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Ishida M, Sakai C, Kobayashi Y, Ishida T. Cigarette Smoking and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:189-200. [PMID: 38220184 PMCID: PMC10918046 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular health, particularly atherosclerosis and thrombosis, are well established, and more detailed mechanisms continue to emerge. As the fundamental pathophysiology of the adverse effects of smoking, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and thrombosis are considered to be particularly important. Cigarette smoke induces endothelial dysfunction, leading to impaired vascular dilation and hemostasis regulation. Factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction include reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide, increased levels of superoxide anion, and endothelin release. Chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is a central pathogenesis of smoking-induced atherosclerosis. Smoking systemically elevates inflammatory markers and induces the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in various tissues. Pattern recognition receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns play crucial roles in the mechanism underlying smoking-induced inflammation. Smoking-induced DNA damage and activation of innate immunity, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and Toll-like receptor 9, are shown to amplify inflammatory cytokine expression. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation influence platelet adhesion, aggregation, and coagulation via adhesion molecule upregulation. Furthermore, it affects the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis balance, causing thrombus formation. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to plaque vulnerability and atherothrombotic events. The impact of smoking on inflammatory cells and adhesion molecules further intensifies the risk of atherothrombosis. Collectively, exposure to cigarette smoke exerts profound effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and thrombosis, contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these intricate mechanisms highlights the urgent need for smoking cessation to protect cardiovascular health. This comprehensive review investigates the multifaceted mechanisms through which smoking contributes to these life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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2
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Xue Y, Li C, Deng S, Chen X, Han J, Zheng X, Tian M, Hao W, Pan L, Boldogh I, Ba X, Wang R. 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 selectively modulates ROS-responsive NF-κB targets through recruitment of MSK1 and phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser276. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105308. [PMID: 37778730 PMCID: PMC10641171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity is regulated by various posttranslational modifications, of which Ser276 phosphorylation of RelA/p65 is particularly impacted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This modification is responsible for selective upregulation of a subset of NF-κB targets; however, the precise mechanism remains elusive. ROS have the ability to modify cellular molecules including DNA. One of the most common oxidation products is 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), which is repaired by the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (OGG1)-initiated base excision repair pathway. Recently, a new function of OGG1 has been uncovered. OGG1 binds to 8-oxoGua, facilitating the occupancy of NF-κB at promoters and enhancing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present study, we demonstrated that an interaction between DNA-bound OGG1 and mitogen-and stress-activated kinase 1 is crucial for RelA/p65 Ser276 phosphorylation. ROS scavenging or OGG1 depletion/inhibition hindered the interaction between mitogen-and stress-activated kinase 1 and RelA/p65, thereby decreasing the level of phospho-Ser276 and leading to significantly lowered expression of ROS-responsive cytokine/chemokine genes, but not that of Nfkbis. Blockade of OGG1 binding to DNA also prevented promoter recruitment of RelA/p65, Pol II, and p-RNAP II in a gene-specific manner. Collectively, the data presented offer new insights into how ROS signaling dictates NF-κB phosphorylation codes and how the promoter-situated substrate-bound OGG1 is exploited by aerobic mammalian cells for timely transcriptional activation of ROS-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinling Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, USA
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Sattarifard H, Safaei A, Khazeeva E, Rastegar M, Davie JR. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK1/2) regulated gene expression in normal and disease states. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:204-219. [PMID: 36812480 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases (MSK) are epigenetic modifiers that regulate gene expression in normal and disease cell states. MSK1 and 2 are involved in a chain of signal transduction events bringing signals from the external environment of a cell to specific sites in the genome. MSK1/2 phosphorylate histone H3 at multiple sites, resulting in chromatin remodeling at regulatory elements of target genes and the induction of gene expression. Several transcription factors (RELA of NF-κB and CREB) are also phosphorylated by MSK1/2 and contribute to induction of gene expression. In response to signal transduction pathways, MSK1/2 can stimulate genes involved in cell proliferation, inflammation, innate immunity, neuronal function, and neoplastic transformation. Abrogation of the MSK-involved signaling pathway is among the mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria subdue the host's innate immunity. Depending on the signal transduction pathways in play and the MSK-targeted genes, MSK may promote or hinder metastasis. Thus, depending on the type of cancer and genes involved, MSK overexpression may be a good or poor prognostic factor. In this review, we focus on mechanisms by which MSK1/2 regulate gene expression, and recent studies on their roles in normal and diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Sattarifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - Akram Safaei
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - Enzhe Khazeeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
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4
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Hu Y, He T, Zhu J, Wang X, Tong J, Li Z, Dong J. The Link between Circadian Clock Genes and Autophagy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2689600. [PMID: 34733115 PMCID: PMC8560276 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2689600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive respiratory disease, is characterized by the alveolar epithelium injury and persistent airway inflammation. It is documented that oscillation and dysregulated expression of circadian clock genes, like Bmal1, Per1, and Per2, involved in COPD pathogenies, including chronic inflammation and imbalanced autophagy level, and targeting the associations of circadian rhythm and autophagy is promising strategies in the management and treatment of COPD. Herein, we reviewed the mechanisms of the circadian clock and the unbalance of the autophagic level in COPD, as well as the link between the two, so as to provide further theoretical bases for the study on the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Hu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tiantian He
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiabing Tong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zegeng Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Benincasa G, DeMeo DL, Glass K, Silverman EK, Napoli C. Epigenetics and pulmonary diseases in the horizon of precision medicine: a review. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.03406-2020. [PMID: 33214212 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03406-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms represent potential molecular routes which could bridge the gap between genetic background and environmental risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. In patients with COPD, asthma and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), there is emerging evidence of aberrant epigenetic marks, mainly including DNA methylation and histone modifications which directly mediate reversible modifications to the DNA without affecting the genomic sequence. Post-translational events and microRNAs can be also regulated epigenetically and potentially participate in disease pathogenesis. Thus, novel pathogenic mechanisms and putative biomarkers may be detectable in peripheral blood, sputum, nasal and buccal swabs or lung tissue. Besides, DNA methylation plays an important role during the early phases of fetal development and may be impacted by environmental exposures, ultimately influencing an individual's susceptibility to COPD, asthma and PAH later in life. With the advances in omics platforms and the application of computational biology tools, modelling the epigenetic variability in a network framework, rather than as single molecular defects, provides insights into the possible molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of COPD, asthma and PAH. Epigenetic modifications may have clinical applications as noninvasive biomarkers of pulmonary diseases. Moreover, combining molecular assays with network analysis of epigenomic data may aid in clarifying the multistage transition from a "pre-disease" to "disease" state, with the goal of improving primary prevention of lung diseases and its subsequent clinical management.We describe epigenetic mechanisms known to be associated with pulmonary diseases and discuss how network analysis could improve our understanding of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Benincasa
- Dept of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Dept of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy .,Clinical Dept of Internal and Specialty Medicine (DAI), University Hospital (AOU), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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6
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Boleij A, Fathi P, Dalton W, Park B, Wu X, Huso D, Allen J, Besharati S, Anders RA, Housseau F, Mackenzie AE, Jenkins L, Milligan G, Wu S, Sears CL. G-protein coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) regulates the colonic epithelial cell response to enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:585. [PMID: 33990686 PMCID: PMC8121840 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)35 is highly expressed in the gastro-intestinal tract, predominantly in colon epithelial cells (CEC), and has been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), suggesting a role in gastrointestinal inflammation. The enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) toxin (BFT) is an important virulence factor causing gut inflammation in humans and animal models. We identified that BFT signals through GPR35. Blocking GPR35 function in CECs using the GPR35 antagonist ML145, in conjunction with shRNA knock-down and CRISPRcas-mediated knock-out, resulted in reduced CEC-response to BFT as measured by E-cadherin cleavage, beta-arrestin recruitment and IL-8 secretion. Importantly, GPR35 is required for the rapid onset of ETBF-induced colitis in mouse models. GPR35-deficient mice showed reduced death and disease severity compared to wild-type C57Bl6 mice. Our data support a role for GPR35 in the CEC and mucosal response to BFT and underscore the importance of this molecule for sensing ETBF in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Boleij
