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Pham LNG, Niimi T, Suzuki S, Nguyen MD, Nguyen LCH, Nguyen TD, Hoang KA, Nguyen DM, Sakuma C, Hayakawa T, Hiyori M, Natsume N, Furukawa H, Imura H, Akashi J, Ohta T, Natsume N. Association between IRF6, TP63, GREM1 Gene Polymorphisms and Non-Syndromic Orofacial Cleft Phenotypes in Vietnamese Population: A Case-Control and Family-Based Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1995. [PMID: 38002937 PMCID: PMC10671090 DOI: 10.3390/genes14111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify potential variants in the TP63-IRF6 pathway and GREM1 for the etiology of non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) among the Vietnamese population. By collecting 527 case-parent trios and 527 control samples, we conducted a stratified analysis based on different NSOFC phenotypes, using allelic, dominant, recessive and over-dominant models for case-control analyses, and family-based association tests for case-parent trios. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analyses were also conducted. IRF6 rs2235375 showed a significant association with an increased risk for non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in the G allele, with pallele values of 0.0018 and 0.0003, respectively. Due to the recessive model (p = 0.0011) for the NSCL/P group, the reduced frequency of the GG genotype of rs2235375 was associated with a protective effect against NSCL/P. Additionally, offspring who inherited the G allele at rs2235375 had a 1.34-fold increased risk of NSCL/P compared to the C allele holders. IRF6 rs846810 and a G-G haplotype at rs2235375-rs846810 of IRF6 impacted NSCL/P, with p-values of 0.0015 and 0.0003, respectively. In conclusion, our study provided additional evidence for the association of IRF6 rs2235375 with NSCLP and NSCL/P. We also identified IRF6 rs846810 as a novel marker associated with NSCL/P, and haplotypes G-G and C-A at rs2235375-rs846810 of IRF6 associated with NSOFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Nguyen Gia Pham
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Odonto-Maxillo Facial Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, 263-265 Tran Hung Dao Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 71000, Vietnam; (M.D.N.); (L.C.H.N.); (T.D.N.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Odonto-Maxillo Facial Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, 263-265 Tran Hung Dao Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 71000, Vietnam; (M.D.N.); (L.C.H.N.); (T.D.N.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Linh Cao Hoai Nguyen
- Odonto-Maxillo Facial Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, 263-265 Tran Hung Dao Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 71000, Vietnam; (M.D.N.); (L.C.H.N.); (T.D.N.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Tuan Duc Nguyen
- Odonto-Maxillo Facial Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, 263-265 Tran Hung Dao Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 71000, Vietnam; (M.D.N.); (L.C.H.N.); (T.D.N.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Kien Ai Hoang
- Odonto-Maxillo Facial Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, 263-265 Tran Hung Dao Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 71000, Vietnam; (M.D.N.); (L.C.H.N.); (T.D.N.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Duc Minh Nguyen
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Chisato Sakuma
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Toko Hayakawa
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Makino Hiyori
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Nagana Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Hiroo Furukawa
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Junko Akashi
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
| | - Tohru Ohta
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, 2–11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (L.N.G.P.); (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.M.N.); (C.S.); (N.N.); (H.I.)
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
- Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (T.H.); (M.H.)
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Kwon H, Choi M, Ahn Y, Jang D, Pak Y. Flotillin-1 palmitoylation turnover by APT-1 and ZDHHC-19 promotes cervical cancer progression by suppressing IGF-1 receptor desensitization and proteostasis. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:302-312. [PMID: 36257975 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) induces palmitoylation turnover of Flotillin-1 (Flot-1) in the plasma membrane (PM) for cell proliferation, after IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling activation. However, the enzymes responsible for the turnover have not been identified. Herein, we show that acyl protein thioesterases-1 (APT-1) catalyzes Flot-1 depalmitoylation, and zinc finger DHHC domain-containing protein palmitoyltransferase-19 (ZDHHC-19) repalmitoylation of the depalmitoylated Flot-1 for the turnover in cervical cancer cells. The turnover prevented desensitization of IGF-1R via endocytosis and lysosomal degradation, thereby exerting excessive IGF-1R activation in cervical cancer cells. FLOT1, LYPLA1 and ZDHHC19 were highly expressed, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing TIAM1 and GREM1 coordinately upregulated in malignant cervical cancer tissues. And blocking the turnover suppressed the EMT, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Our study identifies the specific enzymes regulating Flot-1 palmitoylation turnover, and reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of IGF-1-mediated cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeong Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Moonjeong Choi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Yujin Ahn
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Donghwan Jang
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Clinical Research Center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, 51755, Korea
| | - Yunbae Pak
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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Grillo E, Ravelli C, Colleluori G, D'Agostino F, Domenichini M, Giordano A, Mitola S. Role of gremlin-1 in the pathophysiology of the adipose tissues. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:51-60. [PMID: 36155165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gremlin-1 is a secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist playing a pivotal role in the regulation of tissue formation and embryonic development. Since its first identification in 1997, gremlin-1 has been shown to be a multifunctional factor involved in wound healing, inflammation, cancer and tissue fibrosis. Among others, the activity of gremlin-1 is mediated by its interaction with BMPs or with membrane receptors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Growing evidence has highlighted a central role of gremlin-1 in the homeostasis of the adipose tissue (AT). Of note, gremlin-1 is involved in AT dysfunction during type 2 diabetes, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) metabolic disorders. In this review we discuss recent findings on gremlin-1 involvement in AT biology, with particular attention to its role in metabolic diseases, to highlight its potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Georgia Colleluori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Domenichini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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4
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Qin W, Wang L, Tian H, Wu X, Xiao C, Pan Y, Fan M, Tai Y, Liu W, Zhang Q, Yang Y. CAF-derived exosomes transmitted Gremlin-1 promotes cancer progression and decreases the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to sorafenib. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:764-775. [PMID: 35638711 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide because of metastasis. An increasing number of studies have reported that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as the largest component of the stroma and play a critical role in tumor-promoting processes. However, the effects of CAFs on cancer progression and the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to sorafenib are not well characterized. Here, we identified the proteome of CAF-derived exosomes, and unveiled that exosomal Gremlin-1 derived from CAFs contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatoma cells and the decrease of the sorafenib sensitivity through regulating Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways. Compared to control subjects, the level of plasma exosomal Gremlin-1 was significantly increased in HCC patients. Further studies indicated that plasma exosomal Gremlin-1 may predict sorafenib response in HCC patients. Collectively, our findings uncover CAFs-derived Gremlin-1-rich exosomes promote EMT and decrease the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to sorafenib by Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Tian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocai Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Fan
- Department of Surgery Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Elemam NM, Malek AI, Mahmoud EE, El-Huneidi W, Talaat IM. Insights into the Role of Gremlin-1, a Bone Morphogenic Protein Antagonist, in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020301. [PMID: 35203511 PMCID: PMC8869528 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenic protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin-1 is a biologically significant regulator known for its crucial role in tissue differentiation and embryonic development. Nevertheless, it has been reported that Gremlin-1 can exhibit its function through BMP dependent and independent pathways. Gremlin-1 has also been reported to be involved in organ fibrosis, which has been correlated to the development of other diseases, such as renal inflammation and diabetic nephropathy. Based on growing evidence, Gremlin-1 has recently been implicated in the initiation and progression of different types of cancers. Further, it contributes to the stemness state of cancer cells. Herein, we explore the recent findings on the role of Gremlin-1 in various cancer types, including breast, cervical, colorectal, and gastric cancers, as well as glioblastomas. Additionally, we highlighted the impact of Gremlin-1 on cellular processes and signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Therefore, it was suggested that Gremlin-1 might be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; (N.M.E.); (A.I.M.); (E.E.M.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah Imadeddin Malek
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; (N.M.E.); (A.I.M.); (E.E.M.)
| | - Esraa Elaraby Mahmoud
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; (N.M.E.); (A.I.M.); (E.E.M.)
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; (N.M.E.); (A.I.M.); (E.E.M.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (W.E.-H.); (I.M.T.)
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; (N.M.E.); (A.I.M.); (E.E.M.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
- Correspondence: (W.E.-H.); (I.M.T.)
