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Gharpure R, Chard AN, Cabrera Escobar M, Zhou W, Valleau MM, Yau TS, Bresee JS, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Pallas SW, Lafond KE. Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004333. [PMID: 38181066 PMCID: PMC10802964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, lack of data on cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination has been identified as a barrier to vaccine use in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a systematic review of economic evaluations describing (1) costs of influenza illness; (2) costs of influenza vaccination programs; and (3) vaccination cost-effectiveness from low- and middle-income countries to assess if gaps persist that could hinder global implementation of influenza vaccination programs. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a systematic search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus in January 2022 and October 2023 using a combination of the following key words: "influenza" AND "cost" OR "economic." The search included studies with publication years 2012 through 2022. Studies were eligible if they (1) presented original, peer-reviewed findings on cost of illness, cost of vaccination program, or cost-effectiveness of vaccination for seasonal influenza; and (2) included data for at least 1 low- or middle-income country. We abstracted general study characteristics and data specific to each of the 3 study types. Of 54 included studies, 26 presented data on cost-effectiveness, 24 on cost-of-illness, and 5 on program costs. Represented countries were classified as upper-middle income (UMIC; n = 12), lower-middle income (LMIC; n = 7), and low-income (LIC; n = 3). The most evaluated target groups were children (n = 26 studies), older adults (n = 17), and persons with chronic medical conditions (n = 12); fewer studies evaluated pregnant persons (n = 9), healthcare workers (n = 5), and persons in congregate living settings (n = 1). Costs-of-illness were generally higher in UMICs than in LMICs/LICs; however, the highest national economic burden, as a percent of gross domestic product and national health expenditure, was reported from an LIC. Among studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccine introduction, most (88%) interpreted at least 1 scenario per target group as either cost-effective or cost-saving, based on thresholds designated in the study. Key limitations of this work included (1) heterogeneity across included studies; (2) restrictiveness of the inclusion criteria used; and (3) potential for missed influenza burden from use of sentinel surveillance systems. CONCLUSIONS The 54 studies identified in this review suggest an increased momentum to generate economic evidence about influenza illness and vaccination from low- and middle-income countries during 2012 to 2022. However, given that we observed substantial heterogeneity, continued evaluation of the economic burden of influenza illness and costs/cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, particularly in LICs and among underrepresented target groups (e.g., healthcare workers and pregnant persons), is needed. Use of standardized methodology could facilitate pooling across settings and knowledge sharing to strengthen global influenza vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gharpure
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna N. Chard
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Weigong Zhou
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Molly M. Valleau
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tat S. Yau
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Bresee
- Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah W. Pallas
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Lafond
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wang C, Yang YN, Xi L, Yang LL, Du J, Zhang ZS, Lian XY, Cui Y, Li HJ, Zhang WX, Liu B, Cui F, Lu QB. Dynamics of influenza-like illness under urbanization procedure and COVID-19 pandemic in the sub-center of Beijing during 2013-2021. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3801-3810. [PMID: 35451054 PMCID: PMC9088387 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Influenza‐like illness (ILI) varies in intensity year by year, generally keeping a stable pattern except for great changes of its epidemic pattern. Of the most impacting factors, urbanization has been suggested as shaping the intensity of influenza epidemics. Besides, growing evidence indicates the nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 offer great advantages in controlling infectious diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of urbanization and NPIs on the dynamic of ILI in Tongzhou, Beijing, during January 2013 to March 2021. ILI epidemiological surveillance data in Tongzhou district were obtained from Beijing Influenza Surveillance Network and separated into three periods of urbanization and four intervals of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Standardized average incidence rates of ILI in each separate stages were calculated and compared by using Wilson method and time series model of seasonal ARIMA. Influenza seasonal outbreaks showed similar epidemic size and intensity before urbanization during 2013–2016. Increased ILI activity was found during the process of Tongzhou's urbanization during 2017–2019, with the rate difference of 2.48 (95% confidence interva [CI]: 2.44, 2.52) and the rate ratio of 1.75 (95% CI: 1.74, 1.76) of ILI incidence between preurbanization and urbanization periods. ILI activity abruptly decreased from the beginning of 2020 and kept at the bottom level almost in every epidemic interval. The top decrease in ILI activity by NPIs was shown in 5–14 years group in 2020–2021 influenza season, as 92.2% (95% CI: 78.3%, 95.2%). The results indicated that both urbanization and NPIs interrupted the epidemic pattern of ILI. We should pay more attention to public health when facing increasing population density, human contact, population mobility, and migration in the process of urbanization. NPIs and influenza vaccination should be implemented as necessary measures to protect people from common infectious diseases like ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Na Yang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Tongzhou Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Tongzhou Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Tongzhou Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Song Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yao Lian
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Tongzhou Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Tongzhou Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Xue Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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3