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Payam Fathi
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Dalton
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oncology Center-Hematologic Malignancies, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Park
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oncology Center-Hematologic Malignancies, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Nashville, Tenessee, USA
| | - Xinqun Wu
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Huso
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jawara Allen
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sepideh Besharati
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franck Housseau
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oncology Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda E Mackenzie
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Zong D, Liu X, Li J, Ouyang R, Chen P. The role of cigarette smoke-induced epigenetic alterations in inflammation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:65. [PMID: 31711545 PMCID: PMC6844059 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is a major threat to human health worldwide. It is well established that smoking increases the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and different forms of cancer, including lung, liver, and colon. CS-triggered inflammation is considered to play a central role in various pathologies by a mechanism that stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. During this process, epigenetic alterations are known to play important roles in the specificity and duration of gene transcription. Main text Epigenetic alterations include three major modifications: DNA modifications via methylation; various posttranslational modifications of histones, namely, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination; and non-coding RNA sequences. These modifications work in concert to regulate gene transcription in a heritable fashion. The enzymes that regulate these epigenetic modifications can be activated by smoking, which further mediates the expression of multiple inflammatory genes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the epigenetic alterations triggered by CS and assess how such alterations may affect smoking-mediated inflammatory responses. Conclusion The recognition of the molecular mechanisms of the epigenetic changes in abnormal inflammation is expected to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of CS-related diseases such that novel epigenetic therapies may be identified in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangming Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyun Ouyang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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8
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Kaur G, Begum R, Thota S, Batra S. A systematic review of smoking-related epigenetic alterations. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2715-2740. [PMID: 31555878 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of the known epigenetic alterations caused by cigarette smoke; establish an evidence-based perspective of their clinical value for screening, diagnosis, and treatment of smoke-related disorders; and discuss the challenges and ethical concerns associated with epigenetic studies. A well-defined, reproducible search strategy was employed to identify relevant literature (clinical, cellular, and animal-based) between 2000 and 2019 based on AMSTAR guidelines. A total of 80 studies were identified that reported alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression following exposure to cigarette smoke. Changes in DNA methylation were most extensively documented for genes including AHRR, F2RL3, DAPK, and p16 after exposure to cigarette smoke. Likewise, miR16, miR21, miR146, and miR222 were identified to be differentially expressed in smokers and exhibit potential as biomarkers for determining susceptibility to COPD. We also identified 22 studies highlighting the transgenerational effects of maternal and paternal smoking on offspring. This systematic review lists the epigenetic events/alterations known to occur in response to cigarette smoke exposure and identifies the major genes and miRNAs that are potential targets for translational research in associated pathologies. Importantly, the limitations and ethical concerns related to epigenetic studies are also highlighted, as are the effects on the ability to address specific questions associated with exposure to tobacco/cigarette smoke. In the future, improved interpretation of epigenetic signatures will lead to their increased use as biomarkers and/or in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 129 Health Research Centre, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Rizwana Begum
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 129 Health Research Centre, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Shilpa Thota
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 129 Health Research Centre, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 129 Health Research Centre, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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Wadhwa R, Aggarwal T, Malyla V, Kumar N, Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Dureja H, Mehta M, Satija S, Gulati M, Maurya PK, Collet T, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Identification of biomarkers and genetic approaches toward chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16703-16723. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology South Asian University New Delhi India
| | - Taru Aggarwal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vamshikrishna Malyla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research & Studies (M&D) Amity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jaipur National University, Jagatpura Jaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy International Medical University Bukit Jalil Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs University of Newcastle & Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs University of Newcastle & Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
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10
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Adewumi I, López C, Davie JR. Mitogen and stress- activated protein kinase regulated gene expression in cancer cells. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 71:147-155. [PMID: 30243985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases activated by the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and/or stress-activated protein kinase 2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are recruited to the regulatory region of a subset of genes termed immediate-early genes, often leading to their induction. These genes, many of which code for transcription factors, have been directly linked to the phenotypic events in carcinogenesis. In this paper, we focus on the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases; their discovery, activation, H3 phosphorylation and recent discoveries in their roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa Adewumi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Camila López
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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11
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Su YC, Jalalvand F, Thegerström J, Riesbeck K. The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2530. [PMID: 30455693 PMCID: PMC6230626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities in the lower airway following consistent exposure to noxious particles or gases. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are characterized by increased cough, purulent sputum production, and dyspnea. The AECOPD is mostly associated with infection caused by common cold viruses or bacteria, or co-infections. Chronic and persistent infection by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a Gram-negative coccobacillus, contributes to almost half of the infective exacerbations caused by bacteria. This is supported by reports that NTHi is commonly isolated in the sputum from COPD patients during exacerbations. Persistent colonization of NTHi in the lower airway requires a plethora of phenotypic adaptation and virulent mechanisms that are developed over time to cope with changing environmental pressures in the airway such as host immuno-inflammatory response. Chronic inhalation of noxious irritants in COPD causes a changed balance in the lung microbiome, abnormal inflammatory response, and an impaired airway immune system. These conditions significantly provide an opportunistic platform for NTHi colonization and infection resulting in a "vicious circle." Episodes of large inflammation as the consequences of multiple interactions between airway immune cells and NTHi, accumulatively contribute to COPD exacerbations and may result in worsening of the clinical status. In this review, we discuss in detail the interplay and crosstalk between airway immune residents and NTHi, and their effect in AECOPD for better understanding of NTHi pathogenesis in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Farshid Jalalvand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Bacterial Stress Response and Persistence, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Thegerström
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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12
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High expression of mitogen-activated and stress-activated protein kinase 1 indicates poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1249-1255. [PMID: 30020192 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), which belongs to the subfamily of MAPK-activated protein kinase, plays an important role in cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation. It has been recently reported that MSK1 overexpression was closely related to the progression of some tumors such as colorectal cancer. However, the clinical significance of MSK1 in glioma has not been addressed. To investigate the potential role of MSK1 in glioma, we first examined the expression pattern of MSK1 in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues using quantitative RT-PCR, and the results showing that MSK1 expression was significantly elevated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues. The clinical relevance of MSK1 expression level was then analyzed, and we found that high expression of MSK1 was closely related to the larger tumor size and advanced WHO grade. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that glioma patients with higher expression of MSK1 had poorer overall survival, and MSK1 was identified as an independent unfavorable prognosis factor. In addition, the effects of MSK1 on glioma cells were tested through cellular experiments, and we demonstrated that MSK1 can promote proliferation and invasion capacities of tumor cells. In conclusion, patients with glioma with higher MSK1 expression were more predisposed to poorer clinical outcomes and unfavorable prognosis, indicating the potential role of MSK1 as a novel clinical biomarker and therapeutic target.
