-2423. [PMID: 30030752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is currently the most effective medication for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms, its prolonged administration causes several adverse effects, including dyskinesia. To identify the mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), antidyskinetic effects of acupuncture were investigated in two mouse models of PD. Acupuncture stimulation at GB34 alleviated abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice (ak/ak) following L-DOPA administration and these effects were reproduced in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice with LID. A transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus revealed pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (Pmch) gene was highly expressed in acupuncture-treated mouse from ak/ak model of LID as well as 6-OHDA model of LID. Acupuncture combined with the administration of MCH receptor antagonist did not have any beneficial effects on dyskinesia in L-DOPA-injected ak/ak mice, but the intranasal administration of MCH attenuated LID to the same degree as acupuncture in both ak/ak and 6-OHDA mice with LID. A gene expression profile with a hierarchical clustering analysis of the dyskinesia-induced ak/ak mouse brain revealed an association between the mechanisms underlying acupuncture and MCH. Additionally, altered striatal responses to L-DOPA injection were observed after prolonged acupuncture and MCH treatments, which suggests that these treatment modalities influenced the compensatory mechanisms of LID. In summary, present study demonstrated that acupuncture decreased LID via hypothalamic MCH using L-DOPA-administered ak/ak and 6-OHDA mouse models and that MCH administration resulted in novel antidyskinetic effects in these models. Thus, acupuncture and MCH might be valuable therapeutic candidates for PD patients suffering from LID.
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CART peptide activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and protects hippocampal neurons in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:1016-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Oponowicz A, Kozłowska A, Gonkowski S, Godlewski J, Majewski M. Changes in the Distribution of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript-Containing Neural Structures in the Human Colon Affected by the Neoplastic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E414. [PMID: 29385033 PMCID: PMC5855636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study analysed changes in the distribution pattern of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the human colon challenged by adenocarcinoma invasion, using the double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. In control specimens, CART immunoreactivity was found in neurons of all studied plexuses, representing 30.1 ± 4.1%, 12.9 ± 5.2%, and 4.1 ± 1.3% of all neurons forming the myenteric plexus (MP), outer submucous plexus (OSP), and inner submucous plexus (ISP), respectively. Tumour growth into the colon wall caused an increase in the relative frequency of CART-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons in enteric plexuses located in the vicinity of the infiltrating neoplasm (to 36.1 ± 6.7%, 32.7 ± 7.3% and 12.1 ± 3.8% of all neurons in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively). The density of CART-LI nerves within particular layers of the intestinal wall did not differ between control and adenocarcinoma-affected areas of the human colon. This is the first detailed description of the CART distribution pattern within the ENS during the adenocarcinoma invasion of the human colon wall. The obtained results suggest that CART probably acts as a neuroprotective factor and may be involved in neuronal plasticity evoked by the progression of a neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Oponowicz
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Departement of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Janusz Godlewski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Parcianello RR, Mardini V, Ceresér KMM, Langleben DD, Xavier F, Zavaschi MLS, Rhode LAP, Pechansky F, Gubert C, Szobot CM. Increased cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript cord blood levels in the newborns exposed to crack cocaine in utero. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:215-222. [PMID: 29080905 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an endogenous antioxidant present since the embryonic period. CART is activated by high levels of dopamine and might be of interested in understanding the changes in the REDOX system associated with crack/cocaine intake. The goal of this study was to determine whether exposure to crack in utero is associated with increased CART levels. METHODS In this cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling, we compared the umbilical cord blood (UCB) CART levels (μg/mL) of newborns exposed to crack/cocaine in utero (EN, n = 57) to levels in non-exposed newborns (NEN, n = 99). In addition, we compared serum CART levels between EN and NEN mothers, in the immediate postpartum period. Potential confounders, such as perinatal data (e.g., weight, Apgar, etc.), psychopathology (DSM-IV), and use of drugs other than crack (ASSIST) were assessed. RESULTS According to general linear model analysis, the adjusted mean CART was significantly higher in EN (0.180, 95% CI 0.088-0.272) than in NEN (0.048, 95% CI 0.020-0.076; p < 0.002; d = 0.68). The difference in CART levels between EN and NEN mothers was not significant (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION The increase in CART levels in EN UBC suggests a response to crack/cocaine-induced oxidative stress during gestational period, as a potential attempt of neuroprotection. In adult women in puerperium, however, this endogenous antioxidant recruitment does not seem to operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ritter Parcianello
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Victor Mardini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Keila Maria Mendes Ceresér
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel D Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fernando Xavier
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Rua Dona Leonor, 340, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-004, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucrécia Scherer Zavaschi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Paim Rhode
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento (INPD), Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 1° andar, sala 6, Ala Sul, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Flávio Pechansky
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sicences, Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maciel Szobot
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil.