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Johnson EK, Sylte D, Chaves SS, Li Y, Mahe C, Nair H, Paget J, van Pomeren T, Shi T, Viboud C, James SL. Hospital utilization rates for influenza and RSV: a novel approach and critical assessment. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:31. [PMID: 34126993 PMCID: PMC8204427 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contribute significantly to the burden of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) inpatient care, but heterogeneous coding practices and availability of inpatient data make it difficult to estimate global hospital utilization for either disease based on coded diagnoses alone. METHODS This study estimates rates of influenza and RSV hospitalization by calculating the proportion of ALRI due to influenza and RSV and applying this proportion to inpatient admissions with ALRI coded as primary diagnosis. Proportions of ALRI attributed to influenza and RSV were extracted from a meta-analysis of 360 total sources describing inpatient hospital admissions which were input to a Bayesian mixed effects model over age with random effects over location. Results of this model were applied to inpatient admission datasets for 44 countries to produce rates of hospital utilization for influenza and RSV respectively, and rates were compared to raw coded admissions for each disease. RESULTS For most age groups, these methods estimated a higher national admission rate than the rate of directly coded influenza or RSV admissions in the same inpatient sources. In many inpatient sources, International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding detail was insufficient to estimate RSV burden directly. The influenza inpatient burden estimates in older adults appear to be substantially underestimated using this method on primary diagnoses alone. Application of the mixed effects model reduced heterogeneity between countries in influenza and RSV which was biased by coding practices and between-country variation. CONCLUSIONS This new method presents the opportunity of estimating hospital utilization rates for influenza and RSV using a wide range of clinical databases. Estimates generally seem promising for influenza and RSV associated hospitalization, but influenza estimates from primary diagnosis seem highly underestimated among older adults. Considerable heterogeneity remains between countries in ALRI coding (i.e., primary vs non-primary cause), and in the age profile of proportion positive for influenza and RSV across studies. While this analysis is interesting because of its wide data utilization and applicability in locations without laboratory-confirmed admission data, understanding the sources of variability and data quality will be essential in future applications of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Johnson
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Dillon Sylte
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, Paris, France
- Vaccine Epidemiology and Modeling Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - You Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cedric Mahe
- Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, Paris, France
- Vaccine Epidemiology and Modeling Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tayma van Pomeren
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ting Shi
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Lai X, Rong H, Ma X, Hou Z, Li S, Jing R, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Wang J, Feng H, Peng Z, Feng L, Fang H. The Economic Burden of Influenza-Like Illness among Children, Chronic Disease Patients, and the Elderly in China: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126277. [PMID: 34200619 PMCID: PMC8296061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: The disease burden of seasonal influenza is substantial in China, while there is still a lack of nationwide economic burden estimates. This study aims to examine influenza-like illness (ILI) prevalence, healthcare-seeking behaviors, economic impact of ILI, and its influencing factors among three priority groups during the 2018–19 influenza season. Methods: From August to October 2019, 6668 children’s caregivers, 1735 chronic disease patients, and 3849 elderly people were recruited from 10 provinces in China to participate in an on-site survey. The economic burden of ILI consisted of direct (medical or non-medical) and indirect burdens, and a two-part model was adopted to predict the influencing factors of total economic burden. Results: There were 45.73% children, 16.77% chronic disease patients, and 12.70% elderly people reporting ILI, and most participants chose outpatient service or over-the-counter (OTC) medication after ILI. The average economic burden was CNY 1647 (USD 237.2) for children, CNY 951 (USD 136.9) for chronic disease patients, and CNY 1796 (USD 258.6) for the elderly. Two-part regression showed that age, gender, whether the only child in the family, region, and household income were important predictors of ILI economic burden among children, while age, region, place of residence, basic health insurance, and household income were significant predictors of ILI economic burden among chronic disease patients and the elderly. Conclusions: A large economic burden of ILI was highlighted, especially among the elderly with less income and larger medical burdens, as well as children, with higher prevalence and higher self-payment ratio. It is important to adopt targeted interventions for high-risk groups, and this study can help national-level decision-making on the introduction of influenza vaccination as a public health project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Lai
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Hongguo Rong
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
- Institute for Excellence in Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhiyuan Hou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Shunping Li
- School of Health Care Management, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rize Jing
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Haijun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Yun Lyu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Jiahao Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Huangyufei Feng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-10-6525-6093 (L.F.); +86-10-8280-5702 (H.F.)
| | - Hai Fang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
- Peking University Health Science Center—Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Center for Vaccine Economics, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-10-6525-6093 (L.F.); +86-10-8280-5702 (H.F.)