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13
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Tu CY, Cheng FJ, Chen CM, Wang SL, Hsiao YC, Chen CH, Hsia TC, He YH, Wang BW, Hsieh IS, Yeh YL, Tang CH, Chen YJ, Huang WC. Cigarette smoke enhances oncogene addiction to c-MET and desensitizes EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer to EGFR TKIs. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:705-723. [PMID: 29570930 PMCID: PMC5928373 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the leading risks for lung cancer and is associated with the insensitivity of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it remains undetermined whether and how cigarette smoke affects the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR TKIs. In this study, our data showed that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or tobacco smoke‐derived carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene, B[α]P, but not nicotine‐derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), reduced the sensitivity of wild‐type EGFR‐expressing NSCLC cells to EGFR TKIs. Treatment with TKIs almost abolished EGFR tyrosine kinase activity but did not show an inhibitory effect on downstream Akt and ERK pathways in B[α]P‐treated NSCLC cells. CSE and B[α]P transcriptionally upregulate c‐MET and activate its downstream Akt pathway, which is not inhibited by EGFR TKIs. Silencing of c‐MET reduces B[α]P‐induced Akt activation. The CSE‐treated NSCLC cells are sensitive to the c‐MET inhibitor crizotinib. These findings suggest that cigarette smoke augments oncogene addiction to c‐MET in NSCLC cells and that MET inhibitors may show clinical benefits for lung cancer patients with a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Tu
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao He
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Shan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Forman HJ, Finch CE. A critical review of assays for hazardous components of air pollution. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:202-217. [PMID: 29407794 PMCID: PMC5845809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased mortality and diverse morbidities are globally associated with exposure to ambient air pollution (AAP), cigarette smoke (CS), and household air pollution (HAP). The AAP-CS-HAP aerosols present heterogeneous particulate matter (PM) of diverse chemical and physical characteristics. Some epidemiological models have assumed the same health hazards by PM weight for AAP, CS, and HAP regardless of the composition. While others have recognized that biological activities and toxicity will vary with components, we focus particularly on oxidation because of its major role in assay outcomes. Our review of PM assays considers misinterpretations of some chemical measures used for oxidative activity. Overall, there is low consistency across chemical and cell-based assays for oxidative and inflammatory activity. We also note gaps in understanding how much airborne PM of various sizes enter cells and organs. For CS, the body burden per cigarette may be much below current assumptions. Synergies shown for health hazards of AAP and CS suggest crosstalk in detoxification pathways mediated by AHR, NF-κB, and Nrf2. These complex genomic and biochemical interactions frustrate resolution of the toxicity of specific AAP components. We propose further strategies based on targeted gene expression based on cell-type differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States.
| | - Caleb Ellicott Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Dornsife College, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Venugopal C, Prasad YSHC, Shobha K, Pinnelli VB, Dhanushkodi A. HEK-293 secretome attenuates kainic acid neurotoxicity through insulin like growth factor-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases pathway and by temporal regulation of antioxidant defense machineries. Neurotoxicology 2017; 69:189-200. [PMID: 29208536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A major impediment in the success of cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases is the poor survival of grafted cells in the in vivo milieu, predominantly due to accumulated reactive oxygen species, thus prompting the search for suitable alternatives. Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic potential of transplanted cells is partially attributed to the secretome released by them into the extracellular milieu. Studies that investigated the neuroprotective potential of the secretome attributes to the mere presence of growth factors without addressing other underlying cellular/molecular changes that occur upon post-secretome intervention like re-establishing the host cell's free radical scavenging machineries. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line derived secretome (HEK-S) in an in vitro model of kainic acid (KA) induced neurodegeneration and explored the possible neuroprotective mechanism(s) of HEK-S. Murine hippocampal cells were exposed to toxic doses of KA (200μM) for 6hours (H) or 24H to induce excitotoxicity. Kainic acid exposed hippocampal cells were then treated with HEK-S either simultaneously or 6h post-KA exposure. Our results revealed that HEK-S confers significant neuroprotection in early/later stages of neurodegeneration through insulin like growth factor (IGF) - phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) pathway, efficiently restoring the host's free radical scavenging mechanisms at molecular-cellular-biochemical levels and also by modulating kainate receptor subunit expressions in host neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venugopal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Y S Harish Chandra Prasad
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - K Shobha
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | | | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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16
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McCarthy CE, Duffney PF, Wyatt JD, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Comparison of in vitro toxicological effects of biomass smoke from different sources of animal dung. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 43:76-86. [PMID: 28572013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 4 million premature deaths each year are attributed to the burning of biomass fuels for cooking and heating. Epidemiological studies associate household air pollution with lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections. Animal dung, a biomass fuel used by economically vulnerable populations, generates more toxic compounds per mass burned than other biomass fuels. The type of animal dung used varies widely depending on local agro-geography. There are currently neither standardized experimental systems for dung biomass smoke research nor studies assessing the health impacts of different types of dung smoke. Here, we used a novel reproducible exposure system to assess outcomes related to inflammation and respiratory infections in human airway cells exposed to six different types of dung biomass smoke. We report that dung biomass smoke, regardless of species, is pro-inflammatory and activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and JNK transcription factors; however, dung smoke also suppresses interferon responses after a challenge with a viral mimetic. These effects are consistent with epidemiological data, and suggest a mechanism by which the combustion of animal dung can directly cause lung diseases, promote increased susceptibility to infection, and contribute to the global health problem of household air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E McCarthy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Parker F Duffney
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Wyatt
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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17
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Chandravanshi B, Bhonde RR. Shielding Engineered Islets With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Survival Under Hypoxia. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2672-2683. [PMID: 28098405 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we focused on the improvisation of islet survival in hypoxia.The Islet like cell aggregates (ICAs) derived from wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ MSC) were cultured with and without WJ MSC for 48 h in hypoxia and normoxia and tested for their direct trophic effect on β cell survival. The WJ MSCs themselves secreted insulin upon glucose challenge and expressed the pancreatic markers at both transcription and translational level (C-peptide, Insulin, Glucagon, and Glut 2). Direct contact of MSCs with ICAs facilitated highest viability under hypoxia as evidenced by fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cytokine analysis of the co-cultured ICAs revealed amplification of anti-inflammatory cytokine like TGFβ and TNFα accompanied by depletion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The increment in VEGF and PDGFa was also seen showing their ability to vascularize upon transplantation. This was further accompanied by reduction in total reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and super oxide ions and down regulation of Caspase3, Caspase8, p53, and up regulation of Bcl2 confirming prevention of apoptosis in ICAs. The western blot analysis confirmed the cytoprotective effect of WJ MSC on ICAs as they enhanced the anti-apoptotic marker BCL2 and reduced the expression of apoptotic markers, Annexin 5 and Caspase 3. There was a significant reduction in the expression of p38 protein in the presence of MSCs making the ICAs responsive to glucose. Taken together our data demonstrate for the first time that the WJ MSC expressed pancreatic markers and their supplementation protected engineered islets against hypoxia and oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2672-2683, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chandravanshi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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18
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Mertens TCJ, Karmouty-Quintana H, Taube C, Hiemstra PS. Use of airway epithelial cell culture to unravel the pathogenesis and study treatment in obstructive airway diseases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:101-113. [PMID: 28502841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are considered as two distinct obstructive diseases. Both chronic diseases share a component of airway epithelial dysfunction. The airway epithelium is localized to deal with inhaled substances, and functions as a barrier preventing penetration of such substances into the body. In addition, the epithelium is involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses following inhalation of particles, allergens and pathogens. Through triggering and inducing immune responses, airway epithelial cells contribute to the pathogenesis of both asthma and COPD. Various in vitro research models have been described to study airway epithelial cell dysfunction in asthma and COPD. However, various considerations and cautions have to be taken into account when designing such in vitro experiments. Epithelial features of asthma and COPD can be modelled by using a variety of disease-related invoking substances either alone or in combination, and by the use of primary cells isolated from patients. Differentiation is a hallmark of airway epithelial cells, and therefore models should include the ability of cells to differentiate, as can be achieved in air-liquid interface models. More recently developed in vitro models, including precision cut lung slices, lung-on-a-chip, organoids and human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cultures, provide novel state-of-the-art alternatives to the conventional in vitro models. Furthermore, advanced models in which cells are exposed to respiratory pathogens, aerosolized medications and inhaled toxic substances such as cigarette smoke and air pollution are increasingly used to model e.g. acute exacerbations. These exposure models are relevant to study how epithelial features of asthma and COPD are affected and