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Rakovska A, Baranyi M, Windisch K, Petkova-Kirova P, Gagov H, Kalfin R. Neurochemical evidence that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) 55-102 peptide modulates the dopaminergic reward system by decreasing the dopamine release in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:246-252. [PMID: 28802898 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) peptide is a neurotransmitter naturally occurring in the CNS and found mostly in nucleus accumbens, ventrotegmental area, ventral pallidum, amygdalae and striatum, brain regions associated with drug addiction. In the nucleus accumbens, known for its significant role in motivation, pleasure, reward and reinforcement learning, CART peptide inhibits cocaine and amphetamine-induced dopamine-mediated increases in locomotor activity and behavior, suggesting a CART peptide interaction with the dopaminergic system. Thus in the present study, we examined the effect of CART (55-102) peptide on the basal, electrical field stimulation-evoked (EFS-evoked) (30V, 2Hz, 120 shocks) and returning basal dopamine (DA) release and on the release of the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetaldehyde (DOPAL), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) as well as on norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine-o-quinone (Daq) in isolated mouse nucleus accumbens, in a preparation, in which any CART peptide effects on the dendrites or soma of ventral tegmental projection neurons have been excluded. We further extended our study to assess the effect of CART (55-102) peptide on basal cocaine-induced release of dopamine and its metabolites DOPAL, DOPAC, HVA, DOPET and 3-MT as well as on NE and Daq. To analyze the amount of [3H]dopamine, dopamine metabolites, Daq and NE in the nucleus accumbens superfusate, a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with electrochemical, UV and radiochemical detections was used. CART (55-102) peptide, 0.1μM, added alone, exerted: (i) a significant decrease in the basal and EFS-evoked levels of extracellular dopamine (ii) a significant increase in the EFS-evoked and returning basal levels of the dopamine metabolites DOPAC and HVA, major products of dopamine degradation and (iii) a significant decrease in the returning basal levels of DOPET. At the same concentration, 0.1μM, CART (55-102) peptide did not have any effect on the release of noradrenaline. In the presence of CART (55-102) peptide, 0.1μM, the effect of cocaine, 30μM, on the basal dopamine release was inhibited and the effect on the basal DOPAC release substantially increased. To our knowledge, our findings are the first to show direct neurochemical evidence that CART (55-102) peptide plays a neuromodulatory role on the dopaminergic reward system by decreasing dopamine in the mouse nucleus accumbens and by attenuating cocaine-induced effects on dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Rakovska
- Lab. "Neuropeptides", Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Maria Baranyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Windisch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Polina Petkova-Kirova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Gagov
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Dragan Tsankov Str. 8, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Lab. "Neuropeptides", Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Upadhya MA, Shelkar GP, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. CART modulates the effects of levodopa in rat model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 301:262-72. [PMID: 26771081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related disorder characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN). The neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is known to closely interact with the dopamine system and regulate psychomotor activity. We screened the effectiveness of CART in reversing the symptoms of PD in a rat model. PD like condition was induced by administering 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) directly in the SN of the right side. Fifteen days later, intraperitoneal (IP) treatment with apomorphine hydrochloride to these rats, resulted in contralateral rotations in the rotation test chamber suggesting induction of PD-like symptoms. This action of apomorphine was significantly attenuated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with CART and potentiated by CART antibody. IP treatment with levodopa also produced contralateral rotation in PD induced rats, and showed anti-Parkinson-like action. Prior treatment with CART via ICV route potentiated the anti-Parkinsonian effects of levodopa, while CART antibody produced opposite effects. CART treatment per se, to PD induced rats produced ipsilateral rotations, suggesting that the peptide may promote the endogenous release of dopamine from intact neurons. While CART-immunoreactivity in arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, striatum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus was reduced in the PD induced rats, levodopa treatment restored the expression of CART-immunoreactivity in these nuclei. These results suggest that endogenous CART might closely interact with the dopamine containing SN-striatal pathway which is known to profoundly influence the motor system. The study underscores the importance of CART as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Central Tower, Sai Trinity Building, Garware Circle, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India.