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Li J, Chen Y, Wang X, Yu H. Influenza-associated disease burden in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2886. [PMID: 33536462 PMCID: PMC7859194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Many original studies have been carried out to estimate disease burden of influenza in mainland China, while the full disease burden has not yet been systematically reviewed. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the burden of influenza-associated mortality, hospitalization, and outpatient visit in mainland China. We searched 3 English and 4 Chinese databases with studies published from 2005 to 2019. Studies reporting population-based rates of mortality, hospitalization, or outpatient visit attributed to seasonal influenza were included in the analysis. Fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of influenza-associated mortality depending on the degree of heterogeneity. Meta-regression was applied to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger’s test. We identified 30 studies eligible for inclusion with 17, 8, 5 studies reporting mortality, hospitalization, and outpatient visit associated with influenza, respectively. The pooled influenza-associated all-cause mortality rates were 14.33 and 122.79 per 100,000 persons for all ages and ≥ 65 years age groups, respectively. Studies were highly heterogeneous in aspects of age group, cause of death, statistical model, geographic location, and study period, and these factors could explain 60.14% of the heterogeneity in influenza-associated mortality. No significant publication bias existed in estimates of influenza-associated all-cause mortality. Children aged < 5 years were observed with the highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and ILI outpatient visits. People aged ≥ 65 years and < 5 years contribute mostly to mortality and morbidity burden due to influenza, which calls for targeted vaccination policy for older adults and younger children in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Yinzi Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200231, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200231, China
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Wang Y, Chen L, Cheng F, Biggerstaff M, Situ S, Zhou S, Gao J, Liu C, Zhang J, Millman AJ, Zhang T, Tian J, Zhao G. Economic burden of influenza illness among children under 5 years in Suzhou, China: Report from the cost surveys during 2011/12 to 2016/17 influenza seasons. Vaccine 2021; 39:1303-1309. [PMID: 33494968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are limited on the economic burden of seasonal influenza in China. We estimated the cost due to influenza illness among children < 5-year-old in Suzhou, China. METHODS This study adopted a societal perspective to estimate direct medical cost, direct non-medical cost, and indirect cost related to lost productivity. Data to calculate costs and rates of three influenza illness outcomes (non-medically attended, outpatient and hospitalization) were collected from prospective community-based cohort studies and hospital-based enhanced laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance in Suzhou during the 2011/12 to 2016/17 influenza seasons. We used mean cost-per-episode, annual incidence rates of episodes of each outcome, and annual population size to estimate the total annual economic burden of influenza illnesses among children < 5-year-old for Suzhou. All costs were reported in 2017 U.S. dollars. RESULTS The mean cost-per-episode (standard deviation) was $9.92 (13.26) for non-medically attended influenza, $161.05 (176.98) for influenza outpatient illnesses, and $1425.95 (603.59) for influenza hospitalizations. By applying the annual incidence rates to the population size, we estimated an annual total of 4,919 episodes of non-medically attended influenza, 21,994 influenza outpatient, and 2,633 influenza hospitalization. Total annual economic burden of influenza to society among children < 5-year-old in Suzhou was $7.37 (95% confidence interval, 6.9-7.8) million, with estimated costs for non-medically attended influenza of $49,000 (46,000-52,000), influenza outpatients $3.5 (3.3-3.8) million, and influenza hospitalizations $3.8 (3.6-3.9) million. Among outpatients, the indirect cost was 36.3% ($1.3 million) of total economic burden, accounting for 21,994 days of lost productivity annually. Among inpatients, the indirect cost was 22.1% ($829,000), accounting for 18,431 days of lost productivity annually. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that influenza in children < 5-year-oldcauses substantial societal economic burden in Suzhou, China. Assessing the potential economic benefit of increasing influenza vaccination coverage in this population is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sujian Situ
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center of Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suizan Zhou
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Junmei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Changpeng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Alexander J Millman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmei Tian