provide a useful tool to study the effect of drugs used in treatment of asthma and COPD. These new developments are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the complex gene-environment interactions that contribute to development and progression of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Khan DH, Healy S, He S, Lichtensztejn D, Klewes L, Sharma KL, Lau V, Mai S, Delcuve GP, Davie JR. Mitogen-induced distinct epialleles are phosphorylated at either H3S10 or H3S28, depending on H3K27 acetylation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:817-824. [PMID: 28077620 PMCID: PMC5349788 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the MAPK pathway results in mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MSK1/2)-catalyzed phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 or 28 and expression of immediate-early (IE) genes. In 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts, phosphorylation of H3S10 and H3S28 occurs on different H3 molecules and in different nuclear regions. Similarly, we show that mitogen-induced H3S10 and H3S28 phosphorylation occurs in separate pools in human primary fibroblasts. High-resolution imaging studies on both cell types reveal that H3S10 and H3S28 phosphorylation events can be induced in a single cell but on different alleles, giving rise to H3S10ph and H3S28ph epialleles. Coimmunoprecipitation and inhibition studies demonstrate that CBP/p300-mediated H3K27 acetylation is required for MSK1/2 to phosphorylate S28. Although the K9ac and S10ph marks coexist on H3, S10 phosphorylation is not dependent on K9 acetylation by PCAF. We propose that random targeting of H3S10 or H3S28 results from the stochastic acetylation of H3 by CBP/p300 or PCAF, a process comparable to transcriptional bursting causing temporary allelic imbalance. In 10T1/2 cells expressing Jun, at least two of three alleles per cell were induced, a sign of high expression level. The redundant roles of H3S10ph and H3S28ph might enable rapid and efficient IE gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad H Khan
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Shannon Healy
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lichtensztejn
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Ludger Klewes
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Kiran L Sharma
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Veronica Lau
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Geneviève P Delcuve
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - James R Davie
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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20
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Mishra S, Peterson K, Yin L, Berger A, Fan J, Wistow G. Accumulation of cholesterol and increased demand for zinc in serum-deprived RPE cells. Mol Vis 2016; 22:1387-1404. [PMID: 28003730 PMCID: PMC5166821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Having observed that confluent ARPE-19 cells (derived from human RPE) survive well in high-glucose serum-free medium (SFM) without further feeding for several days, we investigated the expression profile of RPE cells under the same conditions. METHODS Expression profiles were examined with microarray and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, followed by western blot analysis of key regulated proteins. The effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and zinc supplementation were examined with qPCR. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the LDL receptor and to examine LDL uptake. Cellular cholesterol levels were measured with filipin binding. Expression patterns in primary fetal RPE cells were compared using qPCR. RESULTS Microarray analyses of gene expression in ARPE-19, confirmed with qPCR, showed upregulation of lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways in SFM. At the protein level, the cholesterol synthesis control factor SRBEF2 was activated, and other key lipid synthesis proteins increased. Supplementation of SFM with LDL reversed the upregulation of lipid and cholesterol synthesis genes, but not of cholesterol transport genes. The LDL receptor relocated to the plasma membrane, and LDL uptake was activated by day 5-7 in SFM, suggesting increased demand for cholesterol. Confluent ARPE-19 cells in SFM accumulated intracellular cholesterol, compared with cells supplemented with serum, over 7 days. Over the same time course in SFM, the expression of metallothioneins decreased while the major zinc transporter was upregulated, consistent with a parallel increase in demand for zinc. Supplementation with zinc reversed expression changes for metallothionein genes, but not for other zinc-related genes. Similar patterns of regulation were also seen in primary fetal human RPE cells in SFM. CONCLUSIONS ARPE-19 cells respond to serum deprivation and starvation with upregulation of the lipid and cholesterol pathways, accumulation of intracellular cholesterol, and increased demand for zinc. Similar trends are seen in primary fetal RPE cells. Cholesterol accumulation basal to RPE is a prominent feature of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while dietary zinc is protective. It is conceivable that accumulating defects in Bruch's membrane and dysfunction of the choriocapillaris could impede transport between RPE and vasculature in AMD. Thus, this pattern of response to serum deprivation in RPE-derived cells may have relevance for some aspects of the progression of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Mishra
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine Peterson
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lili Yin
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Berger
- Lowe Family Genomics Core, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jianguo Fan
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Graeme Wistow
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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21
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Ma X, Liu X, Zhou D, Bai Y, Gao B, Zhang Z, Qin Z. The NF-κB pathway participates in the response to sulfide stress in Urechis unicinctus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:229-238. [PMID: 27633672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is known to be involved in regulating apoptosis, inflammation and immunity in organisms. In this study, we first identified full-length cDNA sequences of two key molecules in the NF-κB pathway, namely, NEMO and p65, and characterized their responses in the hindgut of Urechis unicinctus (Echiura, Urechidae) exposed to sulfide. The full-length of cDNA was 2491 bp for U. unicinctus NEMO (UuNEMO) and 1971 bp for U. unicinctus p65 (Uup65), and both polyclonal antibodies were prepared using UuNEMO or Uup65 expressed prokaryotically with the sequence of their whole open reading frame. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting showed that the NF-κB pathway was activated in U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide, in which the content of UuNEMO ubiquitination and nuclear Uup65 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in hindgut tissue of U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide. Furthermore, the mRNA level of UuBcl-xL, a downstream anti-apoptosis gene of the NF-κB pathway, increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 48 h to 72 h and the mRNA level of UuBax, a Bcl-xL antagonist gene, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 48 h in the hindgut of U. unicinctus exposed to 50 μM sulfide. During the 150 μM sulfide exposure, the level of UuBcl-xL showed no obvious change, whereas the UuBax mRNA level increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 72 h post-exposure to 150 μM sulfide. We suggested that the activated NF-κB pathway up-regulates UuBcl-xL expression, and evokes an anti-apoptotic response to resist sulfide damage at 50 μM in U. unicinctus. Meanwhile, a Bax-mediated pro-apoptotic response occurs when U. unicinctus is exposed to 150 μM sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yajiao Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Sundar IK, Rahman I. Gene expression profiling of epigenetic chromatin modification enzymes and histone marks by cigarette smoke: implications for COPD and lung cancer. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1245-L1258. [PMID: 27793800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00253.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin-modifying enzymes mediate DNA methylation and histone modifications on recruitment to specific target gene loci in response to various stimuli. The key enzymes that regulate chromatin accessibility for maintenance of modifications in DNA and histones, and for modulation of gene expression patterns in response to cigarette smoke (CS), are not known. We hypothesize that CS exposure alters the gene expression patterns of chromatin-modifying enzymes, which then affects multiple downstream pathways involved in the response to CS. We have, therefore, analyzed chromatin-modifying enzyme profiles and validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We also performed immunoblot analysis of targeted histone marks in C57BL/6J mice exposed to acute and subchronic CS, and of lungs from nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We found a significant increase in expression of several chromatin modification enzymes, including DNA methyltransferases, histone acetyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and SET domain proteins, histone kinases, and ubiquitinases. Our qPCR validation data revealed a significant downregulation of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Hdac2, Hdac4, Hat1, Prmt1, and Aurkb We identified targeted chromatin histone marks (H3K56ac and H4K12ac), which are induced by CS. Thus CS-induced genotoxic stress differentially affects the expression of epigenetic modulators that regulate transcription of target genes via DNA methylation and site-specific histone modifications. This may have implications in devising epigenetic-based therapies for COPD and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Chandravanshi B, Bhonde R. Small molecules exert anti-apoptotic effect and reduce oxidative stress augmenting insulin secretion in stem cells engineered islets against hypoxia. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:424-432. [PMID: 27614129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is the most reliable treatment for Type 1 diabetes. However cell death mediated by hypoxia is considered as one of the main difficulties hindering success in islet transplantation. The aim of our experiment was to investigate the role of small molecules in survival of Islet like cell aggregates (ICAs) engineered from umbilical cord matrix under oxygen deprived condition (<5% O2). ICAs were analyzed for cell death via fluoroscein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) staining, estimation of Caspase 3 and free radical release in presence and absence of small molecules. The samples were also analyzed for the presence of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) at both transcriptional and translational level. The addition of small molecules showed profound defensive effect on ICAs under hypoxic environment as evidenced by their viability and insulin secretion compared to untreated ICAs. The combinations of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and metformin and EPA, DHAandγ amino butyric acid (GABA) acted as anti-apoptotic agents for human ICAs when exposed to 1% O2 for 48h. The combinations of the small molecules reduced the total reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and enhanced the production of glutathione peroxidise (GPx) enzyme under hypoxic conditions. Finally the increase in HIF1α at both protein and gene level confirmed the defensive effect of the additives in hypoxia. These results suggest that the combination of small molecules maintained the viability and functionality of the ICAs in hypoxia by up-regulating HIF1α expression and down regulating the Caspase 3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chandravanshi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, 560065 Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, 560065 Bangalore, India.
