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Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Antos N, Flores R, Harawa N, Vecchio ND, Issema R, Fujimoto K, Khanna A, Paola AD, Schneider J, Hotton A. Factors associated with HIV testing and treatment among young Black MSM and trans women in three jail systems. AIDS Care 2023; 35:123-130. [PMID: 35848452 PMCID: PMC10359835 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2022.2094312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) and transgender women (BTW) are disproportionately affected by incarceration and HIV. We assessed factors associated with HIV testing and viral suppression among 176 incarcerated BMSM and BTW in Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; and Houston, TX. In multivariable logistic regression, having a sexual orientation of bisexual, heterosexual, or other vs. gay or same-gender loving was associated with higher odds of testing in custody (aOR 8.97; 95% CI 1.95 - 41.24). Binge drinking (aOR 0.19; 95% CI 0.04 - 0.92) and being unemployed prior to incarceration (aOR 0.03; 95% CI 0.00 - 0.23) were associated with lower odds of testing; participants in Los Angeles were also more likely to be tested than those in Chicago. Being housed in protective custody (aOR 3.12; 95% CI 1.09-9.59) and having a prescription for ART prior to incarceration (aOR 2.58; 95% CI 1.01-6.73) were associated with higher odds of viral suppression when adjusted for site and duration of incarceration, though the associations were not statistically significant in the full multivariable model. Future research should examine structural and process level factors that impact engagement in HIV testing and treatment among detained BMSM and BTW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rey Flores
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Nina Harawa
- Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | | | - Rodal Issema
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Kayo Fujimoto
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | | | - Angela Di Paola
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - John Schneider
- University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago IL, USA
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Anna Hotton
- University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago IL, USA
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, Chicago IL, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People with HIV and HCV are concentrated within criminal justice settings globally, primarily related to criminalization of drug use. This review examines updated prevention and treatment strategies for HIV and HCV within prison with a focus on people who inject drugs and the challenges associated with the provision of these services within prisons and other closed settings and transition to the community. RECENT FINDINGS The prevalence of HIV and HCV are several-fold higher in the criminal justice system than within the broader community particularly in regions with high prevalence of injecting drug use, such as Asia, Eastern Europe and North America and where drug use is criminalized. Strategies to optimize management for these infections include routine screening linked to treatment within these settings and medication-assisted treatments for opioid dependence and access to syringe services programs. We build upon the 2016 WHO Consolidated Guidelines through the lens of the key populations of prisoners. Linkage to treatment postrelease, has been universally dismal, but is improved when linked to medication-assisted therapies like methadone, buprenorphine and overdose management. In many prisons, particularly in low-income and middle-income settings, provision of even basic healthcare including mental healthcare and basic HIV prevention tools remain suboptimal. SUMMARY In order to address HIV and HCV prevention and treatment within criminal justice settings, substantial improvement in the delivery of basic healthcare is needed in many prisons worldwide together with effective screening, treatment and linkage of treatment and prevention services to medication-assisted therapies within prison and linkage to care after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence on Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine and School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Frederick L. Altice
- Centre of Excellence on Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine and School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Huber F, Vandentorren S, Merceron A, Chaponnay A, Gadio G, About V, Pastre A, Nacher M. HIV-positive in the darkness of a correctional facility: more vulnerable and less treated. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:460-466. [PMID: 30630398 DOI: 10.1177/0956462418816452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In French Guiana, 4.5-5.0% of HIV-infected persons experienced an incarceration between 2007 and 2013. A cross-sectional survey was performed to describe the epidemiology and treatment outcomes of a population of HIV-infected inmates in French Guiana. The study population was patients released between 1/2007 and 12/2013, after >30 days of incarceration (n = 147). A secondary objective aimed to identify its main specificities, relative to both the general inmate population and the nonincarcerated HIV population. The socioeconomic situation of HIV-infected inmates was particularly precarious, relative to other detainees: 58.1% had never attended school (versus 5.5%, p < 0.01), 31.0% were homeless (versus 8.5%, p < 0.01), 63.9% were repeat offenders (versus 46.6%, p < 0.01), 33.3% were crack cocaine users (versus 9.8-12%, p < 0.01). The frequency of hypertension and chronic B hepatitis was also higher. Only 50.3% of inmates were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) versus 92.6% in the hospital HIV population (p < 0.001). Among untreated patients, 15.1% refused ART. Among those treated, 81.3% were virologically suppressed. Although comparisons were biased, HIV-positive inmates had more psychosocial vulnerabilities than the general inmate population. Despite ART availability and excellent treatment outcomes, undertreatment was a fact not completely explained by patient refusal. HIV-infected inmates should benefit from increased attention by health care and social workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Huber
- 1 COREVIH Guyane, Centre Hospitalier André Rosemon, Cayenne, France.,2 Reseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, France
| | - Stephanie Vandentorren
- 3 Department of Social Epidemiology, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France.,4 Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Ile-de-France Intervention Unit, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Alice Merceron
- 5 Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Faculté de Médecine Hyacinthe Basturaud. Pointe-à-Pitre. France
| | | | | | - Vincent About
- 6 UCSA, Centre Hospitalier André Rosemon, Cayenne, France
| | - Agathe Pastre
- 6 UCSA, Centre Hospitalier André Rosemon, Cayenne, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- 1 COREVIH Guyane, Centre Hospitalier André Rosemon, Cayenne, France.,2 Reseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, France.,7 Inserm CIC Antilles-Guyane INSERM 1424 (Pole Guyane), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, France