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Genming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Bai YL, Huang DS, Liu J, Li DQ, Guan P. Effect of meteorological factors on influenza-like illness from 2012 to 2015 in Huludao, a northeastern city in China. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6919. [PMID: 31110929 PMCID: PMC6501768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to describe the epidemiological patterns of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Huludao, China and seek scientific evidence on the link of ILI activity with weather factors. Methods Surveillance data of ILI cases between January 2012 and December 2015 was collected in Huludao Central Hospital, meteorological data was obtained from the China Meteorological Data Service Center. Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to seek the relationship between the number of ILI cases and the meteorological factors. Multiple Smoothing parameter estimation was made on the basis of Poisson distribution, where the number of weekly ILI cases was treated as response, and the smoothness of weather was treated as covariates. Lag time was determined by the smallest Akaike information criterion (AIC). Smoothing coefficients were estimated for the prediction of the number of ILI cases. Results A total of 29, 622 ILI cases were observed during the study period, with children ILI cases constituted 86.77%. The association between ILI activity and meteorological factors varied across different lag periods. The lag time for average air temperature, maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, vapor pressure and relative humidity were 2, 2, 1, 1 and 0 weeks, respectively. Average air temperature, maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, vapor pressure and relative humidity could explain 16.5%, 9.5%, 18.0%, 15.9% and 7.7% of the deviance, respectively. Among the temperature indexes, the minimum temperature played the most important role. The number of ILI cases peaked when minimum temperature was around -13 °C in winter and 18 °C in summer. The number of cases peaked when the relative humidity was equal to 43% and then began to decrease with the increase of relative humidity. When the humidity exceeded 76%, the number of ILI cases began to rise. Conclusions The present study first analyzed the relationship between meteorological factors and ILI cases with special consideration of the length of lag period in Huludao, China. Low air temperature and low relative humidity (cold and dry weather condition) played a considerable role in the epidemic pattern of ILI cases. The trend of ILI activity could be possibly predicted by the variation of meteorological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Long Bai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Huludao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huludao, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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8
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Lao J, Liu Y, Wang H, Jiang B. Effects and interaction of meteorological factors on influenza: Based on the surveillance data in Shaoyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:326-332. [PMID: 30825682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that meteorological factors influence the incidence of influenza. However, little is known regarding the interactions of meteorological factors on the risk of influenza in China. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate the associations between meteorological factors and influenza in Shaoyang of southern China, and explore the interaction of temperature with humidity and rainfall. METHODS Weekly meteorological data and disease surveillance data of influenza in Shaoyang were collected from 2009 to 2012. According to the incubation period and infectious period of influenza virus, the maximum lag period was set as 3 weeks. A generalized additive model was conducted to evaluate the effect of meteorological factors on the weekly number of influenza cases and a stratification model was applied to investigate the interaction. RESULTS During the study period, the total number of influenza cases that were notified in the study area was 2506, with peak times occurring from December to March. After controlling for the confounders, each 5 °C decrease in minimum temperature was related to 8% (95%CI: 1-15%) increase in the number of influenza cases at a 1-week lag. There was an interaction between minimum temperature and relative humidity and the risk of influenza was higher in cold and less humid conditions than other conditions. The interaction between minimum temperature and rainfall was not statistically significant in our study. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that minimum temperature is inversely associated with influenza in the study area of China, and the effect can be modified by relative humidity. Meteorological variables could be integrated in current public health surveillance system to better prepare for the risks of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jiahui Lao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Administration, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Estimation of the burden of flu-association influenza-like illness visits on total clinic visits through the sentinel influenza monitoring system in Senegal during the 2013-2015 influenza seasons. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:2049-2055. [PMID: 30196797 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the burden of influenza is helpful for policy decisions. Here we estimated the contribution of influenza-like illness (ILI) visits associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza among all clinic visits in a Senegal sentinel network. ILI data from ten sentinel sites were collected from January 2013 to December 2015. ILI was defined as an axillary measured fever of more than 37.5 °C with a cough or a sore throat. Collected nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza viruses by rRT-PCR. Influenza-associated ILI was defined as ILI with laboratory-confirmed influenza. For the influenza disease burden estimation, we used all-case outpatient visits during the study period who sought care at selected sites. Of 4030 ILI outpatients tested, 1022 were influenza positive. The estimated proportional contribution of influenza-associated ILI was, per 100 outpatients, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.3), 0.32 (95% CI 0.28-0.35), 1.11 (95% CI 1.05-1.16) during 2013, 2014, 2015, respectively. The age-specific outpatient visits proportions of influenza-associated ILI were higher among children under 5 years (0.68%, 95% CI: 0.62-0.70). The predominant virus during years 2013 and 2015 was influenza B while A/H3N2 subtype was predominant during 2014. Influenza viruses cause a substantial burden of outpatient visits particularly among children under 5 of age in Senegal and highlight the need of vaccination in risk groups.