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Srinivasan P, Thrower EC, Gorelick FS, Said HM. Inhibition of pancreatic acinar mitochondrial thiamin pyrophosphate uptake by the cigarette smoke component 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G874-83. [PMID: 26999808 PMCID: PMC4888549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00461.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for normal metabolism in pancreatic acinar cells (PAC) and is obtained from their microenvironment through specific plasma-membrane transporters, converted to thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in the cytoplasm, followed by uptake of TPP by mitochondria through the mitochondrial TPP (MTPP) transporter (MTPPT; product of SLC25A19 gene). TPP is essential for normal mitochondrial function. We examined the effect of long-term/chronic exposure of PAC in vitro (pancreatic acinar 266-6 cells) and in vivo (wild-type or transgenic mice carrying the SLC25A19 promoter) of the cigarette smoke toxin, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), on the MTPP uptake process. Our in vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that NNK negatively affects MTPP uptake and reduced expression of MTPPT protein, MTPPT mRNA, and heterogenous nuclear RNA, as well as SLC25A19 promoter activity. The effect of NNK on Slc25a19 transcription was neither mediated by changes in expression of transcriptional factor NFY-1 (known to drive SLC25A19 transcription), nor due to changes in methylation profile of the Slc25a19 promoter. Rather, it appears to be due to changes in histone modifications that involve significant decreases in histone H3K4-trimethylation and H3K9-acetylation (activation markers). The effect of NNK on MTPPT function is mediated through the nonneuronal α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), as indicated by both in vitro (using the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine) and in vivo (using an α7-nAchR(-/-) mouse model) studies. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure of PAC to NNK negatively impacts PAC MTPP uptake. This effect appears to be exerted at the level of Slc25a19 transcription, involve epigenetic mechanism(s), and is mediated through the α7-nAchR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Srinivasan
- 1Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California; ,2Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California;
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- 3Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- 4Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and ,5Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hamid M. Said
- 1Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California; ,2Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California;
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Thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release is mediated by CK2, MSK1, and NF-κB pathways in human lung epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:135-43. [PMID: 26463037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Thrombin, a serine protease, is known to mediate central functions in thrombosis and hemostasis and also plays a critical role in lung inflammation via producing chemokine release including interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8. Our previous studies showed that c-Src- and Rac-dependent nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways participate in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we further investigated the role of casein kinase 2 (CK2)/mitogen stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1)-dependent p65 phosphorylation in thrombin-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 release. Thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release was inhibited by CK2 inhibitors (apigenin and tetrabromobenzotriazole, TBB), small interfering RNA of CK2β (CK2β siRNA), and MSK1 siRNA. Treatment of cells with thrombin caused increases in CK2β phosphorylation at Ser209, which was inhibited by a protein kinase C α (PKCα) inhibitor (Ro-32-0432). Thrombin-induced MSK1 phosphorylation at Ser581 and Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 were inhibited by apigenin. Moreover, the thrombin-induced increase in IL-8/CXCL8 release was attenuated by p65 siRNA. Stimulation of cells with thrombin resulted in an increase in p65 phosphorylation at Ser276, which was inhibited by apigenin and MSK1 siRNA. Thrombin-induced κB-luciferase activity was also inhibited by apigenin and MSK1 siRNA. Taken together, these results show that thrombin activates the PKCα/CK2/MSK1 signaling pathways, which in turn initiates p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, and ultimately induces IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells.
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Sundar IK, Yao H, Sellix MT, Rahman I. Circadian molecular clock in lung pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1056-75. [PMID: 26361874 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00152.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted daily or circadian rhythms of lung function and inflammatory responses are common features of chronic airway diseases. At the molecular level these circadian rhythms depend on the activity of an autoregulatory feedback loop oscillator of clock gene transcription factors, including the BMAL1:CLOCK activator complex and the repressors PERIOD and CRYPTOCHROME. The key nuclear receptors and transcription factors REV-ERBα and RORα regulate Bmal1 expression and provide stability to the oscillator. Circadian clock dysfunction is implicated in both immune and inflammatory responses to environmental, inflammatory, and infectious agents. Molecular clock function is altered by exposomes, tobacco smoke, lipopolysaccharide, hyperoxia, allergens, bleomycin, as well as bacterial and viral infections. The deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates the timing of the clock through acetylation of BMAL1 and PER2 and controls the clock-dependent functions, which can also be affected by environmental stressors. Environmental agents and redox modulation may alter the levels of REV-ERBα and RORα in lung tissue in association with a heightened DNA damage response, cellular senescence, and inflammation. A reciprocal relationship exists between the molecular clock and immune/inflammatory responses in the lungs. Molecular clock function in lung cells may be used as a biomarker of disease severity and exacerbations or for assessing the efficacy of chronotherapy for disease management. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of clock-controlled cellular and molecular functions in the lungs and highlight the repercussions of clock disruption on the pathophysiology of chronic airway diseases and their exacerbations. Furthermore, we highlight the potential for the molecular clock as a novel chronopharmacological target for the management of lung pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Michael T Sellix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and
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Li B, Wan Z, Huang G, Huang Z, Zhang X, Liao D, Luo S, He Z. Mitogen- and stress-activated Kinase 1 mediates Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1-promoted cell transformation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through its induction of Fra-1 and c-Jun genes. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:390. [PMID: 25958199 PMCID: PMC4434874 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Kinase 1 (MSK1) is a nuclear kinase that serves as active link between extracellular signals and the primary response of gene expression. However, the involvement of MSK1 in malignant transformation and cancer development is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of MSK1 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-promoted carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods The level of MSK1 phosphorylation at Thr581 was detected by the immunohistochemical analysis in NPC tissues and normal nasopharynx tissues, and its correlation with LMP1 was analyzed in NPC tissues and cell lines. Using MSK1 inhibitor H89 or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-MSK1, the effects of MSK1 on LMP1-promoted CNE1 cell proliferation and transformation were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and focus-forming assay respectively. Furthermore, the regulatory role of MSK1-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation at Ser10 on the promoter activity and expression of Fra-1 or c-Jun was determined by reporter gene assay and western blotting analysis. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the level of MSK1 phosphorylation at Thr581 was significantly higher in the poorly differentiated NPC tissues than that in normal nasopharynx tissues (P < 0.001). Moreover, high level of phosphorylated MSK1 was positively correlated with the expression of LMP1 in NPC tissues (r = 0.393, P = 0.002) and cell lines. MSK1 inhibitor H89 or knockdown of MSK1 by siRNA dramatically suppressed LMP1-promoted CNE1 cell proliferation, which was associated with the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In addition, the anchorage-independent growth promoted by LMP1 was blocked in MSK1 knockdown cells. When the activity or expression of MSK1 was inhibited, LMP1-induced promoter activities of Fra-1 and c-Jun as well as their protein levels were greatly reduced. It was found that only H3 WT, but not mutant H3 S10A, dramatically increased LMP1 induction of Fra-1 and c-Jun genes compared with mock cells. Conclusion Increased MSK1 activity is critically important for LMP1-promoted cell proliferation and transformation in NPC, which may be correlated with its induction of Fra-1 and c-Jun through phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China. .,Key Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Zheng Wan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Shengqun Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China. .,Key Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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Chandravanshi B, Dhanushkodi A, Bhonde R. High Recovery of Functional Islets Stored at Low and Ultralow Temperatures. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 11:267-78. [PMID: 26177487 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor recovery of islets upon cryopreservation is the main hurdle in islet banking. Pancreatic islets have a poor antioxidative defense mechanism, and exposure of islets to low temperature leads to oxidative stress. AIM We aimed to investigate whether known compounds such as metformin, γ aminobutyric acid (GABA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone or in combination are capable of reducing oxidative stress for better islet recovery upon storage at suboptimal temperatures. METHODS Islets isolated from mouse pancreas were stored at low temperature (4°C) for 15 days and at ultralow temperature (-196°C) for 30 days with or without additives. After revival from cold storage, islets were assessed by using three methods: (1) specificity by dithizone (DTZ), (2) viability by fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) assay, and (3) functionality by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The oxidative status of the islets stored at suboptimal temperatures was determined by both intracellular free radical release (fluorometric analysis) and lipid peroxidation (enzymatic determination). RESULTS Supplementation with additives led to an improvement in islet survival upon storage at suboptimal temperatures, without depletion of insulin secretory activity, which was comparable to that of controls. The additives acted as cryoprotectants and antioxidants as revealed by high recovery of viable islets and reduction in total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonidealdehyde (MDA), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate for the first time that supplementation with EPA, DHA, and metformin may lead to higher islet recovery from -196°C storage, enabling proper islet banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chandravanshi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bellary Road, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bellary Road, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bellary Road, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
