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Yasuda S, Bando K, Henry MP, Libertini S, Watanabe T, Bando H, Chen C, Fujimori K, Harada K, Kuroda T, Lemmens M, Marginean D, Moss D, Pereira Mouriès L, Nicholas NS, Smart MJK, Terai O, Sato Y. Detection of residual pluripotent stem cells in cell therapy products utilizing droplet digital PCR: an international multisite evaluation study. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024:szae058. [PMID: 39120125 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of residual undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in PSC-derived cell therapy products (CTPs) is a major safety issue for their clinical application, due to the potential risk of PSC-derived tumor formation. An international multidisciplinary multisite study to evaluate a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) approach to detect residual undifferentiated PSCs in PSC-derived CTPs was conducted as part of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-TRAcking, Circulation & Safety Technical Committee. To evaluate the use of ddPCR in quantifying residual iPSCs in a cell sample, different quantities of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were spiked into a background of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) to mimic different concentrations of residual iPSCs. A one step reverse transcription ddPCR (RT-ddPCR) was performed to measure mRNA levels of several iPSC-specific markers and to evaluate the assay performance (precision, sensitivity, and specificity) between and within laboratories. The RT-ddPCR assay variability was initially assessed by measuring the same RNA samples across all participating facilities. Subsequently, each facility independently conducted the entire process, incorporating the spiking step, to discern the parameters influencing potential variability. Our results show that a RT-ddPCR assay targeting ESRG, LINC00678, and LIN28A genes offers a highly sensitive and robust detection of impurities of iPSC-derived CMs and that the main contribution to variability between laboratories is the iPSC-spiking procedure, and not the RT-ddPCR. The RT-ddPCR assay would be generally applicable for tumorigenicity evaluation of PSC-derived CTPs with appropriate marker genes suitable for each CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Connie Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Kosuke Harada
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuroda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - David Moss
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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2
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Bando K, Kusakawa S, Adachi H, Yamamoto M, Iwata M, Kitanaka A, Ogimura E, Osada T, Tamura M, Terai O, Watanabe T, Yoda T, Yotsumoto T, Zaizen K, Sato Y. Protocol improvement and multisite validation of a digital soft agar colony formation assay for tumorigenic transformed cells intermingled in cell therapy products. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:769-777. [PMID: 38556961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The administration of human cell-processed therapeutic products (hCTPs) is associated with a risk of tumorigenesis due to the transformed cellular contaminants. To mitigate this risk, these impurities should be detected using sensitive and validated assays. The digital soft agar colony formation (D-SAC) assay is an ultrasensitive in vitro test for detecting tumorigenic transformed cells in hCTPs. METHODS In this study, we first evaluated the colony formation efficiency (CFE) precision of tumorigenic reference cells in positive control samples according to a previously reported D-SAC assay protocol (Protocol I) from multiple laboratories. However, the CFE varied widely among laboratories. Thus, we improved and optimized the test protocol as Protocol II to reduce variability in the CFE of tumorigenic reference cells. Subsequently, the improved protocol was validated at multiple sites. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were used as model cells, and positive control samples were prepared by spiking them with HeLa cells. RESULTS Based on the previously reported protocol, the CFE was estimated using an ultra-low concentration (0.0001%) of positive control samples in multiple plates. Next, we improved the protocol to reduce the CFE variability. Based on the CFE results, we estimated the sample size as the number of wells (Protocol II) and assessed the detectability of 0.0001% HeLa cells in hMSCs to validate the protocol at multiple sites. Using Protocol I yielded low CFEs (mean: 30%) and high variability between laboratories (reproducibility coefficient of variance [CV]: 72%). In contrast, Protocol II, which incorporated a relatively high concentration (0.002%) of HeLa cells in the positive control samples, resulted in higher CFE values (mean: 63%) and lower variability (reproducibility CV: 18%). Moreover, the sample sizes for testing were estimated as the number of wells per laboratory (314-570 wells) based on the laboratory-specific CFE (42-76%). Under these conditions, all laboratories achieved a detection limit of 0.0001% HeLa cells in hMSCs in a predetermined number of wells. Moreover, colony formation was not observed in the wells seeded with hMSCs alone. CONCLUSIONS The D-SAC assay is a highly sensitive and robust test for detecting malignant cells as impurities in hCTPs. In addition, optimal assay conditions were established to test tumorigenic impurities in hCTPs with high sensitivity and an arbitrary false negative rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Bando
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Office, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan; The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Adachi
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Yamamoto
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Non-clinical Biomedical Science, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miki Iwata
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Osaka Laboratory (formerly the Technology Innovation Center), Sumika Chemical Analysis Service Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitanaka
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Osaka Laboratory (formerly the Technology Innovation Center), Sumika Chemical Analysis Service Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ogimura
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Osada
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Medical Business Development Department, Mediford Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Tamura
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Safety Business Unit (formerly Integrated & Translational Science), Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners Inc., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Orie Terai
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Osaka Laboratory (formerly the Technology Innovation Center), Sumika Chemical Analysis Service Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yoda
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yotsumoto
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuko Zaizen
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Kumamoto Laboratories, Mediford Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan; Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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Watanabe T, Yasuda S, Kusakawa S, Kuroda T, Furukawa H, Futamura M, Shimizu S, Morishita A, Hata S, Koeda A, Komatsu K, Sato Y. Multisite studies for optimization of a highly efficient culture assay used for in vitro detection of residual undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells intermingled in cell therapy products. Regen Ther 2024; 26:315-323. [PMID: 38983832 PMCID: PMC11231703 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction MEASURE2 (Multisite Evaluation Study on Analytical Methods for Non-clinical Safety Assessment of HUman-derived REgenerative Medical Products 2) is a Japanese experimental public-private partnership initiative that aims to standardize testing methods for tumorigenicity evaluation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cell therapy products (CTPs). MEASURE2 organized multisite studies to optimize the methodology of the highly efficient culture (HEC) assay, a sensitive culture-based in vitro assay for detecting residual undifferentiated hPSCs in CTPs. Methods In these multisite studies, 1) the efficiency of colony formation by human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) under two different culture conditions and 2) the sorting efficiency of microbeads conjugated to various anti-hPSC markers during hiPSC enrichment were evaluated using samples in which hiPSCs were spiked into hiPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Results The efficiency of colony formation was significantly higher under culture conditions with the combination of Chroman 1, Emricasan, Polyamines, and Trans-ISRIB (CEPT) than with Y-27632, which is widely used for the survival of hPSCs. Between-laboratory variance was also smaller under the condition with CEPT than with Y-27632. The sorting efficiency of microbeads conjugated with the anti-Tra-1-60 antibody was sufficiently higher (>80%) than those of the other various microbeads investigated. Conclusions Results of these multisite studies are expected to contribute to improvements in the sensitivity and robustness of the HEC assay, as well as to the future standardization of the tumorigenicity risk assessment of hPSC-derived CTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuroda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hatsue Furukawa
- Safety Business Unit, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Futamura
- Drug Discovery Support Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Shimizu
- CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Akiko Koeda
- Research Administration Department, Ina Research Inc., Nagano, Japan
| | - Kana Komatsu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Ina Research Inc., Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sun J, Yates C, Dingwall S, Ongtengco C, Power D, Gray P, Prowse A. Analysis of three characterization assays reveals ddPCR of LIN28A as the most sensitive for the detection of residual pluripotent stem cells in cellular therapy products. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00726-6. [PMID: 38934983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS With the continuous development and advancement of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cell therapies, an ever-increasing number of clinical indications can benefit from their application. Due to the capacity for PSCs to form teratomas, safety testing is required to ensure the absence of residual PSCs in a cell product. To mitigate these limitations, in vitro analytical methods can be utilized as quality control after the production of a PSC-derived cell product. Sensitivity of these analytic methods is critical in accurately quantifying residual PSC in the final cell product. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of three in vitro assays: qPCR, ddPCR and RT-LAMP. METHODS The spike-in samples were produced from three independent experiments, each spiked with different PSC lines (PSC1, NH50191, and WA09 referred to as H9) into a background of primary fibroblasts (Hs68). These samples were then subjected to qPCR, ddPCR and RT-LAMP to determine their detection limit in measuring a commonly used PSC marker, LIN28A. RESULTS The results indicated that the three analytic methods all exhibited consistent results across different cell-line spiked samples, with ddPCR demonstrating the highest sensitivity of the three methods. The LIN28A ddPCR assay could confidently detect 10 residual PSCs in a million fibroblasts. DISCUSSION In our hand, ddPCR LIN28A assay demonstrated the highest sensitivity for detection of residual PSCs compared to the other two assays. Correlating such in vitro safety results with corresponding in vivo studies demonstrating the tumorigenicity profile of PSC-derived cell therapy could accelerate the safe clinical translation of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinda Sun
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clarissa Yates
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Ketim Therapeutics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steve Dingwall
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cherica Ongtengco
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominique Power
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Viatris, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Prowse