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Pulkkinen HH, Kiema M, Lappalainen JP, Toropainen A, Beter M, Tirronen A, Holappa L, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP. BMP6/TAZ-Hippo signaling modulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell response to VEGF. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:129-144. [PMID: 33021694 PMCID: PMC7921060 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The BMP/TGFβ-Smad, Notch and VEGF signaling guides formation of endothelial tip and stalk cells. However, the crosstalk of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling has remained largely unknown. We demonstrate that BMP family members regulate VEGFR2 and Notch signaling, and act via TAZ-Hippo signaling pathway. BMPs were found to be regulated after VEGF gene transfer in C57/Bl6 mice and in a porcine myocardial ischemia model. BMPs 2/4/6 were identified as endothelium-specific targets of VEGF. BMP2 modulated VEGF-mediated endothelial sprouting via Delta like Canonical Notch Ligand 4 (DLL4). BMP6 modulated VEGF signaling by regulating VEGFR2 expression and acted via Hippo signaling effector TAZ, known to regulate cell survival/proliferation, and to be dysregulated in cancer. In a matrigel plug assay in nude mice BMP6 was further demonstrated to induce angiogenesis. BMP6 is the first member of BMP family found to directly regulate both Hippo signaling and neovessel formation. It may thus serve as a target in pro/anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Pulkkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J P Lappalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland and Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Toropainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Beter
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Tirronen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Holappa
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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7
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Sung NJ, Kim NH, Surh YJ, Park SA. Gremlin-1 Promotes Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells by Activating STAT3-MMP13 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239227. [PMID: 33287358 PMCID: PMC7730512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, can directly bind to BMPs. GREM1 is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation, and organ fibrosis. Recently, numerous studies have reported the oncogenic role of GREM1 in cancer. However, the role of GREM1 in metastasis of breast cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring growth, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. An orthotopic breast cancer mouse model was used to investigate the role of GREM1 in lung metastasis of breast cancer cells. GREM1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer cells, while its overexpression increased their growth, migration, and invasion. Cells with Grem1-knockdown showed much lower tumor growth rates and lung metastasis than control cells. GREM1 enhanced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13). A positive correlation between GREM1 and MMP13 expression was observed in breast cancer patients. GREM1 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcription factor involved in the expression of MMP13. Our study suggests that GREM1 can promote lung metastasis of breast cancer cells through the STAT3-MMP13 pathway. In addition, GREM1 might be a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ji Sung
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Na Hui Kim
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-530-4990
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8
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Park SA, Sung NJ, Choi BJ, Kim W, Kim SH, Surh YJ. Gremlin-1 augments the oestrogen-related receptor α signalling through EGFR activation: implications for the progression of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:988-999. [PMID: 32572171 PMCID: PMC7493948 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonists, is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation and kidney development. However, the role of GREM1 in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring cell viability, colony formation, 3D tumour spheroid formation/invasion and xenograft tumour formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, a luciferase reporter assay and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the molecular events in which GREM1 is involved. RESULTS GREM1 expression was elevated in breast cancer cells and tissues obtained from breast cancer patients. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, especially those with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumours. GREM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and xenograft mammary tumour growth, while its overexpression enhanced their viability, growth and invasiveness. Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor, directly interacted with the GREM1 promoter and increased the expression of GREM1. GREM1 also enhanced the promoter activity of ESRRA encoding ERRα, comprising a positive feedback loop. Notably, GREM1 bound to and activated EGFR, a well-known upstream regulator of ERRα. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the GREM1-ERRα axis can serve as a potential therapeutic target in the management of cancer, especially ER-negative tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Aye Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Nam Ji Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Bae-Jung Choi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Wonki Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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9
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Targeted Disruption of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-Derived Gremlin1 Limits Multiple Myeloma Disease Progression In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082149. [PMID: 32756430 PMCID: PMC7464474 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In most instances, multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells (PCs) are reliant on factors made by cells of the bone marrow (BM) stroma for their survival and growth. To date, the nature and cellular composition of the BM tumor microenvironment and the critical factors which drive tumor progression remain imprecisely defined. Our studies show that Gremlin1 (Grem1), a highly conserved protein, which is abundantly secreted by a subset of BM mesenchymal stromal cells, plays a critical role in MM disease development. Analysis of human and mouse BM stromal samples by quantitative PCR showed that GREM1/Grem1 expression was significantly higher in the MM tumor-bearing cohorts compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test). Additionally, BM-stromal cells cultured with 5TGM1 MM PC line expressed significantly higher levels of Grem1, compared to stromal cells alone (p < 0.01, t-test), suggesting that MM PCs promote increased Grem1 expression in stromal cells. Furthermore, the proliferation of 5TGM1 MM PCs was found to be significantly increased when co-cultured with Grem1-overexpressing stromal cells (p < 0.01, t-test). To examine the role of Grem1 in MM disease in vivo, we utilized the 5TGM1/KaLwRij mouse model of MM. Our studies showed that, compared to immunoglobulin G (IgG) control antibody-treated mice, mice treated with an anti-Grem1 neutralizing antibody had a decrease in MM tumor burden of up to 81.2% (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). The studies presented here demonstrate, for the first time, a novel positive feedback loop between MM PCs and BM stroma, and that inhibiting this vicious cycle with a neutralizing antibody can dramatically reduce tumor burden in a preclinical mouse model of MM.
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10
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Meng L, Teng X, Liu Y, Yang C, Wang S, Yuan W, Meng J, Chi H, Duan L, Liu X. Vital Roles of Gremlin-1 in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Induced by Systemic-to-Pulmonary Shunts. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016586. [PMID: 32750294 PMCID: PMC7792280 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Heterozygous mutation in BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) receptor 2 is rare, but BMP cascade suppression is common in congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHD-PAH); however, the underling mechanism of BMP cascade suppression independent of BMP receptor 2 mutation is unknown. Methods and Results Pulmonary hypertensive status observed in CHD-PAH was surgically reproduced in rats. Gremlin-1 expression was increased, but BMP cascade was suppressed, in lungs from CHD-PAH patients and shunted rats, whereas shunt correction retarded these trends in rats. Immunostaining demonstrated increased gremlin-1 was mainly in the endothelium and media of remodeled pulmonary arteries. However, mechanical stretch time- and amplitude-dependently stimulated gremlin-1 secretion and suppressed BMP cascade in distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from healthy rats. Under static condition, gremlin-1 significantly promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from healthy rats via BMP cascade. Furthermore, plasma gremlin-1 closely correlated with hemodynamic parameters in CHD-PAH patients and shunted rats. Conclusions Serving as an endogenous antagonist of BMP cascade, the increase of gremlin-1 in CHD-PAH may present a reasonable mechanism explanation for BMP cascade suppression independent of BMP receptor 2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liukun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Xiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Shengwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Center Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Medical Research Center Beijing Chao-Yang HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Hongjie Chi
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research Beijing Chao-Yang HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Lihua Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Medical Research Center Beijing Chao-Yang HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China.,Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research Beijing Chao-Yang HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
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11