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Schamberger AC, Mise N, Meiners S, Eickelberg O. Epigenetic mechanisms in COPD: implications for pathogenesis and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 9:609-28. [PMID: 24850530 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.913020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. The growing burden of COPD is due to continuous tobacco use, which is the most important risk factor of the disease, indoor fumes, occupational exposures and also aging of the world's population. Epigenetic mechanisms significantly contribute to COPD pathophysiology. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on disease-relevant changes in DNA modification, histone modification and non-coding RNA expression in COPD, and provides insight into novel therapeutic approaches modulating epigenetic mechanisms. Recent findings revealed, among others, globally changed DNA methylation patterns, decreased levels of histone deacetylases and reduced microRNAs levels in COPD. The authors also discuss a potential role of the chromatin silencing Polycomb group of proteins in COPD. EXPERT OPINION COPD is a highly complex disease and therapy development is complicated by the fact that many smokers develop both COPD and lung cancer. Of interest, combination therapies involving DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs provide a promising approach, as they might be therapeutic for both COPD and cancer. Although the field of epigenetic research has virtually exploded over the last 10 years, particular efforts are required to enhance our knowledge of the COPD epigenome in order to successfully establish epigenetic-based therapies for this widespread disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Schamberger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich , Germany
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Conditioned Medium Reconditions Hippocampal Neurons against Kainic Acid Induced Excitotoxicity: An In Vitro Study. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:194967. [PMID: 25505907 PMCID: PMC4258312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/194967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is gaining attention as a promising treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases. The functional efficacy of grafted cells is a matter of debate and the recent consensus is that the cellular and functional recoveries might be due to "by-stander" effects of grafted cells. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of conditioned medium (CM) derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells in a kainic acid (KA) induced hippocampal degeneration model system in in vitro condition. Hippocampal cell line was exposed to KA (200 µM) for 24 hrs (lesion group) whereas, in the treatment group, hippocampal cell line was exposed to KA in combination with HEK-CM (KA + HEK-CM). We observed that KA exposure to cells resulted in significant neuronal loss. Interestingly, HEK-CM cotreatment completely attenuated the excitotoxic effects of KA. In HEK-CM cotreatment group, the cell viability was ~85-95% as opposed to 47% in KA alone group. Further investigation demonstrated that treatment with HEK-CM stimulated the endogenous cell survival factors like brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2, revealing the possible mechanism of neuroprotection. Our results suggest that HEK-CM protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxicity by stimulating the host's endogenous cell survival mechanisms.
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Šmerdová L, Svobodová J, Kabátková M, Kohoutek J, Blažek D, Machala M, Vondráček J. Upregulation of CYP1B1 expression by inflammatory cytokines is mediated by the p38 MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2534-43. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Kolmus K, Van Troys M, Van Wesemael K, Ampe C, Haegeman G, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. β-agonists selectively modulate proinflammatory gene expression in skeletal muscle cells via non-canonical nuclear crosstalk mechanisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90649. [PMID: 24603712 PMCID: PMC3946252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α is implicated in a variety of skeletal muscle pathologies. Here, we have investigated how in vitro cotreatment of skeletal muscle C2C12 cells with β-agonists modulates the TNF-α-induced inflammatory program. We observed that C2C12 myotubes express functional TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) and β2-adrenoreceptors (β2-ARs). TNF-α activated the canonical Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), culminating in potent induction of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory genes. Cotreatment with the β-agonist isoproterenol potentiated the expression of inflammatory mediators, including Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and several chemokines. The enhanced production of chemotactic factors upon TNF-α/isoproterenol cotreatment was also suggested by the results from migrational analysis. Whereas we could not explain our observations by cytoplasmic crosstalk, we found that TNF-R1-and β2-AR-induced signalling cascades cooperate in the nucleus. Using the IL-6 promoter as a model, we demonstrated that TNF-α/isoproterenol cotreatment provoked phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10, concomitant with enhanced promoter accessibility and recruitment of the NF-κB p65 subunit, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), CREB-binding protein (CBP) and RNA polymerase II. In summary, we show that β-agonists potentiate TNF-α action, via nuclear crosstalk, that promotes chromatin relaxation at selected gene promoters. Our data warrant further study into the mode of action of β-agonists and urge for caution in their use as therapeutic agents for muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kolmus
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy Haegeman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Smoking represents one of the most important preventable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. The present review aims at providing a comprehensive summary of published data from clinical and animal studies, as well as results of basic research on the proatherogenic effect of smoking. Extensive search and review of literature revealed a vast amount of data on the influence of cigarette smoke and its constituents on early atherogenesis, particularly on endothelial cells. Vascular dysfunction induced by smoking is initiated by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and further by the increased expression of adhesion molecules and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. Smoking-induced increased adherence of platelets and macrophages provokes the development of a procoagulant and inflammatory environment. After transendothelial migration and activation, macrophages take up oxidized lipoproteins arising from oxidative modifications and transdifferentiate into foam cells. In addition to direct physical damage to endothelial cells, smoking induces tissue remodeling, and prothrombotic processes together with activation of systemic inflammatory signals, all of which contribute to atherogenic vessel wall changes. There are still great gaps in our knowledge about the effects of smoking on cardiovascular disease. However, we know that smoking cessation is the most effective measure for reversing damage that has already occurred and preventing fatal cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Messner
- From the Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (B.M.); and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria (D.B.)
| | - David Bernhard
- From the Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (B.M.); and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria (D.B.)
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Johnson J, Shi Z, Liu Y, Stack MS. Inhibitors of NF-kappaB reverse cellular invasion and target gene upregulation in an experimental model of aggressive oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:468-77. [PMID: 24582884 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is diagnosed in 640,000 patients yearly with a poor (50%) 5-year survival rate that has not changed appreciably in decades. PAITENTS AND METHODS To investigate molecular changes that drive OSCC progression, cDNA microarray analysis was performed using human OSCC cells that form aggressive poorly differentiated tumors (SCC25-PD) in a murine orthotopic xenograft model compared to cells that produce well-differentiated tumors (SCC25-WD). RESULTS As this analysis revealed that 59 upregulated genes were NF-κB target genes, the role of NF-κB activation in alteration of the transcriptional profile was evaluated. The mRNA and protein upregulation of a panel NF-κB target genes was validated by real-time qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, nuclear translocation of RelA was greatly increased in SCC25-PD, increased nuclear RelA was observed in oral tumors initiated with SCC25-PD compared with tumors initiated by SCC25-WD, and nuclear RelA correlated with stage of disease on two human OSCC tissue microarrays. Treatment of SCC25-PD cells with the IKKβ-inhibitor sc-514, that effectively prevents RelA phosphorylation on Ser 536, reversed nuclear-translocation of RelA and strongly inhibited NF-κB gene activation. Furthermore, blocking the phosphorylation of RelA using the MSK1/2 inhibitor SB 747651A significantly reduced the mRNA upregulation of a subset of target genes. Treatment with sc-514 or SB747651A markedly diminished cellular invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS These studies support a model wherein NF-κB is constitutively active in aggressive OSCC, while blocking the NF-κB pathway reduces NF-κB target gene upregulation and cellular invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States
| | - Zonggao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States
| | - M Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, United States.