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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5
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Kikuchi T, Matsuura K, Shimizu T. Low-adhesion culture selection for human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11081. [PMID: 38744867 PMCID: PMC11094004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in generating cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells, these populations often include non-contractile cells, necessitating cardiomyocyte selection for experimental purpose. This study explores a novel cardiomyocyte enrichment mechanism: low-adhesion culture selection. The cardiac cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells were subjected to a coating-free low-adhesion culture using bovine serum albumin and high molecular weight dextran sulfate. This approach effectively increased the population of cardiac troponin T-positive cardiomyocytes. Similar results were obtained with commercially available low-adhesion culture dishes. Subsequently, we accessed the practicality of selection of cardiomyocytes using this phenomenon by comparing it with established methods such as glucose-free culture and selection based on puromycin resistance genes. The cardiomyocytes enriched through low-adhesion culture selection maintained autonomous pulsation and responsiveness to beta-stimuli. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the expression of genes related to subtype commitment and maturation when compared to other selection methods. In conclusion, cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells were more low-adhesion culture resistant than their accompanying non-contractile cells, and low-adhesion culture is an alternative method for selection of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Kikuchi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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6
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Sun C, Serra C, Kalicharan BH, Harding J, Rao M. Challenges and Considerations of Preclinical Development for iPSC-Based Myogenic Cell Therapy. Cells 2024; 13:596. [PMID: 38607035 PMCID: PMC11011706 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising avenue in the field of regenerative medicine due to iPSCs' expandability, immune compatibility, and pluripotent potential. An increasing number of preclinical and clinical trials have been carried out, exploring the application of iPSC-based therapies for challenging diseases, such as muscular dystrophies. The unique syncytial nature of skeletal muscle allows stem/progenitor cells to integrate, forming new myonuclei and restoring the expression of genes affected by myopathies. This characteristic makes genome-editing techniques especially attractive in these therapies. With genetic modification and iPSC lineage specification methodologies, immune-compatible healthy iPSC-derived muscle cells can be manufactured to reverse the progression of muscle diseases or facilitate tissue regeneration. Despite this exciting advancement, much of the development of iPSC-based therapies for muscle diseases and tissue regeneration is limited to academic settings, with no successful clinical translation reported. The unknown differentiation process in vivo, potential tumorigenicity, and epigenetic abnormality of transplanted cells are preventing their clinical application. In this review, we give an overview on preclinical development of iPSC-derived myogenic cell transplantation therapies including processes related to iPSC-derived myogenic cells such as differentiation, scaling-up, delivery, and cGMP compliance. And we discuss the potential challenges of each step of clinical translation. Additionally, preclinical model systems for testing myogenic cells intended for clinical applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Sun
- Vita Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD 21043, USA (M.R.)
| | - Carlo Serra
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Mahendra Rao
- Vita Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD 21043, USA (M.R.)
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7
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Shi Y, Yang W, Lin H, Han L, Cai AJ, Saraf R, Lei Y, Zhang C. Identification of RNA-based cell-type markers for stem-cell manufacturing systems with a statistical scoring function. GENE REPORTS 2024; 34:101869. [PMID: 38351912 PMCID: PMC10861185 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell-type biomarkers are useful in stem-cell manufacturing to monitor cell purity, quantity, and quality. However, the study on cell-type markers, specifically for stem cell manufacture, is limited. Emerging questions include which RNA transcripts can serve as biomarkers during stem cell culture and how to discover these biomarkers efficiently and precisely. We developed a scoring function system to identify RNA biomarkers with RNA-seq data for systems that have a limited number of cell types. We applied the method to two data sets, one for extracellular RNAs (ex-RNAs) and the other for intracellular microRNAs (miRNAs). The first data set has RNA-seq data of ex-RNAs from cell culture media for six different types of cells, including human embryonic stem cells. To get the RNA-seq data from intracellular miRNAs, we cultured three types of cells: human embryonic stem cells (H9), neural stem cells (NSC), hESC-derived endothelial cells (EC) and conducted small RNA-seq to their intracellular miRNAs. Using these data, we identified a set of ex-RNAs/smRNAs as candidates of biomarkers for different types of cells for cell manufacture. The validity of these findings was confirmed by the utilization of additional data sets and experimental procedures. We also used deep-learning-based prediction methods and simulated data to validate these discovered biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Weilong Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Haishuang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Li Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Cai
- Newark Academy, 91 W S Orange Ave, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | - Ravi Saraf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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8
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Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wu S, Chen Z, Pu Y. Estimating residual undifferentiated cells in human chemically induced pluripotent stem cell derived islets using lncRNA as biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16435. [PMID: 37777562 PMCID: PMC10542758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can generate insulin-producing beta cells for diabetes treatment, but residual undifferentiated cells may cause tumors. We developed a highly sensitive assay to detect these cells in islet cells derived from human chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (hCiPSCs), which are transgene-free and safer. We used RNA-seq data to find protein-coding and non-coding RNAs that were only expressed in hCiPSCs, not in islet cells. We confirmed these biomarkers by RT-qPCR and ddPCR. We chose long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) markers, which performed better than protein-coding RNA markers. We found that LNCPRESS2, LINC00678 and LOC105370482 could detect 1, 1 and 3 hCiPSCs in 106 islet cells by ddPCR, respectively. We tested our method on several hCiPSC lines, which could quantify 0.0001% undifferentiated cell in 106 islet cells by targeting hCiPSCs-specific lncRNA transcripts, ensuring the safety and quality of hCiPSC-derived islet cells for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandan Wu
- Hangzhou Reprogenix Bioscience Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Hangzhou Reprogenix Bioscience Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- Hangzhou Reprogenix Bioscience Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Hangzhou Reprogenix Bioscience Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yue Pu
- Hangzhou Reprogenix Bioscience Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
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9
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Watanabe T, Yasuda S, Chen CL, Delsing L, Fellows MD, Foldes G, Kusakawa S, Mouriès LP, Sato Y. International evaluation study of a highly efficient culture assay for detection of residual human pluripotent stem cells in cell therapies. Regen Med 2023; 18:219-227. [PMID: 36852420 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim & methods: The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-TRAcking, Circulation & Safety Technical Committee launched an international, multisite study to evaluate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the highly efficient culture (HEC) assay, an in vitro assay to detect residual undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in cell therapy products. Results: All facilities detected colonies of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) when five hiPSCs were spiked into 1 million hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Spiking with a trace amount of hiPSCs revealed that repeatability accounts for the majority of reproducibility while the true positive rate was high. Conclusion: The results indicate that the HEC assay is highly sensitive and robust and can be generally applicable for tumorigenicity evaluation of hPSC-derived cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Drug Safety Research & Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Connie L Chen
- Health & Environmental Sciences Institute, 740 Fifteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Louise Delsing
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43150, Sweden
| | - Mick D Fellows
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building 310, Milton Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 OWG, UK
| | - Gabor Foldes
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W120NN, UK.,Current address, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Lucilia Pereira Mouriès
- Health & Environmental Sciences Institute, 740 Fifteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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10
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Watari K, Yamasaki S, Tu HY, Shikamura M, Kamei T, Adachi H, Tochitani T, Kita Y, Nakamura A, Ueyama K, Ono K, Morinaga C, Matsuyama T, Sho J, Nakamura M, Fujiwara M, Hori Y, Tanabe A, Hirai R, Terai O, Ohno O, Ohara H, Hayama T, Ikeda A, Nukaya D, Matsushita K, Takahashi M, Kishino A, Kimura T, Kawamata S, Mandai M, Kuwahara A. Self-organization, quality control, and preclinical studies of human iPSC-derived retinal sheets for tissue-transplantation therapy. Commun Biol 2023; 6:164. [PMID: 36765170 PMCID: PMC9918541 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional retinal organoids (3D-retinas) are a promising graft source for transplantation therapy. We previously developed self-organizing culture for 3D-retina generation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here we present a quality control method and preclinical studies for tissue-sheet transplantation. Self-organizing hPSCs differentiated into both retinal and off-target tissues. Gene expression analyses identified the major off-target tissues as eye-related, cortex-like, and spinal cord-like tissues. For quality control, we developed a qPCR-based test in which each hPSC-derived neuroepithelium was dissected into two tissue-sheets: inner-central sheet for transplantation and outer-peripheral sheet for qPCR to ensure retinal tissue selection. During qPCR, tissue-sheets were stored for 3-4 days using a newly developed preservation method. In a rat tumorigenicity study, no transplant-related adverse events were observed. In retinal degeneration model rats, retinal transplants differentiated into mature photoreceptors and exhibited light responses in electrophysiology assays. These results demonstrate our rationale toward self-organizing retinal sheet transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watari
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Suguru Yamasaki
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hung-Ya Tu
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayuki Shikamura
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kamei
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Adachi
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Unit, Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tochitani
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XPreclinical Research Unit, Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Aya Nakamura
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kazuki Ueyama
