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Vasantharekha R, Priyanka HP, Nair RS, Hima L, Pratap UP, Srinivasan AV, ThyagaRajan S. Alterations in Immune Responses Are Associated with Dysfunctional Intracellular Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Men and Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2964-2977. [PMID: 37957423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in the neuroendocrine-immune network in the periphery associated with the onset and progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been extensively studied. The present study correlatively examines the association between cell-mediated immune responses, stress hormones, amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and intracellular signaling molecules in the pathophysiology of MCI and AD compared to adults. Serum APP, lymphocyte proliferation, total cholinesterase (TChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities, cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α), and intracellular signaling molecules (p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt) were measured in the PBMCs of adult, old, MCI, and AD men and women initially and after 3 years in the same population. An age- and disease-associated decline in mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores and lymphocyte proliferation of MCI and AD men and women were observed. An age- and disease-related increase in serum APP, cortisol levels, and TChE activity were observed in men and women. Enhanced production of Th1 cytokine, IL-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppressed intracellular transcription factors may promote the inflammatory environment in MCI and AD patients. The expression of CREB and Akt was lower in MCI and AD men, while the expression of p-ERK was higher, and p-CREB was lower in MCI and AD women after 3 years. These results suggest that changes in specific intracellular signaling pathways may influence alterations in cell-mediated immunity to promote disease progression in MCI and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Vasantharekha
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hannah P Priyanka
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahul S Nair
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lalgi Hima
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uday P Pratap
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Ye Y, Gao M, Shi W, Gao Y, Li Y, Yang W, Zheng X, Lu X. The immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1325530. [PMID: 38259476 PMCID: PMC10800421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been identified as another significant pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease following Aβ amyloid deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, activated in the central nervous system by glial cells in response to injury-related and pathogen-related molecular patterns. Moderate glial cell activity can be neuroprotective; however, excessive glial cell activation advances the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and is accompanied by structural changes in the brain interface, with peripheral immune cells entering the brain through the blood-brain barrier, creating a vicious circle. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primarily conveyed through extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs participate in chronic inflammatory and immune processes by transferring nucleic acids, proteins and lipids from the parent cell to the recipient cell, thus MSC-EVs retain their immunomodulatory capacity while avoiding the safety issues associated with living cell therapy, making them a promising focus for immunomodulatory therapy. In this review, we discuss the modulatory effects of MSC-EVs on Alzheimer's disease-associated immune cells and the mechanisms involved in their treatment of the condition. We have found a clinical trial of MSC-EVs in Alzheimer's disease treatment and outlined the challenges of this approach. Overall, MSC-EVs have the potential to provide a safe and effective treatment option for Alzheimer's disease by targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Zheng
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
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3
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Bidzan L, Jurek P, Olech M, Bidzan-Wiącek M, Bidzan-Bluma I, Bidzan M. Somatic comorbidity and the progression of cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1219449. [PMID: 38046465 PMCID: PMC10691469 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1219449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are usually multiple factors underlying dementia in old age. Somatic comorbidity is one important element that influences the progression of cognitive impairment. Objective The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between the progression of cognitive impairment and the presence and severity of comorbidities based on a four-year observation. Material Out of 128 patients from the Clinic for Outpatients in Gdansk, who were recruited into the study based on the criteria of the Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment, a total of 93 participants completed the four-year observation. Only the data from participants who completed the full period of observations were analysed. The mean age of the group was M = 75.93 (SD = 9.43). The level of progression of cognitive impairment was measured using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale - Sum of Boxes, the severity of comorbidities was measured using the modified Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, and, additionally, at the time of inclusion in the study, participants were assessed using the MMSE scale and the Activity Scale, and sociodemographic data were collected. The Generalized Estimating Equations method was employed to fit a marginal model for