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Sundar IK, Nevid MZ, Friedman AE, Rahman I. Cigarette smoke induces distinct histone modifications in lung cells: implications for the pathogenesis of COPD and lung cancer. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:982-96. [PMID: 24283195 PMCID: PMC3975679 DOI: 10.1021/pr400998n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated oxidative stress induces several signaling cascades, including kinases, which results in chromatin modifications (histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation). We have previously reported that CS induces chromatin remodeling in pro-inflammatory gene promoters; however, the underlying site-specific histone marks formed in histones H3 and H4 during CS exposure in lungs in vivo and in lung cells in vitro, which can either drive gene expression or repression, are not known. We hypothesize that CS exposure in mouse and human bronchial epithelial cells (H292) can cause site-specific posttranslational histone modifications (PTMs) that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CS-induced chronic lung diseases. We used a bottom-up mass spectrometry approach to identify some potentially novel histone marks, including acetylation, monomethylation, and dimethylation, in specific lysine and arginine residues of histones H3 and H4 in mouse lungs and H292 cells. We found that CS-induced distinct posttranslational histone modification patterns in histone H3 and histone H4 in lung cells, which may be considered as usable biomarkers for CS-induced chronic lung diseases. These identified histone marks (histone H3 and histone H4) may play an important role in the epigenetic state during the pathogenesis of smoking-induced chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K. Sundar
- Department of Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY
| | | | - Alan E. Friedman
- Alan E. Friedman Ph.D., Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 611, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester 14642, NY, USA., Tel: 1-585-273-4066; Fax: 1-585-276-0190;
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY
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Ibuki Y, Toyooka T, Zhao X, Yoshida I. Cigarette sidestream smoke induces histone H3 phosphorylation via JNK and PI3K/Akt pathways, leading to the expression of proto-oncogenes. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1228-37. [PMID: 24398671 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications in histones have been associated with cancer. Although cigarette sidestream smoke (CSS) as well as mainstream smoke are carcinogens, the relationship between carcinogenicity and histone modifications has not yet been clarified. Here, we demonstrated that CSS induced phosphorylation of histones, involving a carcinogenic process. Treatment with CSS markedly induced the phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 and 28 residues (H3S10 and H3S28), which was independent from the cell cycle, in the human pulmonary epithelial cell model, A549 and normal human lung fibroblasts, MRC-5 and WI-38. Using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA, the phosphorylation of H3S10 was found to be mediated by c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. These pathways were different from that of the CSS-induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) mediated by Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinases. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the phosphorylation of H3S10 was increased in the promoter sites of the proto-oncogenes, c-fos and c-jun, which indicated that CSS plays a role in tumor promotion. Because the phosphorylation of H3S10 was decreased in the aldehyde-removed CSS and was significantly induced by treatment with formaldehyde, aldehydes are suspected to partially contribute to this phosphorylation. These findings suggested that any chemicals in CSS, including aldehydes, phosphorylate H3S10 via JNK and PI3K/Akt pathways, which is different from the DNA damage response, resulting in tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toyooka
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ikuma Yoshida
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Volkow ND, Baler RD. Addiction science: Uncovering neurobiological complexity. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:235-49. [PMID: 23688927 PMCID: PMC3818510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Until very recently addiction-research was limited by existing tools and strategies that were inadequate for studying the inherent complexity at each of the different phenomenological levels. However, powerful new tools (e.g., optogenetics and designer drug receptors) and high throughput protocols are starting to give researchers the potential to systematically interrogate "all" genes, epigenetic marks, and neuronal circuits. These advances, combined with imaging technologies (both for preclinical and clinical studies) and a paradigm shift toward open access have spurred an unlimited growth of datasets transforming the way we investigate the neurobiology of substance use disorders (SUD) and the factors that modulate risk and resilience. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hottenrott MC, Wedel J, Gaertner S, Stamellou E, Kraaij T, Mandel L, Loesel R, Sticht C, Hoeger S, Ait-Hsiko L, Schedel A, Hafner M, Yard B, Tsagogiorgas C. N-octanoyl dopamine inhibits the expression of a subset of κB regulated genes: potential role of p65 Ser276 phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73122. [PMID: 24023820 PMCID: PMC3759419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Catechol containing compounds have anti-inflammatory properties, yet for catecholamines these properties are modest. Since we have previously demonstrated that the synthetic dopamine derivative N-octanoyl dopamine (NOD) has superior anti-inflammatory properties compared to dopamine, we tested NOD in more detail and sought to elucidate the molecular entities and underlying mechanism by which NOD down-regulates inflammation. Experimental Approach Genome wide gene expression profiling of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was performed after stimulation with TNF-α or in the combination with NOD. Confirmation of these differences, NFκB activation and the molecular entities that were required for the anti-inflammatory properties were assessed in subsequent experiments. Key Results Down regulation of inflammatory genes by NOD occurred predominantly for κB regulated genes, however not all κB regulated genes were affected. These findings were explained by inhibition of RelA phosphorylation at Ser276. Leukocyte adherence to TNF-α stimulated HUVECs was inhibited by NOD and was reflected by a diminished expression of adhesion molecules on HUVECs. NOD induced HO-1 expression, but this was not required for inhibition of NFκB. The anti-inflammatory effect of NOD seems to involve the redox active catechol structure, although the redox active para-dihydroxy benzene containing compounds also displayed anti-inflammatory effects, provided that they were sufficiently hydrophobic. Conclusions and Implications The present study highlighted important mechanisms and molecular entities by which dihydroxy benzene compounds exert their potential anti-inflammatory action. Since NOD does not have hemodynamic properties, NOD seems to be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilia C. Hottenrott
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Wedel
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sophie Gaertner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eleni Stamellou
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tineke Kraaij
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Linda Mandel
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Loesel
- Department of Applied Chemistry, George-Simon-Ohm Hochschule, Nuernberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Centre for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simone Hoeger
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lamia Ait-Hsiko
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Schedel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Assessment of Brd4 inhibition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts and in vivo models of lung fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:470-9. [PMID: 23759512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease of high unmet medical need. Although bromodomain (Brd) and extra terminal domain isoforms have recently been implicated in mediating inflammatory and oncologic indications, their roles in lung fibrosis have not been comprehensively assessed. We investigated the role of Brd on the profibrotic responses of lung fibroblasts (LFs) in patients with rapidly progressing IPF and a mouse bleomycin model of lung fibrosis. The enhanced migration, proliferation, and IL-6 release observed in LFs from patients with rapidly progressing IPF are attenuated by pharmacologic inhibition of Brd4. These changes are accompanied by enhanced histone H4 lysine5 acetylation and association of Brd4 with genes involved in the profibrotic responses in IPF LFs as demonstrated using chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR. Oral administration of 200 mg/kg per day Brd4 inhibitor JQ1 in a therapeutic dosing regimen substantially attenuated lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, this study shows that the Brd4 inhibitor JQ1, administered in a therapeutic dosage, is capable of inhibiting the profibrotic effects of IPF LFs and attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. These results suggest that Brd4 inhibitors may represent a novel therapy for the treatment of rapidly progressing IPF.