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Keiichi Ono
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XTechnology Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Chikako Morinaga
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub., Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Take Matsuyama
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Junki Sho
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Miyuki Nakamura
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayo Fujiwara
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yoriko Hori
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Anna Tanabe
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Rina Hirai
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Orie Terai
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Osamu Ohno
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ohara
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayama
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Daiki Nukaya
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Keizo Matsushita
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kishino
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- grid.417741.00000 0004 1797 168XRegenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shin Kawamata
- grid.417982.10000 0004 0623 246XResearch & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047 Japan ,grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub., Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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11
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Al-Akashi Z, Zujur D, Kamiya D, Kato T, Kondo T, Ikeya M. Selective vulnerability of human-induced pluripotent stem cells to dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibition during mesenchymal stem/stromal cell purification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089945. [PMID: 36814599 PMCID: PMC9939518 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of induced mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (iMSCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in regenerative medicine involves the risk of teratoma formation due to hiPSCs contamination in iMSCs. Therefore, eradicating the remaining undifferentiated hiPSCs is crucial for the effectiveness of the strategy. The present study demonstrates the Brequinar (BRQ)-induced inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, selectively induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and differentiation; furthermore, it promotes transcriptional changes and prevents the growth of 3-dimensional hiPSC aggregates. Contrastingly, BRQ-treated iMSCs showed no changes in survival, differentiation potential, or gene expression. The results suggest that BRQ is a potential agent for the effective purification of iMSCs from a mixed population of iMSCs and hiPSCs, which is a crucial step in successful iMSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziadoon Al-Akashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Denise Zujur
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamiya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan,*Correspondence: Makoto Ikeya,
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12
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Dashnau JL, Xue Q, Nelson M, Law E, Cao L, Hei D. A risk-based approach for cell line development, manufacturing and characterization of genetically engineered, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived allogeneic cell therapies. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1-13. [PMID: 36109321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cellular reprogramming and gene-editing approaches have opened up the potential for a new class of ex vivo cell therapies based on genetically engineered, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived allogeneic cells. While these new therapies share some similarities with their primary cell-derived autologous and allogeneic cell therapy predecessors, key differences exist in the processes used for generating genetically engineered, iPSC-derived allogeneic therapies. Specifically, in iPSC-derived allogeneic therapies, donor selection and gene-editing are performed once over the lifetime of the product as opposed to as part of the manufacturing of each product batch. The introduction of a well-characterized, fully modified, clonally derived master cell bank reduces risks that have been inherent to primary-cell derived autologous and allogeneic therapies. Current regulatory guidance, which was largely developed based on the learnings gained from earlier generation therapies, leaves open questions around considerations for donor eligibility, starting materials and critical components, cell banking and genetic stability. Here, a risk-based approach is proposed to address these considerations, while regulatory guidance continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Xue
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Nelson
- Century Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Law
- Century Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Cao
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Hei
- Clade Therapeutics, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Identification of marker genes to monitor residual iPSCs in iPSC-derived products. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:59-67. [PMID: 36319564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered tissues and cell therapies based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising approach for novel medicines. However, iPSC-derived cells and tissues may contain residual undifferentiated iPSCs that could lead to teratoma formation after implantation into patients. As a consequence, highly sensitive and specific methods for detecting residual undifferentiated iPSCs are indispensable for safety evaluations of iPSC-based therapies. The present study provides an approach for identifying potential marker genes for iPSC impurities in iPSC-derived cells using RNA sequencing data from iPSCs and various differentiated cell types. METHODS Identifying iPSC marker genes for each cell type individually provided a larger and more specific set of potential marker genes than considering all cell types in the analysis. Thus, the authors focused on identifying markers for iPSC impurities in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) and validated the selected genes by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity of the candidate genes was determined by spiking different amounts of iPSCs into iCMs and their performance was compared with the previously suggested marker lin-28 homolog A (LIN28A). RESULTS Embryonic stem cell-related gene (ESRG), long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 678 (LINC00678), CaM kinase-like vesicle-associated (CAMKV), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), chondromodulin (CNMD), LINE1-type transposase domain containing 1 (L1DT1), LIN28A, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), vertebrae development-associated (VRTN) and zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 10 (ZSCAN10) detected contaminant iPSCs among iCMs with a limit of detection that ranged from 0.001% to 0.1% depending on the gene and iCM batch used. CONCLUSIONS Using the example of iCMs, the authors provide a strategy for identifying a set of highly specific and sensitive markers that can be used for quality assessment of iPSC-derived products.
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14
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Tsujimoto H, Osafune K. Current status and future directions of clinical applications using iPS cells-focus on Japan. FEBS J 2022; 289:7274-7291. [PMID: 34407307 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using iPS cell technologies has progressed remarkably in recent years. In this review, we summarize these technologies and their clinical application. First, we discuss progress in the establishment of iPS cells, including the HLA-homo iPS cell stock project in Japan and the advancement of low antigenic iPS cells using genome-editing technology. Then, we describe iPS cell-based therapies in or approaching clinical application, including those for ophthalmological, neurological, cardiac, hematological, cartilage, and metabolic diseases. Next, we introduce disease models generated from patient iPS cells and successfully used to identify therapeutic agents for intractable diseases. Clinical medicine using iPS cells has advanced safely and effectively by making full use of current scientific standards, but tests on cell safety need to be further developed and validated. The next decades will see the further spread of iPS cell technology-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,RegeNephro Co., Ltd., MIC bldg. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Hirai T, Kono K, Kusakawa S, Yasuda S, Sawada R, Morishita A, Hata S, Wakita A, Kageyama T, Takahashi R, Watanabe S, Shiraishi N, Sato Y. Evaluation of the reproducibility and positive controls of cellular immortality test for the detection of immortalized cellular impurities in human cell-processed therapeutic products. Regen Ther 2022; 21:540-546. [PMID: 36382135 PMCID: PMC9634468 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contamination of human cell-processed therapeutic products (hCTPs) with tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities is a major concern in the manufacturing and quality control of hCTPs. The cellular immortality test based on cell growth analysis is a method for detecting tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities in hCTPs. However, the performance of the cellular immortality test has not yet been well characterized. In this study, we examined the reproducibility of the cellular immortality test in detecting HeLa cells as a model of tumorigenic cellular impurities, as well as the applicability of other models of cellular impurities with different tumorigenicity to the cellular immortality test. METHODS Using HeLa cells as a model for cellular impurities, we measured the growth rate of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) supplemented with HeLa cells at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.0001% at each passage in three laboratories and evaluated the reproducibility of the detection of immortalized cellular impurities. In addition, HEK293 cells (another immortalized cell line) and MRC-5 cells (a non-immortalized cell line) were employed as cellular impurity models that exhibit different growth characteristics from HeLa cells, and the ability of the cellular immortality test to detect these different impurities when mixed with hMSCs was examined. RESULTS In the multisite study, the growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with 1 and 10 HeLa cells (0.0001% and 0.001%) significantly increased and reached a plateau in all three laboratories, whereas those of hMSCs alone eventually decreased. Moreover, when hMSCs were supplemented with 10 and 100 HEK293 and MRC-5 cells (0.001% and 0.01%), the growth rate significantly increased. The growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with HEK293 cells increased with passage and remained high, whereas that of hMSCs supplemented with MRC-5 cells eventually decreased, as in the case of hMSCs alone. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the cellular immortality test is reproducible and can detect immortalized (i.e., potentially tumorigenic) cells such as HEK293 cells with a lower growth rate than HeLa cells by discriminating against normal cells, which could contribute to ensuring the safety and quality of hCTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Hirai
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kono
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan,Department of Quality Assurance Science for Pharmaceuticals, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rumi Sawada
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Wakita
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kageyama
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sono Watanabe
- Analytical Research Group, Research Division, HEALIOS K.K., Hyogo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Shiraishi
- New Healthcare Solutions, Corporate Strategy Department, Strategy Division, Kyowakirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan,Next Generation Life Science Technology Development Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan,Department of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Corresponding author. Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki Ward, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan. Fax: +81-44-270-6526.