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10
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Infection prevention and control in outpatient settings in China-structure, resources, and basic practices. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:802-807. [PMID: 29395504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 7 billion visits are made by patients to ambulatory services every year in mainland China. Healthcare-associated infections are becoming a new source of illness for outpatients. Little is known about infection prevention, control structure, resources available, and basic practices in outpatient settings. METHODS In 2014, we conducted a multisite survey. Five provinces were invited to participate based on geographic dispersion. Self-assessment questionnaires regarding the structure, infrastructure, apparatus and materials, and basic activities of infection prevention and control were issued to 25 hospitals and 5 community health centers in each province. A weight was assigned to each question according to its importance. RESULTS Overall, 146 of 150 facilities (97.3%) participated in this study. The average survey score was 77.6 (95% confidence interval 75.7-79.5) and varied significantly between the different gross domestic product areas (P < .01), but scores were not significantly different between the 5 facility types (P = .07). The main lapse of infrastructure was in providing hand hygiene equipment (43.4%) and masks (38.7%) for patients in the waiting areas and main entrances. CONCLUSION In a sample of ambulatory facilities in 5 provinces in China, infection prevention and control was practiced consistently, although there were lapses in some areas.
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11
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Jennings L, Huang QS, Barr I, Lee PI, Kim WJ, Buchy P, Sanicas M, Mungall BA, Chen J. Literature review of the epidemiology of influenza B disease in 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:383-411. [PMID: 29127742 PMCID: PMC5907823 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza control strategies focus on the use of trivalent influenza vaccines containing two influenza A virus subtypes and one of the two circulating influenza type B lineages (Yamagata or Victoria). Mismatches between the vaccine B lineage and the circulating lineage have been regularly documented in many countries, including those in the Asia‐Pacific region. We conducted a literature review with the aim of understanding the relative circulation of influenza B viruses in Asia‐Pacific countries. PubMed and Western Pacific Region Index Medicus were searched for relevant articles on influenza type B published since 1990 in English language for 15 Asia‐Pacific countries. Gray literature was also accessed. From 4834 articles identified, 121 full‐text articles were analyzed. Influenza was reported as an important cause of morbidity in the Asia‐Pacific region, affecting all age groups. In all 15 countries, influenza B was identified and associated with between 0% and 92% of laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases in any one season/year. Influenza type B appeared to cause more illness in children aged between 1 and 10 years than in other age groups. Epidemiological data for the two circulating influenza type B lineages remain limited in several countries in the Asia‐Pacific, although the co‐circulation of both lineages was seen in countries where strain surveillance data were available. Mismatches between circulating B lineages and vaccine strains were observed in all countries with available data. The data suggest that a shift from trivalent to quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines could provide additional benefits by providing broader protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Jennings
- Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Qiu Sue Huang
- WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Liu XX, Li Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao K, Hu M, Qin G, Wang XL. Seasonal pattern of influenza activity in a subtropical city, China, 2010-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17534. [PMID: 29235535 PMCID: PMC5727502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza seasonality study is critical for policy-makers to choose an optimal time for influenza vaccination campaign, especially for subtropical regions where influenza seasonality and periodicity are unclear. In this study, we explored the seasonality and periodicity of influenza in Hefei, China during 2010 to 2015 using five proxies originated from three data sources of clinical surveillance of influenza-like illness (ILI), laboratory surveillance of influenza and death registration of pneumonia and influenza. We combined both wavelets analysis and de-linear-trend regression with Fourier harmonic terms to estimate seasonal characteristics of epidemic phase, peak time, amplitude, ratio of dominant seasonality. We found both annual cycle of influenza epidemics peaking in December-February and semi-annual cycle peaking in December-February and June-July in subtropical city Hefei, China. Compared to proxies developed by ILI and death registration data separately, influenza proxies incorporated laboratory surveillance data performed better seasonality and periodicity, especially in semi-annual periodicity in Hefei. Proxy of ILI consultation rate showed more timeliness peak than other proxies, and could be useful in developing the early warning model for influenza epidemics. Our study suggests to integrate clinical and laboratory surveillance of influenza for future influenza seasonality studies in subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xiang Liu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, 200231 Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibing Zhu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, 200231 Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoru Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Kefu Zhao
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Mingxia Hu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Guoyou Qin