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Spaulding AC, Drobeniuc A, Frew PM, Lemon TL, Anderson EJ, Cerwonka C, Bowden C, Freshley J, del Rio C. Jail, an unappreciated medical home: Assessing the feasibility of a strengths-based case management intervention to improve the care retention of HIV-infected persons once released from jail. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191643. [PMID: 29601591 PMCID: PMC5877830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Linkage to and retention in care for US persons living with HIV (PLWH) after release from jail usually declines. We know of no rigorously evaluated behavioral interventions that can improve this. We hypothesized that a strengths-based case management intervention that we developed for PLWH leaving jail would increase linkage/retention in care (indicated by receipt of laboratory draws) and a suppressed HIV viral load (VL) in the year following release. Methods and findings We conducted a quasi-experimental feasibility study of our intervention for PLWH jailed in Atlanta. We recruited 113 PLWH in jail starting in 2014. “SUCCESS” (Sustained, Unbroken Connection to Care, Entry Services, and Suppression) began in jail and continued post-release. Subjects who started the intervention but subsequently began long-term incarcerations were excluded from further analysis. Persons who were retained in the intervention group were compared to contemporaneously incarcerated PLWH who did not receive the intervention. Identities were submitted to an enhanced HIV/AIDS reporting system (eHARS) at the state health department to capture all laboratories drawn. Both community engagement and care upon jail return were assessed equally. For 44 intervention participants released to Atlanta, 50% of care occurred on subsequent jail stays, as documented with EventFlow software. Forty-five receiving usual services only were recruited for comparison. By examining records of jail reentries, half of participants and 60% of controls recidivated (range: 1–8 returns). All but 6 participants in the intervention and 9 subjects in the comparison arm had ≥1 laboratory recorded in eHARS post-release. Among the intervention group, 52% were retained in care (i.e., had two laboratory studies, > = 3 months apart), versus 40% among the comparison group (OR = 1.60, 95% CI (0.71, 3.81)). Both arms showed improved viral load suppression. Conclusions There was a trend towards increased retention for PLWH released from jail after SUCCESS, compared to usual services. Measuring linkage at all venues, including jail-based clinics, fully captured engagement for this frequently recidivating population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02185742
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Drobeniuc
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Frew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Lemon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emeli J. Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colin Cerwonka
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chava Bowden
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Freshley
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlos del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Nijhawan AE, Iroh PA, Porsa E. Acceptability of HIV Testing Among Jail Inmates When Combined With a Blood Test for Tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 24:120-126. [PMID: 29544376 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818762107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Incarcerated individuals are at high risk of HIV and tuberculosis (TB), though combined screening in the criminal justice system is limited. Newer blood tests for TB provide a unique opportunity to combine HIV and TB testing in corrections. Entering jail inmates were offered routine opt-out HIV testing along with TB screening, both via blood draw. Of the 529 individuals enrolled, 524 (99%) agreed to HIV testing. Testing identified 13 (2.5%) previously diagnosed HIV infections and one new positive. One quarter (138, 26%) of participants had never been tested for HIV and were more likely to be young, Hispanic, born outside of the United States, and incarcerated for the first time. Combined HIV/TB testing had high acceptability among individuals entering jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ank E Nijhawan
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Princess A Iroh
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Esmaeil Porsa
- 3 Office of Strategy and Integration, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Rich JD, Beckwith CG, Macmadu A, Marshall BDL, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Amon JJ, Milloy MJ, King MRF, Sanchez J, Atwoli L, Altice FL. Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis. Lancet 2016; 388:1103-1114. [PMID: 27427452 PMCID: PMC5504684 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The burden of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases is higher in prison and jail settings than in the non-incarcerated communities that surround them. In this comprehensive review, we discuss available literature on the topic of clinical management of people infected with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and tuberculosis in incarcerated settings in addition to co-occurrence of one or more of these infections. Methods such as screening practices and provision of treatment during detainment periods are reviewed to identify the effect of community-based treatment when returning inmates into the general population. Where data are available, we describe differences in the provision of medical care in the prison and jail settings of low-income and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries. Structural barriers impede the optimal delivery of clinical care for prisoners, and substance use, mental illness, and infectious disease further complicate the delivery of care. For prison health care to reach the standards of community-based health care, political will and financial investment are required from governmental, medical, and humanitarian organisations worldwide. In this review, we highlight challenges, gaps in knowledge, and priorities for future research to improve health-care in institutions for prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah D Rich
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Curt G Beckwith
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexandria Macmadu
- The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Amon
- Health and Human Rights Division, Human Rights Watch, New York City, NY, USA
| | - M-J Milloy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maximilian R F King
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Lima, Peru; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Frederick L Altice
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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HIV Testing, HIV Positivity, and Linkage and Referral Services in Correctional Facilities in the United States, 2009-2013. Sex Transm Dis 2016; 42:643-9. [PMID: 26462190 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of health disparities, incarcerated persons are at higher risk for multiple health issues, including HIV. Correctional facilities have an opportunity to provide HIV services to an underserved population. This article describes Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded HIV testing and service delivery in correctional facilities. METHODS Data on HIV testing and service delivery were submitted to CDC by 61 health department jurisdictions in 2013. HIV testing, HIV positivity, receipt of test results, linkage, and referral services were described, and differences across demographic characteristics for linkage and referral services were assessed. Finally, trends were examined for HIV testing, HIV positivity, and linkage from 2009 to 2013. RESULTS Of CDC-funded tests in 2013 among persons 18 years and older, 254,719 (7.9%) were conducted in correctional facilities. HIV positivity was 0.9%, and HIV positivity for newly diagnosed persons was 0.3%. Blacks accounted for the highest percentage of HIV-infected persons (1.3%) and newly diagnosed persons (0.5%). Only 37.9% of newly diagnosed persons were linked within 90 days; 67.5% were linked within any time frame; 49.7% were referred to partner services; and 45.2% were referred to HIV prevention services. There was a significant percent increase in HIV testing, overall HIV positivity, and linkage from 2009 to 2013. However, trends were stable for newly diagnosed persons. CONCLUSIONS Identification of newly diagnosed persons in correctional facilities has remained stable from 2009 to 2013. Correctional facilities seem to be reaching blacks, likely due to higher incarceration rates. The current findings indicate that improvements are needed in HIV testing strategies, service delivery during incarceration, and linkage to care postrelease.