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16
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Miyazaki T, Hanamatsu H, Onodera T, Furukawa JI, Xu L, Homan K, Baba R, Kawasaki T, Iwasaki N. Establishment of the removal method of undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cells coexisting with chondrocytes using R-17F antibody. Regen Med 2022; 17:793-803. [PMID: 36154668 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tumorigenicity of residual undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a major concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal conditions for removal of iPSCs using R-17F antibody, which recognizes specific glycosphingolipids glycans on undifferentiated iPSCs and exhibits selective cytotoxicity to iPSCs. Materials & methods: After adding of R-17F and secondary antibody to co-cultured iPSCs and chondrocytes, residual iPSCs were quantitatively evaluated by iPS specific glycome analysis. Results: Undifferentiated iPSCs were sufficiently removed using R-17F in combination with an equal amount of a secondary antibody. Furthermore, teratomas were not observed upon transplantation of co-cultured cells pretreated under the same conditions into testes of immunodeficient mice. Conclusion: This removal method incorporating R-17F may be useful for regenerative medicine using iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Miyazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001 0021, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan.,Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001 0021, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research & Education (GSS, GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001 0021, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001 0021, Japan
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan
| | - Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan
| | - Rikiya Baba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan
| | - Toshisuke Kawasaki
- Research Center for Glycobiotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525 8577, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060 8638, Japan.,Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine & Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001 0021, Japan
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17
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Nordberg RC, Otarola GA, Wang D, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Navigating regulatory pathways for translation of biologic cartilage repair products. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabp8163. [PMID: 36001677 PMCID: PMC9918326 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Long-term clinical repair of articular cartilage remains elusive despite advances in cartilage tissue engineering. Only one cartilage repair therapy classified as a "cellular and gene therapy product" has obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval within the past decade although more than 200 large animal cartilage repair studies were published. Here, we identify the challenges impeding translation of strategies and technologies for cell-based cartilage repair, such as the disconnect between university funding and regulatory requirements. Understanding the barriers to translation and developing solutions to address them will be critical for advancing cell therapy products for cartilage repair to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Nordberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Gaston A Otarola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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18
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Hiramatsu N, Yamamoto N, Ohkuma M, Nagai N, Miyachi EI, Yamatsuta K, Imaizumi K. Iris-derived induced pluripotent stem cells that express GFP in all somatic cells of mice and differentiate into functional retinal neurons. Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:292-303. [PMID: 35932315 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When regenerated tissue is generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), it is necessary to track and identify the transplanted cells. Fluorescently-labeled iPSCs synthesize a fluorescent substance that is easily tracked. However, the expressed protein should not affect the original genome sequence or pluripotency. To solve this problem, we created a cell tool for basic research on iPSCs. Iris tissue-derived cells from GFP fluorescence-expressing mice (GFP-DBA/2 mice) were reprogrammed to generate GFP mouse iris-derived iPSCs (M-iris GFP iPSCs). M-iris GFP iPSCs expressed cell markers characteristic of iPSCs and showed pluripotency in differentiating into the three germ layers. In addition, when expressing GFP, the cells differentiated into functional recoverin- and calbindin-positive cells. Thus, this cell line will facilitate future studies on iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiramatsu
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
- Division of Vision Research for Environmental Health, Project Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Miyachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Toyoake, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamatsuta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
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19
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Highly sensitive and non-disruptive detection of residual undifferentiated cells by measuring miRNAs in culture supernatant. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10351. [PMID: 35725891 PMCID: PMC9209417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical usage of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived regenerative medicine products is limited by the possibility of residual undifferentiated cells forming tumours after transplantation. Most of the existing quality control tests involve crushing of cells. As a result, the cells to be transplanted cannot be directly tested, thereby increasing the cost of transplantation. Therefore, we tested a highly sensitive and non-disruptive quality-testing method that involves measuring microRNAs (miRNAs) in culture supernatants released by cells. By measuring miR-302b in the culture supernatant, residual iPSCs were detected with higher sensitivity than by measuring LIN28 (Lin-28 Homolog A) in the cells. To use this method, we also monitored the progression of differentiation. Our novel highly sensitive and non-disruptive method for detecting residual undifferentiated cells will contribute to reducing the manufacturing cost of iPSC-derived products and improving the safety of transplantation.
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20
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Morita Y, Kishino Y, Fukuda K, Tohyama S. Scalable manufacturing of clinical-grade differentiated cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative therapy. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13248. [PMID: 35534945 PMCID: PMC9357358 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research on human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) for cardiac regenerative therapy is one of the most active and complex fields to achieve this alternative to heart transplantation and requires the integration of medicine, science, and engineering. Mortality in patients with heart failure remains high worldwide. Although heart transplantation is the sole strategy for treating severe heart failure, the number of donors is limited. Therefore, hPSC‐derived CM (hPSC‐CM) transplantation is expected to replace heart transplantation. To achieve this goal, for basic research, various issues should be considered, including how to induce hPSC proliferation efficiently for cardiac differentiation, induce hPSC‐CMs, eliminate residual undifferentiated hPSCs and non‐CMs, and assess for the presence of residual undifferentiated hPSCs in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current stage of resolving these issues and future directions for realizing hPSC‐based cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kishino
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Chung L, Cogburn LA, Sui L, Dashnau JL. Development of an induced pluripotent stem cell–specific microRNA assay for detection of residual undifferentiated cells in natural killer cell therapy products. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:733-741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Chiang MC, Chern E. Current Development, Obstacle and Futural Direction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment in Degenerative Retinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052529. [PMID: 35269671 PMCID: PMC8910526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal disease is one of the major causes of vision loss around the world. The past several decades have witnessed emerging development of stem cell treatment for retinal disease. Nevertheless, sourcing stem cells remains controversial due to ethical concerns and their rarity. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both isolated from patients’ mature tissues; thus, issues such as avoiding moral controversy and adverse events related to immunosuppression and obtaining a large number of cells have opened a new era in regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the current application and development, clinical trials, and latest research of stem cell therapy, as well as its limitations and future directions.
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23
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Woogeng IN, Kaczkowski B, Abugessaisa I, Hu H, Tachibana A, Sahara Y, Hon CC, Hasegawa A, Sakai N, Nishida M, Sanyal H, Sho J, Kajita K, Kasukawa T, Takasato M, Carninci P, Maeda A, Mandai M, Arner E, Takahashi M, Kime C. Inducing human retinal pigment epithelium-like cells from somatic tissue. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:289-306. [PMID: 35030321 PMCID: PMC8828536 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine relies on basic research outcomes that are only practical when cost effective. The human eyeball requires the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to interface the neural retina and the choroid at large. Millions of people suffer from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding multifactor genetic disease among RPE degradation pathologies. Recently, autologous pluripotent stem-cell-derived RPE cells were prohibitively expensive due to time; therefore, we developed a faster reprogramming system. We stably induced RPE-like cells (iRPE) from human fibroblasts (Fibs) by conditional overexpression of both broad plasticity and lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs). iRPE cells displayed critical RPE benchmarks and significant in vivo integration in transplanted retinas. Herein, we detail the iRPE system with comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiling to interpret and characterize its best cells. We anticipate that our system may enable robust retinal cell induction for basic research and affordable autologous human RPE tissue for regenerative cell therapy. Human Fibs reprogrammed to stable RPE-like cells Reprogramming factors selected for pioneering, plasticity, lineage, and target cell Nicotinamide (NIC) and Chetomin (CTM) improved the reprogramming outcomes scRNA-seq analysis identifies high-quality subpopulation resembling model cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imad Abugessaisa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haiming Hu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Sahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Hashimita Sanyal
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Junki Sho
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kajita
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Human Technopole, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Akiko Maeda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Cody Kime
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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24
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Mehta N, Shaik S, Prasad A, Chaichi A, Sahu SP, Liu Q, Hasan SMA, Sheikh E, Donnarumma F, Murray KK, Fu X, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. Multimodal Label-Free Monitoring of Adipogenic Stem Cell Differentiation Using Endogenous Optical Biomarkers. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2103955. [PMID: 34924914 PMCID: PMC8680429 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies carry significant promise for treating human diseases. However, clinical translation of stem cell transplants for effective treatment requires precise non-destructive evaluation of the purity of stem cells with high sensitivity (<0.001% of the number of cells). Here, a novel methodology using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with spectral angle mapping-based machine learning analysis is reported to distinguish differentiating human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) from control stem cells. The spectral signature of adipogenesis generated by the HSI method enables identifying differentiated cells at single-cell resolution. The label-free HSI method is compared with the standard techniques such as Oil Red O staining, fluorescence microscopy, and qPCR that are routinely used to evaluate adipogenic differentiation of hASCs. HSI is successfully used to assess the abundance of adipocytes derived from transplanted cells in a transgenic mice model. Further, Raman microscopy and multiphoton-based metabolic imaging is performed to provide complementary information for the functional imaging of the hASCs. Finally, the HSI method is validated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging of the stem cells. The study presented here demonstrates that multimodal imaging methods enable label-free identification of stem cell differentiation with high spatial and chemical resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishir Mehta
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Shahensha Shaik
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Alisha Prasad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ardalan Chaichi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sushant P Sahu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Qianglin Liu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Syed Mohammad Abid Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Elnaz Sheikh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Fabrizio Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Xing Fu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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25
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Elimination of residual undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using irradiation for safe clinical applications of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 574:91-96. [PMID: 34450429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A major concern in the clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is the prevention of tumorigenesis after implantation. Stem cells with high proliferative and differentiation potential are sensitive to radiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that irradiation may selectively eliminate residual undifferentiated human iPSCs (hiPSCs) in a cell population containing differentiated cardiomyocytes derived from hiPSCs (hiPSCs-CMs) and thus reduce tumorigenicity in vivo. hiPSC-CMs were irradiated with X-rays, after which the cell proliferation, apoptosis, morphology, and gene expression were analyzed. The gene expression of Lin28A, Nanog, Oct3/4, and SRY-box 2 was significantly lower in the irradiation group than in the control group. Irradiated hiPSC-CMs showed no change in proliferation potency and morphology compared to untreated hiPSC-CMs. Furthermore, irradiation did not induce apoptosis of differentiated cardiomyocytes. No significant difference in the gene expression of cardiac-specific markers, including α-myosin heavy chain, cardiac troponin T, and NK2 Homeobox 5, was observed between the groups. Tumorigenicity tests using NOG mice showed less frequent tumor formation in the irradiation group than in the control group. Irradiation of hiPSC-CMs significantly reduced the number of undifferentiated hiPSC and the tumor formation, while minimizing any adverse effects on hiPSC-CMs, thereby enabling safe hiPSC-based treatment.