analyzing the data collected in a repeated measures design. The tested model elucidated the role of the overall severity of comorbidities in explaining the progression of cognitive impairment, while controlling for everyday activity and basic demographic variables. Results During the four-year observation, a significant decline in cognitive function (B = 1.86, p < 0.01) was observed in the examined sample. The statistical analysis revealed that individuals with higher overall severity of comorbidities exhibited significantly more pronounced progression of cognitive impairment over time. Regarding particular comorbidities, metabolic diseases were found to be associated with a poorer prognosis (rho = 0.41, p < 0.05). Furthermore, a time physical activity interaction was identified as predicting cognitive impairment, indicating that individuals who were more physically active at the beginning of the study exhibited significantly less pronounced progression of cognitive impairment over the course of the 4 years. Conclusion This study suggests the important roles of comorbidities and physical activity for the prognosis of mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Bidzan
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Jurek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Olech
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ilona Bidzan-Bluma
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Pedagogy and Languages, University of Applied Sciences in Elbląg, Elbląg, Poland
| | - Mariola Bidzan
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Pedagogy and Languages, University of Applied Sciences in Elbląg, Elbląg, Poland
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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5
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Immunity orchestrates a bridge in gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101857. [PMID: 36669690 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS), are a category of diseases with progressive loss of neuronal structure or function (encompassing neuronal death) leading to neuronal dysfunction, whereas the underlying pathogenesis remains to be clarified. As the microbiological ecosystem of the intestinal microbiome serves as the second genome of the human body, it is strongly implicated as an essential element in the initiation and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the precise underlying principles of how the intestinal microflora impact on neurodegenerative diseases via gut-brain axis by modulating the immune function are still poorly characterized. Consequently, an overview of initiating the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the contribution of intestinal microflora on immune function is discussed in this review.
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6
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Qiuping L, Pan P, Zhenzhen L, Zhen Z, Xuezhu Z, Shuting L. Acupuncture regulates the Th17/Treg balance and improves cognitive deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13346. [PMID: 36816326 PMCID: PMC9929319 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was developed to explore the impact of acupuncture on the Th17/Treg balance in the brain and the periphery and associated changes in cognitive deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia (VD). Methods Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned to sham-operated (Gs, n = 10), and operation (n = 30) groups. A VD model was established for all rats in the operation group via the permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Behavioral screening of these rats was conducted via a hidden platform trial at 2 months post-operation. These operation group rats were then further subdivided into impaired (Gi) and acupuncture (Ga) groups (n = 10/group). Acupuncture was performed over a 21-day period for rats in the Ga group. A Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function for rats in all groups. Flow cytometry and fluorescent staining were used to detect Th17 and Treg cells in samples from these animals based on IL-17/FoxP3 or CD4+FoxP3+/CD4+RORγt+ staining profiles. Results Relative to the Gs group, escape latency values for rats in the Gi group were significantly increased. Following treatment, rats in the Ga group exhibited significant reductions in escape latency values as compared to rats in the Gi group (P < 0.05). The relative Treg proportion in the peripheral blood and spleen additionally trended upwards in these Ga rats as compared to those in the Gi group (P > 0.05), whereas the frequency of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and spleen of Ga group rats trended downward relative to the Gi group (P > 0.05). Significantly fewer CD4+RORγt+ and RORγt+ cells were detected in the Ga group relative to the Gi group, whereas CD4+FoxP3+ and FoxP3+ cell counts were increased (P < 0.01). Conclusion In summary, VD model rats exhibited dysregulated Th17/Treg homeostasis. Acupuncture treatment was sufficient to reduce the frequency and numbers of Th17 cells in these animals while increasing Treg cell levels, thereby alleviating cognitive deficits with respect to both spatial learning and memory impairment. Consequently, the therapeutic benefits of such acupuncture treatment may be attributable to the regulation of the Th17/Treg balance and associated improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qiuping
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pan Pan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Ling Zhenzhen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Department of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhang Zhen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Shandong Province, 261031, China
| | - Zhang Xuezhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Corresponding author. First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China.