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Čamernik K, Mihelič A, Mihalič R, Haring G, Herman S, Marolt Presen D, Janež A, Trebše R, Marc J, Zupan J. Comprehensive analysis of skeletal muscle- and bone-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in patients with osteoarthritis and femoral neck fracture. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:146. [PMID: 32245507 PMCID: PMC7118858 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can replenish the aged cells of the musculoskeletal system in adult life. Stem cell exhaustion and decrease in their regenerative potential have been suggested to be hallmarks of aging. Here, we investigated whether muscle- and bone-derived MSCs of patients with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are affected by this exhaustion, compared to healthy donors. METHODS Patients with primary osteoarthritis, femoral neck fractures due to osteoporosis, and healthy donors (controls) were included. MSCs were isolated from the skeletal muscle and subchondral bone from each patient and compared using ex vivo and in vitro analyses, including immunophenotyping, colony-forming unit fibroblast assays, growth kinetics, cell senescence, multilineage potential, and MSC marker gene expression profiling. RESULTS Freshly isolated cells from muscle from patients with osteoarthritis showed a lower proportion of CD45/CD19/CD14/CD34-negative cells compared to patients with osteoporosis and healthy donors. Freshly isolated muscle cells from patients with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis also showed higher clonogenicity compared to healthy donors. MSCs from both tissues of osteoarthritis patients showed significantly reduced osteogenesis and MSCs from the bone also reduced adipogenesis. Chondrogenic pellet diameter was reduced in bone-derived MSCs from both patient groups compared to healthy donors. A significant positive correlation was observed between adipogenesis and CD271 expression in muscle-derived MSCs. CD73 was significantly lower in bone-derived MSCs from osteoarthritis patients, compared to osteoporosis patients. Gene expression profiling showed significantly lower expression of MSC marker gene leptin receptor, LEPR, previously identified as the major source of the bone and adipocytes in the adult bone marrow, in bone-derived MSCs from patients with osteoarthritis in comparison with osteoporotic patients and healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS Our results show deficient ex vivo and in vitro properties of both skeletal muscle- and bone-derived MSCs in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis patients, compared to healthy donors. In bone-derived MSCs from patients with osteoarthritis, we also identified a lower expression of the leptin receptor, a marker of MSCs that present a major source of MSCs in the adult bone marrow. This suggests that exhaustion of skeletal muscle- and bone-derived MSCs is a hallmark of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, which defines the need for further clinical trials of stem cell transplantation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Čamernik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Askerceva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anže Mihelič
- Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Jadranska 31, SI-6280, Ankaran, Slovenia
| | - Rene Mihalič
- Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Jadranska 31, SI-6280, Ankaran, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Haring
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Herman
- Clinical Department of Traumatology, University Medical Centre, Zaloska cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Marolt Presen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrej Janež
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rihard Trebše
- Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Jadranska 31, SI-6280, Ankaran, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Askerceva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Zupan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Askerceva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Wu Z, Liu R, Miao X, Li D, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Yang Z. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of Hapto and Gremlin1 expression in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:199-207. [PMID: 31892986 PMCID: PMC6930392 DOI: 10.7150/jca.36886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some studies have demonstrated that Hapto and Gremlin1 play an important biological role in many neoplasms. However, the role of Hapto and Gremlin1 in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) remains to be revealed. Thus, this study investigated the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of Hapto and Gremlin1 expression in ECC. Methods: We examined Hapto and Gremlin1 expression in 100 ECC, 30 peritumoral tissues, 10 adenoma and 15 normal biliary tract tissues using EnVision immunohistochemistry. The relationship between Hapto and Gremlin 1 expression and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The overall survival of patients was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis and log-rank tests. Results: Hapto and Gremlin1 proteins were overexpressed in ECC compared to peritumoral tissues, adenoma, and normal biliary tract (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The positive rate of Hapto and Gremlin1 expression was significantly higher in cases with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, invasion of surrounding tissues and organs, a tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage of III or IV and no resection. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that ECC patients with positive Hapto and/or Gremlin1 expression survived significantly shorter than patients with negative Hapto and/or Gremlin1 expression. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that positive Hapto and Gremlin1 expression were independent poor prognostic factors in ECC patients. Conclusion: The present study indicated that positive Hapto and/or Gremlin1 expression are closely associated with the pathogenesis, clinical, pathological and biological behaviors, and poor prognosis in ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Rushi Liu
- School of Medicine. Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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13
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Marquez-Exposito L, Cantero-Navarro E, R Rodrigues-Diez R, Orejudo M, Tejera-Muñoz A, Tejedor L, Rayego-Mateos S, Rández-Carbayo J, Santos-Sanchez L, Mezzano S, Lavoz C, Ruiz-Ortega M. Molecular Regulation of Notch Signaling by Gremlin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:81-94. [PMID: 32072500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gremlin is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that can act as a BMP antagonist, and recently, has been described as a ligand of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Gremlin shares properties with the Notch signaling pathway. Both participate in embryonic development and are reactivated in pathological conditions. Gremlin is emerging as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker of renal diseases. Here we review the role of the Gremlin-VEGFR2 axis in renal damage and downstream signaling mechanisms, such as Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marquez-Exposito
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cantero-Navarro
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl R Rodrigues-Diez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Orejudo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Tejedor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Javier Rández-Carbayo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Santos-Sanchez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Lavoz
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Rafikova O, Al Ghouleh I, Rafikov R. Focus on Early Events: Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:933-953. [PMID: 31169021 PMCID: PMC6765063 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease of the lung vasculature characterized by the proliferation of all vascular wall cell types, including endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts. The disease rapidly advances into a form with extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling, leading to a rapid increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, which results in right heart failure. Recent Advances: Most current research in the PAH field has been focused on the late stage of the disease, largely due to an urgent need for patient treatment options in clinics. Further, the pathobiology of PAH is multifaceted in the advanced disease, and there has been promising recent progress in identifying various pathological pathways related to the late clinical picture. Critical Issues: Early stage PAH still requires additional attention from the scientific community, and although the survival of patients with early diagnosis is comparatively higher, the disease develops in patients asymptomatically, making it difficult to identify and treat early. Future Directions: There are several reasons to focus on the early stage of PAH. First, the complexity of late stage disease, owing to multiple pathways being activated in a complex system with intra- and intercellular signaling, leads to an unclear picture of the key contributors to the pathobiology. Second, an understanding of early pathophysiological events can increase the ability to identify PAH patients earlier than what is currently possible. Third, the prompt diagnosis of PAH would allow for the therapy to start earlier, which has proved to be a more successful strategy, and it ensures better survival in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rafikova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Imad Al Ghouleh
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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15
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Ren J, Smid M, Iaria J, Salvatori DCF, van Dam H, Zhu HJ, Martens JWM, Ten Dijke P. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived Gremlin 1 promotes breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:109. [PMID: 31533776 PMCID: PMC6751614 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been reported to maintain epithelial integrity and to antagonize the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The expression of soluble BMP antagonists is dysregulated in cancers and interrupts proper BMP signaling in breast cancer. Methods In this study, we mined the prognostic role of BMP antagonists GREMLIN 1 (GREM1) in primary breast cancer tissues using in-house and publicly available datasets. We determined which cells express GREM1 RNA using in situ hybridization (ISH) on a breast cancer tissue microarray. The effects of Grem1 on the properties of breast cancer cells were assessed by measuring the mesenchymal/stem cell marker expression and functional cell-based assays for stemness and invasion. The role of Grem1 in breast cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation was measured by analyzing the expression of fibroblast markers, phalloidin staining, and collagen contraction assays. The role of Grem1 in CAF-induced breast cancer cell intravasation and extravasation was studied by utilizing xenograft zebrafish breast cancer (co-) injection models. Results Expression analysis of clinical breast cancer datasets revealed that high expression of GREM1 in breast cancer stroma is correlated with a poor prognosis regardless of the molecular subtype. The large majority of human breast cancer cell lines did not express GREM1 in vitro, but breast CAFs did express GREM1 both in vitro and in vivo. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) secreted by breast cancer cells, and also inflammatory cytokines, stimulated GREM1 expression in CAFs. Grem1 abrogated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD signaling in breast cancer cells and promoted their mesenchymal phenotype, stemness, and invasion. Moreover, Grem1 production by CAFs strongly promoted the fibrogenic activation of CAFs and promoted breast cancer cell intravasation and extravasation in co-injection xenograft zebrafish models. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that Grem1 is a pivotal factor in the reciprocal interplay between breast cancer cells and CAFs, which promotes cancer cell invasion. Targeting Grem1 could be beneficial in the treatment of breast cancer patients with high Grem1 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-019-1194-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ren
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine Iaria