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26
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A selective cytotoxic adenovirus vector for concentration of pluripotent stem cells in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11407. [PMID: 34075124 PMCID: PMC8169681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of residual undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells is essential for the quality and safety of cell-processed therapeutic products derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We previously reported the generation of an adenovirus (Ad) vector and adeno-associated virus vectors that possess a suicide gene, inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9), which makes it possible to sensitively detect undifferentiated hiPSCs in cultures of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. In this study, we investigated whether these vectors also allow for detection of undifferentiated hiPSCs in preparations of hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs), which have been expected to treat neurological disorders. To detect undifferentiated hiPSCs, the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers was determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Using immortalized NPCs as a model, the Ad vector was identified to be the most efficient among the vectors tested in detecting undifferentiated hiPSCs. Moreover, we found that the Ad vector killed most hiPSC-NPCs in an iCasp9-dependent manner, enabling flow cytometry to detect undifferentiated hiPSCs intermingled at a lower concentration (0.002%) than reported previously (0.1%). These data indicate that the Ad vector selectively eliminates hiPSC-NPCs, thus allowing for sensitive detection of hiPSCs. This cytotoxic viral vector could contribute to ensuring the quality and safety of hiPSCs-NPCs for therapeutic use.
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27
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Glaeser JD, Behrens P, Stefanovic T, Salehi K, Papalamprou A, Tawackoli W, Metzger MF, Eberlein S, Nelson T, Arabi Y, Kim K, Baloh RH, Ben-David S, Cohn-Schwartz D, Ryu R, Bae HW, Gazit Z, Sheyn D. Neural crest-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells enhance cranial allograft integration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:797-809. [PMID: 33512772 PMCID: PMC8046069 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost cranial bone (partly mesodermal and partly neural crest‐derived) is challenging and includes the use of nonviable allografts. To revitalize allografts, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (mesoderm‐derived BM‐MSCs) have been used with limited success. We hypothesize that coating of allografts with induced neural crest cell‐mesenchymal progenitor cells (iNCC‐MPCs) improves implant‐to‐bone integration in mouse cranial defects. Human induced pluripotent stem cells were reprogramed from dermal fibroblasts, differentiated to iNCCs and then to iNCC‐MPCs. BM‐MSCs were used as reference. Cells were labeled with luciferase (Luc2) and characterized for MSC consensus markers expression, differentiation, and risk of cellular transformation. A calvarial defect was created in non‐obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice and allografts were implanted, with or without cell coating. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), microcomputed tomography (μCT), histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical tests were performed. Characterization of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 vs BM‐MSC‐Luc2 showed no difference in MSC markers expression and differentiation in vitro. In vivo, BLI indicated survival of both cell types for at least 8 weeks. At week 8, μCT analysis showed enhanced structural parameters in the iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 group and increased bone volume in the BM‐MSC‐Luc2 group compared to controls. Histology demonstrated improved integration of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 allografts compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 group and controls. Human osteocalcin and collagen type 1 were detected at the allograft‐host interphase in cell‐seeded groups. The iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 group also demonstrated improved biomechanical properties compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 implants and cell‐free controls. Our results show an improved integration of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2‐coated allografts compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 and controls, suggesting the use of iNCC‐MPCs as potential cell source for cranial bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane D Glaeser
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phillip Behrens
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tina Stefanovic
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angela Papalamprou
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melodie F Metzger
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel Eberlein
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trevor Nelson
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasaman Arabi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kim
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shiran Ben-David
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Doron Cohn-Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Robert Ryu
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hyun W Bae
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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28
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Sugita S, Mandai M, Kamao H, Takahashi M. Immunological aspects of RPE cell transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100950. [PMID: 33482342 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have several functions, including support of the neural retina and choroid in the eye and immunosuppression. Cultured human RPE cells directly suppress inflammatory immune cells. For instance, they directly suppress the activation of T cells in vitro. In contrast, transplanted allogeneic human RPE cells are rejected by bystander immune cells such as T cells in vivo. Recently, human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cells have been used in several clinical trials, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-RPE cells have also been tested in our clinical study in patients with retinal degeneration. Major safety concerns after stem cell-based transplantation surgery include hyper-proliferation, tumorigenicity, or ectopic tissue formation, but these events have currently not been seen in any of these patients. However, if RPE cells are allogeneic, there are concerns about immune rejection issues that have been raised in previous clinical trials. We therefore performed a preclinical study of allogeneic iPSC-RPE cell transplantation in animal rejection models. We then conducted autogenic or allogeneic iPSC-RPE cell transplantation in clinical studies of patients with age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we focus on immunological studies of RPE cells, including iPSC-derived cells. iPSC-RPE cells have unique inflammatory (immunosuppressive and immunogenic) characteristics like primary cultured RPE cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current findings obtained from preclinical (basic research) and clinical studies in iPSC-RPE cell transplantation, especially the immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Sugita
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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29
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Deguchi S, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells for Cellular Medicine. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:608-615. [PMID: 32238703 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation are effective treatments for severe liver injuries, but the donor shortage is a serious problem. Therefore, hepatocyte-like cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with unlimited proliferative ability are expected to be a promising new transplantation resource. The technology for hepatic differentiation from human iPS cells has made great progress in this decade. The efficiency of hepatic differentiation now exceeds 90%, making it possible to produce nearly homogeneous hepatocyte-like cells from human iPS cells. Because there is little contamination of undifferentiated cells, there is a lower risk of teratoma formation. To date, the transplantation of human iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells has been shown to have therapeutic effects using various liver injury model mice. Currently, studies are underway using model animals larger than mice. The day when human iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells can be used as cellular medicine is surely approaching. In this review, we introduce the forefront of regenerative medicine applications using human iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University
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30
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Differentiated Chondrocytes Repair Cartilage Defect in a Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8867349. [PMID: 33224204 PMCID: PMC7671807 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8867349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of iPSC-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived chondrocytes in a rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model. The iPSCs were characterized by gene expressions, immunostaining of pluripotent markers, and in vivo teratoma formation. iPSC-differentiated MSCs were characterized by flow cytometry and trilineage differentiation. A rabbit OA model was established by the transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. The therapeutic effect of transplanted iPSC-MSC-chondrocytes on the OA was evaluated by the histology, immunostaining, and qPCR of defective cartilage. The results showed iPSC could express pluripotency markers such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG and form an embryoid body and a teratoma. After differentiation of iPSCs for 30 days, MSCs were established. The iPSC-MSC could express typical MSC markers such as CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, and HLA-ABC. They could differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. In this model, iPSC-MSC-chondrocytes significantly improved the histology and ICRS (International Cartilage Repair Society) scores. The transplanted cartilage expressed less IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP13 than control cartilage. In conclusion, the iPSCs we derived might represent an emerging source for differentiated MSC-chondrocyte and might rescue cartilage defects through its anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects.