| | - Li Shuting
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
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7
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Dai L, Shen Y. Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13511. [PMID: 34725916 PMCID: PMC8672785 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells, the critical immune cells of the adaptive immune system, are often dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are involved in AD pathology. Reports highlight neuroinflammation as a crucial modulator of AD pathogenesis, and aberrant T cells indirectly contribute to neuroinflammation by secreting proinflammatory mediators via direct crosstalk with glial cells infiltrating the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying T‐cell abnormalities in AD appear multifactorial. Risk factors for AD and pathological hallmarks of AD have been tightly linked with immune responses, implying the potential regulatory effects of these factors on T cells. In this review, we discuss how the risk factors for AD, particularly Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ, α‐secretase, β‐secretase, γ‐secretase, Tau, and neuroinflammation, modulate T‐cell activation and the association between T cells and pathological AD hallmarks. Understanding these associations is critical to provide a comprehensive view of appropriate therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Dai
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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8
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Munawara U, Catanzaro M, Xu W, Tan C, Hirokawa K, Bosco N, Dumoulin D, Khalil A, Larbi A, Lévesque S, Ramassamy C, Barron AE, Cunnane S, Beauregard PB, Bellenger JP, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Witkowski JM, Laurent B, Frost EH, Fulop T. Hyperactivation of monocytes and macrophages in MCI patients contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 34154615 PMCID: PMC8215492 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease ultimately manifesting as clinical dementia. Despite considerable effort and ample experimental data, the role of neuroinflammation related to systemic inflammation is still unsettled. While the implication of microglia is well recognized, the exact contribution of peripheral monocytes/macrophages is still largely unknown, especially concerning their role in the various stages of AD. Objectives AD develops over decades and its clinical manifestation is preceded by subjective memory complaints (SMC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); thus, the question arises how the peripheral innate immune response changes with the progression of the disease. Therefore, to further investigate the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the progression of AD we assessed their phenotypes and functions in patients at SMC, MCI and AD stages and compared them with cognitively healthy controls. We also conceptualised an idealised mathematical model to explain the functionality of monocytes/macrophages along the progression of the disease. Results We show that there are distinct phenotypic and functional changes in monocyte and macrophage populations as the disease progresses. Higher free radical production upon stimulation could already be observed for the monocytes of SMC patients. The most striking results show that activation of peripheral monocytes (hyperactivation) is the strongest in the MCI group, at the prodromal stage of the disease. Monocytes exhibit significantly increased chemotaxis, free radical production, and cytokine production in response to TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation. Conclusion Our data suggest that the peripheral innate immune system is activated during the progression from SMC through MCI to AD, with the highest levels of activation being in MCI subjects and the lowest in AD patients. Some of these parameters may be used as biomarkers, but more holistic immune studies are needed to find the best period of the disease for clinical intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usma Munawara
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Catanzaro
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo and Nitobe Memorial Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Dumoulin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-biotechnologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Mathematical, Computational and Experimental Neuroscience research group, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Basque-Country, Spain.
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Valbonne, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Leal-Lasarte M, Mannini B, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Dobson CM, Roodveldt C, Pozo D. Distinct responses of human peripheral blood cells to different misfolded protein oligomers. Immunology 2021; 164:358-371. [PMID: 34043816 PMCID: PMC8442237 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that peripheral immune cells play a prominent role in neurodegeneration connected to protein misfolding, which are associated with formation of aberrant aggregates, including soluble protein misfolded oligomers. The precise links, however, between the physicochemical features of diverse oligomers and their effects on the immune system, particularly on adaptive immunity, remain currently unexplored, due partly to the transient and heterogeneous nature of the oligomers themselves. To overcome these limitations, we took advantage of two stable and well‐characterized types of model oligomers (A and B), formed by HypF‐N bacterial protein, type B oligomers displaying lower solvent‐exposed hydrophobicity. Exposure to oligomers of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) revealed differential effects, with type B, but