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Mezzano S, Droguett A, Lavoz C, Krall P, Egido J, Ruiz-Ortega M. Gremlin and renal diseases: ready to jump the fence to clinical utility? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:735-741. [PMID: 28992340 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases only ameliorates disease progression. During renal injury, developmental genes are re-expressed and could be potential therapeutic targets. Among those genes reactivated in the adult damaged kidney, Gremlin is of particular relevance since recent data suggest that it could be a mediator of diabetic nephropathy and other progressive renal diseases. Earlier studies have shown that Gremlin is upregulated in trans-differentiated renal proximal tubular cells and in several chronic kidney diseases associated with fibrosis. However, not much was known about the mechanisms by which Gremlin acts in renal pathophysiology. The role of Gremlin as a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist has clearly been demonstrated in organogenesis and in fibrotic-related disorders. Gremlin binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in endothelial and tubular epithelial cells. Activation of the Gremlin-VEGFR2 axis was found in several human nephropathies. We have recently described that Gremlin activates the VEGFR2 signaling pathway in the kidney, eliciting a downstream mechanism linked to renal inflammatory response. Gremlin deletion improves experimental renal damage, diminishing fibrosis. Overall, the available data identify the Gremlin-VEGFR2 axis as a novel therapeutic target for kidney inflammation and fibrosis and provide a rationale for unveiling new concepts to investigate in several clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Mezzano
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Droguett
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Lavoz
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paola Krall
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jesús Egido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital, Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, CIBERDEM, Instituto Renal Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, RedinRen, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Ma B, Jing R, Liu J, Qi T, Pei C. Gremlin is a potential target for posterior capsular opacification. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1714-1726. [PMID: 31234714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the role of gremlin during the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: The activation, roles and relationships of the BMPs/Smad1/5, MAPK, FAK and AKT signaling pathways in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) after gremlin induction were detected by western blotting and real-time PCR. Wound-healing, transwell, capsular bag models and rat PCO models assays were used to test the effects of gremlin on HLECs' migration, proliferation, EMT-specific protein α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and development of PCO in rats. Results: Our data showed that knockdown of the gremlin inhibited the development of PCO and reduced expression of α-SMA in rats. While gremlin did not alter the migration of HLECs, it increased the expression of p-ERK and p-AKT. Knockout of Smad2 or Smad3 inhibited the expression of p-ERK and p-AKT proteins induced by gremlin. Gremlin also reduced BMP4-induced expression of the p-Smad1/5 protein. Finally, knockout of Smad1/5 increased gremlin-induced expression of α-SMA, fibronectin and type I collagen (COL-1) in HLECs. Conclusion: These results suggested that gremlin contributed to the development of PCO by promoting LEC proliferation, activation of TGF-β/Smad, ERK and AKT signaling and inhibition of BMPs/Smad1/5 signaling. Furthermore, inhibiting gremlin effectively impaired both PCO development in rats and EMT in the lens capsule. Thus, our data suggest that gremlin might be a potential target for PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jie Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Cheng Pei
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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18
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Swarnalatha Y, Vidhya VG, Murugan A. Isochamanetin is a Selective Inhibitor for CyclinD1 in SKOV3 Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:657-667. [PMID: 30663403 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1559933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cyclinD1 is an emerging potent therapeutic drug target in the treatment of ovarian cancer. CyclinD1, Cdks phosphorylation regulates cell cycle and controls transcription. For this reason, CyclinD1 have been subject to extensive cell cycle- related research, and consequently various therapeutic inhibitor drugs have been developed to these protein targets. In the present study we identified that the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 8, 9 and cyclinD1 using Q-PCR method in SKOV3 cell lines treated with Isochamanetin. The viability and migratory inhibition ability also studied to know the mode of cell death. Further the expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase8,9, Cytochrome C and CyclinD1 were significantly down regulated in SKOV3 cancer cells treated with isochamanetin, a specific binding molecule to CyclinD1. The therapeutic molecules found by a high through put insilicoscreen of this pocket exhibit cytostatic nature and reduce protein levels of cell cycle. The novel structural site on CyclinD1, which is well conserved and inhibits the SKOV3 cells from G0-G1 to S phase cell cycle progression. The current result suggests that isochamanetin serves as potent binding agent to the cyclinD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Swarnalatha
- a Department of Biotechnology , Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology , Chennai , India
| | - V G Vidhya
- a Department of Biotechnology , Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology , Chennai , India
| | - Annapoorni Murugan
- a Department of Biotechnology , Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology , Chennai , India
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19
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Viena CS, Machado RA, Persuhn DC, Martelli-Júnior H, Medrado AP, Coletta RD, Reis SRA. Understanding the participation of GREM1 polymorphisms in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Brazilian population. Birth Defects Res 2018; 111:16-25. [PMID: 30402937 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GREM1, which encodes Gremlin 1, an antagonist of bone morphogenic proteins with effects on proliferation and apoptosis, has been considered a candidate gene for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P). In this study, we investigated potential associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in GREM1 and NSCL±P risk in the Brazilian population. Additionally, SNP-SNP interactions of GREM1 with previously reported rs1880646 variant in NTN1 (netrin 1), a gene also responsible for apoptotic phenotypes were verified. METHODS Applying Taqman allelic discrimination assays, we evaluated the variants rs16969681, rs16969816, rs16969862, and rs1258763 in 325 case-parent trios and in 1,588 isolated samples in a case-control study. Allelic and genotypic analyses, as well as interaction tests assessing gene-environmental factor (GxE) and SNP-SNP interaction with rs1880646 variant in NTN1, were performed based on logistic regression analysis adjusted for the effects of gender and genomic ancestry proportions. RESULTS The risk alleles of all SNP were undertransmitted in NSCL±P trios, though the case-control analysis confirmed only the association with rs16969862 alleles (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.96, p = .02). The GxE interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction between maternal environmental contact with agrotoxics and rs16969816 (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08-0.74, p = .01), and pairwise interaction test with NTN1 rs1880646 yielded significant p values in the 1,000 permutation test for rs16969681, rs16969816, and rs16969862. CONCLUSION The GREM1 is involved in the etiology of NSCL±P in the Brazilian population and reveal that the interaction between GREM1 and NTN1 may be related with the pathogenesis of this common craniofacial malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Sane Viena
- Basic Science Department, Area of Oral Pathology, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darlene Camati Persuhn
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José Rosário Vellano, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alena Peixoto Medrado
- Basic Science Department, Area of Oral Pathology, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia R A Reis
- Basic Science Department, Area of Oral Pathology, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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20
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Marquez-Exposito L, Lavoz C, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Rayego-Mateos S, Orejudo M, Cantero-Navarro E, Ortiz A, Egido J, Selgas R, Mezzano S, Ruiz-Ortega M. Gremlin Regulates Tubular Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition via VEGFR2: Potential Role in Renal Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1195. [PMID: 30386246 PMCID: PMC6199372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emerging as an important health problem due to the increase number of CKD patients and the absence of an effective curative treatment. Gremlin has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for renal inflammatory diseases, acting via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Although many evidences suggest that Gremlin could regulate renal fibrosis, the receptor involved has not been yet clarified. Gremlin, as other TGF-β superfamily members, regulates tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and, therefore, could contribute to renal fibrosis. In cultured tubular epithelial cells Gremlin binding to VEGFR2 is linked to proinflammatory responses. Now, we have found out that in these cells VEGFR2 is also involved in the profibrotic actions of Gremlin. VEGFR2 blockade by a pharmacological kinase inhibitor or gene silencing diminished Gremlin-mediated gene upregulation of profibrotic factors and restored changes in EMT-related genes. Moreover, VEGFR2 inhibition blocked EMT phenotypic changes and dampened the rate of wound healing in response to Gremlin. The role of VEGFR2 in experimental fibrosis was evaluated in experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction. VEFGR2 inhibition diminished the upregulation of profibrotic genes and EMT changes, as well as the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and collagens in the obstructed kidneys. Notch pathway activation participates in renal damage progression by regulating cell growth/proliferation, regeneration and inflammation. In cultured tubular epithelial cells, Notch inhibition markedly downregulated Gremlin-induced EMT changes and wound healing speed. These results show that Gremlin regulates the EMT process via VEGFR2 and Notch pathway activation, suggesting that the Gremlin/VEGFR2 axis could be a potential therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marquez-Exposito
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Lavoz
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Raul R Rodrigues-Diez
- Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Nephrology, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario la Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Macarena Orejudo
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cantero-Navarro