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10
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Nijhawan AE. Infectious Diseases and the Criminal Justice System. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:399-407. [PMID: 27776722 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The United States leads the world in incarceration, which disproportionately affects disadvantaged individuals, including those who are mentally ill, poor, homeless and racial minorities. Incarceration is disruptive to families and communities and contributes to health disparities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this grand rounds is to review (1) the epidemiology of incarceration in the United States, (2) the social factors which contribute to high rates of STIs in incarcerated individuals and (3) the HIV care cascade in incarcerated and recently released individuals. Routine screening and treatment for STIs and HIV in the criminal justice system can identify many new infections and has the potential to both improve individual outcomes and reduce transmission to others. Increased collaboration between the department of health and department of corrections, as well as partnerships between academic institutions and the criminal justice system, have the potential to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ank E Nijhawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Outcomes and Health Services Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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11
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Alpert M, Wickersham JA, Vázquez M, Altice FL. Alcohol use disorders and antiretroviral therapy among prisoners in Argentina. Int J Prison Health 2015; 9:40-50. [PMID: 24772187 DOI: 10.1108/17449201311310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While Argentina has significantly improved access to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for both the general population and prisoners, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among HIV-infected prisoners and their relationship to accessing ART in Argentina is currently unknown. This study aims to characterize the substance abuse patterns of HIV-infected prisoners in Argentina and to assess the independent correlates of receipt of pre-incarceration ART. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH An anonymous, cross-sectional survey of 100 HIV-infected federal prisoners was conducted in the Buenos Aires municipality from July-December 2010. AUDs were assessed using the AUDIT scale. FINDINGS A majority (63 per cent) of participants met criteria for AUDs, 45 per cent of subjects were diagnosed with HIV in prison and one-quarter had initiated ART during the current incarceration. In addition, over one-third (35 per cent) of participants did not receive ART during the pre-incarceration period despite receiving it upon incarceration. This correlated significantly with the presence of having an AUD (AOR 0.20, 95 per cent CI 0.06-0.74, p = 0.016). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS AUDs are prevalent among HIV-infected prisoners in Argentina and are significantly related to negative secondary HIV prevention and treatment outcomes. While Argentina has provided an exemplary model of HIV-related health care reform within its prisons, future efforts to provide screening and treatment for AUDs are needed to improve the health of the nation’s incarcerated population. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper is the first to describe pre-incarceration drug and alcohol use disorders and issues related to access to ART among prisoners in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Alpert
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Spaulding AC, Kim MJ, Corpening KT, Carpenter T, Watlington P, Bowden CJ. Establishing an HIV Screening Program Led by Staff Nurses in a County Jail. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2015; 21:538-45. [PMID: 25427254 PMCID: PMC4492874 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in jails provides an opportunity to reach individuals outside the scope of traditional screening programs. The rapid turnover of jail populations has, in the past, been a formidable barrier to offering routine access to testing. OBJECTIVE To establish an opt-out, rapid HIV testing program, led by nurses on the jail staff, that would provide undiagnosed yet infected detainees opportunities to learn their status regardless of their hour of entry and duration of stay. DESIGN Jail nurses offered rapid, opt-out HIV testing. SETTING Fulton County Jail in Georgia, United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 316 persons booked to Fulton County Jail. INTERVENTION In late 2010, we performed a preliminary evaluation of HIV seroprevalence. Starting January 1, 2011, HIV testing via rapid oral mucosal swab was offered to entrants. In March 2013, finger stick was substituted. Detainees identified as positives were assisted with linkage to care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To estimate an upper limit of overall HIV prevalence among entrants, we determined seroprevalence by age and gender group. To measure program performance, we checked offer and acceptance rates for tests and rate of linkage to care among previously known and newly identified HIV+ detainees. RESULTS The initial seroprevalence of HIV in Fulton County Jail was at least 2.18%. Between March 2013 and February 2014, 89 new confirmed positives were identified through testing. During these 12 months, 20 947 bookings were followed by an offer of HIV testing (69.10% offer rate), and 17 035 persons accepted (81.32% acceptance rate). A total of 458 previously and newly identified persons were linked to HIV care. Linkage was significantly higher among those aged 40 years and older (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS A nurse-led, rapid HIV testing model successfully identified new HIV diagnoses. The testing program substantially decreased the number of persons who are HIV-infected but unaware of their status and promoted linkage to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Spaulding, Mss Kim, Corpening, and Bowden); and Fulton County Jail, Atlanta, Georgia (Mss Carpenter and Watlington)
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13