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van den Hoorn T, Nakchedi T, de Wolf ACMT, Pasmooij AMG, van der Laan JW, Herberts CA. Mining scientific advice reports on cell-based products: Insight into the nonclinical development program. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2465-2474. [PMID: 32790909 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The field of cell-based therapies for human diseases is currently evolving from promising treatment options to established therapeutic concepts. The design of the nonclinical development program for cell-based products, intended to provide a rationale for treatment and to gain insight into the safety profile, is challenging because of limitations caused by species-specificity. The elements of the nonclinical package for cell-based products were evaluated using advice reports from the European Medicines Agency database from 2013 to 2018 to identify the approach followed for nonclinical development of these products. METHODS The number and purpose of proposed and performed in vivo studies was recorded, as well as the type and design of in vitro and in vivo studies addressing biodistribution and tumorigenicity. Subsequently, the nonclinical development program was analysed for consistency across products. RESULTS In vivo studies for cell-based therapies were primarily aimed at proof-of-concept (75/86), followed by addressing safety (64/86), biodistribution (49/86) and tumourigenicity (46/86). No animal studies were performed or proposed by sponsors or regulators for 6/86 products which contained cell types that have been studied in humans for a relatively long time. For one-third of the products in vivo biodistribution and/or tumourigenicity studies were not considered necessary. in vivo tumourigenicity studies were regarded as having limited value. CONCLUSIONS Compared to more conventional medicinal products, the nonclinical development program for cell-based products was more tailored and focused on proof-of-concept. For tumourigenicity an in vitro approach may suffice. Total omission of in vivo studies appears to be possible for products with sufficient clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke van den Hoorn
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, Utrecht, AH, 3531, The Netherlands
| | - Tahira Nakchedi
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, Utrecht, AH, 3531, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna M G Pasmooij
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, Utrecht, AH, 3531, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carla A Herberts
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, Utrecht, AH, 3531, The Netherlands
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Watanabe T, Yasuda S, Kusakawa S, Kuroda T, Futamura M, Ogawa M, Mochizuki H, Kikkawa E, Furukawa H, Nagaoka M, Sato Y. Multisite studies for validation and improvement of a highly efficient culture assay for detection of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells intermingled in cell therapy products. Cytotherapy 2020; 23:176-183. [PMID: 32978066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The Multisite Evaluation Study on Analytical Methods for Non-Clinical Safety Assessment of Human-Derived Regenerative Medical Products (MEASURE) is a Japanese experimental public-private partnership initiative, which aims to standardize methodology for tumorigenicity evaluation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cell therapy products (CTPs). Undifferentiated hPSCs possess tumorigenic potential, and thus residual undifferentiated hPSCs are one of the major hazards for the risk of tumor formation from hPSC-derived CTPs. Among currently available assays, a highly efficient culture (HEC) assay is reported to be one of the most sensitive for the detection of residual undifferentiated hPSCs. METHODS MEASURE first validated the detection sensitivity of HEC assay and then investigated the feasibility of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) to improve sensitivity. RESULTS The multisite experiments confirmed that the lower limit of detection under various conditions to which the human induced pluripotent stem cell lines and culture medium/substrate were subjected was 0.001%. In addition, MACS concentrated cells expressing undifferentiated cell markers and consequently achieved a detection sensitivity of 0.00002%. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HEC assay is highly sensitive and robust and that the application of MACS on this assay is a promising tool for further mitigation of the potential tumorigenicity risk of hPSC-derived CTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan; The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuroda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Futamura
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Drug Discovery Support Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhide Ogawa
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co, Ltd, Hokuto, Japan
| | - Hidemi Mochizuki
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Planning Section, Ina Research Inc, Ina-shi, Japan
| | - Eri Kikkawa
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Division, HEALIOS K.K., Kobe, Japan
| | - Hatsue Furukawa
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Integrated & Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masato Nagaoka
- The Committee for Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Product, Forum for Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Ayase-shi, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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Quality assessment tests for tumorigenicity of human iPS cell-derived cartilage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12794. [PMID: 32732907 PMCID: PMC7393378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage does not heal spontaneously and causes joint dysfunction. The implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cartilage (iPS-Cart) is one candidate treatment to regenerate the damaged cartilage. However, concerns of tumorigenicity are associated with iPS-Cart, because the iPSC reprogramming process and long culture time for cartilage induction could increase the chance of malignancy. We evaluated the tumorigenic risks of iPS-Cart using HeLa cells as the reference. Spike tests revealed that contamination with 100 HeLa cells in 150 mg of iPS-Cart accelerated the cell growth rate. On the other hand, 150 mg of iPS-Cart without HeLa cells reached growth arrest and senescence after culture, suggesting less than 100 tumorigenic cells, assuming they behave like HeLa cells, contaminated iPS-Cart. The implantation of 10,000 or fewer HeLa cells into joint surface defects in the knee joint of nude rat did not cause tumor formation. These in vitro and in vivo studies collectively suggest that the implantation of 15 g or less iPS-Cart in the knee joint does not risk tumor formation if assuming that the tumorigenic cells in iPS-Cart are equivalent to HeLa cells and that nude rat knee joints are comparable to human knee joints in terms of tumorigenicity. However, considering the limited immunodeficiency of nude rats, the clinical amount of iPS-Cart for implantation needs to be determined cautiously.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Hope in the Treatment of Diseases, including Muscular Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155467. [PMID: 32751747 PMCID: PMC7432218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are laboratory-produced cells that combine the biological advantages of somatic adult and stem cells for cell-based therapy. The reprogramming of cells, such as fibroblasts, to an embryonic stem cell-like state is done by the ectopic expression of transcription factors responsible for generating embryonic stem cell properties. These primary factors are octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct3/4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and the proto-oncogene protein homolog of avian myelocytomatosis (c-Myc). The somatic cells can be easily obtained from the patient who will be subjected to cellular therapy and be reprogrammed to acquire the necessary high plasticity of embryonic stem cells. These cells have no ethical limitations involved, as in the case of embryonic stem cells, and display minimal immunological rejection risks after transplant. Currently, several clinical trials are in progress, most of them in phase I or II. Still, some inherent risks, such as chromosomal instability, insertional tumors, and teratoma formation, must be overcome to reach full clinical translation. However, with the clinical trials and extensive basic research studying the biology of these cells, a promising future for human cell-based therapies using iPS cells seems to be increasingly clear and close.
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Osada H, Kawatou M, Takeda M, Jo JI, Murakami T, Tabata Y, Minatoya K, Yamashita JK, Masumoto H. Accuracy of spiked cell counting methods for designing a pre-clinical tumorigenicity study model. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04423. [PMID: 32685738 PMCID: PMC7358391 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluations for the tumorigenicity of transplantation of stem cell products is mandatory for clinical application. It is of importance to establish a system to accurately quantify contaminated tumorigenic cells regardless of the format of stem cell product. In the present report, we aimed to examine the accuracy of the quantification of tumorigenic cell numbers with commonly used 2 methods, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow cytometry (FCM) using experimental models of stem cell products spiked with tumorigenic cells. Methods Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and melanoma Mewo-Luc cells constitutively expressing luciferase were used. We stained Mewo-Luc cells with a cell linker then spiked onto hMSC suspensions and hMSC sheets. We validated the accuracy of 10-fold serial dilution technique for Mewo-Luc cell suspension using a Coulter counter. The samples spiked with Mewo-Luc cells were subjected to qPCR and FCM analyses, respectively for the quantification of Mewo-Luc cells. Results Ten-fold serial dilutions of Mewo-Luc cells were performed accurately with small deviation. In samples spiked with or less than 100 cells in hMSC suspensions, and samples spiked with or less than 1,000 cells in hMSC sheets showed significantly higher cell numbers in calculations by FCM, respectively (suspensions; qPCR vs FCM: 100 cells: 59 ± 25 vs 232 ± 35 cells, p = 0.022/10 cells: 21 ± 7 vs 114 ± 27 cells, p = 0.030, sheets; qPCR vs FCM: 1,000 cells: 1723 ± 258 vs 5810 ± 878 cells, p = 0.012/100 cells: 110 ± 18 vs 973 ± 232 cells, p = 0.012/10 cells: 20 ± 6 vs 141 ± 36 cells, p = 0.030). Conclusion Differences in accuracy between quantification methods should be considered in designing a tumorigenicity study model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Osada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Kawatou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takeda
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Minatoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Masumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Clinical Translational Research Program, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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Pre-clinical study of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells for Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3369. [PMID: 32632153 PMCID: PMC7338530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons are an expected source for cell-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The regulatory criteria for the clinical application of these therapies, however, have not been established. Here we show the results of our pre-clinical study, in which we evaluate the safety and efficacy of dopaminergic progenitors (DAPs) derived from a clinical-grade human iPSC line. We confirm the characteristics of DAPs by in vitro analyses. We also verify that the DAP population include no residual undifferentiated iPSCs or early neural stem cells and have no genetic aberration in cancer-related genes. Furthermore, in vivo studies using immunodeficient mice reveal no tumorigenicity or toxicity of the cells. When the DAPs are transplanted into the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, the animals show behavioral improvement. Based on these results, we started a clinical trial to treat PD patients in 2018. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived dopaminergic neurons are a promising source for cell-based Parkinson’s disease (PD) therapy. Here the authors report a comprehensive pre-clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of dopaminergic progenitors derived from a clinical-grade human iPSC line.