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Nephrology, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario la Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Yu Y, Cheng L, Yan B, Zhou C, Qian W, Xiao Y, Qin T, Cao J, Han L, Ma Q, Ma J. Overexpression of Gremlin 1 by sonic hedgehog signaling promotes pancreatic cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2445-2457. [PMID: 30272371 PMCID: PMC6203161 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is an important promotor of desmoplasia, a critical feature in pancreatic cancer stromal reactions involving the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Gremlin 1 is widely overexpressed in cancer-associated stromal cells, including activated PSCs. In embryonic development, SHH is a potent regulator of Gremlin 1 through an interaction network. This subtle mechanism in the cancer microenvironment remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the association between Gremlin 1 and SHH, and the effect of Gremlin 1 in pancreatic cancer. The expression of Gremlin 1 in different specimens was measured using immunohistochemistry. The correlations among clinico-pathological features and levels of Gremlin 1 were evaluated. Primary human PSCs and pancreatic cancer cell lines were exposed to SHH, cyclopamine, GLI family zinc finger-1 (Gli-1) small interfering RNA (siRNA), and Gremlin 1 siRNA to examine their associations and effects using an MTT assay, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, and migration or invasion assays. The results revealed the overexpression of Gremlin 1 in pancreatic cancer tissues, mainly in the stroma. The levels of Gremlin 1 were significantly correlated with survival rate and pT status. In addition, following activation of the PSCs, the expression levels of Gremlin 1 increased substantially. SHH acts as a potent promoter of the expression of Gremlin 1, and cyclopamine and Gli-1 siRNA modulated this effect. In a screen of pancreatic cancer cell lines, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells expressed high levels of Gremlin 1, but only AsPC-1 cells exhibited a high expression level of SHH. The results of the indirect co-culture experiment suggested that paracrine SHH from the AsPC-1 cells induced the expression of Gremlin 1 in the PSCs. Furthermore, Gremlin 1 siRNA negatively regulated the proliferation and migration of PSCs, and the proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells. Based on the data from the present study, it was concluded that an abnormal expression level of Gremlin 1 in pancreatic cancer was induced by SHH signaling, and that the overexpression of Gremlin 1 enabled pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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22
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Jo DH, Kim JH, Yang W, Kim H, Chang S, Kim D, Chang M, Lee K, Chung J, Kim JH. Anti-complement component 5 antibody targeting MG4 domain inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45506-45516. [PMID: 28477014 PMCID: PMC5542204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of visual impairment in adults. Visual deterioration is more prominent in neovascular AMD with choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Clinical and postmortem studies suggested that complement system activation might induce CNV. In this study, we demonstrated that an anti-mouse complement component 5 (C5) antibody targeting MG4 domain of β chain effectively inhibited CNV which was induced by laser photocoagulation in mice. The targeted epitope of this anti-C5 antibody was different from that of currently utilized anti-C5 antibody (eculizumab) in the MG7 domain in which a single nucleotide polymorphism (R885H/C) results in poor response to eculizumab. Even with targeting MG4 domain, this anti-C5 antibody reduced production of C5a, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor to prevent infiltration of F4/80-positive cells into CNV lesions and formation of CNV. Furthermore, anti-C5 antibody targeting MG4 domain induced no definite toxicity in normal retina. These results demonstrated that anti-C5 antibody targeting MG4 domain inhibited CNV in neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinjae Chang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion, Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjo Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion, Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Chang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion, Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Fregni G, Quinodoz M, Möller E, Vuille J, Galland S, Fusco C, Martin P, Letovanec I, Provero P, Rivolta C, Riggi N, Stamenkovic I. Reciprocal modulation of mesenchymal stem cells and tumor cells promotes lung cancer metastasis. EBioMedicine 2018; 29:128-145. [PMID: 29503225 PMCID: PMC5925622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a multi-step process in which direct crosstalk between cancer cells and their microenvironment plays a key role. Here, we assessed the effect of paired tumor-associated and normal lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the growth and dissemination of primary human lung carcinoma cells isolated from the same patients. We show that the tumor microenvironment modulates MSC gene expression and identify a four-gene MSC signature that is functionally implicated in promoting metastasis. We also demonstrate that tumor-associated MSCs induce the expression of genes associated with an aggressive phenotype in primary lung cancer cells and selectively promote their dissemination rather than local growth. Our observations provide insight into mechanisms by which the stroma promotes lung cancer metastasis. Distinct gene expression profiles distinguish normal lung and tumor-associated MSCs. MSCs induce EMT- and hypoxia-related genes in primary tumor cells and promote their metastatic potential. A 4-gene T-MSC signature is involved in MSC-induced metastasis promotion.
The tumor microenvironment, which includes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) among many other stromal cell types, plays a fundamental role in cancer metastasis. Although MSCs are suggested to participate in tumor progression, most studies thus far have been performed on bone marrow-derived MSCs and cancer cell lines. Using primary human pulmonary MSCs and paired lung cancer cells, we show that tumor cells modulate MSCs to acquire properties, including a four-gene signature, which allow them to promote tumor dissemination. Our results provide insight into the mutual cancer cell-stromal cell modulation that drives tumor dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fregni
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Emely Möller
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Vuille
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Galland
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Martin
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Igor Letovanec
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Provero
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan20132, Italy; Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Nicolo Riggi
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- Experimental Pathology Service, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
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24
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Chatterjee M, Behrendt A, Schmid M, Beck S, Schneider M, Mack A, Müller I, Geisler T, Gawaz M. Platelets as a novel source of Gremlin-1: Implications for thromboinflammation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:311-324. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-08-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPlatelets mediating haemostasis-thrombosis are central players in coronary artery disease (CAD). We characterised platelets as a novel source of Gremlin-1. Platelets express Gremlin-1 like inflammatory and endothelial cells. Gremlin-1 co-localised with P-selectin containing randomly distributed α–granules under resting state, which were peripheralised following platelet activation or adhesion over fibrinogen-coated surface. Gremlin-1 release upon activation with ADP, CRP, and TRAP was detected as enhanced surface expression; also in activated platelet supernatant as detected by Western Blot following CRP activation and by ELISA upon activation with ADP, CRP, PAR-1, and PAR4 agonist. Recombinant (rh)Gremlin-1 synergistically enhanced CRP-triggered intracellular calcium mobilisation, ADP-TRAP induced platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombin-activation triggered apoptosis; also thrombus formation ex vivo. Intracellular localisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and Gremlin-1 a high-affinity binding partner and functional antagonist of MIF were found in intracoronary thrombus sections from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and showed moderate overlap in α-granules of platelets. Intra-platelet Gremlin-1 levels were significantly decreased in ACS patients as compared to stable CAD (n=235). rhGremlin-1 also counteracted the anti-apoptotic and anti-thrombotic effects of rhMIF on platelets. Platelet-derived-Gremlin-1 prompted monocyte migration, facilitated adhesion under static and dynamic arterial flow conditions to collagen-adherent activated platelets; supported monocyte survival against BH-3-mimetic–induced apoptosis and macrophage differentiation in monocyte-platelet co-culture system, which were counteracted upon Gremlin-1 neutralisation. Thus platelet derived Gremlin-1 might contribute to the elevated circulating levels of Gremlin-1 in ACS and serve as a thrombo-inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular pathophysiologies.
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25
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Sun J, Liu X, Gao H, Zhang L, Ji Q, Wang Z, Zhou L, Wang Y, Sui H, Fan Z, Li Q. Overexpression of colorectal cancer oncogene CHRDL2 predicts a poor prognosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11489-11506. [PMID: 28009989 PMCID: PMC5355280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) both promote and suppress tumorigenesis, and multiple BMP antagonists reportedly contribute to cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrated that the BMP antagonist Chordin-like 2 (CHRDL2) is upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and that CHRDL2 levels correlate with clinical features of CRC patients, including tumor size, TNM staging, and tumor differentiation. In addition, survival rate and Cox proportional hazards model analyses showed that high CHRDL2 levels correlate with a poor prognosis in CRC. Moreover, CHRDL2 promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, perhaps through up-regulation of Cyclin D1 and down-regulation of P21. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that CHRDL2 bound to BMPs, which inhibited p-Smad1/5, thereby promoting CRC cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. These results suggest CHRDL2 could serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in CRC, and provide evidence that CHRDL2 acts as an oncogene in human CRC, making it a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongze Fan
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine & Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Endothelial Nox1 oxidase assembly in human pulmonary arterial hypertension; driver of Gremlin1-mediated proliferation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2019-2035. [PMID: 28522681 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly degenerating and devastating disease of increased pulmonary vessel resistance leading to right heart failure. Palliative modalities remain limited despite recent endeavors to investigate the mechanisms underlying increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), i.e. aberrant vascular remodeling and occlusion. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms responsible for endothelial proliferation, a root cause of PAH-associated vascular remodeling. Lung tissue specimens from PAH and non-PAH patients and hypoxia-exposed human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) (HPAEC) were assessed for mRNA and protein expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using cytochrome c and Amplex Red assays. Findings demonstrate for the first time an up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) at the transcript and protein level in resistance vessels from PAH compared with non-PAH patients. This coincided with an increase in ROS production and expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin1 (Grem1). In HPAEC, hypoxia induced Nox1 subunit expression, assembly, and oxidase activity leading to elevation in sonic hedgehog (SHH) and Grem1 expression. Nox1 gene silencing abrogated this cascade. Moreover, loss of either Nox1, SHH or Grem1 attenuated hypoxia-induced EC proliferation. Together, these data support a Nox1-SHH-Grem1 signaling axis in pulmonary vascular endothelium that is likely to contribute to pathophysiological endothelial proliferation and the progression of PAH. These findings also support targeting of Nox1 as a viable therapeutic option to combat PAH.