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Hoang HL, Khan MN, Berger S, Moreau D, Nickel P, Woods D, Jaipaul J, Pyne D, Moreland B, Singh A, Ahmed R. Assessment of HIV Knowledge in Correctional Facility Health Care Workers: A Pilot Study of an Educational Intervention. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2015; 15:276-85. [PMID: 26316522 DOI: 10.1177/2325957415600797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV rates are disproportionately higher in the incarcerated compared to the general population. Unfortunately, HIV sero-positive inmates report perceived discrimination and missed antiretroviral doses. Correctional facility nursing competency in HIV management may mitigate these concerns. Using validated knowledge instruments, the authors measured baseline HIV knowledge in correctional facility nurses from 3 correctional facilities in Alberta, Canada, and quantified changes after a targeted educational workshop. Basic HIV knowledge increased significantly, whereas perceived need for further HIV education significantly decreased postintervention. This study demonstrates that correctional facility nurses may not receive ideal HIV education during employment and that targeted HIV workshops can significantly increase knowledge and confidence when caring for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Hoang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Sara Berger
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Danusia Moreau
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pamela Nickel
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dan Woods
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joy Jaipaul
- Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Diane Pyne
- Health Care Operations, Edmonton Remand Center, Alberta Health Services
| | - Barbara Moreland
- Edmonton Young Offender Center, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ameeta Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rabia Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Rumble C, Pevalin DJ, O'Moore É. Routine testing for blood-borne viruses in prisons: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26219884 PMCID: PMC4668329 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: People in prison have a higher burden of blood-borne virus (BBV) infection than the general population, and prisons present an opportunity to test for BBVs in high-risk, underserved groups. Changes to the BBV testing policies in English prisons have recently been piloted. This review will enable existing evidence to inform policy revisions. We describe components of routine HIV, hepatitis B and C virus testing policies in prisons and quantify testing acceptance, coverage, result notification and diagnosis. Methods: We searched five databases for studies of both opt-in (testing offered to all and the individual chooses to have the test or not) and opt-out (the individual is informed the test will be performed unless they actively refuse) prison BBV testing policies. Results: Forty-four studies published between 1989 and 2013 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 82% were conducted in the USA, 91% included HIV testing and most tested at the time of incarceration. HIV testing acceptance rates ranged from 22 to 98% and testing coverage from 3 to 90%. Mixed results were found for equity in uptake. Six studies reported reasons for declining a test including recent testing and fear. Conclusions: While the quality of evidence is mixed, this review suggests that reasonable rates of uptake can be achieved with opt-in and, even better, with opt-out HIV testing policies. Little evidence was found relating to hepatitis testing. Policies need to specify exclusion criteria and consider consent processes, type of test and timing of the testing offer to balance acceptability, competence and availability of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rumble
- 1 Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David J Pevalin
- 2 University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Éamonn O'Moore
- 3 Health and Justice, Public Health England, Reading RG1 7EB, UK
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Evidence-based interventions to enhance assessment, treatment, and adherence in the chronic Hepatitis C care continuum. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:922-35. [PMID: 26077144 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the explosion of newly available direct acting antiviral (DAA) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments that demonstrate 95% sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, evidence-based strategies are urgently needed to achieve real-world effectiveness in challenging patient populations. While HIV is incurable, lessons from over 30 years of experience overcoming obstacles to the HIV treatment cascade could be applied to the HCV context. METHODS Using Institute of Medicine guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of published interventions from PubMed, Medline, GoogleScholar, EmBASE, and PsychInfo bibliographic databases and citation indices. Abstracts were first screened by three independent reviewers and studies were included if they involved original research, described a specific intervention, were published in English in a peer-reviewed journal between 2001 and 2014, and had full text available. RESULTS Evidence-based interventions to enhance HCV assessment, treatment, and adherence generally fell into one of 4 categories, including those involving: (1) diagnosis or case-finding; (2) linkage to HCV care; (3) pre-therapeutic evaluation or treatment initiation; or (4) treatment adherence. While most available eligible studies described interventions using non-contemporary interferon-based HCV treatments, future research will need to address how these interventions apply to the context of well-tolerated, simple, oral treatment regimens. In some cases, we explored how HIV-specific interventions might be modified to fit the HCV spectrum of care engagement. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based interventions should be strategically incorporated into HCV treatment implementation efforts to most effectively deliver treatment and maximize treatment outcomes.