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Robust detection of undifferentiated iPSC among differentiated cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10293. [PMID: 32581272 PMCID: PMC7314783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technologies suggest that iPSC application in regenerative medicine is a closer reality. Numerous challenges prevent iPSC application in the development of numerous tissues and for the treatment of various diseases. A key concern in therapeutic applications is the safety of the cell products to be transplanted into patients. Here, we present novel method for detecting residual undifferentiated iPSCs amongst directed differentiated cells of all three germ lineages. Marker genes, which are expressed specifically and highly in undifferentiated iPSC, were selected from single cell RNA sequence data to perform robust and sensitive detection of residual undifferentiated cells in differentiated cell products. ESRG (Embryonic Stem Cell Related), CNMD (Chondromodulin), and SFRP2 (Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2) were well-correlated with the actual amounts of residual undifferentiated cells and could be used to detect residual cells in a highly sensitive manner using qPCR. In addition, such markers could be used to detect residual undifferentiated cells from various differentiated cells, including hepatic cells and pancreatic cells for the endodermal lineage, endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells for the mesodermal lineage, and neural cells for the ectodermal lineage. Our method facilitates robust validation and could enhance the safety of the cell products through the exclusion of undifferentiated iPSC.
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Singh MS, Park SS, Albini TA, Canto-Soler MV, Klassen H, MacLaren RE, Takahashi M, Nagiel A, Schwartz SD, Bharti K. Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 75:100779. [PMID: 31494256 PMCID: PMC7056514 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise as a potential treatment for currently incurable retinal degenerative diseases that cause poor vision and blindness. Recently, safety data have emerged from several Phase I/II clinical trials of retinal stem cell transplantation. These clinical trials, usually run in partnership with academic institutions, are based on sound preclinical studies and are focused on patient safety. However, reports of serious adverse events arising from cell therapy in other poorly regulated centers have now emerged in the lay and scientific press. While progress in stem cell research for blindness has been greeted with great enthusiasm by patients, scientists, doctors and industry alike, these adverse events have raised concerns about the safety of retinal stem cell transplantation and whether patients are truly protected from undue harm. The aim of this review is to summarize and appraise the safety of human retinal stem cell transplantation in the context of its potential to be developed into an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Susanna S Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California-Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Thomas A Albini
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford University Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA; USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Edythe and Eli Broad Stem Cell Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kapil Bharti
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 90892, USA
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Wang Z, Gagliardi M, Mohamadi RM, Ahmed SU, Labib M, Zhang L, Popescu S, Zhou Y, Sargent EH, Keller GM, Kelley SO. Ultrasensitive and rapid quantification of rare tumorigenic stem cells in hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte populations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7629. [PMID: 32440533 PMCID: PMC7227422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect rare human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in differentiated populations is critical for safeguarding the clinical translation of cell therapy, as these undifferentiated cells have the capacity to form teratomas in vivo. The detection of hPSCs must be performed using an approach compatible with traceable manufacturing of therapeutic cell products. Here, we report a novel microfluidic approach, stem cell quantitative cytometry (SCQC), for the quantification of rare hPSCs in hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) populations. This approach enables the ultrasensitive capture, profiling, and enumeration of trace levels of hPSCs labeled with magnetic nanoparticles in a low-cost, manufacturable microfluidic chip. We deploy SCQC to assess the tumorigenic risk of hPSC-derived CM populations in vivo. In addition, we isolate rare hPSCs from the differentiated populations using SCQC and characterize their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Mark Gagliardi
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Reza M. Mohamadi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sharif U. Ahmed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Libing Zhang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sandra Popescu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Yuxiao Zhou
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Gordon M. Keller
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Michelet F, Balasankar A, Teo N, Stanton LW, Singhal S. Rapid generation of purified human RPE from pluripotent stem cells using 2D cultures and lipoprotein uptake-based sorting. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32014053 PMCID: PMC6998340 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite increasing demand, current protocols for human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) remain time, labor, and cost intensive. Additionally, absence of robust methods for selective RPE purification and removal of non-RPE cell impurities prevents upscaling of clinical quality RPE production. We aimed to address these challenges by developing a simplified hPSC-derived RPE production and purification system that yields high-quality RPE monolayers within 90 days. Methods Human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into RPE using an innovative time and cost-effective protocol relying entirely on 2D cultures and minimal use of cytokines. Once RPE identity was obtained, cells were transferred onto permeable membranes to acquire mature RPE morphology. RPE differentiation was verified by electron microscopy, polarized VEGF expression, establishment of high transepithelial electrical resistance and photoreceptor phagocytosis assay. After 4 weeks on permeable membranes, RPE cell cultures were incubated with Dil-AcLDL (DiI-conjugated acetylated low-density lipoproteins) and subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for purification and subculture. Results Using our 2D cytokine scarce protocol, hPSC-derived functional RPE cells can be obtained within 2 months. Nevertheless, at this stage, most samples contain a percentage of non-RPE/early RPE progenitor cells that make them unsuitable for clinical application. We demonstrate that functional RPE cells express high levels of lipoprotein receptors and that this correlates with their ability to uptake lipoproteins. Combining photoreceptor uptake assay with lipoprotein uptake assay further confirms that only functional RPE cells uptake AcLDL. Incubation of mixed RPE/non-RPE cell cultures with fluorophore conjugated AcLDL and subsequent FACS-based isolation of labeled cells allows selective purification of mature functional RPE. When subcultured, DiI-AcLDL-labeled cells rapidly form pure homogenous high-quality RPE monolayers. Conclusions Pure functional RPE monolayers can be derived from hPSC within 90 days using simplified 2D cultures in conjunction with our RPE PLUS protocol (RPE Purification by Lipoprotein Uptake-based Sorting). The simplicity of this protocol makes it scalable, and the rapidity of production and purification allows for high-quality RPE to be produced in a short span of time making them ideally suited for downstream clinical and in vitro applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-020-1568-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Michelet
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Aishwarya Balasankar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shweta Singhal
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS, Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Tateno H, Hiemori K, Minoshima F, Kiyoi K, Matoba K, Katayama J, Kumada Y. Oriented immobilization of rBC2LCN lectin for highly sensitive detection of human pluripotent stem cells using cell culture supernatants. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Evaluation of Residual Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Human Chondrocytes by Cell Type-Specific Glycosphingolipid Glycome Analysis Based on the Aminolysis-SALSA Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010231. [PMID: 31905707 PMCID: PMC6982033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage may eventually lead to osteoarthritis because it is difficult to repair. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived chondrocytes may potentially be used to treat cartilage damage, but the tumorigenicity of iPSCs is a major concern for their application in regenerative medicine. Many glycoconjugates serve as stem cell markers, and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) including H type 1 antigen (Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAc) have been expressed on the surface of iPSCs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether GSL-glycome analysis is useful for quality control of residual iPSCs in chondrocytes. We performed GSL-glycome analysis of undifferentiated iPSCs in chondrocytes by combining glycoblotting and aminolysis-sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation (SALSA) method, enabling the detection of small quantities of iPSC-specific GSL-glycans from 5 × 104 cells. Furthermore, we estimated the residual amount of iPSCs using R-17F antibody, which possesses cytotoxic activity toward iPSCs that is dependent on the Lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I) of GSL. Moreover, we could detect a small number of LNFP I during mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation from iPSCs. This is the first demonstration that GSL-glycome analysis is useful for detecting undifferentiated iPSCs, and can thereby support safe regenerative medicine.