not type A, oligomers leading to a reduction in CD4+ cells. Type A oligomers promoted enhanced differentiation towards CD4+CD25HighFoxP3+ Tregs and displayed a higher suppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation than Tregs treated with oligomers B or untreated cells. Moreover, our results reveal Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte differentiation mediated by type A oligomers and a differential balance of TGF‐β, IL‐6, IL‐23, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 mediators. These results indicate that type B oligomers recapitulate some of the biological responses associated with Parkinson's disease in peripheral immunocompetent cells, while type A oligomers resemble responses associated with Alzheimer's disease. We anticipate that further studies characterizing the differential effects of protein misfolded oligomers on the peripheral immune system may lead to the development of blood‐based diagnostics, which could report on the type and properties of oligomers present in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Leal-Lasarte
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cintia Roodveldt
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - David Pozo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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10
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Fulop T, Tripathi S, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Bunt T, Eiser A, Bernier F, Beauregard PB, Barron AE, Khalil A, Plotka A, Hirokawa K, Larbi A, Bocti C, Laurent B, Frost EH, Witkowski JM. Targeting Impaired Antimicrobial Immunity in the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1311-1339. [PMID: 33976546 PMCID: PMC8106529 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s264910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and aging is the most common risk factor for developing the disease. The etiology of AD is not known but AD may be considered as a clinical syndrome with multiple causal pathways contributing to it. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, claiming that excess production or reduced clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and its aggregation into amyloid plaques, was accepted for a long time as the main cause of AD. However, many studies showed that Aβ is a frequent consequence of many challenges/pathologic processes occurring in the brain for decades. A key factor, sustained by experimental data, is that low-grade infection leading to production and deposition of Aβ, which has antimicrobial activity, precedes the development of clinically apparent AD. This infection is chronic, low grade, largely clinically silent for decades because of a nearly efficient antimicrobial immune response in the brain. A chronic inflammatory state is induced that results in neurodegeneration. Interventions that appear to prevent, retard or mitigate the development of AD also appear to modify the disease. In this review, we conceptualize further that the changes in the brain antimicrobial immune response during aging and especially in AD sufferers serve as a foundation that could lead to improved treatment strategies for preventing or decreasing the progression of AD in a disease-modifying treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shreyansh Tripathi
- Cluster Innovation Centre, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Mathematical Computational and Experimental Neuroscience (MCEN), BCAM - The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Department of Mathematics, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Ton Bunt
- Izumi Biosciences, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Arnold Eiser
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francois Bernier
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, Next Generation Science Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Plotka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo and Nito-Memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Drugs Modulating CD4+ T Cells Blood-Brain Barrier Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090880. [PMID: 32948022 PMCID: PMC7558445 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) medications on CD4+ T cells homing has not been thoroughly investigated. CD4+ T cells could both exacerbate and reduce AD symptoms based on their infiltrating subpopulations. Proinflammatory subpopulations such as Th1 and Th17 constitute a major source of proinflammatory cytokines that reduce endothelial integrity and stimulate astrocytes, resulting in the production of amyloid β. Anti-inflammatory subpopulations such as Th2 and Tregs reduce inflammation and regulate the function of Th1 and Th17. Recently, pathogenic Th17 has been shown to have a superior infiltrating capacity compared to other major CD4+ T cell subpopulations. Alzheimer’s drugs such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), galantamine (Razadyne), and memantine (Namenda) are known to play an important part in regulating the mechanisms of the neurotransmitters. However, little is known about the effect of these drugs on CD4+ T cell subpopulations’ infiltration of the brain during AD. In this review, we focus on understanding the influence of AD drugs on CD4+ T cell subpopulation interactions with the BBB in AD. While current AD therapies improve endothelial integrity and reduce astrocytes activations, they vary according to their influence on various CD4+ T cell subpopulations. Donepezil reduces the numbers of Th1 but not Th2, Rivastigmine inhibits Th1 and Th17 but not Th2, and memantine reduces Th1 but not Treg. However, none of the current AD drugs is specifically designed to target the dysregulated balance in the Th17/Treg axis. Future drug design approaches should specifically consider inhibiting CD4+ Th17 to improve AD prognosis.