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Church RH, Ali I, Tate M, Lavin D, Krishnakumar A, Kok HM, Hombrebueno JR, Dunne PD, Bingham V, Goldschmeding R, Martin F, Brazil DP. Gremlin1 plays a key role in kidney development and renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1141-F1157. [PMID: 28100499 PMCID: PMC5495891 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00344.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gremlin1 (Grem1), an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins, plays a key role in embryogenesis. A highly specific temporospatial gradient of Grem1 and bone morphogenetic protein signaling is critical to normal lung, kidney, and limb development. Grem1 levels are increased in renal fibrotic conditions, including acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, chronic allograft nephropathy, and immune glomerulonephritis. We demonstrate that a small number of grem1−/− whole body knockout mice on a mixed genetic background (8%) are viable, with a single, enlarged left kidney and grossly normal histology. The grem1−/− mice displayed mild renal dysfunction at 4 wk, which recovered by 16 wk. Tubular epithelial cell-specific targeted deletion of Grem1 (TEC-grem1-cKO) mice displayed a milder response in the acute injury and recovery phases of the folic acid model. Increases in indexes of kidney damage were smaller in TEC-grem1-cKO than wild-type mice. In the recovery phase of the folic acid model, associated with renal fibrosis, TEC-grem1-cKO mice displayed reduced histological damage and an attenuated fibrotic gene response compared with wild-type controls. Together, these data demonstrate that Grem1 expression in the tubular epithelial compartment plays a significant role in the fibrotic response to renal injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Church
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Lavin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Arjun Krishnakumar
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Helena M Kok
- Utrecht Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose R Hombrebueno
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Bingham
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Finian Martin
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;
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Han EJ, Yoo SA, Kim GM, Hwang D, Cho CS, You S, Kim WU. GREM1 Is a Key Regulator of Synoviocyte Hyperplasia and Invasiveness. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:474-85. [PMID: 26834210 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Gremlin 1 (GREM1), an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovia and its involvement in the hyperplasia and invasiveness of fibroblast-like synoviocytes of RA (RA-FLS). METHODS Computational analysis was introduced to identify FLS-predominant regulators. GREM1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and ELISA. FLS proliferation and apoptosis were determined using tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay and APOPercentage assay, respectively. FLS migration and invasion were evaluated by wound migration and Matrigel invasion assay, respectively. Expressions of Bax, Bcl2, pErk1/2, and pAkt were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Through global transcriptome profiling, we identified a GREM1 gene predominantly expressed in RA-FLS. Indeed, the GREM1 expression was higher in synovia, synovial fluids, and FLS of patients with RA than in those of patients with osteoarthritis, and its levels correlated well with proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Knockdown of GREM1 transcripts using short interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the proliferation and survival of RA-FLS along with downregulation of pErk1/2, pAkt, and Bcl2 expressions, whereas it induced Bax expression. Conversely, the addition of recombinant GREM1 to RA-FLS showed the opposite results. Moreover, GREM1 siRNA decreased the migratory and invasive capacity of RA-FLS, whereas exogenous GREM1 increased it. The GREM1-induced FLS survival, migration, and invasion were completely blocked by neutralizing antibodies to ανβ3 integrin on RA-FLS, suggesting that ανβ3 integrin mediates the antiapoptotic and promigratory effects of GREM1. CONCLUSION GREM1 is highly expressed in RA joints, and functions as a regulator of survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA-FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Han
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea
| | - Gi-Myo Kim
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sungyong You
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea.
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- From the POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.E.J. Han, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S.A. Yoo, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; G.M. Kim, PhD Candidate, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; D. Hwang, PhD, Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST; C.S. Cho, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Catholic University of Korea; S. You, PhD, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; W.U. Kim, MD, PhD, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea.
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Graham JR, Williams CMM, Yang Z. MicroRNA-27b targets gremlin 1 to modulate fibrotic responses in pulmonary cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1539-48. [PMID: 24633904 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by an excessive deposition of scar tissue in the affected organs. A central mediator of this process is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which stimulates the production of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in both fibrosis as well as in TGF-β signaling, but the extent of their regulation has not been fully defined. A functional screen was conducted using a library of miRNA inhibitors to identify miRNAs that affect TGF-β-induced type I collagen expression, a key event in the development of fibrosis. The inhibition of one miRNA in particular, miR-27b, caused a significant increase in type I collagen expression. We found that miR-27b directly targets Gremlin 1 by binding to its 3'-UTR, reducing its mRNA levels. TGF-β signaling decreased miR-27b expression and caused a corresponding increase in Gremlin 1 levels, suggesting that TGF-β regulates Gremlin 1 expression in part by modulating miR-27b expression. Reducing Gremlin 1 levels by either siRNA-mediated gene silencing or by using the miR-27b mimic inhibited the expression of several genes known to be involved in fibrosis, while increasing Gremlin 1 levels by the addition of either recombinant protein or the miR-27b inhibitor enhanced the expression of these genes. In summary, we have demonstrated that miR-27b targets Gremlin 1, and that this regulation likely represents an important control point in fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Graham
- Inflammation and Remodeling Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02140
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Kalmár A, Wichmann B, Galamb O, Spisák S, Tóth K, Leiszter K, Nielsen BS, Barták BK, Tulassay Z, Molnár B. Gene-expression analysis of a colorectal cancer-specific discriminatory transcript set on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Diagn Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26208990 PMCID: PMC4515026 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recently published transcript set is suitable for gene expression-based discrimination of normal colonic and colorectal cancer (CRC) biopsy samples. Our aim was to test the discriminatory power of the CRC-specific transcript set on independent biopsies and on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. METHODS Total RNA isolations were performed with the automated MagNA Pure 96 Cellular RNA Large Volume Kit (Roche) from fresh frozen biopsies stored in RNALater (CRC (n = 15) and healthy colonic (n = 15)), furthermore from FFPE specimens including CRC (n = 15) and normal adjacent tissue (NAT) (n = 15) specimens next to the tumor. After quality and quantity measurements, gene expression analysis of a colorectal cancer-specific marker set with 11 genes (CA7, COL12A1, CXCL1, CXCL2, CHI3L1, GREM1, IL1B, IL1RN, IL8, MMP3, SLC5A7) was performed with array real-time PCR using Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Roche) and RealTime ready assays on LightCycler480 System (Roche). In situ hybridization for two selected transcripts (CA7, CXCL1) was performed on NAT (n = 3), adenoma (n = 3) and CRC (n = 3) FFPE samples. RESULTS Although analytical parameters of automatically isolated RNA samples showed differences between fresh frozen biopsy and FFPE samples, both quantity and the quality enabled their application in gene expression analyses. CRC and normal fresh frozen biopsy samples could be distinguished with 93.3% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity and FFPE samples with 96.7 and 70.0%, respectively. In situ hybridization could confirm the upregulation of CXCL1 and downregulation of CA7 in colorectal adenomas and tumors compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION According to our results, gene expression analysis of the analyzed colorectal cancer-specific marker set can also be performed from FFPE tissue material. With the addition of an automated workflow, this marker set may enhance the objective classification of colorectal neoplasias in the routine procedure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kalmár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,2nd Department of Medicine Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46., 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Barnabás Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Galamb
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Tóth
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Leiszter
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | - Zsolt Tulassay
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Molnár
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Marchant V, Droguett A, Valderrama G, Burgos ME, Carpio D, Kerr B, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J, Mezzano S. Tubular overexpression of Gremlin in transgenic mice aggravates renal damage in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F559-68. [PMID: 26155842 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00023.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently a leading cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. Gremlin was identified as a gene differentially expressed in mesangial cells exposed to high glucose and in experimental diabetic kidneys. We have described that Gremlin is highly expressed in biopsies from patients with diabetic nephropathy, predominantly in areas of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes, Gremlin deletion using Grem1 heterozygous knockout mice or by gene silencing, ameliorates renal damage. To study the in vivo role of Gremlin in renal damage, we developed a diabetic model induced by STZ in transgenic (TG) mice expressing human Gremlin in proximal tubular epithelial cells. The albuminuria/creatinuria ratio, determined at week 20 after treatment, was significantly increased in diabetic mice but with no significant differences between transgenic (TG/STZ) and wild-type mice (WT/STZ). To assess the level of renal damage, kidney tissue was analyzed by light microscopy (periodic acid-Schiff and Masson staining), electron microscopy, and quantitative PCR. TG/STZ mice had significantly greater thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, increased mesangial matrix, and podocytopenia vs. WT/STZ. At the tubulointerstitial level, TG/STZ showed increased cell infiltration and mild interstitial fibrosis. In addition, we observed a decreased expression of podocin and overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and fibrotic-related markers, including transforming growth factor-β1, Col1a1, and α-smooth muscle actin. Together, these results show that TG mice overexpressing Gremlin in renal tubules develop greater glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in response to diabetic-mediated damage and support the involvement of Gremlin in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Marchant
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Droguett
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Graciela Valderrama