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Matsuura K, Wada M, Sakaguchi K, Matsuhashi Y, Shimizu T. Adequate taylor couette flow-mediated shear stress is useful for dissociating human iPS cell-derived cell aggregates. Regen Ther 2019; 12:6-13. [PMID: 31890761 PMCID: PMC6933467 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are promising cell sources for regenerative medicine and for three-dimensional suspension culture technologies which may enable the generation of robust numbers of desired cells through cell aggregation. Although manual procedure is widely used for dissociating cell aggregates, the development of non-manual procedures using devices will contribute to efficient cell manufacturing. In the present study, we developed novel cell aggregate dissociation devices with a rotating cylinder inside based on taylor couette flow-mediated shear stress. The shear stress can be increased according to an increase in the size of the rotating cylinder inside the devices and the rotation rate. Adequate device size and suitable rotation rate efficiently dissociated cell aggregates after the undifferentiated expansion and the cardiac differentiation of human iPSC. These finding suggest that non-manual device procedure might be useful for harvesting single cells from human iPSC-derived cell aggregates. The newly device successfully generates taylor couette flow. Shear stress levels according to the different types of device and rotation rates are quantified through the flow analysis. Taylor couette flow-mediated adequate shear stress dissociate cell aggregates from human iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masanori Wada
- ABLE Corporation, 5-9 Nishigoken-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Sakaguchi
- School of Creative Science and Engineering, TWIns, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuhashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, TWIns, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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Wang J, Koo KM, Wang Y, Trau M. Engineering State-of-the-Art Plasmonic Nanomaterials for SERS-Based Clinical Liquid Biopsy Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900730. [PMID: 31832306 PMCID: PMC6891916 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Precision oncology, defined as the use of the molecular understanding of cancer to implement personalized patient treatment, is currently at the heart of revolutionizing oncology practice. Due to the need for repeated molecular tumor analyses in facilitating precision oncology, liquid biopsies, which involve the detection of noninvasive cancer biomarkers in circulation, may be a critical key. Yet, existing liquid biopsy analysis technologies are still undergoing an evolution to address the challenges of analyzing trace quantities of circulating tumor biomarkers reliably and cost effectively. Consequently, the recent emergence of cutting-edge plasmonic nanomaterials represents a paradigm shift in harnessing the unique merits of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensing platforms for clinical liquid biopsy applications. Herein, an expansive review on the design/synthesis of a new generation of diverse plasmonic nanomaterials, and an updated evaluation of their demonstrated SERS-based uses in liquid biopsies, such as circulating tumor cells, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, as well as circulating cancer proteins, and tumor nucleic acids is presented. Existing challenges impeding the clinical translation of plasmonic nanomaterials for SERS-based liquid biopsy applications are also identified, and outlooks and insights into advancing this rapidly growing field for practical patient use are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Centre for Personalized NanomedicineAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Kevin M. Koo
- Centre for Personalized NanomedicineAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Molecular SciencesARC Excellence Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonicsFaculty of Science and EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized NanomedicineAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
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45
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Tumorigenicity assessment of cell therapy products: The need for global consensus and points to consider. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:1095-1111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Ben M’Barek K, Habeler W, Regent F, Monville C. Developing Cell-Based Therapies for RPE-Associated Degenerative Eye Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:55-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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Palladino A, Mavaro I, Pizzoleo C, De Felice E, Lucini C, de Girolamo P, Netti PA, Attanasio C. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as Vasculature Forming Entities. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1782. [PMID: 31731464 PMCID: PMC6912734 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) pursues the ambitious goal to heal damaged tissues. One of the most successful TE approaches relies on the use of scaffolds specifically designed and fabricated to promote tissue growth. During regeneration the guidance of biological events may be essential to sustain vasculature neoformation inside the engineered scaffold. In this context, one of the most effective strategies includes the incorporation of vasculature forming cells, namely endothelial cells (EC), into engineered constructs. However, the most common EC sources currently available, intended as primary cells, are affected by several limitations that make them inappropriate to personalized medicine. Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC), since the time of their discovery, represent an unprecedented opportunity for regenerative medicine applications. Unfortunately, human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Endothelial Cells (hiPSC-ECs) still display significant safety issues. In this work, we reviewed the most effective protocols to induce pluripotency, to generate cells displaying the endothelial phenotype and to perform an efficient and safe cell selection. We also provide noteworthy examples of both in vitro and in vivo applications of hiPSC-ECs in order to highlight their ability to form functional blood vessels. In conclusion, we propose hiPSC-ECs as the preferred source of endothelial cells currently available in the field of personalized regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palladino
- CESMA—Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, University of Naples Federico II, 80146 Naples, Italy
| | - Isabella Mavaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, I-80137 Naples, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB) University of Naples Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Pizzoleo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, I-80137 Naples, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB) University of Naples Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena De Felice
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, I-80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, I-80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB) University of Naples Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Attanasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, I-80137 Naples, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB) University of Naples Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Artyuhov AS, Dashinimaev EB, Mescheryakova NV, Ashikhmina AA, Vorotelyak EA, Vasiliev AV. Detection of small numbers of iPSCs in different heterogeneous cell mixtures with highly sensitive droplet digital PCR. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6675-6683. [PMID: 31578676 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are a prospective resource for regenerative biomedicine. iPS cells can differentiate into any type of stem, progenitor and somatic cells to help replace structures within damaged organs or tissues. However, iPS cells themselves, can produce malignant tumors if they are injected into the body of an immunocompatible or immunodeficient recipient. Thus, it is necessary to detect any residual iPS cells content in biomedical cell products obtained from iPS cells and destined for transplantation. In this article we describe searches for iPS cells in heterogeneous cell mixtures, using two different methods-quantitative RT-PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). In experiments with various heterogeneous mixtures, including mixtures with neural stem cells, we found that the OCT4, TDGF1 and LIN28 genes are the best markers for such a search, and droplet digital PCR provides the greatest measurement accuracy, which is 0.002%. Thus, we have confirmed the advantage of using droplet digital PCR in the search for pluripotent stem cells in heterogeneous cell mixtures. We hope that this data can be useful for biosafety control in regenerative biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Artyuhov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, Russia, 117997. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701.
| | - E B Dashinimaev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | | | - A A Ashikhmina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - E A Vorotelyak
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - A V Vasiliev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Lung HL, Kan R, Chau WY, Man OY, Mak NK, Fong CH, Shuen WH, Tsao SW, Lung ML. The anti-tumor function of the IKK inhibitor PS1145 and high levels of p65 and KLF4 are associated with the drug resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12064. [PMID: 31427673 PMCID: PMC6700134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have previously shown that the canonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway is essential to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor development and angiogenesis, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway, including its upstream modulators and downstream effectors, are potential therapeutic targets for NPC. The inhibitor of upstream IκB kinase (IKK), PS1145, is a small molecule which can specifically inhibit the IκB phosphorylation and degradation and the subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The present study aims to determine the anti-tumor activity of PS1145 on NPC. Our results showed that PS1145 significantly inhibited the growth of tumorigenic NPC cell lines, but not in the normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line. Results in the in vivo study showed that low concentration of PS1145 (3 mg/kg) could significantly suppress the subcutaneous tumor formation in the nude mice bearing NPC xenografts. Apparent adverse effects were not observed in the animal study. Drug resistance against PS1145 seems to be associated with the increased levels of active NF-kB p65 and change of expression levels of kruppel-like factor 4. As can be seen, PS1145 appears to be a safe agent for animal experiments and its effects are tumor-specific, and the proteins associated with the drug resistance of PS1145 are implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.
| | - Rebecca Kan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Ketchum Pte. Ltd., 30 Merchant Road, Riverside Point, #03-12, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yin Chau
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - On Ying Man
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Chun Hung Fong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China. .,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.
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50
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Matsuura K, Ito K, Shiraki N, Kume S, Hagiwara N, Shimizu T. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Elimination in a Cell Sheet by Methionine-Free and 42°C Condition for Tumor Prevention. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:605-615. [PMID: 30234460 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, are promising cell sources for regenerative medicine to replace injured tissues, and tissue engineering technologies enable engraftment of functional iPS cell-derived cells in vivo for prolonged periods. However, the risk of tumor formation is a concern for the use of iPS cells. Bioengineered tissues provide a suitable environment for cell survival, which requires vigorous efforts to eliminate remaining iPS cells and prevent tumor formation. We recently reported three iPS cell elimination strategies, including methionine-free medium, TRPV1 activation through 42°C cultivation, and dinaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase 1/9 inhibitor. However, it remains unclear how many iPS cells in bioengineered tissues can be eliminated using these strategies alone or in combination, as well as the mode of subsequent tumor prevention. In the present study, we found that 2 days of cultivation at 42°C sufficiently eliminated 1 × 102 iPS cells in fibroblast sheets and prevented tumor formation. After screening for suitable combinations of these strategies based on Lin28 expression in co-cultures of fibroblasts and 1 × 104 iPS cells, we found that 1 day of cultivation at 42°C in methionine-free culture medium with or without dinaciclib remarkably decreased Lin28 expression and prevented tumor formation. Furthermore, these culture strategies did not affect spontaneous beating or the cell number of human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. These quantitative findings may contribute to decreasing tumor formation risk and development of regenerative medicine using iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Matsuura
- 1 Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan .,2 Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ito
- 1 Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan .,3 Division of Hepato-Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- 4 School and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- 4 School and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- 1 Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan
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