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Janiuk I, Młynek K. Immunodetection of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in bovine pancreas. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:545-50. [PMID: 25953739 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying and determining the configuration of structures which contain the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the bovine pancreas. The study material was collected from 20 animals. The distribution of CART in the bovine pancreas was investigated, by an immunohistochemical evaluation. CART peptide in the normal pancreas has been identified in intrapancreatic ganglia, nerve fibres and in endocrine cells of Langerhans islets and exocrine pancreas. CART immunoreactive nerve fibres innervate the exocrine and endocrine regions and the intrapancreatic ganglia, where they form a moderate number of networks, encircling the cell bodies. The few CART-immunoreactive endocrine cells, that appear in the bovine pancreas, are not limited to the islet cells, where they form a subpopulation of CART-containing cells, but are also individually distributed in the exocrine region. Furthermore, CART has been visualized in nerve fibres, innervating pancreatic outlet ducts and blood vessels. CART plays a physiological role in the integrated mechanisms that regulate both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CART expression in nerve fibres and intrapancreatic ganglia is a common feature of the mammalian pancreas, whereas its expression in endocrine cells appears to be restricted to single cells of the bovine pancreas.
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CART treatment improves memory and synaptic structure in APP/PS1 mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10224. [PMID: 25959573 PMCID: PMC4426675 DOI: 10.1038/srep10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the brain, loss of synapses, and cognitive dysfunction. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has recently been reported to attenuate Aβ-induced toxicity. In this study, CART localization in APP/PS1 mice was characterized and the protective effects of exogenous CART treatment were examined. Compared to age-matched wild type mice, 8-month-old APP/PS1 mice had significantly greater CART immunoreactivity in the hippocampus and cortex. A strikingly similar pattern of Aβ plaque-associated CART immunoreactivity was observed in the cortex of AD cases. Treatment of APP/PS1 mice with exogenous CART ameliorated memory deficits; this effect was associated with improvements in synaptic ultrastructure and long-term potentiation, but not a reduction of the Aβ plaques. Exogenous CART treatment in APP/PS1 mice prevented depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and stimulated mitochondrial complex I and II activities, resulting in an increase in ATP levels. CART treatment of APP/PS1 mice also reduced reactive oxygen species and 4-hydroxynonenal, and mitigated oxidative DNA damage. In summary, CART treatment reduced multiple neuropathological measures and improved memory in APP/PS1 mice, and may therefore be a promising and novel therapy for AD.