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M Eugenia Burgos
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Carpio
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Jesús Egido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;
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Brazil DP, Church RH, Surae S, Godson C, Martin F. BMP signalling: agony and antagony in the family. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mori T, Yanagisawa Y, Kitani Y, Sugiyama M, Kishida O, Nishimura K. Gene expression profiles in Rana pirica tadpoles following exposure to a predation threat. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:258. [PMID: 25886855 PMCID: PMC4403775 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rana pirica tadpoles show morphological changes in response to a predation threat: larvae of the dragonfly Aeshna nigroflava induce heightened tail depth, whereas larval salamander Hynobius retardatus induce a bulgy morphology with heightened tail depth. Although both predators induce similar tail morphologies, it is possible that there are functional differences between these tail morphs. Results Here, we performed a discriminant microarray analysis using Xenopus laevis genome arrays to compare tail tissues of control and predator-exposed tadpoles. We identified 9 genes showing large-scale changes in their expression profile: ELAV-like1, methyltransferase like 7A, dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase, laminin subunit beta-1, gremlin 1, BCL6 corepressor-like 1, and three genes of unknown identity. A further 80 genes showed greater than 5 fold differences in expression after exposure to dragonfly larvae and 81 genes showed altered expression after exposure to larval salamanders. Predation-threat responsive genes were identified by selecting genes that reverted to control levels of expression following removal of the predator. Thirteen genes were induced specifically by dragonfly larvae, nine others were salamander-specific, and sixteen were induced by both. Functional analyses indicated that some of the genes induced by dragonfly larvae caused an increase in laminins necessary for cell adhesion in the extracellular matrix. The higher expression of gremlin 1 and HIF1a genes after exposure to dragonfly larvae indicated an in vivo hypoxic reaction, while down-regulation of syndecan-2 may indicate impairment of angiogenesis. Exposure to larval salamanders caused down-regulation of XCIRP-1, which is known to inhibit expression of adhesion molecules; the tadpoles showed reduced expression of cα(E)-catenin, small muscle protein, dystrophin, and myosin light chain genes. Conclusion The connective tissue of tadpoles exposed to larval salamanders may be looser. The differences in gene expression profiles induced by the two predators suggest that there are functional differences between the altered tail tissues of the two groups of tadpoles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1389-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yukio Yanagisawa
- Department of Liberal Art, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Manabu Sugiyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Horonobe, Hokkaido, 098-2943, Japan.
| | - Kinya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
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BMP-2 and -4 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic lesions induce monocyte chemotaxis through direct BMPRII activation. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ciuclan L, Sheppard K, Dong L, Sutton D, Duggan N, Hussey M, Simmons J, Morrell NW, Jarai G, Edwards M, Dubois G, Thomas M, Van Heeke G, England K. Treatment with anti-gremlin 1 antibody ameliorates chronic hypoxia/SU5416-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1461-73. [PMID: 24160323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, Gremlin 1, was recently shown to be increased in the lungs of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, and in response to hypoxia. Gremlin 1 released from the vascular endothelium may inhibit endogenous bone morphogenetic protein signaling and contribute to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Here, we investigate the impact of Gremlin 1 inhibition in disease after exposure to chronic hypoxia/SU5416 in mice. We investigated the effects of an anti-Gremlin 1 monoclonal antibody in the chronic hypoxia/SU5416 murine model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chronic hypoxic/SU5416 exposure of mice induced upregulation of Gremlin 1 mRNA in lung and right ventricle tissue compared with normoxic controls. Prophylactic treatment with an anti-Gremlin 1 neutralizing mAb reduced the hypoxic/SU5416-dependent increase in pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy. Importantly, therapeutic treatment with an anti-Gremlin 1 antibody also reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy indicating a role for Gremlin 1 in the progression of the disease. We conclude that Gremlin 1 plays a role in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the murine hypoxia/SU5416 model, and that Gremlin 1 is a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ciuclan
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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Yan K, Wu Q, Yan DH, Lee CH, Rahim N, Tritschler I, DeVecchio J, Kalady MF, Hjelmeland AB, Rich JN. Glioma cancer stem cells secrete Gremlin1 to promote their maintenance within the tumor hierarchy. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1085-100. [PMID: 24788093 PMCID: PMC4035537 DOI: 10.1101/gad.235515.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In glioblastomas, cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in functional niches that provide essential cues to maintain the cellular hierarchy. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are proposed as anti-CSC therapies to induce differentiation, but, paradoxically, tumors express high levels of BMPs. Yan et al. demonstrate that the BMP antagonist Gremlin1 is specifically expressed by CSCs as protection from endogenous BMPs. Gremlin1-overexpressing cells display increased growth and tumor formation, while targeting Gremlin1 in CSCs impairs growth and self-renewal associated with inhibition of p21WAF1/CIP1, a key CSC signaling node. Glioblastomas are the most prevalent and lethal primary brain tumor and are comprised of hierarchies with self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Like neural stem cells (NSCs), CSCs reside in functional niches that provide essential cues to maintain the cellular hierarchy. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) instruct NSCs to adopt an astrocyte fate and are proposed as anti-CSC therapies to induce differentiation, but, paradoxically, tumors express high levels of BMPs. Here we demonstrate that the BMP antagonist Gremlin1 is specifically expressed by CSCs as protection from endogenous BMPs. Gremlin1 colocalizes with CSCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Gremlin1 blocks prodifferentiation effects of BMPs, and overexpression of Gremlin1 in non-CSCs decreases their endogenous BMP signaling to promote stem-like features. Consequently, Gremlin1-overexpressing cells display increased growth and tumor formation abilities. Targeting Gremlin1 in CSCs results in impaired growth and self-renewal. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated that Gremlin1 effects were associated with inhibition of p21WAF1/CIP1, a key CSC signaling node. This study establishes CSC-derived Gremlin1 as a driving force in maintaining glioblastoma tumor proliferation and glioblastoma hierarchies through the modulation of endogenous prodifferentiation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Diana H Yan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Christine H Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Nasiha Rahim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Isabel Tritschler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer DeVecchio
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Lazar V, Suo C, Orear C, van den Oord J, Balogh Z, Guegan J, Job B, Meurice G, Ripoche H, Calza S, Hasmats J, Lundeberg J, Lacroix L, Vielh P, Dufour F, Lehtiö J, Napieralski R, Eggermont A, Schmitt M, Cadranel J, Besse B, Girard P, Blackhall F, Validire P, Soria JC, Dessen P, Hansson J, Pawitan Y. Integrated molecular portrait of non-small cell lung cancers. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:53. [PMID: 24299561 PMCID: PMC4222074 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a leading cause of cancer deaths, represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, mostly comprising squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and large-cell carcinoma (LCC). The objectives of this study were to utilize integrated genomic data including copy-number alteration, mRNA, microRNA expression and candidate-gene full sequencing data to characterize the molecular distinctions between AC and SCC. Methods Comparative genomic hybridization followed by mutational analysis, gene expression and miRNA microarray profiling were performed on 123 paired tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from patients with NSCLC. Results At DNA, mRNA and miRNA levels we could identify molecular markers that discriminated significantly between the various histopathological entities of NSCLC. We identified 34 genomic clusters using aCGH data; several genes exhibited a different profile of aberrations between AC and SCC, including PIK3CA, SOX2, THPO, TP63, PDGFB genes. Gene expression profiling analysis identified SPP1, CTHRC1and GREM1 as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of the cancer, and SPINK1 and BMP7 to distinguish between AC and SCC in small biopsies or in blood samples. Using integrated genomics approach we found in recurrently altered regions a list of three potential driver genes, MRPS22, NDRG1 and RNF7, which were consistently over-expressed in amplified regions, had wide-spread correlation with an average of ~800 genes throughout the genome and highly associated with histological types. Using a network enrichment analysis, the targets of these potential drivers were seen to be involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, mismatch repair, p53 signalling pathway and other lung cancer related signalling pathways, and many immunological pathways. Furthermore, we also identified one potential driver miRNA hsa-miR-944. Conclusions Integrated molecular characterization of AC and SCC helped identify clinically relevant markers and potential drivers, which are recurrent and stable changes at DNA level that have functional implications at RNA level and have strong association with histological subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lazar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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McCormack N, O'Dea S. Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition by bone morphogenetic proteins. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2856-62. [PMID: 24044921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which fully differentiated epithelial cells lose many of their epithelial characteristics and adopt features typical of mesenchymal cells, thus allowing cells to become migratory and invasive. EMT is a critical process in development and its role in cancer and fibrosis is becoming increasingly recognised. It is also becoming apparent that EMT is not just restricted to embryonic development and disease in adults, but in fact may be an important process for the maintenance and regeneration of adult tissue architecture. While transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is considered a prototypic inducer of EMT, relatively little is known about other signalling molecules that regulate EMT. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and 20 different human BMPs have been identified. Originally named for their effects on bone, these proteins are now considered to be key morphogenetic signals that orchestrate tissue architecture throughout the body. BMP2, -4 and -7 are the best studied to date. There are disparate reports of the roles of BMPs in EMT during development, cancer and fibrosis. Here, we present an overview of this literature as well as the emerging role of EMT in tissue regeneration and the involvement of BMPs in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha McCormack
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland.