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12
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Zhang T, Kong W, Wang S, Mou X. Association Analysis of Peripheral and CSF Biomarkers in Late Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Genet 2020; 11:834. [PMID: 32903489 PMCID: PMC7437457 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Research shows that late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI) has a high risk of turning into Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the invasion of detection methods and physical damage to the patients, it is not a convenient way to diagnose and detect early AD and LMCI by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data. So there is an urgent need to find the correlation between peripheral biological data and CSF data in the brain, and to find new diagnostic methods through changes in the peripheral biological data. Studies have shown that during the pathogenesis of LMCI and AD, peripheral immune cells specifically infiltrate into the brain through the blood-brain barrier, causing an imbalance in the brain's immune response and dysregulating the clearance of Aβ in CSF. Therefore, in this paper, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) algorithm is presented to derive the correlation between peripheral and CSF biomarkers based on LMCI peripheral gene expression data and plasma marker information. Firstly, to explore the influence of the infiltration of peripheral blood immune cells on the brain, the abundance of 28 immune cells were calculated by using the gene set enrichment analysis algorithm of LMCI samples. Then, to identify the correlation between biomarkers inside and outside of the brain, we performed CCA to calculate the relationship between CSF and peripheral biomarkers. Results of CCA showed significant correlations between the variable sets of 8 peripheral biomarkers and the variable sets of CSF biomarkers (at 0.794). Finally, according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis, it was found that the obtained peripheral biomarkers are involved in many immune-related pathways and functions which can be activated in peripheral blood of LMCI patients. Most related genes enriched in immune-related pathways and functions were up-regulated. Through receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, it was also found that FP40/FP42 and type 1 T helper can accurately predict the pathological changes of LMCI (at 0.747).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Kong
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiqun Wang
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Mou
- Department of Biochemistry, Rowan University and Guava Medicine, Glassboro, NJ, United States
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13
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Role of the peripheral innate immune system in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2017; 107:59-66. [PMID: 29275160 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative diseases. The exact cause of the disease is still not known although many scientists believe in the beta amyloid hypothesis which states that the accumulation of the amyloid peptide beta (Aβ) in brain is the initial cause which consequently leads to pathological neuroinflammation. However, it was recently shown that Aβ may have an important role in defending the brain against infections. Thus, the balance between positive and negative impact of Aβ may determine disease progression. Microglia in the brain are innate immune cells, and brain-initiated inflammatory responses reflected in the periphery suggests that Alzheimer's disease is to some extent also a systemic inflammatory disease. Greater permeability of the blood brain barrier facilitates the transport of peripheral immune cells to the brain and vice versa so that a vicious circle originating on the periphery may contribute to the development of overt clinical AD. Persistent inflammatory challenges by pathogens in the periphery, increasing with age, may also contribute to the central propagation of the pathological changes seen clinically. Therefore, the activation status of peripheral innate immune cells may represent an early biomarker of the upcoming impact on the brain. The modulation of these cells may thus become a useful mechanism for modifying disease progression.
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14
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Yasuno F, Kazui H, Kajimoto K, Ihara M, Morita N, Taguchi A, Yamamoto A, Matsuoka K, Takahashi M, Nakagawara J, Tsuji M, Iida H, Kishimoto T, Nagatsuka K. Mutual effect of cerebral amyloid β and peripheral lymphocytes in cognitively normal older individuals. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:e93-e99. [PMID: 28111810 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that cerebral amyloid accumulation is reflected in the periphery in the pre-dementia stage and used flow cytometry to investigate the peripheral lymphocytes as an easily accessible biomarker to observe neuro-inflammation. We aimed to determine whether peripheral lymphocytes are related to the cortical amyloid burden or vice versa in cognitively normal older subjects. METHODS We applied [11 C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-positron emission tomography to 36 cognitively normal older individuals, and Aβ deposition was quantified by cortical binding potential (PiB-BPND ). Blood samples were obtained, and lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. We examined differences between low and high PiB-BPND groups in the percentage of B cells, T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells. RESULTS: Subjects with high PiB-BPND showed significantly higher percentage of cytotoxic T cells (%CD3+ ). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the percentage of cytotoxic T cells and global cortical mean PiB-BPND . Hierarchical regression analyses showed that cytotoxic T cells were significantly related to the value of global cortical mean PiB-BPND and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that a specific peripheral immune response, reflected in the increased ratio of cytotoxic T cells, could be regarded as a preclinical sign of AD and could be attributed to the Aβ neuropathological mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasuno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kazui
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Kajimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Naomi Morita
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihide Yamamoto
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Jyoji Nakagawara