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Kang Y, Wang F, Lu Z, Ying H, Zhang H, Ding W, Wang C, Shi L. MAPK kinase 3 potentiates Chlamydia HSP60-induced inflammatory response through distinct activation of NF-κB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:386-94. [PMID: 23729445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumonia (C. pneumonia) remains one of the leading causes of bacterial pneumonia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inflammation-related diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vascular diseases. Heat shock protein 60 is one of the pathogenic components of C. pneumonia that is closely associated with the inflammatory disorders. However, the molecular basis for the immunopathologic property of chlamydial heat shock protein (cHSP60) has not been elucidated. In this article, we report that MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3) is essential for cHSP60-induced lung inflammation, because MKK3-knockout mice displayed significantly reduced lung neutrophil accumulation and decreased production of proinflammatory mediators, correlating with the alleviated inflammatory response in lung tissues. Mechanistically, p38 kinase was selectively activated by MKK3 in response to cHSP60 and activated NF-κB by stimulating the nuclear kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1. The specific knockdown of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 in macrophages resulted in a defective phosphorylation of NF-κB/RelA at Ser(276) but had no apparent effect on RelA translocation. Furthermore, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 was found to relay the signal to MKK3 from TLR4, the major receptor that sensed cHSP60 in the initiation of the inflammatory response. Thus, we establish a critical role for MKK3 signaling in cHSP60 pathology and suggest a novel mechanism underlying C. pneumonia-associated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
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Sundar IK, Yao H, Rahman I. Oxidative stress and chromatin remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking-related diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1956-71. [PMID: 22978694 PMCID: PMC3624634 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly a tobacco smoke-triggered disease with features of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and aging (inflammaging) of the lung associated with steroid resistance induced by cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces various kinase signaling pathways leading to chromatin modifications (histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation) in inflammation, senescence, and steroid resistance. RECENT ADVANCES Histone mono-, di-, or tri-methylation at lysine residues result in either gene activation (H3K4, H3K36, and H3K79) or repression (H3K9, H3K27, and H3K20). Cross-talk occurs between various epigenetic marks on histones and DNA methylation. Both CS and oxidants alter histone acetylation/deacetylation and methylation/demethylation leading to enhanced proinflammatory gene expression. Chromatin modifications occur in lungs of patients with COPD. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) reduction (levels and activity) is associated with steroid resistance in response to oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES Histone modifications are associated with DNA damage/repair and epigenomic instability as well as premature lung aging, which have implications in the pathogenesis of COPD. HDAC2/SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1)-dependent chromatin modifications are associated with DNA damage-induced inflammation and senescence in response to CS-mediated oxidative stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding CS/oxidative stress-mediated chromatin modifications and the cross-talk between histone acetylation and methylation will demonstrate the involvement of epigenetic regulation of chromatin remodeling in inflammaging. This will lead to identification of novel epigenetic-based therapies against COPD and other smoking-related lung diseases. Pharmacological activation of HDAC2/SIRT1 or reversal of their oxidative post-translational modifications may offer therapies for treatment of COPD and CS-related diseases based on epigenetic histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Messier EM, Day BJ, Bahmed K, Kleeberger SR, Tuder RM, Bowler RP, Chu HW, Mason RJ, Kosmider B. N-acetylcysteine protects murine alveolar type II cells from cigarette smoke injury in a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor-2-independent manner. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:559-67. [PMID: 23492188 PMCID: PMC3707381 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0295oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is caused by the cigarette smoke (CS)-induced destruction of alveolar wall septa, and CS is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To study the mechanisms of response to this insult, we focused on oxidant-induced lung injury and the potential role of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), which is a key regulator of the antioxidant defense system. We studied the protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against the injury of alveolar type II (ATII) cells induced by CS in vivo and in vitro. ATII cells were isolated and purified using magnetic MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) from Nrf2(-/-) mice and wild-type mice. We analyzed pulmonary injury, inflammation, glutathione (GSH) concentrations, the expression of glutathione cysteine ligase catalytic subunit mRNA, glutathione cysteine ligase modifier subunit mRNA, and glutathione reductase mRNA, and Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced:quinone oxireductase levels by Western blotting, TUNEL assay, and immunocytofluorescence for 4-hydroxynonenal as a marker of oxidative stress. We found that CS induced greater injury in ATII cells obtained from Nrf2(-/-) mice than from wild-type mice. Furthermore, NAC attenuated the injuries by CS in ATII cells obtained from wild-type mice both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, NAC decreased the injury of ATII cells obtained from Nrf2(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that Nrf2-GSH signaling is important for the protective activity of NAC. In addition, in ATII cells deficient in Nrf2, this compound can provide partial protection through its reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities. Targeting the antioxidant system regulated by Nrf2 may provide an effective strategy against lung injury in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Messier
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Li B, Huang G, Zhang X, Li R, Wang J, Dong Z, He Z. Increased phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 is involved in Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1-induced carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:124. [PMID: 23496845 PMCID: PMC3610199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased histone H3 phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. We aimed to explore the role of histone H3 phosphorylation at serine10 (p-H3Ser10) in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1)-induced carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods The expression of p-H3Ser10 was detected by the immunohistochemical analysis in NPC, chronic nasopharyngitis and normal nasopharynx tissues, and its correlation with LMP1 was analyzed in NPC tissues and cell lines. Using the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-H3 and histone H3 mutant (S10A), the effect of histone H3 Ser10 motif on LMP1-induced CNE1 cell proliferation, transformation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation were evaluated by CCK-8, focus-forming and reporter gene assay respectively. Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) kinase activity and phosphorylation were detected by in vitro kinase assay and western blot. Using MSK1 inhibitor H89 or siRNA-MSK1, the regulatory role of MSK1 on histone H3 phosphorylation and AP-1 activation were analyzed. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of p-H3Ser10 was significantly higher in the poorly differentiated NPC tissues than that in chronic nasopharyngitis (p <0.05) and normal nasopharynx tissues (p <0.001). Moreover, high level of p-H3Ser10 was positively correlated with the expression of LMP1 in NPC tissues (χ2=6.700, p =0.01; C=0.350) and cell lines. The knockdown and mutant (S10A) of histone H3 suppressed LMP1-induced CNE1 cell proliferation, foci formation and AP-1 activation. In addition, LMP1 could increase MSK1 kinase activity and phosphorylation. MSK1 inhibitor H89 or knockdown of MSK1 by siRNA blocked LMP1-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 and AP-1 activation. Conclusion EBV-LMP1 can induce phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 via MSK1. Increased phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 is likely a crucial regulatory mechanism involved in LMP1-induced carcinogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, No,100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Salam MT, Zhang Y, Begum K. Epigenetics and childhood asthma: current evidence and future research directions. Epigenomics 2012; 4:415-29. [PMID: 22920181 PMCID: PMC3458510 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting one in eight children in the USA and worldwide. It is a complex disease, influenced by both environmental exposures and genetic factors. Although epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNA) can affect transcriptional activity in multiple genetic pathways relevant for asthma development, very limited work has been carried out so far to examine the role of epigenetic variations on asthma development and management. This review provides a brief overview of epigenetic modifications, summarizes recent findings, and discusses some of the major methodological concerns that are relevant for asthma epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Kabesch M, Adcock IM. Epigenetics in asthma and COPD. Biochimie 2012; 94:2231-41. [PMID: 22874820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are likely to play a role in many complex diseases, the extent of which we only beginning to understand. COPD and asthma are two respiratory diseases subject to strong environmental influences depending on underlying genetic susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA may be involved in these processes by modulating environmental effects to influence disease development. Given their demonstrated modifiable nature, epigenetic mechanisms may open new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Here we give an overview of recent developments in the field of respiratory epigenetics in relation to asthma and COPD in the context of our current understanding of mechanisms leading to such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover, Germany.
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