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Iroh PA, Mayo H, Nijhawan AE. The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e5-16. [PMID: 25973818 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic literature review of the data on HIV testing, engagement in care, and treatment in incarcerated persons, and estimated the care cascade in this group. We identified 2706 titles in MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies indexed to January 13, 2015, and included 92 for analysis. We summarized HIV testing results by type (blinded, opt-out, voluntary); reviewed studies on HIV care engagement, treatment, and virological suppression; and synthesized these results into an HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration. The HIV care cascade following diagnosis increased during incarceration and declined substantially after release, often to levels lower than before incarceration. Incarceration provides an opportunity to address HIV care in hard-to-reach individuals, though new interventions are needed to improve postrelease care continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess A Iroh
- Princess A. Iroh and Ank E. Nijhawan are with Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Helen Mayo is with Health Sciences Digital Library and Learning Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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Lima VD, Graf I, Beckwith CG, Springer S, Altice FL, Coombs D, Kim B, Messina L, Montaner JSG, Spaulding A. The Impact of Implementing a Test, Treat and Retain HIV Prevention Strategy in Atlanta among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men with a History of Incarceration: A Mathematical Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123482. [PMID: 25905725 PMCID: PMC4408043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually, 10 million adults transition through prisons or jails in the United States (US) and the prevalence of HIV among entrants is three times higher than that for the country as a whole. We assessed the potential impact of increasing HIV Testing/Treatment/Retention (HIV-TTR) in the community and within the criminal justice system (CJS) facilities, coupled with sexual risk behavior change, focusing on black men-who-have-sex-with-men, 15-54 years, in Atlanta, USA. METHODS We modeled the effect of a HIV-TTR strategy on the estimated cumulative number of new (acquired) infections and mortality, and on the HIV prevalence at the end of ten years. We additionally assessed the effect of increasing condom use in all settings. RESULTS In the Status Quo scenario, at the end of 10 years, the cumulative number of new infections in the community, jail and prison was, respectively, 9246, 77 and 154 cases; HIV prevalence was 10815, 69 and 152 cases, respectively; and the cumulative number of deaths was 2585, 18 and 34 cases, respectively. By increasing HIV-TTR coverage, the cumulative number of new infections could decrease by 15% in the community, 19% in jail, and 8% in prison; HIV prevalence could decrease by 8%, 9% and 7%, respectively; mortality could decrease by 20%, 39% and 18%, respectively. Based on the model results, we have shown that limited use and access to condoms have contributed to the HIV incidence and prevalence in all settings. CONCLUSIONS Aggressive implementation of a CJS-focused HIV-TTR strategy has the potential to interrupt HIV transmission and reduce mortality, with benefit to the community at large. To maximize the impact of these interventions, retention in treatment, including during the period after jail and prison release, and increased condom use was vital for decreasing the burden of the HIV epidemic in all settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane D. Lima
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Isabell Graf
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Curt G. Beckwith
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Sandra Springer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Frederick L. Altice
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale University School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Kim
- Rollins School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Lauren Messina
- Rollins School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Julio S. G. Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Spaulding
- Rollins School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
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Milloy MJ, Montaner JSG, Wood E. Incarceration of people living with HIV/AIDS: implications for treatment-as-prevention. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015; 11:308-16. [PMID: 24962285 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the criminal justice system, including incarceration, is a common experience for many people living with HIV/AIDS. Optimism has recently been expressed that correctional facilities could be important locations for treatment-as-prevention (TasP)-based initiatives. We review recent findings regarding the effect of incarceration on patterns of HIV transmission, testing, treatment initiation and retention. We found that the prevalence of HIV infection among incarcerated individuals remains higher than analogous non-incarcerated populations. Recent studies have shown that voluntary HIV/AIDS testing is feasible in many correctional facilities, although the number of previously undiagnosed individuals identified has been modest. Studies have implied enhanced linkage to HIV/AIDS treatment and care in jails in the United States was associated with improvements in the HIV cascade of care. However, for many individuals living with HIV/AIDS, exposure to the correctional system remains an important barrier to retention in HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Future research should evaluate structural interventions to address these barriers and facilitate the scale-up of TasP-based efforts among individuals living in correctional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada,
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Abstract
Release from short-term jail detention is highly destabilizing, associated with relapse to substance use, recidivism, and disrupted health care continuity. Little is known about emergency department (ED) use, potentially a surrogate for medical, psychiatric, or social instability, by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) leaving jails. All ED visits were reviewed from medical records for a cohort of 109 PLHWA in the year following release from county jail in Connecticut, between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. Primary outcomes were frequency and timing of ED visits, modeled using multivariate negative binomial regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Demographic, substance use, and psychiatric disorder severity factors were evaluated as potential covariates. Overall, 71 (65.1%) of the 109 participants made 300 unique ED visits (2.75 visits/person-year) in the year following jail-release. Frequency of ED use was positively associated with female sex (incidence rate ratios, IRR 2.40 [1.36-4.35]), homelessness (IRR 2.22 [1.15-4.41]), and recent substance use (IRR 2.47 [1.33-4.64]), and inversely associated with lifetime drug severity (IRR 0.01 [0-0.10]), and being retained in HIV primary care (IRR 0.80 [0.65-0.99]). Those in late or sustained HIV care used the ED sooner than those not retained in HIV primary care (median for late retention 16.3 days, median for sustained retention 24.9 days, median for no retention not reached at 12 months, p value 0.004). Using multivariate modeling, those who used the ED earliest upon release were more likely to be homeless (HR 1.98 [1.02-3.84]), to be retained in HIV care (HR 1.30 [1.04-1.61]), and to have recently used drugs (HR 2.51 [1.30-4.87]), yet had a low lifetime drug severity (HR 0.01 [0.00-0.14]). Among PLWHA released from jail, frequency of ED use is high, often soon after release, and is associated with social and drug-related destabilizing factors. Future interventions for this specific population should focus on addressing these resource gaps, ensuring housing, and establishing immediate linkage to HIV primary care after release from jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Boyd
- AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,
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Meyer JP, Cepeda J, Wu J, Trestman RL, Altice FL, Springer SA. Optimization of human immunodeficiency virus treatment during incarceration: viral suppression at the prison gate. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:721-9. [PMID: 24687044 PMCID: PMC4074594 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management in correctional settings is logistically feasible, but HIV-related outcomes before release have not been recently systematically examined. OBJECTIVE To evaluate HIV treatment outcomes throughout incarceration, including jail and prison. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective cohort study of longitudinally linked demographic, pharmacy, and laboratory data on 882 prisoners within the Connecticut Department of Correction (2005-2012) with confirmed HIV infection, who were continually incarcerated 90 days or more, had at least 2 HIV-1 RNA and CD4 lymphocyte measurements, and were prescribed antiretroviral therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Three electronic databases (correctional, laboratory, and pharmacy) were integrated to assess HIV viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA levels, <400 copies/mL) on intake and release. Secondary outcomes were mean change in log-transformed HIV-1 RNA levels and mean change in CD4 lymphocyte count during incarceration. Demographic characteristics, prescribed pharmacotherapies, receipt of directly observed therapy, and duration of incarceration were analyzed as possible explanatory variables for HIV viral suppression in logistic regression models. RESULTS Among 882 HIV-infected prisoners with 1185 incarceration periods, mean HIV-1 RNA level decreased by 1.1 log10 and CD4 lymphocyte count increased by 98 cells/µL over time, with a higher proportion achieving viral suppression by release compared with entry (70.0% vs 29.8%; P < .001); 36.9% of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens were changed during incarceration. After adjusting for baseline HIV-1 RNA level, prerelease viral suppression correlated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.26-2.59) and psychiatric disorder severity below the sample median (adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.12-1.99), but not race/ethnicity, incarceration duration, ART regimen or dosing strategy, or directly observed therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Though just one-third of HIV-infected prisoners receiving ART entered correctional facilities with viral suppression, HIV treatment was optimized during incarceration, resulting in the majority achieving viral suppression by release. Treatment for HIV within prison is facilitated by a highly structured environment and, when combined with simple well-tolerated ART regimens, can result in viral suppression during incarceration. In the absence of important and effective community-based resources, incarceration can be an opportunity of last resort to initiate continuous ART for individual health and, following the "treatment as prevention" paradigm, potentially reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission to others after release if continuity of HIV care is sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie P Meyer
- AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut2Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Johnny Wu
- Correctional Managed Healthcare, University of Connecticut, Farmington
| | - Robert L Trestman
- Correctional Managed Healthcare, University of Connecticut, Farmington
| | - Frederick L Altice
- AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut3Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut5Centre of Excellence on Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Mala
| | - Sandra A Springer
- AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Beckwith C, Bazerman L, Gillani F, Tran L, Larson B, Rivard S, Flanigan T, Rich J. The feasibility of implementing the HIV seek, test, and treat strategy in jails. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2014; 28:183-7. [PMID: 24617960 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2013.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully implement the Seek, Test, and Treat (STT) strategy to curb the HIV epidemic, the criminal justice system must be a key partner. Increasing HIV testing and treatment among incarcerated persons has the potential to decrease HIV transmission in the broader community, but whether it is feasible to consider the implementation of the STT within jail facilities is not known. We conducted a retrospective review of Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) medical records to assess whether persons newly diagnosed in the jail were able to start ART and be linked to community HIV care after release. From 2001 to 2007, 64 RIDOC detainees were newly diagnosed with HIV. During their index incarcerations, 64% were informed of positive confirmatory HIV test results, 50% completed baseline evaluations, and 9% began ART. Linkage to community care was confirmed for 58% of subjects. Subjects incarcerated for >14 days were significantly more likely to receive HIV test results and complete baseline evaluation (p<0.001). A similar association was not observed for ART initiation until incarceration length reached 60 days (p<0.001). There was no association between incarceration length and linkage to care. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that length of incarceration impacts HIV test result delivery, baseline evaluation, and ART initiation in the RIDOC. Jails are an important venue to "Seek" and "Test"; however, completing the "Treat" part of the STT strategy is hindered by the transient nature of this criminal justice population and may require new strategies to improve linkage to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lauri Bazerman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Fizza Gillani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Liem Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Brita Larson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Saul Rivard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Timothy Flanigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Josiah Rich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Soones T, Ahalt C, Garrigues S, Faigman D, Williams BA. "My older clients fall through every crack in the system": geriatrics knowledge of legal professionals. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:734-9. [PMID: 24611718 PMCID: PMC3989368 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the number of older adult arrestees and prisoners increasing rapidly, legal professionals increasingly provide front-line identification and response to age-related health conditions (including cognitive and physical impairments) that may affect legal outcomes, such as the ability to participate in one's defense or stay safe in jail. The goals of this study were to assess the ability of legal professionals to recognize and respond to age-related conditions that could affect legal outcomes and to identify recommendations to address important knowledge gaps. This was a mixed quantitative-qualitative study. Legal professionals (N = 72) in the criminal justice system were surveyed to describe their demographic characteristics, expertise, and prior aging-related training and to inform the qualitative interview guide. Those surveyed included attorneys (district attorneys (25%), public defenders and legal advocates (58%)), judges (6%), and court-affiliated social workers (11%). In-depth qualitative interviews were then conducted with a subset of 10 legal professionals who worked with older adults at least weekly. Results from the surveys and interviews revealed knowledge deficits in four important areas: age-related health, identification of cognitive impairment, assessment of safety risk, and optimization of services upon release from jail. Four recommendations to close these gaps emerged: educate legal professionals about age-related health, train professionals to identify cognitive and sensory impairment, develop checklists to identify those at risk of poor health or safety, and improve knowledge of and access to transitional services for older adults. These findings suggest that geriatrics knowledge gaps of legal professionals exist that may contribute to adverse medical or legal outcomes for older adults involved in the criminal justice system and that partnerships between healthcare and legal professionals are needed to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tacara Soones
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cyrus Ahalt
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sarah Garrigues
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David Faigman
- University of California Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, CA
- UCSF / UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy
| | - Brie A. Williams
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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Meyer JP, Zelenev A, Wickersham JA, Williams CT, Teixeira PA, Altice FL. Gender disparities in HIV treatment outcomes following release from jail: results from a multicenter study. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:434-41. [PMID: 24432878 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed gender differences in longitudinal HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected jail detainees transitioning to the community. METHODS Data were from the largest multisite prospective cohort study of HIV-infected released jail detainees (n = 1270)-the Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Services in Jail Setting Initiative, January 2008 and March 2011, which had 10 sites in 9 states. We assessed baseline and 6-month HIV treatment outcomes, stratifying by gender. RESULTS Of 867 evaluable participants, 277 (31.9%) were women. Compared with men, women were more likely to be younger, non-Hispanic White, married, homeless, and depressed, but were similar in recent alcohol and heroin use. By 6 months postrelease, women were significantly less likely than men to experience optimal HIV treatment outcomes, including (1) retention in care (50% vs 63%), (2) antiretroviral therapy prescription (39% vs 58%) or optimal antiretroviral therapy adherence (28% vs 44%), and (3) viral suppression (18% vs 30%). In multiple logistic regression models, women were half as likely as men to achieve viral suppression. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected women transitioning from jail experience greater comorbidity and worse HIV treatment outcomes than men. Future interventions that transition people from jail to community-based HIV clinical care should be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie P Meyer
- Jaimie P. Meyer, Alexei Zelenev, Jeffrey A. Wickersham, and Frederick L. Altice are with the AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Jaimie P. Meyer is also with Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven. Chyvette T. Williams is with University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health. Paul A. Teixeira is with New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY. Frederick L. Altice is also with Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, and Centre of Excellence on Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Spaulding AC, Booker CA, Freeman SH, Ball SW, Stein MS, Jordan AO, Ahuja D, Solomon L, Frew PM. Jails, HIV testing, and linkage to care services: an overview of the EnhanceLink initiative. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 Suppl 2:S100-7. [PMID: 23104017 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 9 million persons in the United States (US) are admitted each year to jails. HIV prevalence among detainees is higher than the general population, which creates a public health need for linking HIV-infected detainees to services during jail and after release. The EnhanceLink initiative was funded as demonstration projects in 10 communities at 20 separate jails across the US. Grantees implemented and evaluated innovative models of HIV testing in jails and linkage of HIV-infected individuals to community services post release. In this paper, we describe services delivered with the EnhanceLink initiative. During 877,119 admission events, 210,267 inmates agreed to HIV testing and 822 new diagnoses of HIV were made. The majority of persons served with transitional services were previously diagnosed before the current incarceration. Cumulatively, 9,837 HIV+ persons were offered linkage and transitional services and 8,056 (82 %) accepted the offer. EnhanceLink demonstrated the feasibility of HIV testing in jail settings and provision of linkage services to enhance continuity of HIV care post-release.
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Krishnan A, Wickersham JA, Chitsaz E, Springer SA, Jordan AO, Zaller N, Altice FL. Post-release substance abuse outcomes among HIV-infected jail detainees: results from a multisite study. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 Suppl 2:S171-80. [PMID: 23142854 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals with substance use disorders have a high prevalence of medical and psychiatric morbidities that complicate treatment. Incarceration further disrupts healthcare access and utilization. Without appropriate diagnosis and treatment, drug relapse upon release exceeds 85 %, which contributes to poor health outcomes. A prospective cohort of 1,032 HIV-infected jail detainees were surveyed in a ten-site demonstration project during incarceration and six-months post-release, in order to examine the effect of predisposing factors, enabling resources and need factors on their subsequent drug use. Homelessness, pre-incarceration cocaine and opioid use, and high drug and alcohol severity were significantly associated with cocaine and opioid relapse. Substance abuse treatment, though poorly defined, did not influence post-release cocaine and opioid use. An approach that integrates multiple services, simultaneously using evidence-based substance abuse, psychiatric care, and social services is needed to improve healthcare outcomes for HIV-infected persons transitioning from jails to the community.