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahito Tsuji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Nagatsuka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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15
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Stowe AM, Ireland SJ, Ortega SB, Chen D, Huebinger RM, Tarumi T, Harris TS, Cullum CM, Rosenberg R, Monson NL, Zhang R. Adaptive lymphocyte profiles correlate to brain Aβ burden in patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:149. [PMID: 28750671 PMCID: PMC5530920 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment exhibit a pro-inflammatory immune profile in the cerebrospinal fluid similar to multiple sclerosis, a central nervous system autoimmune disease. We therefore hypothesized that early neuroinflammation would reflect increases in brain amyloid burden during amnestic mild cognitive impairment. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples were collected from 24 participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (12 men, 12 women; 66 ± 6 years; 0.5 Clinical Dementia Rating) enrolled in the AETMCI study. Analyses of cerebrospinal fluid and blood included immune profiling by multi-parameter flow cytometry, genotyping for apolipoprotein (APO)ε, and quantification of cytokine and immunoglobin levels. Amyloid (A)β deposition was determined by 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography. Spearman rank order correlations were performed to assess simple linear correlation for parameters including amyloid imaging, central and peripheral immune cell populations, and protein cytokine levels. RESULTS Soluble Aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid declined as Aβ deposition increased overall and in the precuneous and posterior cingulate cortices. Lymphocyte profiling revealed a significant decline in T cell populations in the cerebrospinal fluid, specifically CD4+ T cells, as Aβ deposition in the posterior cingulate cortex increased. In contrast, increased Aβ burden correlated positively with increased memory B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, which was exacerbated in APOε4 carriers. For peripheral circulating lymphocytes, only B cell populations decreased with Aβ deposition in the precuneous cortex, as peripheral T cell populations did not correlate with changes in brain amyloid burden. CONCLUSIONS Elevations in brain Aβ burden associate with a shift from T cells to memory B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment in this exploratory cohort. These data suggest the presence of cellular adaptive immune responses during Aβ accumulation, but further study needs to determine whether lymphocyte populations contribute to, or result from, Aβ dysregulation during memory decline on a larger cohort collected at multiple centers. TRIAL REGISTRATION AETMCI NCT01146717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Sara J Ireland
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Ryan M Huebinger
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, 75231, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S Harris
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - C Munro Cullum
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Roger Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA. .,Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NL9.110E, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA.,Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, 75231, TX, USA
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16
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Wang JH, Lei X, Cheng XR, Zhang XR, Liu G, Cheng JP, Xu YR, Zeng J, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. LW-AFC, a new formula derived from Liuwei Dihuang decoction, ameliorates behavioral and pathological deterioration via modulating the neuroendocrine-immune system in PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1 ΔE9 transgenic mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:57. [PMID: 27964740 PMCID: PMC5154149 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence implicates the neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network in the physiopathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notably, we previously revealed that the NIM network is dysregulated in the PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model of AD. METHODS After treatment with a novel Liuwei Dihuang formula (LW-AFC), mice were cognitively evaluated in behavioral experiments. Neuron loss, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, and Aβ level were analyzed using Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, and an AlphaLISA assay, respectively. Multiplex bead analysis, a radioimmunoassay, immunochemiluminometry, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure cytokine and hormone levels. Lymphocyte subsets were detected using flow cytometry. Data between two groups were compared using a Student's t test. Comparison of the data from multiple groups against one group was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Dunnett's post hoc test or a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with a Tukey multiple comparisons test. RESULTS LW-AFC ameliorated the cognitive impairment observed in APP/PS1 mice, including the impairment of object recognition memory, spatial learning and memory, and active and passive avoidance. In addition, LW-AFC alleviated the neuron loss in the hippocampus, suppressed Aβ deposition in the brain, and reduced the concentration of Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus and plasma of APP/PS1 mice. LW-AFC treatment also significantly decreased the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary. Moreover, LW-AFC increased CD8+CD28+ T cells, and reduced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen lymphocytes, downregulated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-23, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-α and -β, and upregulated IL-4 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the plasma of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSIONS LW-AFC ameliorated the behavioral and pathological deterioration of APP/PS1 transgenic mice via the restoration of the NIM network to a greater extent than either memantine or donepezil, which supports the use of LW-AFC as a potential agent for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun-Ping Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yi-Ran Xu
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ju Zeng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wen-Xia Zhou
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China.