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, 200231 Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xi-Ling Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, 200231 Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Tinoco YO, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Uyeki TM, Rázuri HR, Kasper MR, Romero C, Silva ME, Simons MP, Soto GM, Widdowson MA, Gilman RH, Bausch DG, Montgomery JM. Burden of Influenza in 4 Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru: Household Active Surveillance of a Community Cohort, 2009-2015. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1532-1541. [PMID: 29020267 PMCID: PMC5850002 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the burden of disease posed by influenza in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, most estimates of influenza disease burden worldwide rely on passive sentinel surveillance at health clinics and hospitals that lack accurate population denominators. METHODS We documented influenza incidence, seasonality, health-system utilization with influenza illness, and vaccination coverage through active community-based surveillance in 4 ecologically distinct regions of Peru over 6 years. Approximately 7200 people in 1500 randomly selected households were visited 3 times per week. Naso- and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from persons with influenza-like illness and tested for influenza virus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We followed participants for 35353 person-years (PY). The overall incidence of influenza was 100 per 1000 PY (95% confidence interval [CI], 97-104) and was highest in children aged 2-4 years (256/1000 PY [95% CI, 236-277]). Seasonal incidence trends were similar across sites, with 61% of annual influenza cases occurring during the austral winter (May-September). Of all participants, 44 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 42-46) sought medical care, 0.7 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 0.4-1.0) were hospitalized, and 1 person died (2.8/100000 PY). Influenza vaccine coverage was 27% among children aged 6-23 months and 26% among persons aged ≥65 years. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that 1 in 10 persons develops influenza each year in Peru, with the highest incidence in young children. Active community-based surveillance allows for a better understanding of the true burden and seasonality of disease that is essential to plan the optimal target groups, timing, and cost of national influenza vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeny O Tinoco
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hugo R Rázuri
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
| | | | | | - Maria E Silva
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Mark P Simons
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
| | | | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
- Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Peru
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Overview of influenza vaccination policy in Beijing, China: Current status and future prospects. J Public Health Policy 2017; 38:366-379. [DOI: 10.1057/s41271-017-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Guo RN, Zheng HZ, Ou CQ, Huang LQ, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liang CK, Lin JY, Zhong HJ, Song T, Luo HM. Impact of Influenza on Outpatient Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths by Using a Time Series Poisson Generalized Additive Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149468. [PMID: 26894876 PMCID: PMC4760679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disease burden associated with influenza in developing tropical and subtropical countries is poorly understood owing to the lack of a comprehensive disease surveillance system and information-exchange mechanisms. The impact of influenza on outpatient visits, hospital admissions, and deaths has not been fully demonstrated to date in south China. METHODS A time series Poisson generalized additive model was used to quantitatively assess influenza-like illness (ILI) and influenza disease burden by using influenza surveillance data in Zhuhai City from 2007 to 2009, combined with the outpatient, inpatient, and respiratory disease mortality data of the same period. RESULTS The influenza activity in Zhuhai City demonstrated a typical subtropical seasonal pattern; however, each influenza virus subtype showed a specific transmission variation. The weekly ILI case number and virus isolation rate had a very close positive correlation (r = 0.774, P < 0.0001). The impact of ILI and influenza on weekly outpatient visits was statistically significant (P < 0.05). We determined that 10.7% of outpatient visits were associated with ILI and 1.88% were associated with influenza. ILI also had a significant influence on the hospitalization rates (P < 0.05), but mainly in populations <25 years of age. No statistically significant effect of influenza on hospital admissions was found (P > 0.05). The impact of ILI on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was most significant (P < 0.05), with 33.1% of COPD-related deaths being attributable to ILI. The impact of influenza on the mortality rate requires further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS ILI is a feasible indicator of influenza activity. Both ILI and influenza have a large impact on outpatient visits. Although ILI affects the number of hospital admissions and deaths, we found no consistent influence of influenza, which requires further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-ning Guo
- Public Health Emergency management office, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-zhen Zheng
- Institute of Immunization Programs, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chun-quan Ou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-qun Huang
- Zhuhai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Zhuhai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can-kun Liang
- Zhuhai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jin-yan Lin
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-jie Zhong
- Institute of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie Song
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-ming Luo
- Center for Disease Control and prevention, Beijing, China
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16
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de Francisco Shapovalova N, Donadel M, Jit M, Hutubessy R. A systematic review of the social and economic burden of influenza in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccine 2015; 33:6537-44. [PMID: 26597032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The economic burden of seasonal influenza outbreaks as well as influenza pandemics in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has yet to be specifically systematically reviewed. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the evidence of influenza economic burden assessment methods in LMIC and to quantify the economic consequences of influenza disease in these countries, including broader opportunity costs in terms of impaired social progress and economic development. METHODS We conducted an all language literature search across 5 key databases using an extensive list of key words for the time period 1950-2013. We included studies which explored direct costs (medical and non-medical), indirect costs (productivity losses), and broader economic impact in LMIC associated with different influenza outcomes such as confirmed seasonal influenza infection, influenza-like illnesses, and pandemic influenza. RESULTS We included 62 full-text studies in English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese languages, mostly from the countries of Latin American and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific with pertinent cost data found in 39 papers. Estimates for direct and indirect costs were the highest in Latin American and the Caribbean. Compared to high-income economies, direct costs in LMIC were lower and productivity losses higher. Evidence on broader impact of influenza included impact on the wider national economy, security dimension, medical insurance policy, legal frameworks, distributional impact, and investment flows. CONCLUSION The economic burden of influenza in LMIC encompasses multiple dimensions such as direct costs to the health service and households, indirect costs due to productivity losses as well as broader detriments to the wider economy. Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and in pregnant women remains very limited. Heterogeneity of methods used to estimate cost components makes data synthesis challenging. There is a strong need for standardizing research, data collection and evaluation methods for both direct and indirect cost components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Donadel
- Vaccines, Immunization and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mark Jit
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Raymond Hutubessy
- Vaccines, Immunization and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Yang J, Jit M, Leung KS, Zheng YM, Feng LZ, Wang LP, Lau EHY, Wu JT, Yu HJ. The economic burden of influenza-associated outpatient visits and hospitalizations in China: a retrospective survey. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:44. [PMID: 26445412 PMCID: PMC4595124 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seasonal influenza vaccine coverage rate in China is only 1.9 %. There is no information available on the economic burden of influenza-associated outpatient visits and hospitalizations at the national level, even though this kind of information is important for informing national-level immunization policy decision-making. METHODS A retrospective telephone survey was conducted in 2013/14 to estimate the direct and indirect costs of seasonal influenza-associated outpatient visits and hospitalizations from a societal perspective. Study participants were laboratory-confirmed cases registered in the National Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network and Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Sentinel Surveillance Network in China in 2013. Patient-reported costs from the survey were validated by a review of hospital accounts for a small sample of the inpatients. RESULTS The study enrolled 529 outpatients (median age: eight years; interquartile range [IQR]: five to 20 years) and 254 inpatients (median age: four years; IQR: two to seven years). Among the outpatients, 22.1 % (117/529) had underlying diseases and among the inpatients, 52.8 % (134/254) had underlying diseases. The average total costs related to influenza-associated outpatient visits and inpatient visits were US$ 155 (standard deviation, SD US$ 122) and US$ 1,511 (SD US$ 1,465), respectively. Direct medical costs accounted for 45 and 69 % of the total costs related to influenza-associated outpatient and inpatient visits, respectively. For influenza outpatients, the mean cost per episode in children aged below five years (US$ 196) was higher than that in other age groups (US$ 129-153). For influenza inpatients, the mean cost per episode in adults aged over 60 years (US$ 2,735) was much higher than that in those aged below 60 years (US$ 1,417-1,621). Patients with underlying medical conditions had higher costs per episode than patients without underlying medical conditions (outpatients: US$ 186 vs. US$ 146; inpatients: US$ 1,800 vs. US$ 1,189). In the baseline analysis, inpatients reported costs were 18 % higher than those found in the accounts review (n = 38). CONCLUSION The economic burden of influenza-associated outpatient and inpatient visits in China is substantial, particularly for young children, the elderly, and patients with underlying medical conditions. More widespread influenza vaccination would likely alleviate the economic burden of patients. The actual impact and cost-effectiveness analysis of the influenza immunization program in China merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Mark Jit
- Modelling and Economics Unit of Public Health in England, London, UK. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Kathy S Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F North Wing, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Ya-Ming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Lu-Zhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F North Wing, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F North Wing, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Emukule GO, Paget J, van der Velden K, Mott JA. Influenza-Associated Disease Burden in Kenya: A Systematic Review of Literature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138708. [PMID: 26398196 PMCID: PMC4580615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Kenya data on the burden of influenza disease are needed to inform influenza control policies. Methods We conducted a systematic review of published data describing the influenza disease burden in Kenya using surveillance data collected until December 2013. We included studies with laboratory confirmation of influenza, well-defined catchment populations, case definitions used to sample patients for testing and a description of the laboratory methods used for influenza testing. Studies with or without any adjustments on the incidence rates were included. Results Ten studies reporting the incidence of medically-attended and non-medically attended influenza were reviewed. For all age groups, the influenza positive proportion ranged from 5–10% among hospitalized patients, and 5–27% among all medically-attended patients (a combination of in- and outpatients). The adjusted incidence rate of hospitalizations with influenza among children <5 years ranged from 2.7–4.7 per 1,000 [5.7 per 1,000 in children <6 months old], and were 7–10 times higher compared to persons aged ≥5 years. The adjusted incidence of all medically-attended influenza among children aged <5 years ranged from 13.0–58.0 per 1,000 compared to 4.3–26.0 per 1,000 among persons aged ≥5 years. Conclusions Our review shows an expanding set of literature on disease burden associated with influenza in Kenya, with a substantial burden in children under five years of age. Hospitalizations with influenza in these children were 2–3 times higher than reported in the United States. These findings highlight the possible value of an influenza vaccination program in Kenya, with children <5 years and pregnant women being potentially important targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon O. Emukule