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Fernández-Moriano C, González-Burgos E, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Mitochondria-Targeted Protective Compounds in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:408927. [PMID: 26064418 PMCID: PMC4429198 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that regulate both metabolic and apoptotic signaling pathways; their most highlighted functions include cellular energy generation in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis, balance between ROS production and detoxification, mediation of apoptosis cell death, and synthesis and metabolism of various key molecules. Consistent evidence suggests that mitochondrial failure is associated with early events in the pathogenesis of ageing-related neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondria-targeted protective compounds that prevent or minimize mitochondrial dysfunction constitute potential therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of these central nervous system diseases. This paper provides an overview of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, with particular attention to in vitro and in vivo studies on promising endogenous and exogenous mitochondria-targeted protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Moriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide increases mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II activity and protects against oxygen–glucose deprivation in neurons. Brain Res 2014; 1582:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang Y, Qiu B, Liu J, Zhu WG, Zhu S. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript facilitates the neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons after oxygen and glucose deprivation through PTN-dependent pathway. Neuroscience 2014; 277:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Ż, Knaś M, Lewandowska A. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of CART-containing cells in adrenal glands of male rats with hypertension. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:497-504. [PMID: 25151991 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.902503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal activity is stimulated and secretion of stress hormones is increased during advanced stages of renovascular hypertension. The literature suggests that the neuropeptide, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), might regulate adrenal secretory function and thus could influence its activity. We assessed potential quantitative and qualitative changes in the cells that contained CART in the adrenal glands of rats with renovascular hypertension. The renal arteries of ten rats were subjected to a clipping procedure, i.e., two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model of arterial hypertension, and after 6 weeks each rat developed stable hypertension. CART was localized using immunohistochemistry. CART was detected in a large population of cells in the medulla, sparse nerve fibers in the cortex and the capsule of the adrenal gland. The population of CART-positive cells in adrenal glands of two kidney-one clip (2K1C) treated rats was greater and their immunoreactivity was increased compared to controls. Similarly, the length, width, area and diameter of CART-immunoreactive cells were significantly greater in the hypertensive rats than in controls. We demonstrated that renovascular hypertension alters the number and immunoreactivity of CART-containing cells in adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology Medical University of Białystok ul . Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Z, Janiuk I, Zbucki R. Dynamics of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript containing cell changes in the adrenal glands of two kidney, one clip rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1292-9. [PMID: 24939825 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking into consideration the homeostatic disorders resulting from renal hypertension and the essential role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in maintaining homeostasis by regulating many functions of the body, the question arises as to what extent the renovascular hypertension affects the morphology and dynamics of changes of CART-containing cells in the adrenal glands. The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution, morphology, and dynamics of changes of CART-containing cells in the adrenal glands of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats. The studies were carried out on the adrenal glands of rats after 3, 14, 28, 42, and 91 days from the renal artery clipping procedure. To identify neuroendocrine cells, immunohistochemical reaction was performed with the use of a specific antibody against CART. It was revealed that renovascular hypertension causes changes in the endocrine cells containing CART in the adrenal glands of rats. The changes observed in the endocrine cells depend on the time when the rats with experimentally induced hypertension were examined. In the first period of hypertension, the number and immunoreactivity of CART-containing cells were decreased, while from the 28-day test, it significantly increased, as compared to the control rats. CART is relevant to the regulation of homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and seems to be involved in renovascular hypertension. The results of the present work open the possibility of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of arterial hypertension, since CART function is involved in their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Zaneta Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Janiuk
- Department of Nutrition and Food Assessment, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Robert Zbucki
- 1 Clinical Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, University Clinical Hospital, 15-264 Bialystok, Poland