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Althoff AL, Zelenev A, Meyer JP, Fu J, Brown SE, Vagenas P, Avery AK, Cruzado-Quiñones J, Spaulding AC, Altice FL. Correlates of retention in HIV care after release from jail: results from a multi-site study. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 Suppl 2:S156-70. [PMID: 23161210 PMCID: PMC3714328 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retention in care is key to effective HIV treatment, but half of PLWHA in the US are continuously engaged in care. Incarcerated individuals are an especially challenging population to retain, and empiric data specific to jail detainees is lacking. We prospectively evaluated correlates of retention in care for 867 HIV-infected jail detainees enrolled in a 10-site demonstration project. Sustained retention in care was defined as having a clinic visit during each quarter in the 6 month post-release period. The following were independently associated with retention: being male (AOR = 2.10, p ≤ 0.01), heroin use (AOR 1.49, p = 0.04), having an HIV provider (AOR 1.67, p = 0.02), and receipt of services: discharge planning (AOR 1.50, p = 0.02) and disease management session (AOR 2.25, p ≤ 0.01) during incarceration; needs assessment (AOR 1.59, p = 0.02), HIV education (AOR 2.03, p ≤ 0.01), and transportation assistance (AOR 1.54, p = 0.02) after release. Provision of education and case management services improve retention in HIV care after release from jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Althoff
- AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College Street, Suite 323, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,
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Routine HIV screening during intake medical evaluation at a County Jail - Fulton County, Georgia, 2011-2012. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2013; 62:495-7. [PMID: 23784013 PMCID: PMC4604892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fulton County Jail (FCJ) in Atlanta, Georgia, is one of the 50 largest jails in the nation, with an average daily census of 2,269 detainees. During January 1, 2011-March 15, 2012, FCJ implemented a demonstration project to integrate routine rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening into the medical intake process. This report summarizes the results. Nearly 59% of persons booked (22,920 of 39,073) received an intake medical evaluation, and voluntary oral fluid HIV rapid screening was offered, except to those who disclosed a previous HIV diagnosis (473 [2.1%]) or were not able to provide consent. An HIV test was offered on 18,869 visits, and 12,141 HIV tests were conducted. All persons with a reactive result (120 [1.0%]) underwent confirmatory HIV testing unless they subsequently disclosed a previous HIV diagnosis. This project identified 52 persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection; 48 by rapid testing (0.4% of those tested) during the study period. All received medical care in the facility and referral for community services on release. Without this HIV screening project, these persons likely would have been diagnosed later in the course of their infection, resulting in delayed access to care and treatment, and possible transmission of HIV to their partners. Linkage to community services is critical, and coordination with the public health system and community-based organizations are essential to ensure access to HIV care and retention in treatment for persons with HIV released from jail.
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HIV among persons incarcerated in the USA: a review of evolving concepts in testing, treatment, and linkage to community care. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013; 26:10-6. [PMID: 23221766 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32835c1dd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People who are incarcerated have a disproportionately high risk of HIV infection. They also tend to have risk factors associated with underutilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART) such as substance abuse, mental illness, and poor access to care. In this review, we describe how incarceration is a marker of vulnerability for suboptimal HIV care, and also how criminal justice settings may be leveraged as a platform for promoting testing, linkage, and retention in HIV care for a high-risk, marginalized population. RECENT FINDINGS In both prisons and jails, routine, opt-out HIV testing strategies are more appropriate for screening correctional populations than traditional, risk-based strategies. Rapid HIV testing is feasible and acceptable in busy, urban jail settings. Although ART is successfully administered in many prison settings, release to the community is strongly associated with inconsistent access to medications and other structural factors leading to loss of viral suppression. SUMMARY Collaborations among HIV clinicians, criminal justice personnel, and public health practitioners represent an important strategy for turning the tide on the HIV epidemic. Success will depend upon scaled-up efforts to seek individuals with undiagnosed infection and bring those who are out-of-care into long-term treatment.
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Meyer JP, Wickersham JA, Fu JJ, Brown SE, Sullivan TP, Springer SA, Altice FL. Partner violence and health among HIV-infected jail detainees. Int J Prison Health 2013; 9:124-41. [PMID: 24376468 PMCID: PMC3873166 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-03-2013-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the association of intimate partner violence (IPV) with specific HIV-treatment outcomes, especially among criminal justice (CJ) populations who are disproportionately affected by IPV, HIV, mental, and substance use disorders (SUDs) and are at high risk of poor post-release continuity of care. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Mixed methods were used to describe the prevalence, severity, and correlates of lifetime IPV exposure among HIV-infected jail detainees enrolled in a novel jail-release demonstration project in Connecticut. Additionally, the effect of IPV on HIV treatment outcomes and longitudinal healthcare utilization was examined. FINDINGS Structured baseline surveys defined 49 percent of 84 participants as having significant IPV exposure, which was associated with female gender, longer duration since HIV diagnosis, suicidal ideation, having higher alcohol use severity, having experienced other forms of childhood and adulthood abuse, and homo/bisexual orientation. IPV was not directly correlated with HIV healthcare utilization or treatment outcomes. In-depth qualitative interviews with 20 surveyed participants, however, confirmed that IPV was associated with disengagement from HIV care especially in the context of overlapping vulnerabilities, including transitioning from CJ to community settings, having untreated mental disorders, and actively using drugs or alcohol at the time of incarceration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Post-release interventions for HIV-infected CJ populations should minimally integrate HIV secondary prevention with violence reduction and treatment for SUDs.
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