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, NIVEL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koos van der Velden
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Mott
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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Feng L, Yang P, Zhang T, Yang J, Fu C, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Ma C, Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhao G, Yu H. Technical guidelines for the application of seasonal influenza vaccine in China (2014-2015). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2077-101. [PMID: 26042462 PMCID: PMC4635867 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1027470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza, caused by the influenza virus, is a respiratory infectious disease that can severely affect human health. Influenza viruses undergo frequent antigenic changes, thus could spread quickly. Influenza causes seasonal epidemics and outbreaks in public gatherings such as schools, kindergartens, and nursing homes. Certain populations are at risk for severe illness from influenza, including pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and people in any ages with certain chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Public Health; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxi Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqiu Liu
- Hua Xin Hospital; First Hospital of Tsinghua University; Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Genming Zhao
- School of Public Health; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
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Wang D, Zhang T, Wu J, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Hua J, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen L, Feng Z, Iuliano D, McFarland J, Zhao G. Socio-economic burden of influenza among children younger than 5 years in the outpatient setting in Suzhou, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69035. [PMID: 23950882 PMCID: PMC3738561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disease burden of children with laboratory-confirmed influenza in China has not been well described. The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology and socio-economic burden of influenza in children younger than 5 years in outpatient and emergency department settings. Methods A prospective study of laboratory-confirmed influenza among children presenting to the outpatient settings in Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital with symptoms of influenza-like illness (ILI) was performed from March 2011 to February 2012. Throat swabs were collected for detection of influenza virus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Data were collected using a researcher administered questionnaire, concerning demographics, clinical characteristics, direct and indirect costs, day care absence, parental work loss and similar respiratory illness development in the family. Results Among a total of 6,901 children who sought care at internal outpatient settings, 1,726 (25%) fulfilled the criteria of ILI and 1,537 were enrolled. Influenza was documented in 365 (24%) of enrolled 1,537 ILI cases. Among positive patients, 52 (14%) were type A and 313 (86%) were type B. About 52% of influenza outpatients had over-the-counter medications before physician visit and 41% visited hospitals two or more times. Children who attended daycare missed an average of 1.9 days. For each child with influenza-confirmed disease, the parents missed a mean of 1.8 work days. Similar respiratory symptoms were reported in 43% of family contacts of influenza positive children after onset of the child's illness. The mean direct and indirect costs per episode of influenza were $123.4 for outpatient clinics and $134.6 for emergency departments, and $125.9 for influenza A and $127.5 for influenza B. Conclusions Influenza is a common cause of influenza-like illness among children and has substantial socio-economic impact on children and their families regarding healthcare seeking and day care/work absence. The direct and indirect costs of childhood influenza impose a heavy financial burden on families. Prevention measures such as influenza vaccine could reduce the occurrence of influenza in children and the economic burden on families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanwei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfang Ding
- Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Hua
- Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Danielle Iuliano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey McFarland
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Genming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lin J, Kang M, Zhong H, Zhang X, Yang F, Ni H, Huang P, Hong T, Ke C, He J. Influenza seasonality and predominant subtypes of influenza virus in Guangdong, China, 2004-2012. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5 Suppl 2:S109-17. [PMID: 23977430 PMCID: PMC3747524 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza surveillance is carried out in Guangdong province, southern China. A better understanding of influenza seasonality and predominant Subtypes of influenza virus in Guangdong can help to improve evidence-based prevention and control strategies for influenza in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS THERE ARE THREE CATEGORIES OF INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE IN GUANGDONG: Influenza-like Illness (ILI) Outpatient Surveillance, ILI Outbreak Surveillance and Influenza Virus Surveillance. This paper summarizes collected influenza surveillance data from January 2004 to December 2012 in Guangdong province. Time series analysis and "peak analysis" were performed to estimate seasonality and temporal trends of influenza activity. RESULTS During the 9-year study period, a total of 37,571,582 outpatients had been recorded, in which 1,889,684 ILI cases had been reported. The provincial ILI visiting percentage peaked at 6-10%. A total of 107,115 respiratory specimens of ILI outpatients were collected, 17,454 (16.29%) of them tested for influenza virus were positive. Influenza virus peaks appeared in summer mostly with a median epidemic duration of 6 months. A total of 925 outbreaks recorded and 45,322 cases in which were affected. The majority of reported outbreaks (832 outbreaks, 90%) occurred in institutional settings. CONCLUSIONS Influenza circulates periodically every year in Guangdong. Influenza activity had strong and clear seasonality with epidemic periods in summer for last decade. The presence of local unique seasonal pattern and its changes emphasizes the need to optimize timing of influenza vaccine delivery and other public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Lin
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510000, China
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