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Subhedar NK, Nakhate KT, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM. CART in the brain of vertebrates: circuits, functions and evolution. Peptides 2014; 54:108-30. [PMID: 24468550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) with its wide distribution in the brain of mammals has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Last two decades have witnessed a steady rise in the information on the genes that encode this neuropeptide and regulation of its transcription and translation. CART is highly enriched in the hypothalamic nuclei and its relevance to energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine control has been understood in great details. However, the occurrence of this peptide in a range of diverse circuitries for sensory, motor, vegetative, limbic and higher cortical areas has been confounding. Evidence that CART peptide may have role in addiction, pain, reward, learning and memory, cognition, sleep, reproduction and development, modulation of behavior and regulation of autonomic nervous system are accumulating, but an integration has been missing. A steady stream of papers has been pointing at the therapeutic potentials of CART. The current review is an attempt at piecing together the fragments of available information, and seeks meaning out of the CART elements in their anatomical niche. We try to put together the CART containing neuronal circuitries that have been conclusively demonstrated as well as those which have been proposed, but need confirmation. With a view to finding out the evolutionary antecedents, we visit the CART systems in sub-mammalian vertebrates and seek the answer why the system is shaped the way it is. We enquire into the conservation of the CART system and appreciate its functional diversity across the phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
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Nagelová V, Pirník Z, Železná B, Maletínská L. CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptide specific binding sites in PC12 cells have characteristics of CART peptide receptors. Brain Res 2013; 1547:16-24. [PMID: 24378198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptide is a neuropeptide with a powerful central anorexigenic effect. Specific CART peptide binding sites, most likely CART peptide receptors, have been found in PC12 cells. This study further characterizes the CART peptide binding sites in PC12 cells. After differentiation to a neuronal phenotype with nerve growth factor, the number of CART peptide binding sites in PC12 cells tripled. Following dexamethasone treatment, which transforms PC12 cells into chromaffin-like cells, the number of CART peptide binding sites substantially decreased. CART peptide did not affect the differentiation or acetylcholinesterase activity of PC12 cells, indicating that CART peptide does not participate in differentiation or neuronal activity. CART peptide increased the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-amino-terminal kinase) and subsequent c-Jun protein expression. These effects were reversed by SP600125, a specific JNK-kinase inhibitor. CART peptide did not significantly affect ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein), or p38 phosphorylation and c-Fos protein expression. Central administration of CART peptide into mice also resulted in increased c-Jun positive cells in dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, areas involved in food intake regulation. Activation of c-Jun by CART peptide might indicate a possible role of CART peptide in managing stress conditions rather than a role in cell proliferation or differentiation as well as the more complex and/or specific regulation ways by transcription factors in some nuclei involved in food intake regulation. The characteristics of stress that CART peptide potentially mediates should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Nagelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeno Pirník
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska str. 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. To date, there is no effective treatment that halts its progression. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondria play an important role in the development of PD. Hence mitochondria-targeted approaches or agents may have therapeutic promise for treatment of the disease. Neuropeptide CART (cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript), a hypothalamus and midbrain enriched neurotransmitter with an antioxidant property, can be found in mitochondria, which is the main source of reactive oxygen species. Systemic administration of CART has been found to ameliorate dopaminergic neuronal loss and improve motor functions in a mouse model of PD. In this article, we summarize recent progress in studies investigating the relationship between CART, dopamine, and the pathophysiology of PD, with a focus on mitochondria-related topics.
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A cocaine-regulated and amphetamine-regulated transcript inhibits oxidative stress in neurons deprived of oxygen and glucose. Neuroreport 2013; 24:698-703. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328363f7a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bharne AP, Upadhya MA, Shelkar GP, Singru PS, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Neuroprotective effect of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide in spinal cord injury in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ambrosio AB, do Nascimento LC, Oliveira BV, Teixeira PJPL, Tiburcio RA, Toledo Thomazella DP, Leme AFP, Carazzolle MF, Vidal RO, Mieczkowski P, Meinhardt LW, Pereira GAG, Cabrera OG. Global analyses of Ceratocystis cacaofunesta mitochondria: from genome to proteome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:91. [PMID: 23394930 PMCID: PMC3605234 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is the causal agent of wilt disease in cacao, which results in significant economic losses in the affected producing areas. Despite the economic importance of the Ceratocystis complex of species, no genomic data are available for any of its members. Given that mitochondria play important roles in fungal virulence and the susceptibility/resistance of fungi to fungicides, we performed the first functional analysis of this organelle in Ceratocystis using integrated “omics” approaches. Results The C. cacaofunesta mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of a single, 103,147-bp circular molecule, making this the second largest mtDNA among the Sordariomycetes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of 