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17
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Späni C, Suter T, Derungs R, Ferretti MT, Welt T, Wirth F, Gericke C, Nitsch RM, Kulic L. Reduced β-amyloid pathology in an APP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease lacking functional B and T cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:71. [PMID: 26558367 PMCID: PMC4642668 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Alzheimer’s disease, accumulation and pathological aggregation of amyloid β-peptide is accompanied by the induction of complex immune responses, which have been attributed both beneficial and detrimental properties. Such responses implicate various cell types of the innate and adaptive arm of the immunesystem, both inside the central nervous system, and in the periphery. To investigate the role of the adaptive immune system in brain β-amyloidosis, PSAPP transgenic mice, an established mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, were crossbred with the recombination activating gene-2 knockout (Rag2 ko) mice lacking functional B and T cells. In a second experimental paradigm, aged PSAPP mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells from either Rag2 ko or wildtype control mice. Results Analyses from both experimental approaches revealed reduced β-amyloid pathology and decreased brain amyloid β-peptide levels in PSAPP mice lacking functional adaptive immune cells. The decrease in brain β-amyloid pathology was associated with enhanced microgliosis and increased phagocytosis of amyloid β-peptide aggregates. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate an impact of the adaptive immunity on cerebral β-amyloid pathology in vivo and suggest an influence on microglia-mediated amyloid β-peptide clearance as a possible underlying mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Bryson KJ, Lynch MA. Linking T cells to Alzheimer's disease: from neurodegeneration to neurorepair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:67-73. [PMID: 26516722 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overly-simplistic view that inflammatory and anti-inflammatory influences in the brain were respectively detrimental and advantageous in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is being challenged by advances in methodologies, and a debate relating to immune surveillance mechanisms in the brain. In contrast with previous findings, increasing interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in brain by a recently-developed adenoviral delivery method, had detrimental effects in an animal model of AD, and the ability to isolate the choroid plexus has opened the debate on the role of this specialized tissue in immune surveillance. Delivery of polarized T cells to animal models of AD by different routes has yielded contrasting results; analysis of these diverse responses is vital to understand the role of T cells in the brain in AD, first reported over 25 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Bryson
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Guoping P, Wei W, Xiaoyan L, Fangping H, Zhongqin C, Benyan L. Characteristics of the peripheral T cell immune response of patients at different stages of vascular cognitive impairment. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:120-5. [PMID: 26433058 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the characteristics of the peripheral T cell immune response of patients at different stages of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). METHODS 61 Arterial atherosclerotic cerebral infarct induced VCI patients, including 28 vascular dementia (VaD) cases, 33 no dementia (VCI-ND) cases, and 25 atherosclerotic cerebral infarct patients with normal cognitive function (CI-NC) as controls were enrolled. Peripheral CD8(+)T, CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg, CD4(+)IL-17(+) Th17 cells proportion, and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ levels, and neuropsychological function were assessed. RESULTS There was no difference in average age, gender ratio, years of education, and risk factors of infarct among the three groups. Peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg in VCI-ND and VaD groups were significantly lower than that in controls, and CD8(+) T cells were markedly elevated in VaD group. The IL-17(+) Th17 cell proportion did not differ significantly among three groups. IL-6 and IFN-γ expression levels in VaD group were higher than those in other two groups. The VDAS-Cog executive function subscale score was negatively correlated with CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg proportion in VCI patients, and positively correlated with IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION VCI patients demonstrated a decrease in peripheral CD4(+) Treg proportion and increased IL-6 expression, and both parameters were correlated with the decline of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guoping
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; Laboratory of Brain Medical Central, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wu Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liu Xiaoyan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - He Fangping
- Laboratory of Brain Medical Central, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chen Zhongqin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Luo Benyan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China; Laboratory of Brain Medical Central, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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20
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Lueg G, Gross CC, Lohmann H, Johnen A, Kemmling A, Deppe M, Groger J, Minnerup J, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T. Clinical relevance of specific T-cell activation in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Cao Z, Robinson RAS. Proteome characterization of splenocytes from an A