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Gremlin-1 associates with fibrillin microfibrils in vivo and regulates mesothelioma cell survival through transcription factor slug. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e66. [PMID: 23978876 PMCID: PMC3759128 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a form of cancer that is highly resistant to conventional cancer therapy for which no major therapeutic advances have been introduced. Here, we identify gremlin-1, a known bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor crucial for embryonic development, as a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma. We found high expression levels of gremlin-1 in the mesothelioma tumor tissue, as well as in primary mesothelioma cells cultured from pleural effusion samples. Downregulation of gremlin-1 expression by siRNA-mediated silencing in a mesothelioma cell line inhibited cell proliferation. This was associated with downregulation of the transcription factor slug as well as mesenchymal proteins linked to cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further, resistance to paclitaxel-induced cell death was associated with high gremlin-1 and slug expression. Treatment of gremlin-1-silenced mesothelioma cells with paclitaxel or pemetrexed resulted in efficient loss of cell survival. Finally, our data suggest that concomitant upregulation of fibrillin-2 in mesothelioma provides a mechanism for extracellular localization of gremlin-1 to the tumor microenvironment. This was supported by the demonstration of interactions between gremlin-1, and fibrillin-1 and -2 peptides as well as by colocalization of gremlin-1 to fibrillin microfibrils in cells and tumor tissue samples. Our data suggest that gremlin-1 is also a potential target for overcoming drug resistance in mesothelioma.
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Laurila R, Parkkila S, Isola J, Kallioniemi A, Alarmo EL. The expression patterns of gremlin 1 and noggin in normal adult and tumor tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:1400-1408. [PMID: 23826422 PMCID: PMC3693206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gremlin 1 and noggin are inhibitors of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. They are vital during early development but their role in adult tissues has remained largely unresolved. The BMP signaling pathway has also been implicated in tumorigenesis, however with emphasis on the role of the ligands and receptors. We performed a concurrent survey of gremlin 1 and noggin protein expression in multiple normal and cancer samples, using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 96 samples from 34 different normal organs/tissue sites and 208 samples of 34 different tumor types. In majority of both normal and tumor samples, gremlin 1 and noggin expression was negative or weak. However, normal stomach and skin demonstrated distinct gremlin 1 and noggin expression indicating a role in adult tissues. Likewise, strong expression of both antagonists was detected in Leydig cells of testis. In the tumor panel, the expression patterns were more variable but elevated BMP antagonist expression was detected for the first time in few cases, such as glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and diffuse B-cell lymphoma for gremlin 1 and renal granular cell tumor and thyroid papillary carcinoma for noggin. Even though gremlin 1 and noggin were not widely expressed in adult tissues, in a subset of organs their expression pattern indicated a potential role in normal tissue homeostasis as well as in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laurila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTechTampere, Finland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTechTampere, Finland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Isola
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTechTampere, Finland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampere, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTechTampere, Finland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampere, Finland
| | - Emma-Leena Alarmo
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTechTampere, Finland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampere, Finland
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Huang H, Huang H, Li Y, Liu M, Shi Y, Chi Y, Zhang T. Gremlin induces cell proliferation and extra cellular matrix accumulation in mouse mesangial cells exposed to high glucose via the ERK1/2 pathway. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:33. [PMID: 23394397 PMCID: PMC3572428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gremlin, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the specific molecular mechanism underlying Gremlin’s involvement in DN has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of Gremlin on cell proliferation and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mouse mesangial cells (MMCs), and explored the relationship between Gremlin and the ERK1/2 pathway. Methods To determine expression of Gremlin in MMCs after high glucose (HG) exposure, Gremlin mRNA and protein expression were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. To determine the role of Gremlin on cell proliferation and accumulation of ECM, western blot analysis was used to assess expression of pERK1/2, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Cell proliferation was examined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA, and accumulation of collagen IV was measured using a radioimmunoassay. This enabled the relationship between Gremlin and ERK1/2 pathway activation to be investigated. Results HG exposure induced expression of Gremlin, which peaked 12 h after HG exposure. HG exposure alone or transfection of normal-glucose (NG) exposed MMCs with Gremlin plasmid (NG + P) increased cell proliferation. Transfection with Gremlin plasmid into MMCs previously exposed to HG (HG + P) significantly increased this HG-induced phenomenon. HG and NG + P conditions up-regulated protein levels of TGF-β1, CTGF and collagen IV accumulation, while HG + P significantly increased levels of these further. Inhibition of Gremlin with Gremlin siRNA plasmid reversed the HG-induced phenomena. These data indicate that Gremlin can induce cell proliferation and accumulation of ECM in MMCs. HG also induced the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, which peaked 24 h after HG exposure. HG and NG + P conditions induced overexpression of pERK1/2, whilst HG + P significantly induced levels further. Inhibition of Gremlin by Gremlin siRNA plasmid reversed the HG-induced phenomena. This indicates Gremlin can induce activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in MMCs. Conclusion Culture of MMCs in the presence of HG up-regulates expression of Gremlin. Gremlin induces cell proliferation and accumulation of ECM in MMCs. and enhances activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Huang
- Department of Nephropathy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Li A, Lu D, Zhang Y, Li J, Fang Y, Li F, Sun J. Critical role of aquaporin-3 in epidermal growth factor-induced migration of colorectal carcinoma cells and its clinical significance. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:535-40. [PMID: 23165320 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small, integral membrane proteins that have been shown to play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. Several studies have demonstrated that expression of AQP3 contributes to the enhanced migration of epithelial cells and is related to differentiation, metastasis and vascular invasion in lung and gastric cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether AQP3 could enhance human colorectal carcinoma cell migration and we examined the role of AQP3 in the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma. Our results showed that human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) increased the expression of AQP3 and, subsequently, the migration ability of human colorectal carcinoma cells HCT116 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The enhanced migration ability of HCT116 cells was blocked by the AQP3 inhibitor, CuSO(4). Overexpression of AQP3 induced by hEGF was inhibited by a PI3K/AKT inhibitor, LY294002, but the ERK inhibitor U0126 had a minor effect on the hEGF-induced AQP3 upregulation. Immunohistochemical staining of the cancer tissues and corresponding normal tissues showed that AQP3 expression in cancer tissue was higher compared to that in normal tissue. The expression intensity of AQP3 was associated with the differentiation, lymph node and distant metastasis of colorectal carcinoma patients. Our results suggest that AQP3 overexpression could facilitate colorectal carcinoma cell migration and AQP3 may be considered a potential indicator and therapeutic target for colon tumor metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
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