15 conserved genes and 37 intronic open reading frames in C. cacaofunesta mtDNA. Here, we predicted the mitochondrial proteome (mtProt) of C. cacaofunesta, which is comprised of 1,124 polypeptides - 52 proteins that are mitochondrially encoded and 1,072 that are nuclearly encoded. Transcriptome analysis revealed 33 probable novel genes. Comparisons among the Gene Ontology results of the predicted mtProt of C. cacaofunesta, Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed no significant differences. Moreover, C. cacaofunesta mitochondria were isolated, and the mtProt was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. The experimental proteome validated 27% of the predicted mtProt. Our results confirmed the existence of 110 hypothetical proteins and 7 novel proteins of which 83 and 1, respectively, had putative mitochondrial localization. Conclusions The present study provides the first partial genomic analysis of a species of the Ceratocystis genus and the first predicted mitochondrial protein inventory of a phytopathogenic fungus. In addition to the known mitochondrial role in pathogenicity, our results demonstrated that the global function analysis of this organelle is similar in pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that its relevance in the lifestyle of these organisms should be based on a small number of specific proteins and/or with respect to differential gene regulation. In this regard, particular interest should be directed towards mitochondrial proteins with unknown function and the novel protein that might be specific to this species. Further functional characterization of these proteins could enhance our understanding of the role of mitochondria in phytopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinne Batista Ambrosio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
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De Simoni S, Linard D, Hermans E, Knoops B, Goemaere J. Mitochondrial peroxiredoxin-5 as potential modulator of mitochondria-ER crosstalk in MPP+-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2013; 125:473-85. [PMID: 23216451 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin-5 (PRDX5) is an antioxidant enzyme which differs from the other peroxiredoxins with regards to its enzymatic mechanism, its high affinity for organic peroxides and peroxynitrite and its wide subcellular distribution. In particular, the mitochondrial isoform of PRDX5 confers a remarkable cytoprotection toward oxidative stress to mammalian cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis are implicated in neurodegeneration. Growing evidence supports that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) could operate in tandem with mitochondria to regulate intracellular Ca²⁺ fluxes in neurodegenerative processes. Here, we overexpressed mitochondrial PRDX5 in SH-SY5Y cells to dissect the role of this enzyme in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP)⁺-induced cell death. Our data show that mitochondria-dependent apoptosis triggered by MPP⁺, assessed by the measurement of caspase-9 activation and mitochondrial DNA damage, is prevented by mitochondrial PRDX5 overexpression. Moreover, PRDX5 overexpression blocks the increase in intracellular Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺-dependent activation of calpains and Bax cleavage. Finally, using Ca²⁺ channel inhibitors (Nimodipine, Dantrolene and 2-APB), we show that Ca²⁺ release arises essentially from ER stores through 1,4,5-inositol-trisphosphate receptors (IP3 R). Altogether, our results suggest that the MPP⁺ mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is regulated by mitochondrial PRDX5 in a process that could involve redox modulation of Ca²⁺ transporters via a crosstalk between mitochondria and ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie De Simoni
- Group of Cell Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Zhang J, Wang S, Yuan L, Yang Y, Zhang B, Liu Q, Chen L, Yue W, Li Y, Pei X. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) represses cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) transcription and antagonizes cAMP-response element-binding protein signaling through a dual NRSE mechanism. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42574-87. [PMID: 23086924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.376590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide plays a pivotal role in neuroprotection against stroke-related brain injury. However, the regulatory mechanism on CART transcription, especially the repression mechanism, is not fully understood. Here, we show that the transcriptional repressor neuron-restrictive silencer elements (NRSF, also known as REST) represses CART expression through direct binding to two NRSF-binding elements (NRSEs) in the CART promoter and intron 1 (named pNRSE and iNRSE, respectively). EMSA show that NRSF binds to pNRSE and iNRSE directly in vitro. ChIP assays show that NRSF recruits differential co-repressor complexes including CoREST and HDAC1 to these NRSEs. The presence of both NRSEs is required for efficient repression of CART transcription as indicated by reporter gene assays. NRSF overexpression antagonizes forskolin-mediated up-regulation of CART mRNA and protein. Ischemia insult triggered by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) enhances NRSF mRNA levels and then NRSF antagonizes the CREB signaling on CART activation, leading to augmented cell death. Depletion of NRSF in combination with forskolin treatment increases neuronal survival after ischemic insult. These findings reveal a novel dual NRSE mechanism by which NRSF represses CART expression and suggest that NRSF may serve as a therapeutic target for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Mao P. Oxidative Stress and Its Clinical Applications in Dementia. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2012; 2013:319898. [PMID: 26316986 PMCID: PMC4437276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/319898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a complex disorder that mostly affects the elderly and represents a significant and growing public health burden in the world. Alzheimer's disease (AD)- associated dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common forms of dementia, in which oxidative stress is significantly involved. Oxidative stress mechanisms may have clinical applications, that is, providing information for potential biomarkers. Thus brain-rich peptides with an antioxidant property, such as CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), may be promising new markers. This paper summarizes the progress in research regarding oxidative stress in dementia with a focus on potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the main forms of dementia. Other central and peripheral biomarkers, especially those considered oxidative stress related, are also discussed. This paper aims to provide information to improve current understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of dementia. It also offers insight into the differential diagnosis of AD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- The Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- The Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Sugiyama C, Yamamoto M, Kotani T, Kikkawa F, Murata Y, Hayashi Y. Fertility and pregnancy-associated ß-cell proliferation in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43745. [PMID: 22928026 PMCID: PMC3426535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proglucagon, which is encoded by the glucagon gene (Gcg), is the precursor of several peptide hormones, including glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Whereas glucagon stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion to lower blood glucose and also supports ß-cell proliferation and protection from apoptotic stimuli. Pregnancy is a strong inducer of change in islet function, however the roles of proglucagon-derived peptides in pregnancy are only partially understood. In the present study, we analyzed fertility and pregnancy-associated changes in homozygous glucagon-green fluorescent protein (gfp) knock-in mice (Gcggfp/gfp), which lack all the peptides derived from proglucagon. Female Gcggfp/gfp mice could deliver and raise Gcggfp/gfp pups to weaning and Gcggfp/gfp pups from Gcggfp/gfp dams were viable and fertile. Pregnancy induced ß-cell proliferation in Gcggfp/gfp mice as well as in control mice. However, serum insulin levels in pregnant Gcggfp/gfp females were lower than those in control pregnant females under ad libitum feeding, and blood glucose levels in pregnant Gcggfp/gfp females were higher after gestational day 12. Gcggfp/gfp females showed a decreased pregnancy rate and smaller litter size. The rate of successful breeding was significantly lower in Gcggfp/gfp females and was not improved by experience of breeding. Taken together, proglucagon-derived peptides are not required for pregnancy-associated ß-cell proliferation, however, are required for regulation of blood glucose levels and normal reproductive capacity. Gcggfp/gfp mice may serve as a novel model to analyze the effect of mild hyperglycemia during late gestational periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Sugiyama
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kotani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bernales S, Soto MM, McCullagh E. Unfolded protein stress in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria: a role in neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:5. [PMID: 22539924 PMCID: PMC3336107 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-folding occurs in several intracellular locations including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In normal conditions there is a balance between the levels of unfolded proteins and protein folding machinery. Disruption of homeostasis and an accumulation of unfolded proteins trigger stress responses, or unfolded protein responses (UPR), in these organelles. These pathways signal to increase the folding capacity, inhibit protein import or expression, increase protein degradation, and potentially trigger cell death. Many aging-related neurodegenerative diseases involve the accumulation of misfolded proteins in both the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The exact participation of the UPRs in the onset of neurodegeneration is unclear, but there is significant evidence for the alteration of these pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Here we will discuss the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress and the possible contributions of the UPR in these organelles to the development of two neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Mao P. Recent progress and concerns in dementia: Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies via biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Extra-Ribosomal Functions of the Ribosomal Protein, RPS3 as Predicted by In Silico Analysis. BORNEO JOURNAL OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.236.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Products of ribosomal protein (RP) genes have been found to play extra-ribosomal roles that range from DNA repair to RNA splicing. Their association with congenital disorders or cancers has also been widely documented. However, the relatively large number of different RPs, each with perhaps unique biological roles, has compounded the comprehensive elucidation of the physiological functions of each RPs. Experimental functional studies on the many and variegated RPs are labour intensive, time-consuming and costly. Moreover, experimental studies unguided by theoretically insights entail inaccurate results. Therefore, knowledge on the actual roles of these proteins remains largely undefined. A valid alternative is the use of bioinformatics resources to computationally predict functional roles of these biomolecules. Findings from such in silico studies of the RPS3 are reported herein. We reveal an array of possible extra-ribosomal functions that includes regulation of transcription (including via NF-κB-mediated, POK-induced and DNA-dependent), regulation of p53 activities and its stabilisation, inflammatory immune response, modulation of nNOS activities, and anti-oxidative capabilities. Our findings provide computational prediction of de novo extra-ribosomal functions of RPS3. These results will enhance the theoretical basis for designing future experimental studies on elucidating its definitive physiological roles.
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