βpp/ps-
1 Alzheimer's disease model. Proteomics 2014; 14:291-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Torres KC, Araújo Pereira P, Lima GS, Bozzi IC, Rezende VB, Bicalho MA, Moraes EN, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. Increased frequency of T cells expressing IL-10 in Alzheimer disease but not in late-onset depression patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:40-5. [PMID: 23954740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Higher risk of dementia is expected for patients with late onset depression (LOD) history. The IL-10 polymorphisms are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). On the other hand, there is no study associating IL-10 polymorphisms to LOD. This study aimed to investigate the -1082G/A polymorphism association in LOD, AD patients and controls and also the peripheral expression of IL-10 in CD4+ T cells. It was done in a case-control study comparing immune system phenotype and genetic polymorphism association among control individuals, LOD and AD patients. Participants were 569 subjects composed the genetics sample (249 AD, 222 LOD and 98 controls) from a tertiary medical center based on Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Flow cytometry analysis was performed in 55 people (22 AD patients, 11 LOD patients and 22 controls). A real time PCR for IL-10 SNP (rs 1800896) through genotyping analysis and flow cytometry evaluation of CD4+ T cells expressing IL-10 was done. An increased CD4+ T cells expressing IL-10 were detected only in the AD group. There was no difference detected in allele or genotype analysis for IL-10 polymorphism among LOD, AD patients or controls. IL-10 might have a role in the modulation of immune response in AD patients, however it is not presented in LOD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cecília Torres
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30130-100, Brazil.
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23
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Mitsuhashi M, Taub DD, Kapogiannis D, Eitan E, Zukley L, Mattson MP, Ferrucci L, Schwartz JB, Goetzl EJ. Aging enhances release of exosomal cytokine mRNAs by Aβ1-42-stimulated macrophages. FASEB J 2013; 27:5141-50. [PMID: 24014820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ) peptide effects on human models of central nervous system (CNS)-patrolling macrophages (Ms) and CD4 memory T-cells (CD4-Tms) were investigated to examine immune responses to Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Aβ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicited similar M cytokine and exosomal mRNA (ex-mRNA) responses. Aβ- and LPS-stimulated Ms from 20 ≥65-yr-old subjects generated significantly more IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, but not IL-8 or IL-12, and significantly more ex-mRNAs for IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12, but not for IL-8 or IL-1, than Ms from 20 matched 21- to 45-yr-old subjects. CD4-Tm generation of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ and, for young subjects, IL-10, but not IL-6, evoked by Aβ was significantly lower than with anti-T-cell antigen receptor antibodies (Abs). Abs significantly increased all CD4-Tm ex-mRNAs, but only IL-2 and IL-6 ex-mRNAs were increased by Aβ. There were no significant differences between cytokine and ex-mRNA responses of CD4-Tms from the old compared to the young subjects. M-derived serum exosomes from the old subjects had significantly higher IL-6 and IL-12 ex-mRNA levels than those from the young subjects, whereas there were no differences for CD4-Tm-derived serum exosomes. An Aβ level relevant to neurodegeneration elicited broad M cytokine and ex-mRNA responses that were significantly greater in the old subjects, but only narrow and age-independent CD4-Tm responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mitsuhashi
- 3UCSF Geriatric Research Center, 1719 Broderick Street, San Francisco, CA 94115-2525, USA. E-mail
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24
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Martorana A, Bulati M, Buffa S, Pellicanò M, Caruso C, Candore G, Colonna-Romano G. Immunosenescence, inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2012; 1:8. [PMID: 24764513 PMCID: PMC3922958 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing impacts negatively on the development of the immune system and its ability to fight pathogens. Progressive changes in the T-cell and B-cell systems over the lifespan of individuals have a major impact on the capacity to respond to immune challenges. The cumulative age-associated changes in immune competence are termed immunosenescence that is characterized by changes where adaptive immunity deteriorates, while innate immunity is largely conserved or even upregulated with age. On the other hand, ageing is also characterized by “inflamm-ageing”, a term coined to explain the inflammation commonly present in many age-associated diseases. It is believed that immune inflammatory processes are relevant in Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia in older people. In the present paper we review data focusing on changes of some immunoinflammatory parameters observed in patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martorana
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvio Buffa
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariavaleria Pellicanò
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy ; Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, Tübingen Aging and Tumor Immunology Group, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy
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